Formula sheet – Final Exam – ELEC 433/6411

Average and rms values T T T

1 1 1 2
The instantaneous power is: p(t ) = v i PAV =
T ∫ p(t ) dt = To∫ v i dt I = I rms =
T o∫
i dt
o
Sinusoidal steady-state and phasors Power, reactive power and power factor
v = 2 V sin ωt S = VI* = Vej0 IejΦ = VI ejΦ = SejΦ
S = VI cos φ + jVI sin φ
i = 2 I sin (ωt − φ )
S = P + jQ, S 2 = P2 + Q2
 I = V Z , Z = R 2 + X 2
L
 Apparent Power (VA) = S = VI
 X L = ω L, φ = tan ( X L R )
−1
Real Power (W) = P = Re[S] = VI cosΦ
V Ve j 0 V − jφ Reactive Power (VAr) = Q = Im [S] = VIsinΦ
V = Ve j 0 and I = = jφ = e = Ie − jφ PF = P = cosΦ
Z Ze Z
S

In phase (IP) and out-of-phase (IQ) components: I P = I cosφ → P = VI P , IQ = I sin φ → Q = VIQ

Three-phase systems
2π 2π π π
−j j j( ) j( )
j0 3 3
Va = Ve , Vb = Ve , Vc = Ve Vab = Va − Vb = 3Ve 6 = VLL e 6
S 3φ = 3 VL I L , P3φ = S 3φ cosθ , Q3φ = S 3φ sin θ = 3VL2ωC

Line current distortion

12
1T  I I s , peak
is (t ) = is1 (t ) + ∑ ish (t ), I s =  ∫ is2 (t ) dt  = ∑ I sh2 , THD(%) = 100 Idis , where I dis = I s2 − I s21 = ∑ I sh2 , Crest factor =
T  Is
h ≠1  0  h =1 s1 h ≠1

Average power, total power factor, and displacement power for a nonlinear load:
T
1 Vs I s1 cos φ1 I s1 I 1
PAV =
T ∫ 2Vs sinωt is dt = Vs I s1 cos φ1 , S = Vs I s , PF =
Vs I s
=
Is
cos φ1 = s1 DPF , PF =
Is
DPF
o 1 + THDi2

Thyristor based ac controllers I n = V0 _ n Z n where Z n = R 2 + (nωL) 2

I s1
Single-phase diode bridge rectifier: Vd 0 = 0.9Vs , I s = I d and I s1 = 0.9 I d , DPF = cos φ1 = 1, PF = DPF = 0 .9
Is

Line voltage distortion:

∞
di di di
vPCC = vs − Ls1 s , is = is1 + ∑ ish , vPCC _ 1 = vs − Ls1 s1 , vPCC _ dist = Ls1 ∑ sh = ∑ (I sh X Lsh )2
dt h ≠1 dt h ≠1 dt h ≠1
Three-phase full bridge rectifiers:
1 π /6
π / 3 ∫−π / 6
vd = v Pn − v Nn , Vd 0 = 2VLL cos ωt dωt , Vd 0 = 1.35VLL = 2.34Vs
Input current components
I s1
I s = 0.816 I d I s1 = 0.78 I d I sh = DPF = 1 PF = 0.955
h
 2 2
Single-phase thyristor ac-dc converters: V d α = V S cos α = 0 . 9V S cos α , Pdc = I dc V d α
π
S = V s I s , S 1 = V s I s1 , P1 = V s I s1 cos α , Q1 = V s I s1 sin α , I S 1 = 0 . 9 I dc
Three-phase thyristor ac-dc converters:
2 3 I 3
Vdα = 1.35VLL cos α , I s = I d = 0.816 I d , I s1 = 0.78 I d = I s , DPF = cos φ1 = cos α , PF = DPF s1 = cos α
3 π Is π

Vs2 Vs2 2I
SVC (TCR+FC): QSVC = QTCR − QFC = − , ITh _ rms =
X L1 _ eff (α ) XC 2
Voltage regulation VS = jX S I + VT , VS = VS ∠δ , VT = VT ∠0, I = I∠ − φ , VT = VS − jX S I

Tuned harmonic filters 1

f h = h ⋅ f grid =
2π Ch Lh
Vo ton v I V 1
Buck dc-dc converter: (Vd − Vo )ton = (− Vo )toff , = = D = ctrl , o = d =
Vd TS Vˆst I d Vo D
2
1 DTS TV ∆Vo 1 TS 2 (1 − D) π 2  fc  1
I LB = I L, peak = (Vd − Vo ) = S o (1 − D ) = I oB = = (1 − D)  , fc =
2 2L 2L Vo 8 LC 2 fs  2π LC
 

Vo 1 I
Boost dc-dc converter: (Vd )ton = (Vd − Vo )toff , = , o = (1 − D )
Vd 1 − D I d
∆Vo DTS T
I LB =
1 V t VT
I L, peak = d on = o S D(1 − D) I oB
VT
= o S D(1 − D) 2 = =D S
2 2L 2L 2L V o RC τ
Vo I o VI
Single-phase inverters: id (t ) = cos φ − o o cos(2ωt − φ ) = I d + id 2
Vd Vd
SPWM Vˆ
Vˆcontrol f tri V f h = ( j m f ± k ) f1, j integer k odd/even
ma = , mf = (VˆAo )1 = ma d , ma = control ≤ 1
Vˆtri f control 2 Vˆtri h = j mf ± k

3
3-phase SPWM (VLL )1 _ rms = maVd , ma ≤ 1
2 2
Square wave: 4 Vd V  (VˆAo )1
(VˆAo )1 = = 1.273 d  (VˆAo ) h = , h odd integer
π 2  2 h

3-Phase square-wave: 6 6
VLL1 _ rms = Vd , VLL h _ rms = Vd , h = 6n ± 1
π πh
4V (180 − α )
Voltage cancellation: Vˆoh = d sin( hβ ), β = , half of a pulse width.
πh 2

Vout _ h fh
Design of a second-order LPF: Gain = , Gain( dB) = 20 log(Gain), fres = Gain( dB )
Vin _ h
10 −40dB / Dec
UPF diode rectifier: V I V I cos 2ωt
pin (t ) = Vˆs sin ωt Iˆs sin ωt = Vs I s − Vs I s cos 2ωt , pd (t ) = Vd id (t ), id (t ) = s s − s s
Vd Vd
1 I sin 2ωt (Vd − vs ) vs
vd ,ripple (t ) ≈
Cd ∫ ic dt = − d
2ω Cd
, For constant frequency control : I rip =
f s Ld Vd

Switch-mode bi-directional grid interface: Vs2  Vconv1  V2  Vconv1 

P = Vs I s1 cosθ =  sin δ , Q = Vs I s1 sin θ = s 1 − cos δ 
ω Ls  Vs  ω Ls  Vs 

Vconv1 [
= Vs2 + (ω Ls I s1 )2]0.5 m
= a Vdc
2

HVDC: Vdc _ B = −1.35 VLL cosα B , γ B = 180o − α B , extinction angle, Vdc _ B = 1.35 VLL cos γ B Id =
VdA − VdB
Rdc
PdB = 1.35 VLL I d cos γ B , QdB = 1.35 VLL I d sin γ B

Simplified model of a Transmission line: Ideal sources with same magnitude and line impedance is XL.
δ  2V δ  V2 V2
VM = V cos  , I = sin  , P = Re ( S S ) = Re (VS I * ) = sin δ , QS = Im ( S S ) = (1 - cos δ )
2 XL 2 XL XL

TCSC: Series line compensator consisting of a capacitor in parallel with a TCR.

X TCR X C π XL
X TCSC = − , X TCR = , where : σ = 2(π − α ) and 90o ≤ α ≤ 180o
X TCR − X C σ − sin σ