1

MEETING 13 FTIK 2020

NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause is used as a subject or an object.

e.g. His story was interesting. I don’t know where she lives.
S O
What he said was interesting.
S
Words used to introduce noun clauses:
when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose, whether, if, and that.

A. Noun Clauses which begin with a question word

Question Noun Clause
Where does she live? I don’t know where she lives.
What did he say? I couldn’t hear what he said.
When do they arrive? Do you know when they arrive?
Who lives there? I don’t know who lives there.
What happened? Please tell me what happened.
Who is at the door? I wonder who is at the door.
Who is she? I don’t know who she is.
Who are those men? I don’t know who those men are.
Whose house is that? I wonder whose house that is.
What did she say? What she said surprised me.
What should they do? What they should do is obvious.

Exercise 1. Change the question below to a noun clause.

1. How old is he? I don’t know_____________________________

2. What was he talking about? ___________________________ was interesting.
3. Where do you live? Please tell me ____________________________
4. What did she say? _____________________________ wasn’t true.
5. When are they coming? Do you know __________________________ ?
6. Whose pen is this? Do you know __________________________ ?
7. What is the capital of England? I don’t remember ________________________
8. Where did she go? _________________________ is none of your business.
9. Why does he leave the country? I don’t know __________________________
10. What are we doing in class? ________________________________ is easy.
 2

Adverb Clauses
List of words used to introduce adverb clauses:
Time Cause and Effect Opposition Condition
After, before, when, because/because of even though if
while, as, by the since although unless
time, since, until, as now that though only if
soon as, once, as/so as whereas whether or not
long as, whenever, as/so long as while even if
every time (that), the inasmuch as providing (that)
first time (that), the so (that) provided (that)
last time (that) , the in order that In case (that)
next time (that) therefore/consequently In the event (that)
such…that
so…that
Note: When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the
clauses.
1. Using adverb clauses to show time relationships
after After she graduates, she will get a job. A present tense is used in an
adverb clause of time.
before I had left before he came.
when When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. When = at that time
When I got there, he had already left. Notice the different time
When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him. relationships expressed by the
tenses.
while While I was walking home, it began to rain. While, as = during that time
as As I was waking home, it began to rain.
by the time By the time he arrived, we had already left. By the time = one event is
By the time he comes, we will already have left. completed before another event.
(Notice the use of the past perfect
and future perfect in the main
clause)
since I haven’t seen him since he left this morning. Since = from that time to the
present. (Notice: The present
perfect tense is used in the main
clause)
until We stayed there until we finished our work. Until, till = to that time and then
till We stayed there till we finished our work. no longer (Till is used primarily
in speaking rather than writing)
as soon as As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. As soon as, once = when one
once Once it stops raining, we will leave. event happens, another event
happens soon afterwards.
as long as I will never speak to him again as long as I live. As long as, so long as = during all
so long as I will never speak to him again so long as I live. that time, from beginning to end.
whenever Whenever I see her, I say hello. Whenever = every time
every time Every time I see her, I say hello.
the first The first time I went to New York, I went to an Adverb clause can be introduced
time opera. by the following:
the last I saw two plays the last time I went to New York. first
time The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a
the next ballet. the second time
time
third
 3

Combine two sentences below into a correct sentence with the conjunction given.

1. Finally, the committee arrived. Before that, the event was in chaos. (until)
___________________________________________________________________
2. He has to safe the tropical forest. Many illegal loggings were conducted there. (after)
___________________________________________________________________
3. I was collecting shells. It began to rain. (while)
___________________________________________________________________
4. They shouted. We had already driven our car to avoid lava. (by the time)
__________________________________________________________________
5. The hurricane stops. We find others in the shelter. (once)
__________________________________________________________________
6. They make camps. They ask permission to the ranger. (whenever)
__________________________________________________________________
7. The fishermen used the bomb. The population of the fish is decreased. (after)
__________________________________________________________________
8. The summer comes. The layer of the snow is thinner. (when)
_________________________________________________________________
9. We will keep the river clean. We live in this neighborhood. (so long as)
_________________________________________________________________
10. The trees will be cut down. We plant some seeds to substitute. (before)
_________________________________________________________________

MEETING 14 FTIK 2020
2. Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect relationships
because Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
because of Because of the cold weather, we stayed home.
due to Due to the cold weather, we stayed home.
since Since he wasn’t interested in classical music,
he decided not to go to the concert.
now that Now that the semester is finished, I’m going
to rest a few days and then take a trip.
as As she had nothing in particular to do, she
called up a friend and asked her to go to a
movie.
as/so long as As long as you are not busy, could you help
me with this work?
inasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders
could not reach an agreement, the
possibilities for peace are still remote.
therefore Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
consequently Al didn’t study. Consequently, he failed the
test.
such…that It was such good coffee that I had another
cup.
It was such a foggy day that we couldn’t see
the road.
so…that She speaks so fast that I can’t understand
her.
She made so many mistakes that she failed
the exam.
He has so few friends that he is always lonely.
She has so much money that she can buy
whatever she wants.
He had so little trouble with the test that he
left twenty minutes early.
Combine two sentences below into a correct sentence with the conjunction given.
1. Monday is Bob’s birthday. Let’s give him a party.
(since)______________________________
4
When an adverb clause precedes
the independent clause, put a
comma after the adverb clause.
Because introduces an adverb
clause; it is followed by a subject
and verb.
Because of and due to are
prepositions; they are followed by
a noun object.
Here, since means because.
Now that means because now.
Now that is used for present and
future situations.
as means because.
As long as means because.
Inasmuch as means because.
Inasmuch as is usually found only
in formal writing and speech.
Therefore and consequently mean
‘as a result.’ In grammar, they are
called transitions which connect
the ideas between two sentences.
Such…that encloses a modified
noun.
Such + adjective + noun + that
So…that encloses an adjective or
adverb
So + adjective + that
adverb
So…that is used with many, few,
much, and little.
 5

2. The Independence Day is a national holiday. All government offices will be closed.
(inasmuch as)
______________________________________________________________________
3. Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource. We must do whatever we can in order to
conserve it.
(since)____________________________________________________________________
4. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment. There are few jobs
available in the rural areas. (inasmuch as)
__________________________________________________________________________
5. (The traffic was heavy.) We were late to the meeting due
to__________________________

3. Showing opposition (Unexpected Result)

Adverb Clauses even though Even though it was cold, I went swimming.
although Although it was cold, I went swimming.
though Though it was cold, I went swimming.
Conjunctions but…anyway It was cold, but I went swimming anyway.
but…still It was cold, but I still went swimming.
yet…still It was cold, yet I still went swimming.
Transitions nevertheless It was cold. Nevertheless, I went swimming.
nonetheless It was cold. Nonetheless, I went swimming.
however It was cold. However, I still went swimming.
Prepositions despite I went swimming despite the cold weather.
in spite of I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.

4. Showing Direct Position

Adverb Whereas Mary is rich, whereas John is poor. A comma is used
clauses while Mary is rich, while John is poor. even if the adverb
John is poor, while Mary is rich. clause comes
Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor. second.
Conjunctions But Mary is rich, but John is poor. As with whereas
John is poor, but Marry is rich. and while, it
doesn’t make any
difference which
idea comes first or
second. The two
ideas are directly
opposite.
Transitions However Mary is rich; however, John is poor. As with whereas
on the other hand Mary is rich. John, on the other hand, and while, it
is poor. doesn’t make any
difference which
idea comes first or
second. The two
ideas are directly
opposite.
 6

Combine two sentences below into a correct sentence with the conjunction given.

1. I had a cold. I still go to school. (even though)

____________________________________

2. I didn’t study Math. I got a high score. (although)

___________________________________

3. George did not panic. He was alone and lost in the woods. (nevertheless)

________________

4. I still trust him. He lied to me. (nonetheless)

______________________________________

5. I like living in the dorm. It is noisy. (despite)

____________________________________

6. The work was hard. They enjoyed themselves. (in spite of)

___________________________

7. The boy can read and write well. The girl is illiterate.

(whereas)________________________

8. They wanted to climb the mountain. The weather went bad.

(but)_______________________

9. The weather was extremely hot. They went jogging in the park.

(however)________________

10. The developer wants to build a new apartment. The government plan to build a city

park.

(on the other hand) _______________________________________________________

7