Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Journal Pre-Proofs: Bioorganic Chemistry
Journal Pre-Proofs: Bioorganic Chemistry
PII: S0045-2068(19)31176-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103497
Reference: YBIOO 103497
Please cite this article as: E.M. Ahmed, M. S. A. Hassan, A.A. El-Malah, A.E. Kassab, New Pyridazine
Derivatives as Selective COX-2 Inhibitors and Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents; Design, Synthesis and
Biological Evaluation, Bioorganic Chemistry (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103497
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover
page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version
will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are
providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors
may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
1
New Pyridazine Derivatives as Selective COX-2 Inhibitors and
Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents; Design, Synthesis and
Biological Evaluation
Tel: 002023639307.
Fax: 002023635140.
E-mail: asmaa.kassab@pharma.cu.edu.eg
2
Abstract
New pyridazinone and pyridazinthione derivatives were designed, synthesized and
identified through performing 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic
techniques. All the newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for
cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity and COX-2 selectivity using celecoxib and
indomethacin, as reference drugs. All compounds showed highly potent COX-2
inhibitory activity with IC50 values in nano-molar range. Moreover, they
demonstrated higher selectivity towards COX-2 inhibition compared to
indomethacin. Compounds 3d, 3g and 6a exhibited significantly increased
potency towards COX-2 enzyme compared to celecoxib with IC50 values of 67.23,
43.84 and 53.01 nM, respectively. They were 1.1-1.7 folds more potent than
celecoxib (IC50 =73.53 nM) and extremely much more potent than indomethacin
(IC50 = 739.2 nM). Of particular interest, Compound 3g showed SI of 11.51 which
was as high as that of celecoxib (SI 11.78). This compound was further challenged
by in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assay and gastric ulcerogenic effect. It
showed comparable anti-inflammatory activity to indomethacin as positive control.
Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of compound 3g was found to be
equipotent to celecoxib. Furthermore, the selective COX-2 inhibitor 3g exhibited a
superior gastrointestinal safety profile compared to the reference drugs celecoxib
and indomethacin with less number of ulcers and milder ulcer score. The molecular
docking study of this compound with COX-2 protein revealed more favorable
binding mode compared to celecoxib, explaining its remarkable COX-2 inhibitory
potency.
Keywords: Pyridazine; Synthesis; COX-2 inhibitors; Anti-inflammatory activity;
Ulcerogenicity.
3
1. Introduction
Fighting inflammation is a common problem faced by physicians while dealing
with the treatment of various diseases [1]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) represent one of the most widely used classes of medicinal agents for
the treatment of pain, fever and different types of inflammation [2]. However, the
majority of currently known NSAIDs cause serious gastrointestinal side effects [3].
The underlying mechanism of NSAID-associated gastric adverse events is the
suppression of prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid by non-selective
inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms [3]. COX-1 is a constitutive
enzyme which is responsible for a basic level of prostaglandins (PGs) for the
maintenance of physiological homeostasis, such as gastrointestinal integrity while
COX-2 is an inducible enzyme which is activated by different stimuli mediating
inflammatory reactions [3]. Therefore, the design of novel NSAIDs with
preferential inhibition of COX-2 over COX-1 may prove to be an important
strategy for the development of safer NSAIDs. The selective COX-2 inhibitors
(coxibs) showed remarkable gastrointestinal safety profile with the same anti-
inflammatory efficacy as NSAIDs. Both non-aspirin NSAIDs and selective COX-2
inhibitors have been shown to increase the risk of thrombotic cardiovascular (CV)
side effects. However, the risk of these effects may be a result of complex interplay
among a specific drug molecule, dose and CV risk factors [4]. Rofecoxib was
withdrawn from the market due to its associated CV risk that may be mediated by a
maleic anhydride metabolite [5]. Rofecoxib was shown to have a much higher risk
compared with celecoxib [6]. Therefore, continuous research on the development
of new generation of selective COX-2 inhibitors while moving away from the
classic coxibs, structures could provide anti-inflammatory agents with improved
cardiovascular and gastrointestinal safety profiles [7]. For celecoxib, the risk
appeared to be dose dependent and was evident among patients with high CV risk
4
at baseline [8]. Recently, celecoxib at approved doses (200-400 mg/day) was found
to be non-inferior to ibuprofen or naproxen with regard to CV safety with lower
rates of gastrointestinal side effects than did either comparator drug and in lower
rates of renal adverse effects than did ibuprofen [9]. So either new selective COX-
2 inhibitors or non-selective NSAIDs must undergo clinical trials to reach the
appropriate dose with maximum benefits and minimum risks.
Anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib is attributed to the presence of
sulfonamide substituent at the para position of one aryl group (Figure 1). The
structure–activity studies have shown that the presence of sulfonamide substituent
at the para position of one aryl group usually confers optimal COX-2 inhibitor
potency [10]. Pyridazinone core has emerged as leading one for developing
effective anti-inflammatory agents with low ulcerogenic effects [11-13]. Among
these derivatives, 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone
(emorfazone), is currently being marketed in Japan as anti-inflammatory agent [14]
(Figure 1). Furthermore, pyridazinones were reported as anti-inflammatory agents
with good affinity and remarkable selectivity for COX-2 enzyme with increased
gastric safety and without cardiovascular side effects [15, 16]. ABT-963 was an
effective anti-inflammatory agent that selectively inhibits COX-2 enzyme with no
symptoms of gastric complications and had high degree of cardiovascular safety in
dogs [15] (Figure 1). ABT-963 had a preclinical anti-inflammatory as well as
gastric and cardiovascular safety profiles that suggests that this compound may be
safe and effective anti-inflammatory agent in humans [15]. Moreover, easy
functionalization of various ring positions of pyridazinone core structure makes it
an attractive synthetic and therapeutic target for designing and synthesis of new
drugs [17]. Dihydropyridazinone incorporating phenylsulfonamide moiety at N (2)
and substituted at position-6 with different aryl groups has been reported to have
promising anti-inflammatory activity, such as compound I [18, 19] (Figure 2).
5
Additionally, it was reported that different substitutions at position-4 of
pyridazinone core may affect its potential as anti-inflammatory agent, for example,
compound II, showed potent anti-inflammatory activity [20] (Figure 2). Inspired
by these findings, and as a continuation of our pervious published work [21] that
aimed to assemble novel small molecules targeting COX-2, we have constructed
three pyridazinone scaffolds using different strategies. Initially in scaffold A
(Figure 2), we have utilized the dihydropyridazinone core equipped with
phenylsulfonamide moiety at N (2) and connected to phenyl ring via an ethenyl
spacer at C (6). This phenyl ring is unsubstituted, mono or di substituted with a
diverse array of groups offering various electronic and lipophilic environments
aiming that the potency and selectivity towards COX-2 could be improved by
varying the substitution pattern on the phenyl ring. The second strategy, involved
grafting different moieties like benzyl or 4-methoxybenzyl or pyridine-3-
methylene at postion-4 of pyridazinone core to substantiate the impact of such
moieties on COX-2 selectivity (pyridazinone scaffold B, Figure 2). Finally, the
third strategy focused on the isosteric replacement of the carbonyl group of potent
reported COX-2 inhibitors such as pyridazinones IIIa, b and 4a, b [21] with thione
group to afford scaffold C (Figure 2), to elucidate the effect of such modification
on the activity and selectivity.
All the synthesized compounds were initially tested for their COX-1/COX-2
inhibitory activity followed by the anti-inflammatory activity in addition to gastric
ulcerogenic evaluation for one of the title compounds with the highest activity and
selectivity on COX-2 isoform.
2. Results and discussions
2. 1. Chemistry
The synthetic route to the target compounds is illustrated in Scheme 1, 2. The
oxohexenoic acid derivatives 1a-g required for the synthesis of pyridazinones were
6
obtained by condensation of levulinic acid with the appropriate aldehyde in the
presence of morpholine and glacial acetic acid using dry benzene as solvent for 6 h
adopting reported procedure [22]. The cyclization to desired dihydropyridazinone
derivatives 3a-g was afforded by condensation of the appropriate oxohexenoic acid
and 4-hydrazinobenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride 2 in ethanol in presence of
triethylamine for 30 h. Triethylamine was used to liberate the free base from its
salt. Oxohexenoic acid derivatives 1b, c was also required for the synthesis of 4,5-
dihydropyridazinone derivatives 4a, b where the obtained keto acids 1b, c were
cyclized with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol for 3 h to afford the desired 4,5-
dihydropyridazinone derivatives 4a, b according to the reported method [21]. The
reaction of compounds 4a, b with phosphorus pentasulphide in dry pyridine for 5 h
afforded dihydropyridazinthione derivatives 5a, b adopting the reported procedure
[23]. The target pyridazinthiones 6a, b were obtained by stirring a mixture of
dihydropyridazinthiones 5a, b with two equivalents of anhydrous CuCl2 using dry
acetonitrile as solvent at 60ºC for 5 h following the reported method [21]. The final
target pyridazinone derivatives 7a-f were obtained by Knoevenagel condensation
of compounds 4a, b and the appropriate aldehyde in the presence of ethanolic
KOH (5% w/v) [24-26].
2.2. In vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition assays
All the newly synthesized dihydropyridazinones 3a-g, dihydropyridazinthiones 5a,
b, pyridazinthiones 6a, b and pyridazinones 7a-f were screened for in vitro COX-
1/COX-2 inhibition assays, using the COX-1(human) Inhibitor Screening Assay
Kit and COX-2 (human) Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit (Cayman Chemical
Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The half-maximal inhibitor concentrations IC50
values were determined, being the means of three determinations acquired (Table 1
and Figure 3). Also, the COX-2 selectivity indexes (SI values) were calculated as
7
IC50 (COX-1)/IC50 (COX-2) and compared with that of the standard drugs
(celecoxib and Indomethacin) (Table 1).
It is evident from the in vitro assays that all the screened compounds were more
potent against COX-2 isoform than indomethacin with IC50 in nano-molar range.
All synthesized compounds showed selectivity indexes range (SIs= 0.60-11.55)
which was higher than that of indomethacin (SI= 0.10), so these compounds were
expected to be safer than indomethacin. Compounds 3d, 3g and 6a were the highly
potent with IC50 range of 43.84-67.23 nM that were 1.1-1.7 folds more potent than
celecoxib (IC50= 73.53 nM). Of particular interest, compound 3g showed an
appreciable selectivity index (SI= 11.51) which was as high as that of celecoxib
(SI= 11.87). Dihydropyridazinthiones 5a, b and pyridazinthiones 6a, b displayed
higher COX-2 inhibition and selectivity compared to indomethacin. However these
compounds were less active and less selective than celecoxib. Pyridazinthiones 7a-
f exhibited higher COX-2 inhibitory activity than indomethacin but still lower than
celecoxib.
With regard to the SAR, it is worth noting that in the first series 3a-g the presence
of phenylsulfonamide at position-2 in all pyridazinones increased COX-2
selectivity more than indomethacin. Moreover, substitution pattern of the phenyl
ring at position-6 highly affected both COX-2 inhibition potency and selectivity. It
was noticed that the presence of two methoxy groups at para and meta positions of
the phenyl ring (pyridizanone 3g) highly enhanced COX-2 activity more than
celecoxib and indomethacin. In addition, COX-2 selectivity of 3g was highly
improved becoming equal to that of celecoxib. Regarding mono substitution at
para position of phenyl ring, introduction of electron donating groups such as
methoxy group (compound 3e) or N-dimethylamino group (compound 3f) resulted
in a marked decrease in COX-2 inhibition. On the other hand, introduction of
electron withdrawing substituent as chlorine atom, highly enhanced the COX-2
8
inhibition and selectivity (compound 3d). Keeping the phenyl ring at postion-6
unsubstituted as in compound 3a or incorporating either methoxy group at ortho
position or methyl group at meta position of phenyl ring as in compounds 3b and
3c, respectively were not favorable for both the inhibitory activity and selectivity
against COX-2 isoform. We can conclude that the substitution pattern on the
phenyl ring at position-6 is a crucial element for COX-2 inhibition and selectivity
of the target dihydropyridazinones (3a-g). Moreover, the results revealed that N-
substituted dihydropyridazinone derivatives 3b and 3c were weak COX-2 enzyme
inhibitors with lower selectivity indexes in comparison with the corresponding
previously reported dihydropyridazinone derivatives 4a and 4b, respectively (4a:
IC50 (COX-2) =103.17, SI = 2 and 4b: IC50 (COX-2) = 18.35, SI= 24). So it is
worth noting that keeping the amidic nitrogen unsubstituted in
dihydropyridazinone derivatives retained their superiority in COX-2-selective
inhibition.
Exploring the activity of the second series 5a, b and 6a, b, it was noticed that
replacement of the carbonyl of previously reported dihydropyridazinone
derivatives 4a, b and pyridazinone derivative IIIb (IC50 (COX-2) = 15.56, SI = 24)
with thione group as in compound 5a, b and 6b was not tolerated for both COX-2
inhibition and selectivity. Unexpectedly, the COX-2 inhibition and selectivity was
much better for pyridazinthione derivative 6a compared to the corresponding
previously reported pyridazinone derivative IIIa (IC50 (COX-2) =98.03, SI = 5).
Pyridazinthione 6a and 6b showed improved selectivity for COX-2 enzyme
activity compared to dihydropyridazinthione 5a and 5b. Finally, for the last series
of compounds (7a-f), featuring different moieties on the position-4 of
pyridazinone, they exhibited higher COX-2 inhibition and selectivity compared to
indomethacin, but remained less active and less selective than celecoxib. The most
active pyridazinone among them is compound 7c functionalized with 4-
9
methoxybenzyl moiety at position-4 of pyridazinone and 2-methoxyphenyl at
postion-6 to the same. Also, substitution at position-4 as in compounds 7a-f
didn’t improve the COX-2 inhibitory activity and selectivity of previously reported
compounds IIIa, b. The COX-2 inhibitory activity and selectivity of compounds
7a-f were less than those of IIIa, b except compound 7c, that was equipotent
against COX-2 isoform to the corresponding previously reported pyridazinone
derivative IIIa. Thus, substitution at postion-4 of pyridazinone ring had not a
profound impact on COX-2-selectivity.
Compound 3g with the highest COX-2 selectivity index was selected for further
pharmacological evaluation of in vivo potential using carrageenan-induced rat paw
edema and gastrointestinal safety profile.
10
2. 4. Gastric ulcerogenic activity
Gastric ulcers are the most common side effect among patients taking NSAIDs for
inflammatory disorders, especially rheumatoid arthritis. Compound 3g that
exhibited the most potent COX-2 inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity was
tested for gastric ulcerative effect on rat stomach when administered orally. The
ulcerative effect of compound 3g has been inspected relative to two reference
drugs, indomethacin and celecoxib. After macroscopic observation of rat intestinal
mucosa following oral administration of 10 mg/kg of tested compound as well as
celecoxib and indomethacin, compound 3g showed fewer number of ulcers and
milder ulcer score than both reference compounds (Table 3).
The results showed that compound 3g possessed selective COX-2 inhibitory
profile in vitro, potent anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and with negligible
ulcerogenicity compared to available anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin and
celecoxib).
13
4. Experimental
4. 1. Chemistry
4. 1. 1. General
4.1.2.2-(4-Sulfamylphenyl)-6-(2-substitutedethenyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-
ones (3a-g)
14
A mixture of the appropriate hex-5-enoic acid 1a-g (0.001 mol), 4-
hydrazinobenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride 2 (0.22 g, 0.001 mol) and
triethylamine (0.1 g, 0.001 mol) in absolute ethanol (20–30 mL) was heated under
reflux for 30 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to one-third of its volume,
diluted with water (5 mL) and left at room temperature, when a solid separated out.
The crude product was filtered off, washed with ethanol (5 mL), dried and
crystallized from ethanol to yield compounds 3a-g.
4.1.2.1. 2-(4-Sulfamylphenyl)-6-(2-phenylethenyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-
one (3a)
Yield 47%, m.p. 135-136 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3275, 3200 (NH2), 1712 (C=O), 1593
(C=N), 1346, 1157 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.66-2.95 (m, 4H, 2CH2,
dihydropyridazinone), 3.55-3.62 (m, 1H, CH), 5.34-5.38 (m, 1H, CH), 6.86 (d, 1H,
Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 6.96 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 7.21 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8
Hz), 7.25-7.44 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.52 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.80 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J =
8 Hz). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 25.4 (CH2), 30.8 (CH2), 46.3 (CH), 62.3
(CH), 111.7, 125.1, 126.2, 127.5, 128.9, 129.4, 132.6, 147.0, 154.2 (ArCs+C=N),
172.5 (C=O). Anal. Calcd. for C18H17N3O3S (355.41): C, 60.83, H, 4.82, N, 11.82.
Found: C, 60.69, H, 4.96, N, 12.04.
4.1.2.2.6-(2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-2-(4-sulfamylphenyl)-4,5-
dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (3b)
Yield 55%, m.p. 126-127 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3360, 3263 (NH2), 1716 (C=O), 1597
(C=N), 1330, 1153 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.62-2.66 (m, 4H, 2CH2,
dihydropyridazinone), 3.52-3.60 (m, 1H, CH), 3.88 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.42-5.47 (m,
1H, CH), 6.79 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J= 8 Hz), 6.83 (d, 2H, Ar-H), 6.96 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O
exchangeable), 7.08 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J= 8 Hz), 7.23-7.27 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.53 (d, 1H,
Ar-H, J = 8 Hz). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 25.4 (CH2), 30.8 (CH2), 45.0 (CH),
56.1 (OCH3), 60.4 (CH), 111.4, 111.9, 121.0, 126.2, 127.6, 129.0, 129.2, 132.4,
15
147.0, 154.7, 156.4 (ArCs+C=N), 172.6 (C=O). Anal. Calcd. for C19H19N3O4S
(385.44): C, 59.21, H, 4.97, N, 10.90. Found: C, 59.44, H, 5.13, N, 11.21.
4.1.2.3.6-(2-(3-Methylphenyl)ethenyl)-2-(4-sulfamylphenyl)-4,5-
dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (3c)
Yield 44%, m.p. 125-126 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3302, 3244 (NH2), 1716 (C=O), 1593
(C=N), 1334, 1149 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.27 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.64-
2.74 (m, 4H, 2CH2, dihydropyridazinone), 3.53-3.60 ( m, 1H, CH), 5.27-5.31 (m,
1H, CH), 6.86 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 6.96 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 6.99-
7.07 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.20 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.23-7.43 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.52
(d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 21.5 (CH3), 25.4 (CH2),
30.8 (CH2), 46.3 (CH), 62.4 (CH), 111.7, 123.2, 126.6, 127.5, 128.6, 129.3, 132.6,
138.6, 142.5, 147.1, 154.2 (ArCs+C=N), 172.5 (C=O). Anal. Calcd. for
C19H19N3O3S (369.44): C, 61.77, H, 5.18, N, 11.37. Found: C, 61.98, H, 5.44, N,
11.28.
4.1.2.4.6-(2-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethenyl)-2-(4-sulfamylphenyl)-4,5-
dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (3d)
Yield 42%, m.p. 232-233 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3290, 3197 (NH2), 1658 (C=O), 1589
(C=N), 1338, 1149 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.72 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz,
dihydropyridazinone), 3.01 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz, dihydropyridazinone), 7.04 (d,
1H, CH, J = 16 Hz), 7.26 (d, 1H, CH, J = 16 Hz), 7.38 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O
exchangeable), 7.46 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.68-7.73 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.86 (d, 2H,
Ar-H, J = 8 Hz). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 20.9 (CH2), 27.7 (CH2), 125.0,
126.3, 126.8, 129.2, 129.3, 133.7, 134.7, 135.2, 141.7, 144.0, 154.4
(2CH+ArCs+C=N), 166.4 (C=O). Anal. Calcd. for C18H16ClN3O3S (389.86): C,
55.45, H, 4.14, N, 10.78. Found: C, 55.71, H, 4.32, N, 10.95.
16
4.1.2.5.6-(2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-2-(4-sulfamylphenyl)-4,5-
dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (3e)
Yield 66%, m.p. 162-163 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3294, 3205 (NH2), 1712 (C=O), 1593
(C=N), 1346, 1161 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.73 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz,
dihydropyridazinone), 2.91 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz, dihydropyridazinone), 3.77 (s,
3H, OCH3), 6.47-6.89 (m, 2H, 2CH), 6.96 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.17 (d, 2H,
Ar-H, J= 8 Hz), 7.40 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J= 8 Hz), 7.43 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O
exchangeable), 7.81 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 23.5
(CH2), 33.1 (CH2), 55.6 (OCH3), 107.9, 111.7, 114.7, 122.6, 125.0, 127.0, 130.3,
142.5, 143.8, 152.8, 159.8 (2CH+ArCs+C=N), 172.7 (C=O). Anal. Calcd. for
C19H19N3O4S (385.44): C, 59.21, H, 4.97, N, 10.90. Found: C, 59.43, H, 5.08, N,
11.12.
4.1.2.6.6-(2-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)ethenyl)-2-(4-sulfamylphenyl)-4,5-
dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (3f)
Yield 46%, m.p. 82-83 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3367, 3228 (NH2), 1728 (C=O), 1593
(C=N), 1330, 1153 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.65-2.67 (m, 4H, 2CH2,
dihydropyridazinone), 2.84 (s, 6H, 2CH3) 3.50-3.60 ( m, 1H, CH), 5.27-5.31 (m,
1H, CH), 6.65 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 6.86-6.88 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 6.95 (s, 2H, NH2,
D2O exchangeable), 7.01 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.39-7.41 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.48-
7.51 (m, 2H, Ar-H). Anal. Calcd. for C20H22N4O3S (398.48): C, 60.28, H, 5.56, N,
14.06. Found: C, 60.12, H, 5.72, N, 14.23.
4.1.2.7.6-(2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-2-(4-sulfamylphenyl)-4,5-
dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (3g)
Yield 67%, m.p. 91-92 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3344, 3255 (NH2), 1732 (C=O), 1593
(C=N), 1334, 1153 (SO2). 1H NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.65-2.76 (m, 4H, 2CH2,
dihydropyridazinone), 3.50-3.60 ( m, 1H, CH), 3.71(s, 3H, OCH3), 3.72 (s, 3H,
OCH3), 5.25-5.29 (m, 1H, CH), 6.69 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 6.83-6.90 (m, 4H,
17
Ar-H), 6.97 (s, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 7.53 (d, 2H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz). 13C
NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 25.4 (CH2), 30.8 (CH2), 46.3 (CH), 55.8 (OCH3), 55.9
(OCH3), 62.3 (CH), 109.9, 111.8, 112.4, 118.0, 127.4, 132.5, 134.7, 147.3, 148.4,
149.5, 154.3 (ArCs+C=N), 172.6 (C=O). MS (m/z %): 415 (M+, 35.66 %). Anal.
Calcd. For C20H21N3O5S (415.46): C, 57.82, H, 5.09, N, 10.11. Found: C, 57.65, H,
5.18, N, 10.27.
Yield 74%, m.p. 170-171 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3217 (NH), 1246 (C=S). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.64 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz, dihydropyridazinone), 2.82 (t, 2H,
CH2, J = 8 Hz, dihydropyridazinone), 3.88 (s, 3H, OCH3), 6.96-6.98 (m, 2H, 2CH),
7.00-7.08 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.32-7.39 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.66-7.69 (m, 1H, Ar-H),
12.72, 14.71 (2s, 1H, NH/SH, D2O exchangeable). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ
18.9 (CH2), 34.2 (CH2), 56.0 (OCH3), 112.0, 121.2, 124.4, 126.5, 127.8, 130.9,
131.0, 156.8, 157.4 (ArCs+2CH), 193.6 (C=S). Anal. Calcd. for C13H14N2OS
(246.33): C, 63.39, H, 5.73, N, 11.37. Found: C, 63.11, H, 5.86, N, 11.54.
18
Yield 71%, m.p. 200-201oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3159 (NH), 1238 (C=S). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.66 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz,
dihydropyridazinone), 2.83 (t, 2H, CH2, J = 8 Hz, dihydropyridazinone), 6.95 (d,
1H, CH, J = 16 Hz), 7.12 (d, 1H, CH, J = 16 Hz), 7.15-7.77 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 12.74,
14.72 (2s, 1H, NH/SH, D2O exchangeable). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 18.8
(CH2), 21.3 (CH3), 34.2 (CH2), 123.3, 124.9, 128.1, 129.2, 130.2, 135.1, 136.6,
138.5, 156.6 (ArCs+2CH+C=N), 193.7 (C=S). MS (m/z %): 230 (M+, 23.43%).
Anal. Calcd. for C13H14N2S (230.33): C, 67.79, H, 6.13, N, 12.16. Found: C, 68.06,
H, 6.08, N, 12.42.
Yield 70%, m.p. 154-155 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3417 (NH), 1246 (C=S).1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: : δ 3.87 (s, 3H, OCH3), 7.00-8.21 (m, 8H, 2CH+6Ar-H), 13.01,
14.88 (2s, 1H, NH/SH, D2O exchangeable).13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 56.0
(OCH3), 111.9, 112.1, 121.2, 124.4, 124.5, 124.9, 125.1, 127.9, 128.1, 130.2,
131.0, 157.7 (ArCs+2CH). MS (m/z %): 244 (M+, 24.88 %). Anal. Calcd. for
C13H12N2OS (244.31): C, 63.91, H, 4.95, N, 11.47. Found: C, 63.69, H, 5.12, N,
11.65.
19
4.1.4.2. 6-(2-(3-Methylphenyl)ethenyl) pyridazin-3(2H)-thione &/or 6-(2-(3-
Methylphenyl)ethenyl)pyridazin-3-thiol (6b)
Yield 96%, m.p. 169-170 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3421 (NH), 1211 (C=S). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.33 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.03-8.32 (m, 8H, 2CH+6Ar-H), 13.04,
14.73 (2s, 1H, NH/SH, D2O exchangeable). Anal. Calcd. for C13H12N2S (228.31):
C, 68.39, H, 5.30, N, 12.27. Found: C, 68.51, H, 5.56, N, 12.49.
4.1.5.2.6-(2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl)-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)pyridazin-
3(2H)one (7b)
20
Yield 57%, m.p. 146-147oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3132 (NH), 1658 (C=O). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 3.86 (s, 5H, CH2+OCH3), 6.96-6.99 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 6.96-7.07
(m, 3H, CH+2Ar-H), 7.30-7.35 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.48 (d, 1H, CH, J = 16 Hz), 7.64
(d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.75 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.82 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.44-8.59 (m, 2H, Ar-H),
13.02 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exchangeable).13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 32.8 (CH2),
55.9 (OCH3), 111.9, 121.2, 124.0, 124.7, 125.1, 127.1, 127.5, 128.4, 130.3, 134.4,
136.9, 141.5, 144.7, 148.0, 150.4, 157.3 (ArCs+2CH +C=N), 161.1 (C=O). Anal.
Calcd. for C19H17N3O2 (319.36): C, 71.46, H, 5.37, N, 13.16. Found: C, 71.70, H,
5.49, N, 13.38.
4.1.5.3. 4-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-6-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl)pyridazin-3(2H)one
(7c)
Yield 77%, m.p. 127-128oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3128 (NH), 1654 (C=O). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 3.73 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH3),
6.87-8.64 (m, 11H, 2CH+9Ar-H), 12.96 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exchangeable). Anal.
Calcd. for C21H20N2O3 (348.40): C, 72.40, H, 5.79, N, 8.04. Found: C, 72.17, H,
5.86, N, 8.21.
21
4.1.5.5. 6-(2-(3-Methylphenyl)ethenyl)-4-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)pyridazin-3(2H)one
(7e)
Yield 40%, m.p. 180-181oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3124 (NH), 1651 (C=O). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.33 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.85 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.02 (d, 1H, CH, J = 16
Hz), 7.14 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.26-7.30 (m, 2H, CH+Ar-H), 7.32-7.35 ( m,
1H, Ar-H), 7.40 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J = 8 Hz), 7.44 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 1H, Ar-H, J
= 8 Hz), 7.87 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.44-8.58 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 13.04 (s, 1H, NH, D2O
exchangeable).13C NMR (DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 21.4 (CH3), 32.9 (CH2), 124.0, 124.5,
124.6, 127.8, 128.2, 129.2, 129.7, 132.5, 134.3, 136.3, 136.9, 138.4, 141.5, 144.5,
148.1, 150.4 (ArCs+2CH+C=N), 161.0 (C=O). MS (m/z %): 303 (M+, 30.74 %).
Anal. Calcd. for C19H17N3O (303.36): C, 75.23, H, 5.65, N,13.85. Found: C, 75.01,
H, 5.82, N, 14.07.
4.1.6.6. 4-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-6-(2-(3-methylphenyl)ethenyl)pyridazin-3(2H)one
(7f)
Yield 56%, m.p. 141-142 oC, IR (KBr, cm-1): 3209 (NH), 1662 (C=O). 1H NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 2.32 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.72 (s, 2H, CH2), 3.76 (s, 3H, OCH3),
6.87-7.73 (m, 11H, 2CH+9Ar-H), 12.98 (s, 1H, NH, D2O exchangeable).13C NMR
(DMSO-d6) ppm: δ 21.4 (CH3), 34.6 (CH2), 55.4 (OCH3), 114.3, 114.8, 124.6,
124.7, 127.5, 127.8, 129.1, 129.6, 130.4, 132.2, 136.4, 138.4, 142.8, 144.3, 158.3
(ArCs+2CH+C=N), 161.2 (C=O). Anal. Calcd. for C21H20N2O2 (332.40): C, 75.88,
H, 6.06, N,8.43. Found: C, 76.04, H, 6.24, N, 8.72.
22
using ten folds serial dilutions (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 μg/mL) was determined (Table
1). This was carried out using human COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor screening kit
supplied by Cayman chemicals (catalog number 701070 and 701080, respectively,
Ann Arbor, MI, USA).
In brief, the compounds to be tested were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)
and a mixture of COX-1 or COX-2 enzyme (10 μL), heme (10 μL) and samples
(20 μL) were added to the supplied reaction buffer solution (160 μL, 0.1 M Tris–
HCl, pH 8 containing 5 mM ethylenediamine tetra acetate (EDTA) and 2 mM
phenol) and were incubated for 10 minutes at 37 C. This was followed by the
addition of arachidonic acid (10 μL, final concentration in reaction mixture 100
μM) to initiate the reaction, After 2 min, The COX reactions were stopped using
stannous chloride (30 μL) followed by incubation for 5 min at room temperature.
This was followed by quantification of PGF2α formed in the samples by COX
reactions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following transfer to a
96-well plate, the plate was incubated with samples for 18 h at room temperature.
After incubation, the plate was washed to remove any unbound reagent and then
Ellman’s reagent (200 μL), which contains substrate to acetyl cholinesterase, was
added and incubated at room temperature for 60–90 min until the absorbance of Bo
well is in the range 0.3–0.8 A.U. at 410 nm. The plate was then read by an ELISA
plate reader.
The IC50 values of inhibition against both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were
determined by the comparison of the sample treated incubations to control
incubations.
24
4. 4. Gastric ulcerogenic activity
Acute ulceroginicity assay was also done for compound 3g in adult male albino
rats. Results were compared with those of indomethacin and celecoxib. Male
Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 120-130 g were fasted for 18 h prior and were
divided into four groups, each of six rats. The test compounds and the reference
standards or saline were administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Four h
later, the rats were sacrificed and their stomachs were removed and examined
macroscopically using a magnifying lens. A longitudinal incision along the greater
curvature was made with fine scissor. The presence of a single or multiple lesions,
erosion, ulcer or perforation was examined [32]. The number of ulcers and the
occurrence of hyperemia were noted. The hemorrhagic lesions were stretched out
and scored from 0 (no lesion) to 5 (3 or more marked ulcers), according to the
method of Clementi et al. [33] (Table 3).
25
mol-1A° -1 followed by docking into the active site using the MOE Dock tool.
Amino acid interactions and the hydrogen bond lengths were determined (Figure 3,
4, 5).
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Dr. Amany Ameen Sleem, Professor of Pharmacology,
Pharmacology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt for
carrying out the in vivo anti-inflammatory assay and gastric ulcerogenic activity.
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Esam Rashwan, Head of the
confirmatory diagnostic unit VACSERA-EGYPT, for carrying out the in vitro
COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory assay. The authors thank Dr. Amr Sayed Motawi,
Lecturer of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University for helping in Molecular
Docking.
References
1. N. Dufton, M. Perretti, Therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of
formyl-peptide receptor agonists, Pharmacology & therapeutics, 127 (2010)
175–188.
2. L. Brubaker, L. Kendall, E. Reina, Multimodal analgesia: a systematic
review of local NSAIDs for non-ophthalmologic postoperative pain management,
International J. Surgery, 32 (2016) 158-166.
3. R. M. Botting, Cyclooxygenase: past, present and future. A tribute to John
R. Vane (1927–2004), J. Thermal Biology, 31(2006) 208-219.
4. S. K. Veettil, S. Nathisuwan, S. M. Ching, P. Jinatongthai, K. G. Lim, S.
T. Kew, N. Chaiyakunapruk, Efficacy and safety of celecoxib on the incidence
of recurrent colorectal adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Cancer
26
management & research, 11 (2019) 561-571.
5. L. R. Reddy, E. Corey, Facile air oxidation of the conjugate base of rofecoxib
(Vioxx™), a possible contributor to chronic human toxicity, Tetrahedron letters,
46 (2005) 927-929.
6. D. J. Graham, D. Campen, R. Hui, M. Spence, C. Cheetham, G. Levy, S. Shoor,
W. A. Ray, Risk of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in
patients treated with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective and non-selective non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs: nested case-control study, Lancet, 365 (2005) 475-
481.
7. K. A. Abouzid, N. A. Khalil, E. M. Ahmed, H. A. Abd El-Latif, M. E. El-Araby,
Structure-based molecular design, synthesis, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity
of pyridazinone derivatives as nonclassic COX-2 inhibitors, Med. Chem. Res., 19
(2010) 629-642.
8. S. D. Solomon, J. Wittes, P. V. Finn, R. Fowler, J. Viner, M. M. Bertagnolli, N.
Arber, B. Levin, C. L. Meinert, B. Martin, J. L. Pater, P. E. Goss, P. Lance,
S. Obara, E. Y. Chew, J. Kim, G. Arndt, E. Hawk, Cardiovascular risk of
celecoxib in 6 randomized placebo-controlled trials: the cross trial safety analysis,
Circulation, 117 (2008) 2104-2113.
9. S. E. Nissen, N. D. Yeomans, D. H. Solomon, T. F. Luscher, P. Libby, M.
E. Husni, D. Y. Graham, J. S. Borer, L. M. Wisniewski, K. E. Wolski, Q. Wang,
V. Menon, F. Ruschitzka, M. Gaffney, B. Beckerman, M. F. Berger, W. Bao, A.
M. Lincoff, Cardiovascular safety of celecoxib, naproxen, or ibuprofen for
arthritis, N. Engl. J. Med., 375 (2016) 2519-2529.
10. I. K. Khanna, R. M. Weier, Y. Yu, P. W. Collins, J. M. Miyashiro, C. M.
Koboldt, A. W. Veenhuizen, J. L. Currie, K. Seibert, P. C. Isakson, 1, 2-
Diarylpyrroles as potent and selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, J. Med.
Chem., 40 (1997) 1619-1633.
27
11. K. Abouzid, N. A. Khalil, E. M. Ahmed, A. Esmat, A. M. Al-Abdet,
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenicity of novel
pyridazinone derivatives, Med. Chem. Res., 21 (2012) 3581-3590.
12. M. M. Saeed, N. A. Khalil, E. M. Ahmed, K. I. Eissa, Synthesis and anti-
inflammatory activity of novel pyridazine and pyridazinone derivatives as non-
ulcerogenic agents, Arch. Pharm. res. 35 (2012) 2077-2092.
13. T. H. Ibrahim, Y. M. Loksha, H. A. Elshihawy, D. M. Khodeer, M. M. Said,
Synthesis of Some Novel 2, 6‐Disubstituted Pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one Derivatives as
Analgesic, Anti‐Inflammatory and Non‐Ulcerogenic Agents. Arch. der Pharmazie,
350 (2017) 1-13.
14. M. Takaya, M. Sato, K. Terashima, H. Tanizawa and Y. Maki, A new
nonsteroidal analgesic-antiinflammatory agent. Synthesis and activity of 4-ethoxy-
2-methyl-5-morpholino-3 (2H)-pyridazinone and related compounds. J. Med.
Chem., 22 (1979) 53-58.
15. R. R. Harris, L. Black, S. Surapaneni, T. Kolasa, S. Majest, M. T. Namovic, G.
28
17. R. Bansal, S. Thota, Pyridazin-3 (2H)-ones: the versatile pharmacophore of
medicinal significance, Med. Chem. Res., 22 (2013) 2539-2552.
18. S. Ahmad, I. G. Rathish, S. Bano, M. S. Alam, K. Javedet, Synthesis and
biological evaluation of some novel 6-aryl-2-(p-sulfamylphenyl)-4, 5-
dihydropyridazin-3 (2H)-ones as anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and anti-
inflammatory agents, J. Enzyme Inhibition Med. Chem., 25 (2010) 266-271.
19. R. Bashir, S. Yaseen, S. Ovais, S. Ahmad, H. Hamid, M. S. Alam, M. Samim,
K. Javed, Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel sulfamoylphenyl-
pyridazinone as anti-inflammatory agents (Part-II), J. Enzyme Inhibition Med.
Chem., 27 (2012) 92-96.
20. A. Singh, M. Asif, Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of several 4-
substituted-6-(3'-nitrophenyl) pyridazin-(2H)-3-one derivatives, Brazilian J.
Pharmaceutical Sci., 49 (2013) 903-909.
21. E. M. Ahmed, A. E. Kassab, A. A. El-Malah, M. S. A. Hassan, Synthesis and
biological evaluation of pyridazinone derivatives as selective COX-2 inhibitors
and potential anti-inflammatory agents, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 171 (2019) 25-37.
22. S. Zaheer, I. Hacker, N. Rao, The condensation of levulinic acid with
aromatic aldehydes, Chem. Ber., 89 (1956) 351-354.
23. E. Flefel, W. Tantawy, W. El-Sofany, M. El-Shahat, A. El-Sayed, D. Abd-
Elshafy, Synthesis of Some New Pyridazine Derivatives for Anti-HAV
Evaluation, Molecules, 22 (2017) 1-15.
24. A. Cilibrizzi, M. T. Quinn, L. N. Kirpotina, I. A. Schepetkin, J. Holderness, R.
D. Ye, M. Rabiet, C. Biancalani, N. Cesari, A. Graziano, C. Vergelli, S. Pieretti,
V. D. Piaz, M. P. Giovannoni, 6-methyl-2, 4-disubstituted pyridazin-3(2H)-
ones: a novel class of small-molecule agonists for formyl peptide receptors,
J. Med. Chem., 52 (2009) 5044-5057.
25. L. Crocetti, C. Vergelli, A. Cilibrizzi, A. Graziano, A. I. Khlebnikov, L. N.
29
Kirpotina, I. A. Schepetkin, M. T. Quinn, M. P. Giovannoni1, Synthesis and
Pharmacological Evaluation of New Pyridazin‐Based Thioderivatives as Formyl
Peptide Receptor (FPR) Agonists, Drug Dev. Res.,74 (2013) 259-271.
26. M. P. Giovannoni, I. A. Schepetkin, A. Cilibrizzi, L. Crocetti, A. I.
Khlebnikov, C. Dahlgren, A. Graziano, V. D. Piaz, L. N. Kirpotina, S. Zerbinati,
C. Vergelli, M. T. Quinn, Further studies on 2-arylacetamide pyridazin-3
(2H)-ones: Design, synthesis and evaluation of 4, 6-disubstituted analogs as
formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) agonists, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 64 (2013) 512-528.
27. C. A. Winter, E. A. Risley, G. W. Nuss, Carrageenin-induced edema in hind
paw of the rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,
111 (1962) 544-547.
28. R. G. Kurumbail, A. M. Stevens, J. K. Gierse, J. J. McDonald, R. A.
Stegeman, J. Y. Pak, D. Gildehaus, T. D. Penning, K. Seibert, P. C. Isakson,
Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory
agents, Nature, 384 (1996) 644-648.
29. O. Unsal-Tan, K. Ozden, A. Rauk, A. Balkan, Synthesis and cyclooxygenase
inhibitory activities of some N-acylhydrazone derivatives of isoxazolo[4, 5-d]
pyridazin-4 (5H)-ones, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 45 (2010) 2345-2352.
30. P. Rao and E.E. Knaus, Evolution of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs): cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and beyond, J. Pharm. Pharmaceut.
Sci., 11 (2008) 81s-110s.
31. R. Soliman, Preparation and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea
derivatives of 3, 5-disubstituted pyrazoles, J. Med. Chem., 22 (1979) 321-325.
32. E. Manivannan, S. C. Chaturvedi, Analogue-based design, synthesis and
molecular docking analysis of 2, 3-diaryl quinazolinones as non-ulcerogenic anti-
inflammatory agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19 (2011) 4520-4528.
30
33. G. Clementi, A. Caruso, V. M. C. Cutuli, E. de Bernardis, A. Prato, N. G.
(1998) 51-54.
31
Figure 1. Celecoxib (available selective COX-2 inhibitor anti-inflammatory drug),
Emorfazone (available pyridazinone-based anti-inflammatory drug) and ABT-963
(pyridazinone-based selective COX-2 inhibitor has preclinical anti-inflammatory
and safety profiles).
Figure 2. Reported pyridazinone derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities and
our pyridazine scaffolds (A, B and C).
Figure 3. 2D interactions of celecoxib with COX-2 active site (PDB 1CX2).
Hydrogen distances are shown as numbers on dotted arrows.
Scheme 1. The synthetic path and reagents for the preparation of the target
compounds 1 and 3. Reagents and conditions: a) Morpholine /gl. acetic acid /dry
benzene/6 h, b) TEA/ethanol/ 30 h.
Scheme 2. The synthetic path and reagents for the preparation of the target
compounds 4-7. Reagents and conditions: a) NH2NH2/ethanol/3 h, b) P2S5/dry
pyridine/5 h, c) Anhyd. CuCl2/ dry acetonitrile/ 60oC/ 5 h, d) KOH/ethanol/ 3 h
32
Table 1. In vitro COX-1/COX-2 inhibition results and selectivity index (SI).
R O
N N
R SH R S
N N N NH
SO2NH2
5a, b
3a-g
Ar
R O
S R SH N NH
R
N NH N N
6a, b 7a-f
R Ar
COX-1 COX-2 c SI
Compound
a IC50 b IC50
33
Table 2. Results of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of compound 3g, celecoxib
and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) in male albino rats (n=6).
Zero 1h 2h 3h 4h
Paw Paw Paw Paw Paw
% % % %
diameter diameter diameter diameter diameter
Edema Edema Edema Edema
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Control 3.46±0.08 4.51±0.09* 30.3 4.72±0.08* 36.4 4.79±0.1* 38.4 4.88±0.1* 41.0
Celecoxib 3.48±0.09 3.93±0.09* 12.9 3.88±0.07* 11.4 3.83±0.06* 10.0 3.78±0.04* 8.6
Indomethacin 3.49±0.06 3.92±0.08* 12.3 3.85±0.06* 10.3 3.81±0.03* 9.4 3.73±0.04* 8.0
34
Table 3. Gastric ulcerative effect of tested compound 3g compared to celecoxib
and indomethacin in male albino rats (n=6).
Score
Groups
No. of gastric ulcers Severity lesions
35
OH
H3CO2S
O
H3C
O
N OC2H5
CF3 O
O
N
N N N
N N
CH3
F
H2NO2S
Emorfazone ABT-963
Celecoxib F
36
Cl O
R O
N N
N N
SO2NH2
SO2NH2
I
A
Ar
O
O2N O
R O
N NH
N NH
II B
R O
N NH
4a, b S
R
4a: R= 2-CH3O, IC50 (COX-2)=103.17 ±4.00, SI (COX-1/C0X-2)= 2.65
4b: R= 3-CH3, IC50 (COX-2)= 18.35 ±0.71, SI (COX-1/C0X-2)= 24.52 N NH
O C
R
N NH
IIIa, b
IIIa: R= 2-CH3O, IC50 (COX-2)=98.03 ±3.80, SI (COX-1/C0X-2)= 5.48
IIIb: R= 3-CH3, IC50 (COX-2)= 15.56 ±0.60, SI (COX-1/C0X-2)= 24.33
37
Figure 3. 2D interactions of celecoxib with COX-2 active site (PDB 1CX2).
Hydrogen distances are shown as numbers on dotted arrows.
38
Figure 4. 2D interactions of compound 3g with COX-2 active site (PDB 1CX2).
Hydrogen distances are shown as numbers on dotted arrows.
39
Figure 5. An overlay of the docked pose of compound 3g (pink) with celecoxib
(red).
40
CHO
O
OH a OH
R
R +
O O
O
1a-g
1a: R= H
1b: R= 2-CH3O
1c: R= 3-CH3
1d: R= 4-Cl
1e: R= 4-CH3O
1f: R= 4-(CH3)2N
1g: R= 3,4-(CH3O)2
NHNH2.HCl
R O
R OH N N
O O b
+
SO2NH2
SO2NH2
2 3a-g
1a-g
3a: R= H
3b: R= 2-CH3O
3c: R= 3-CH3
3d: R= 4-Cl
3e: R= 4-CH3O
3f: R= 4-(CH3)2N
3g: R= 3,4-(CH3O)2
Scheme 1. The synthetic path and reagents for the preparation of the target
compounds 1 and 3. Reagents and conditions: a) Morpholine /gl. acetic acid /dry
benzene/6 h, b) TEA/ethanol/ 30 h.
41
b R SH R S
N N N NH
5a, b
R OH
5a: R= 2-CH3O
O O
5b: R= 3-CH3
1b, c
1b: R= 2-CH3O
1c: R= 3-CH3 c
a
S R SH
R
N NH N N
R O
N NH 6a, b
6a: R= 2-CH3O
6b: R= 3-CH3
4a, b
4a: R= 2-CH3O
4b: R= 3-CH3
Ar
R O
ArCHO N NH
d 7a-f
7a: R= 2-CH3O, Ar= C6H5
7b: R= 2-CH3O, Ar= 3-pyridyl
7c: R= 2-CH3O, Ar= 4-CH3OC6H4
7d R= 3-CH3, Ar= C6H5
7e: R= 3-CH3, Ar= 3-pyridyl
7f: R= 3-CH3, Ar= 4-CH3OC6H4
Scheme 2. The synthetic path and reagents for the preparation of the target
compounds 4-7. Reagents and conditions: a) NH2NH2/ethanol/3 h, b) P2S5/dry
pyridine/5 h, c) Anhyd. CuCl2/ dry acetonitrile/ 60oC/ 5 h, d) KOH/ethanol/ 3 h
42
● New pyridazinone and pyridazinthione derivatives were designed and
synthesized.
● COX-1/COX-2 inhibition of all compounds was tested in vitro.
● Compounds 3d, 3g and 6a were 1.1-1.7 folds more potent COX-2 inhibitors than
celecoxib.
SO2NH2 SO2NH2
O O SH
N N N
N N N
O
Cl O
3d 3g 6a
COX 2:(IC50 = 67.23±1.8 nM, COX 2:(IC50 = 43.84 ±1.1 nM, COX 2:(IC50 = 53.01±3.17 nM,
SI= 8.15) SI= 11.51) SI= 7.28)
Potential COX-2 inhibitors
43
Declaration of interests
☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests:
44