Corrosion etc play a

major role
GENERAL PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS FOR DESIGN

 Given any machine element, the loading and the boundary

conditions:

 Use the simple formulae of MoM to estimate stresses and strains

and deflections

 From the stresses,

 Find the maximum and minimum normal (principal) stresses
 Find the maximum shear stress

 Use the Theories of Failure (next topic) to check if these maximum

stresses are within allowed limits for that material
Introduction to Experimental Stress Analysis

 Deflections, forces and strains can be directly measured

 Stress can not be directly measured easily
 Stresses are computed from measured strains
 Two broad categories of methods:
 Near (or Local) Field methods (Strain gaging)
 Whole (or Full) Field methods (Photoelasticity)
 STRAIN GAGING TECHNIQUE

𝜃 = 0, 45 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90 𝑑𝑒𝑔 𝜃 = 0, 60 𝑎𝑛𝑑 120 𝑑𝑒𝑔

CASE (1) CASE (2)

Strain transformation eqn is similar Measure strains ϵa, ϵb, ϵc

to stress transformation eqn Case (1): ϵa = ϵx, ϵc = ϵy and 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 2𝜖𝑏 − (𝜖𝑎 + 𝜖𝑐 )
(except factor 2 in shear strain) From strains Ɛx, Ɛy, 𝛾𝑥𝑦 find stresses σx, σy, τ𝑥𝑦
Then find principal stresses and max. shear stress
Thin Pressure vessel - Strain Gauges

DAQ
Thin-walled
Cylinder

Hand Pump
 Hand Pump

DAQ
 Rectangular Strain Rossette

At an angle 0,45 and 90 degrees

 Photo Elasticity
 Stress does not depend on material
 Birefringence - a ray of light passing through the
material experiences two refractive indices.
 The magnitude of the refractive indices at each
point in the material is directly related to the state
of stress at that point
 Electromagnetic wave components of incident light
are resolved along the two principal stress
directions with different refractive index.
 The difference in the refractive indices leads to a
relative phase retardation between the two
components.
 Due to optical interference of the two waves, a
fringe pattern is revealed.
 By studying the fringe pattern one can determine
the state of stress at various points in the material
 Photoelasticity Experimental Set up

Parts
1. Light Source
2. Polarizer 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. Quarter-Wave plate
7
4. Specimen loading
5. Quarter wave plate
6. Analyzer
7. Hand Pump
Circular Disc (Epoxy Resin material) under diametric compression
Photoelastic Fringes – Disc under Diametral Compression
 Specimens

Specimens
1. I-section
2. Beam Bending
3. Circular Disc
4. Plate with a hole
5. Crane hook