PERANAN GIZI PENUNJANG

SISTEM IMUN PADA STUNTING

MERRYANA ADRIANI
2020
HOW DO NUTRIENTS AFFECT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

• These nutrients help the immune system in several ways: working as an

antioxidant to protect healthy cells, supporting growth and activity
of immune cells, and producing antibodies. Epidemiological studies find
that those who are poorly nourished are at greater risk of bacterial, viral,
and other infections.
• Each stage of the body's immune response relies on the presence of many
micronutrients. Examples of nutrients that have been identified as critical
for the growth and function of immune cells include vitamin C, vitamin D,
zinc, selenium, iron, and protein (including the amino acid glutamine).
• Protein is vital to build and repair body tissue and fight viral and bacterial
infections. Immune system powerhouses such as antibodies and immune
system cells rely on protein. Too little protein in the diet may
lead to symptoms of weakness, fatigue, apathy, and poor immunity.
Tahap pertama Tahap kedua
VITAMIN A
• In the thymus, endogenous retinoid synthesis and retinoids similar to
glucocorticoids might, indeed, be involved in the regulation of thymic
proliferation and selection processes, by being present in the thymus in
functionally effective amounts . In mice, VitAD leads to a defect in both T cell-
mediated and antibody-dependent immune responses.
• The epithelium lines all outer surface and most inner surfaces of organisms, and
it functions as the “front line” of defense against pathogen invasion. Studies from
recent years have shown that VitA plays a crucial role in the morphological
formation of the epithelium, epithelial keratinization, stratification,
differentiation, and functional maturation of epithelial cells .
• As a promotor for morphology and a cell differentiation enhancer, VitA is an
integral part of the mucus layer of both the respiratory tract and the intestine.
Since VitA promotes mucin secretion, it improves the antigen non-specific
immunity function of these tissues
RBP=retinol Binding Protein
Protein = α2 globulin

CRBP=
Cellular Retinol Binding
Protein
VITAMIN D
• Vitamin D helps cells maintain their energetic
and survival homeostasis through the
modulation of the stress and damage response,
which is primarily ruled by the immune
system (mainly through the
inflammatory response).
VITAMIN E
• Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect the polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFAs) in the membrane from oxidation, regulate the
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species
(RNS), and modulate signal transduction.
• Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin E have been observed in animal and
human models under normal and disease conditions. With advances in
understating of the development, function, and regulation of dendritic cells
(DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells, recent
studies have focused on vitamin E's effects on specific immune cells.
• This review will summarize the immunological changes observed with
vitamin E intervention in animals and humans, and then describe the cell-
specific effects of vitamin E in order to understand the mechanisms of
immunomodulation and implications of vitamin E for immunological
diseases.
VITAMIN C
• Vitamin C accumulates in phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, and
can enhance chemotaxis, phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen
species, and ultimately microbial killing. It is also needed for
apoptosis and clearance of the spent neutrophils from sites of
infection by macrophages, thereby decreasing necrosis/NETosis and
potential tissue damage.
• The role of vitamin C in lymphocytes is less clear, but it has been
shown to enhance differentiation and proliferation of B- and T-cells,
likely due to its gene regulating effects. Vitamin C deficiency results in
impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infections.
ZINC
• Zinc affects multiple aspects of the immune system (10). Zinc is
crucial for normal development and function of cells mediating
innate immunity, neutrophils, and NK cells.
• Macrophages also are affected by zinc deficiency. Phagocytosis,
intracellular killing, and cytokine production all are affected
by zinc deficiency.
IRON
• The role of iron in immunity is necessary for immune cells
proliferation and maturation, particularly lymphocytes, associated
with the generation of a specific response to infection. .
• Infection, immunity and the fight for iron: Owing to its significant
redox potential, iron availability is essential for both pathogen and
host immunity. Iron enhances the growth and virulence of
pathogens; at the same time, it is essential for the activation and
proliferation of immune cells
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SEMOGA BERMANFAAT