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Anterior Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal PHUS1-23 250914 - Video Version
Anterior Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal PHUS1-23 250914 - Video Version
Anterior Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Canal PHUS1-23 250914 - Video Version
1
For
the
anterior
abdominal,
we
would
look
at
the
layers
of
abdominal
wall,
the
funcBons,
its
nerve
supply,
its
arterial
supply
as
well
as
the
lymphaBc
drainage.
As
for
the
topic
of
inguinal
canal,
we
would
look
at
the
structure
of
it
and
also
touch
on
the
spermaBc
cord
and
scrotum.
2
The
anterior
abdominal
wall
is
important
both
anatomically
and
clinically.
There
are
mulBple
layers
of
muscles,
fascia
and
connecBve
Bssue.
3
The
structures
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall
from
outside
to
inside
can
be
visualized
by
this
cross
secBon.
Imagine
you
are
the
surgeon
makes
a
cut
over
the
RLQ
for
open
appendectomy,
you
will
go
through
the
skin
first,
and
then
the
superficial
fascia,
deep
fascia,
abdominal
wall
muscles,
extra-‐peritoneal
fat
and
finally
peritoneum
before
you
get
into
the
peritoneal
cavity,
looking
for
the
appendix.
4
The
skin
is
loosely
aNached
to
the
underlining
faNy
layer
of
superficial
fascia
except
over
the
umbilicus.
The
superficial
fascia
has
two
layers.
The
superficial
layer
is
a
layer
of
fat,
which
is
conBnuous
with
the
superficial
fat
over
the
rest
of
body.
It
is
also
named
as
Camper’s
fascia.
When
it
goes
round
the
scrotum,
the
Camper’s
fascia
is
modified
into
a
thin
smooth
muscular
layer
called
dartos
muscle.
The
presence
of
the
dartos
muscle
gives
rise
to
the
ragged
look
of
scrotum.
The
deeper
layer
of
the
superficial
fascia
is
a
membranous
layer
called
Scarpa’s
fascia.
5
The
Scarpa’s
fascia
is
thin
and
fades
out
superiorly
and
laterally
where
it
becomes
conBnuous
with
the
superficial
fascia
of
the
back
and
thorax.
Inferiorly,
it
passes
onto
the
front
of
the
thigh
and
fuses
with
the
deep
fascia
of
the
thigh,
also
known
as
fascia
lata,
about
2.5cm
below
the
inguinal
ligament.
In
the
midline
inferiorly,
it
forms
a
tubular
sheath
for
the
penis
(and
clitoris).
Note
that
it
does
not
aNach
to
the
pubic
bone
in
the
front.
Instead
it
goes
round
the
scrotum,
deep
to
the
Camper’s
fascia;
and
from
here,
it
aNaches
to
the
pubic
arch.
It
is
also
referred
as
the
Colles
fascia.
More
posteriorly,
at
the
back
of
the
scrotum,
it
aNaches
to
the
perineal
body
and
the
posterior
margin
of
the
perineal
membrane.
In
female,
it
is
conBnued
into
the
labria
majora
and
from
there
to
the
Colles
fascia.
[It
is
clinically
important
in
penile
urethral
rupture
where
leakage
of
urine
would
be
confined
to
the
perineum
and
the
lower
abdomen
and
would
not
spread
down
to
the
upper
thigh.]
6
The
deep
fascia
is
a
thin
layer
of
connecBve
Bssue
covering
the
muscles.
It
is
very
thin.
Don’t
get
it
mixed
up
with
the
deep
fascia
of
the
thigh,
of
which
is
quite
thick.
7
The
muscles
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall
form
the
main
bulk
of
“shield”
for
the
abdominal
viscera
when
they
connect
the
thoracic
cage
to
the
pelvic
bone.
On
each
side
of
the
midline,
we
have
the
rectus
abdominus.
The
fibrous
fusion
in
the
midline
is
called
the
linea
alba.
[linea:
line,
alba:
white].
Lateral
to
the
rectus
abdominus,
we
have
three
layers
of
abdominal
muscles
that
form
the
“tube”
around.
They
are
the
external
oblique,
internal
oblique
and
the
transversus
abdominus.
The
fibers
of
the
external
oblique
go
downward
towards
the
midline
like
our
“hands-‐in-‐the-‐pockets”.
External
oblique
arises
from
the
lower
eight
ribs
and
inserts
into
the
xiphoid
process,
linea
alba,
pubic
crest,
pubic
tubercle
and
the
anterior
half
of
the
iliac
crest.
The
most
posterior
fibers
passing
down
to
iliac
crest
forming
a
posterior
free
border.
At
the
pubic
tubercle,
there
is
a
triangular-‐shaped
defect
called
superficial
inguinal
ring,
which
is
the
exit
point
of
the
inguinal
canal.
Importantly,
the
lower
border
of
the
external
oblique
aponeurosis
is
folded
backward
on
itself,
forming
the
inguinal
ligament.
It
aNaches
to
two
important
bony
landmarks,
the
ASIS
and
the
pubic
tubercle.
Many
people
would
forget
this
–
from
the
medial
end
of
the
ligament,
the
same
aponeurosis
extends
backward
and
it
is
now
called
the
lacunar
ligament.
The
lacunar
ligament
extends
backwards
and
upwards
to
the
pecBneal
line
on
the
superior
ramus
of
the
pubis
and
the
sharp
crescenBc
edge
of
the
lacunar
ligament
forms
the
medial
margin
of
the
femoral
ring.
8
The
fibers
of
the
internal
oblique
roughly
go
perpendicular
to
the
external
oblique.
The
internal
oblique
arises
from
the
lumbar
fascia,
anterior
two-‐third
of
the
iliac
crest
and
the
lateral
two-‐third
of
the
inguinal
ligament.
It
inserts
into
the
lower
borders
of
the
lower
three
ribs,
the
xiphoid
process,
the
linea
alba
and
the
pubic
symphysis.
Important
feature
is
that
the
internal
oblique
has
a
lower
free
border
that
arches
over
the
spermaBc
cord
(or
round
ligament
of
the
uterus)
and
then
descens
behind
it
to
be
aNached
to
the
pubic
crest
and
pecBneal
line.
Near
their
inserBon,
the
lowest
tendinous
fibers
are
joined
by
similar
fibers
from
the
transversus
abdominus
and
this
is
called
the
conjoint
tendon.
The
conjoint
tendon
is
aNached
medially
to
the
linea
alba.
As
the
spermaBc
cord
passes
under
the
lower
border
of
the
internal
oblique,
it
carries
some
of
its
fibers
and
these
muscle
fibers
are
called
the
cremasteric
muscles,
of
which
when
contracted,
the
tesBs
is
pulled
up.
9
The
transversus
abdominus
arises
from
the
deep
surface
of
the
lower
six
costal
carBlages,
the
lumbar
fascia,
the
anterior
two-‐third
of
the
iliac
crest
and
the
lateral
one-‐
third
of
the
inguinal
ligament.
The
fibers
of
transversus
abdominus
go
almost
horizontally.
10
The
posterior
sheath
of
the
rectus
sheath
is
incomplete.
Below
the
level
of
the
arcuate
line,
there
is
no
posterior
sheath
of
the
rectus,
where
the
rectus
abdominus
would
be
in
direct
contact
to
the
transersalis
fascia
below
the
level
of
arcuate
line.
11
We
can
also
appreciate
the
origins
of
the
three
layers
of
abdominal
wall
muscles
as
well
as
its
aNachment
from
this
picture
looking
from
the
side.
The
lateral
part
of
the
posterior
edge
of
the
inguinal
ligament
gives
origin
to
part
of
the
internal
oblique
and
transverse
abdominis.
The
inferior
rounded
border
of
the
inguinal
ligament
is
aNached
to
the
deep
fascia
of
the
thigh,
the
fascia
lata.
We
will
come
back
to
the
inguinal
canal
in
a
moment.
12
The
rectus
abdominus
has
two
heads,
one
from
pubic
crest
and
the
other
from
the
symphysis
pubis.
The
muscle
is
inserted
to
the
5th,
6th,
and
7th
costal
carBlages,
xiphoid
process.
The
lateral
margin
is
palpable
when
rectus
is
contracted
and
the
line
is
called
linea
semilunaris.
Linea
semilunaris
extends
from
the
Bp
of
the
9th
costal
carBlage
to
the
pubic
tubercle.
The
commonly
used
term
“six-‐pack”
refers
to
the
3
tendinous
intersecBons
where
the
muscle
is
fused
to
the
anterior
wall
of
the
rectus
sheath.
The
levels
are
over
the
xipoid
process,
umbilicus,
and
half-‐way
between
the
two.
13
Note
that
the
rectus
abdominis
is
enclosed
between
the
aponeurosis
of
the
external
oblique,
internal
oblique
and
the
transversus
abdominus.
CollecBvely,
it
is
called
the
rectus
sheath.
Inside
the
sheath,
other
than
the
rectus
abdominus
muscle,
there
are
anterior
rami
of
the
lower
six
thoracic
nerves,
the
superior
and
inferior
epigastric
vessels,
and
some
lymphaBcs.
If
you
look
at
the
cross
secBon
of
the
rectus
sheath,
it
would
be
interesBng
to
see
different
configuraBons
at
different
levels
–
we
can
look
at
the
anatomy
at
a
level
[above
the
costal
margin],
above
the
arcuate
line
and
below
the
arcuate
line.
[Above
the
costal
margin,
the
anterior
sheath
is
formed
by
the
external
oblique
and
the
posterior
wall
is
formed
by
the
thoracic
wall,
the
5th,
6th,
and
7th
costal
carBlages.]
Between
the
costal
margin
to
the
level
of
arcuate
line,
the
aponeurosis
of
the
internal
oblique
splits
to
enclose
the
rectus
muscle
so
the
anterior
sheath
has
got
external
oblique
and
internal
oblique
fibers
and
the
posterior
sheath
has
got
internal
oblique
and
transversus
abdominus.
Below
the
level
of
arcuate
line,
the
aponeuroses
of
all
three
muscles
form
the
anterior
sheath.
14
It
is
at
the
level
of
arcuate
line,
the
inferior
epigastric
vessels
enter
the
rectus
sheath
and
go
upwards.
If
you
look
from
inside
the
abdomen
on
the
back
of
anterior
abdominal
wall,
the
posiBon
of
the
free
border
of
posterior
sheath
is
where
the
inferior
epigastric
vessels
would
go
into
the
rectus
muscles.
15
We
can
now
look
at
the
three
anterolateral
muscles
together
with
the
rectus
sheath
in
one
go.
16
FuncBons
of
anterior
abdominal
wall
muscles.
The
rectus
flexes
the
trunk
and
stabilizes
the
pelvis
(sit-‐up);
and
the
oblique
muscles
can
flex
the
trunk
laterally
and
also
rotate.
The
muscle
pyramidalis,
which
is
ojen
absent,
is
supposedly
to
keep
the
linea
alba
taut
when
contract
when
the
rectus
flexes
the
trunk.
The
muscles
help
in
force
expiraBon,
coughing
and
sneezing
(by
pulling
the
ribs
and
sternum
down).
During
vomiBng,
micturiBon,
defecaBon
and
parturiBon,
the
abdominal
wall
muscles
will
contract
simultaneously
with
the
diaphragms,
with
the
gloks
of
the
larynx
closed.
17
When
we
do
sit
up,
it
is
not
just
the
abdominal
group
of
muscles
that
is
working.
Very
strong
flexors
of
the
hip
joint
called
iliopsoas
muscle
also
help
with
this
movement.
Note
the
external
oblique
muscles
interdigitate
the
serratus
anterior
muscles
of
the
lateral
chest
wall.
18
The
nerve
supply
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall.
The
obliques
and
transversus
abdominus
are
supplied
by
the
lower
six
thoracic
nerves
(T7
to
T12)
and
the
iliohypogastric
and
ilioinguinal
nerves
(L1).
The
rectus
is
supplied
by
the
lower
six
thoracic
nerves
(T7
to
T12).
The
nerves
are
the
anterior
rami
of
the
lower
six
thoracic
nerves
and
the
first
lumbar
nerves.
They
pass
forward
in
the
interval
between
the
internal
oblique
and
the
transversus
abdominus.
The
nerves
then
pierce
the
posterior
wall
of
the
rectus
sheath
and
finally
piercing
the
anterior
wall
of
the
sheath
and
supply
the
skin
over
the
rectus.
The
lateral
aspect
of
the
upper
abdominal
wall
was
supplied
by
the
anterior
and
posterior
branches
of
the
lateral
cutaneous
nerves
from
T6
to
T8.
19
The
first
lumbar
nerve
is
a
liNle
special
because
it
does
not
enter
the
rectus
sheath.
It
is
represented
by
the
iliohypogastric
nerve,
which
pierces
the
external
oblique
aponeurosis
above
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
and
by
the
ilioinguinal
nerve,
which
emerges
through
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
together
with
the
spermaBc
cord.
Both
nerves
end
by
supplying
the
skin
just
above
the
inguinal
ligament
and
symphysis
pubis.
20
The
dermatome
of
the
abdominal
wall
can
be
remembered
like
that
–
xiphoid
process
T7,
umbilicus
T10,
the
pubis
L1.
The
rest
you
just
fill
the
space
up.
21
A
lot
of
students
has
confusion
about
two
different
but
closely
related
structures,
which
are
‘transversus
abdominus”
and
“tranversalis
fascia”.
They
are
not
the
same
in
a
way
that
one
is
muscle
and
aponeurosis
and
the
other
is
a
thin
layer
of
connecBve
fibrous
Bssue.
The
green
line
here
is
the
transversalis
fascia,
which
is
deep
to
the
transversus
abdominus
and
is
conBnuous
with
a
similar
layer
of
fascia
lining
the
diaphragm
and
the
iliacus
muscle.
22
The
extraperitoneal
fat
is
a
thin
layer
of
connecBve
Bssue
that
contains
a
variable
amount
of
fat
among
different
individuals.
It
lies
between
the
transversalis
fascia
and
the
parietal
peritoneum.
The
parietal
peritoneum
is
a
thin
serous
membrane
(tougher
than
say
the
transveraslis
fascia
and
the
extraperitoneal
fat)
and
is
conBnuous
below
the
parietal
peritoneum
lining
the
pelvis.
23
Arteries
of
anterior
abdominal
wall.
Apart
from
the
superior
and
inferior
epigastric
arteries
running
inside
the
rectus,
there
are
a
few
other
named
arteries
worthy
of
aNenBon.
The
deep
circumflex
iliac
artery
is
a
branch
of
external
iliac
artery
just
above
the
inguinal
ligament
level.
It
runs
upward
and
laterally
towards
the
ASIS
and
then
conBnues
along
the
iliac
crest
supplying
the
lower
lateral
part
of
the
abdominal
wall.
The
lower
two
posterior
intercostal
arteries,
branches
of
descending
thoracic
aorta,
and
the
four
lumbar
arteries
from
the
abdominal
aorta,
pass
forward
between
the
muscle
layers
and
supply
the
lateral
part
of
the
abdominal
wall.
The
superficial
epigastric
artery
(not
to
be
confused
with
superior
epigastric
artery)
is
a
branch
of
femoral
artery
which
runs
superiorly
towards
the
umbilicus
over
the
inguinal
ligament
and
supplies
the
more
superficial
part
of
the
lower
abdomen.
It
also
anastomoses
with
the
branches
of
the
inferior
epigastric
artery
in
the
deeper
part
of
the
lower
abdominal
wall.
Superficial
circumflex
iliac
artery
and
superficial
pudendal
artery
are
both
arising
from
femoral
artery
supply
superficially
the
groin
and
perineum
areas.
24
The
main
named
arteries
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall
are
shown
here.
25
The
superficial
veins
form
a
network
of
veins
that
radiates
out
from
the
umbilicus.
The
veins
above
umbilicus
will
drain
into
the
axillary
vein
via
the
thoraco-‐epigastric
vein
(some
people
called
it
lateral
thoracic
vein).
The
veins
below
umbilicus
will
drain
into
the
superficial
epigastric
and
great
saphenous
veins
and
then
the
femoral
vein.
A
few
small
veins
called
the
paraumbilical
veins,
connect
the
network
through
the
umbilicus
to
the
portal
vein
through
the
ligamentum
teres.
This
forms
one
of
the
important
porto-‐systemic
venous
anastomosis.
The
deep
veins
of
the
abdominal
wall,
the
superior
epigastric,
inferior
epigastric,
and
deep
circumflex
iliac
veins,
follow
the
arteries
of
the
same
name
and
drain
into
the
internal
thoracic
and
external
iliac
veins.
The
posterior
intercostal
veins
drain
into
the
azygos
veins
and
the
lumar
veins
drain
directly
into
the
inferior
vena
cava.
Regarding
the
lymphaBcs
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall,
for
the
region
above
the
umbilicus,
it
drains
into
the
anterior
axillary
lymph
nodes
(just
below
the
lower
border
of
pectoralis
major
muscle
over
the
axilla).
For
the
region
below
the
umbilicus,
it
drains
into
the
superficial
inguinal
nodes
(then
the
lymphaBcs
further
drain
into
external
iliac
nodes
and
then
para-‐aorBc
nodes).
The
lymphaBc
drainage
of
the
deeper
structures
will
drain
into
the
internal
thoracic,
external
iliac,
posterior
mediasBnal
and
para-‐aorBc
nodes
along
the
arterial
supply.
26
Now,
let’s
look
at
the
inguinal
canal.
Inguinal
canal
is
an
oblique
passage
through
the
lower
anterior
abdominal
wall
which
is
present
in
both
sexes.
In
male,
the
spermaBc
cord
and
ilioinguinal
nerve
go
through
the
inguinal
canal
and
in
female,
the
round
ligament
of
the
uterus
and
the
ilioinguinal
nerve.
The
exact
length
of
the
canal
depends
on
the
body
built
but
it
is
generally
3-‐4cm
in
an
adult.
The
course
of
the
canal
lies
parallel
to
and
immediate
above
the
inguinal
ligament.
Note
that
in
newborns,
the
deep
inguinal
ring
lies
almost
right
posterior
to
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
and
thus
the
canal
is
much
shorter
in
babies.
The
inguinal
canal
starts
at
the
deep
inguinal
ring
and
ends
at
the
superficial
inguinal
ring.
Deep
inguinal
ring
is
a
hole
in
the
transversalis
fascia
and
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
is
a
hole
in
the
aponeurosis
of
the
external
oblique
muscle.
27
If
you
try
to
understand
the
inguinal
canal
anatomy
without
knowing
the
embryology,
it
would
be
a
struggle.
Let’s
look
at
the
descent
of
the
tesBs.
28
Let’s
examine
the
inguinal
canal
layer
by
layer.
The
spermaBc
cord
goes
through
the
peritoneum,
pre-‐
peritoneal
fat
and
the
transversalis
fascia.
The
deep
ring
is
an
oval
shape
opening.
It
could
be
located
clinically
about
one
finger
breath
(0.5
inch)
above
the
inguinal
ligament
midway
between
the
anterior
superior
iliac
spine
and
the
symphysis
pubis;
called
the
mid-‐inguinal
point
of
which
signifies
the
posiBon
of
femoral
artery
pulsaBon
(it
should
be
the
pubic
symphysis
and
not
the
pubic
tubercle!!!).
The
inferior
epigastric
artery,
which
is
a
branch
of
femoral
artery,
should
be
medial
to
the
deep
inguinal
ring.
29
Superficial
to
the
transversalis
fascia,
it
is
the
transversus
abdominus
muscle.
The
transverse
abdominus
muscle
takes
origin
from
lateral
part
of
the
inguinal
ligament
and
arches
towards
the
pubic
crest.
So,
for
the
medial
arch
of
transversus
abdominus,
it
lies
posterior
to
the
spermaBc
cord.
30
Further
superficial
to
the
transversus
abdominus
is
the
internal
oblique
muscle.
It
also
aNaches
to
the
lateral
aspect
of
the
inguinal
canal
and
arches
over
joining
the
transversus
abdominus.
The
joined
tendon
is
called
the
conjoint
tendon,
which
inserts
into
pubic
crest
and
the
pecBneal
line.
31
Covering
the
internal
oblique
is
of
course
the
external
oblique.
Its
rounded
edge
forms
the
inguinal
ligament
which
spans
from
pubic
tubercle
to
ASIS.
The
spermaBc
cord
exits
from
superficial
inguinal
ring.
Note
the
triangular
shape
opening
which
allows
the
spermaBc
cord
to
go
down
to
scrotum
medial
to
the
pubic
tubercle.
32
To
recap
the
relaBons
of
the
inguinal
canal.
From
the
cross
secBon
of
the
groin,
you
will
appreciate
slightly
beNer
the
anterior
and
posterior
relaBon
of
the
inguinal
canal.
You
might
find
it
a
liNle
tricky
to
understand
why
the
conjoint
tendon
would
become
the
posterior
wall.
It
might
be
easier
if
you
appreciate
the
fibers
of
transversus
abdominis
and
internal
oblique
would
arch
over
to
the
back
of
the
spermaBc
cord
from
the
inguinal
ligament
to
the
pubic
crest
and
therefore
the
roof
of
inguinal
cana
is
the
arch
of
the
lowest
fibers
of
internal
oblique
and
transversus
abdominus.
As
for
the
floor
of
the
inguinal
canal,
it
is
of
course
the
inguinal
ligament.
33
It
is
important
to
know
the
walls
of
the
inguinal
canal
in
order
to
understand
the
anatomy
of
inguinal
hernia.
The
anterior
wall
of
the
canal
is
formed
by
the
aponeurosis
of
the
external
obliques
muscle,
reinforced
in
its
lateral
third
by
the
fibers
of
the
internal
oblique
and
the
transversus
abdominus.
The
anterior
wall
is
therefore
strongest
(with
all
three
layers
of
anterior
abdominal
wall
muscles)
over
the
weakest
point
of
the
posterior
wall,
the
deep
inguinal
ring
(as
indicated
in
the
red
circle).
34
The
posterior
wall
of
the
canal
is
formed
by
the
transversalis
fascia,
reinforced
in
its
medial
third
by
the
conjoint
tendon
(the
common
tendon
of
inserBon
of
the
internal
oblique
and
transversus
abdominus).
Therefore,
the
posterior
wall
is
strongest
where
it
lies
opposite
the
weakest
part
of
the
anterior
wall,
the
superficial
ring.
Inferior
wall
or
the
floor
of
the
canal
is
formed
by
the
rolled-‐under
inferior
edge
of
the
aponeurosis
of
the
external
oblique
(inguinal
ligament)
and
its
medial
end
called
the
lacunar
ligament.
The
superior
wall
or
the
roof
of
the
canal
is
formed
by
the
arching
lowest
fibers
of
the
internal
oblique
and
transversus
abdominus.
This
is
important
because
when
these
arching
fibers
contract,
such
as
while
we
cough,
the
arched
roof
will
come
down
towards
the
inguinal
ligament,
of
which
pracBcally
obliterates
or
closes
the
canal.
35
When
greater
straining
effort
is
needed,
say
for
example
during
parturiBon
or
defecaBon
when
consBpated,
the
person
naturally
would
tend
to
assume
a
squakng
posiBon
with
the
hips
flexed
and
the
thighs
brought
up
against
the
lower
abdominal
wall.
Such
posture
would
help
obliterate
and
protect
the
inguinal
canal.
36
SomeBmes
students
have
confusing
concepts
about
inguinal
ligament.
Some
think
it
is
a
roundish,
cord-‐like
ligament
from
pubic
tubercle
to
ASIS,
like
this
in
the
picture.
But
in
fact,
it
is
conBnuous
with
external
oblique
aponeurosis
going
above.
And
lower
down,
it
fuses
with
the
fascia
lata
of
the
lower
limb.
37
Also,
I
would
like
to
draw
your
aNenBon
to
the
presence
of
femoral
artery
and
femoral
vein
in
may
of
the
pictures
of
inguinal
canal.
The
femoral
nerve,
which
is
over
the
lateral
side
of
femoral
artery,
is
not
shown
here.
Lateral
to
the
lacunar
ligament,
it
is
the
femoral
canal.
Normally,
the
space
would
be
filled
by
lymphaBcs
and
some
faNy
connecBve
Bssue.
But
when
femoral
hernia
occurs,
the
hernia
sac
comes
down
from
above
through
the
femoral
canal.
38
So
if
we
look
at
the
groin
in
a
more
global
manner,
you
can
appreciate
the
proximity
of
the
inguinal
canal
and
the
femoral
canal.
39
When
the
tesBs
descends
from
an
intra-‐abdominal
posiBon
to
its
final
posiBon
in
the
scrotum,
layers
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall
were
pushed
through
and
the
spermaBc
cord
will
drag
along
mulBple
layers
of
covering.
40
We
can
appreciate
the
structures
and
the
layers
of
fascia
beNer
with
the
cross
secBonal
view
of
the
spermaBc
cord.
SpermaBc
cord
consisted
of
different
layers
of
structures
arranged
in
a
tubular
manner.
Different
layers
are
given
different
names.
Internal
spermaBc
fasica
derives
from
transversalis
fascia,
cremasteric
fascia
derives
from
internal
oblique
and
the
exernal
spermaBc
fascia
from
external
oblique
aponeurosis.
Important
named
structures
include
the
vas
deferens,
tesBcular
artery,
cremasteric
artery
(a
branch
of
inferior
epigastric
artery),
genital
branch
of
the
genitofemoral
nerve,
pampiniform
plesxus,
lymphaBcs
and
processus
vaginalis.
41
It
is
important
to
know
the
anatomy
of
the
spermaBc
cord.
Not
only
the
spermaBc
cord
has
to
be
dissected
(and
preserved)
during
the
operaBon
of
inguinal
hernia
repair,
there
could
be
other
pathologies
such
as
varicocele,
hydrocele,
or
torsion
of
the
tesBs
can
occur
over
the
spermaBc
cord.
There
is
a
rather
easy
way
to
remember
the
content
of
the
spermaBc
cord
by
the
33333
mnemonics.
42
The
scortum
is
an
out-‐pouch
of
the
lower
part
of
anterior
abdominal
wall.
It
contains
the
testes,
epididymes
and
the
lower
ends
of
the
spermaBc
cord.
The
skin
is
winkled
and
pigmented
and
in
the
midline
there
is
a
slightly
raised
ridge
which
indicates
the
line
of
fusion
of
the
two
lateral
labioscortal
swellings.
The
superficial
fascia
is
conBnuous
with
the
faNy
and
membranous
layers
of
the
anterior
abdominal
wall.
The
Camper’s
fascia
is
replaced
by
the
dortos
muscle.
The
tunica
vaginalis
is
a
closed
sac
invaginated
from
behind
by
the
tesBs
and
lies
within
the
spermaBc
fascia
and
covers
the
anterior,
medial
and
lateral
(not
posterior)
surface
of
the
tesBs.
43
Let’s
look
at
the
important
surface
anatomy
of
inguinal
canal
anatomy.
The
most
important
landmark
would
be
the
pubic
tubercle,
ASIS
and
the
deep
inguinal
ring.
This
is
applicable
to
both
male
and
female.
44
There
are
a
few
points
in
our
abdomen
where
we
have
structures
piercing
the
boundaries
of
abdomen.
These
are
the
weak
points
where
abdominal
structure
may
got
pushed
out
of
the
abdomen
when
the
abdominal
cavity
pressure
increases.
And
this
is
the
basic
concept
of
hernia.
Apart
from
inguinal
hernia
and
femoral
hernia,
we
can
have
a
number
of
other
hernia
on
the
abdominal
wall,
but
they
are
less
common.
45
Let’s
look
at
indirect
inguinal
hernia.
An
indirect
inguinal
hernia
passes
through
the
deep
ring,
along
the
inguinal
canal
and
then,
emerges
through
the
superficial
ring
and
descends
into
the
scrotum.
If
reducible,
such
a
hernia
could
be
controlled
by
pressing
a
finger
onto
the
deep
ring.
46
A
direct
inguinal
hernia,
on
the
other
hand,
pushes
its
way
directly
forwards
through
the
posterior
wall
of
the
inguinal
canal.
Clinically,
pressing
onto
the
deep
ring
will
not
be
able
to
control
a
direct
inguinal
hernia.
47
The
most
important
structure
to
differenBate
direct
inguinal
hernia
from
indirect
inguinal
hernia
is
the
inferior
epigastric
artery.
Indirect
inguinal
hernia
goes
through
the
deep
ring
and
it
goes
lateral
to
the
inferior
epiastric
artery.
48
This
is
the
view
from
within
the
abdomen.
You
can
see
this
hole
here
which
signifies
the
hernia.
Since
this
is
the
right
groin
of
the
paBent,
you
should
be
able
to
appreciate
the
inferior
epigastric
vessels
lie
lateral
to
the
hernia.
If
the
hernia
is
seen
lateral
to
the
inferior
epigastric
vessels,
then
it
is
an
indirect
inguinal
hernia.
49
The
appearance
of
the
groin
mass
upon
coughing
is
called
a
cough
impulse.
This
is
an
old
gentleman
having
bilateral
direct
inguinal
hernia.
50
To
differenBate
inguinal
from
femoral
hernia.
The
most
important
landmark
is
the
pubic
tubercle.
Remember
the
superficial
inguinal
ring
where
a
inguinal
hernia
can
emerge,
because
of
the
presence
of
the
inguinal
ligament,
there
is
no
way
an
inguinal
hernia
can
come
out
lateral
to
the
pubic
tubercle.
That’s
why
we
say
the
neck
of
an
inguinal
hernia
sac
is
always
medial
and
above
the
pubic
tubercle.
On
the
other
hand,
the
femoral
hernia,
is
always
below
and
lateral
to
the
pubic
tubercle.
You
will
learn
more
about
examinaBon
of
inguinal
hernia
and
femoral
hernia
in
your
years
to
come.
51
Just
a
final
point
about
the
anatomy
of
abdominal
wall.
PaBents
with
different
BMI
may
have
different
dimensions
and
measurement.
But
their
anatomical
structures
like
the
bony
landmark
or
the
anatomical
posiBon
of
deep
ring
and
inferior
epigastric
artery
would
not
change
when
an
individual
gains
a
lot
of
weight.
52
Thank
you
for
your
aNenBon.
Mr.
Cheung
has
really
got
admirable
six-‐pack
and
he
fought
well
in
the
movie.
53