A Galaxy is a large collection of stars, gas, and dust CONTINENTAL CRUST

held together by gravity. -the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that

makes up the planet's continents and continental
Small galaxies, called dwarf galaxies, it may shelves
contain a few billion stars.
WHAT IS MANTLE?
Giant galaxies may contain hundreds of billions of
stars. Moho or Mohorovicic discontinuity
- is one of the Earth’s layers underneath the
Our solar system is located in the Milky Way Earth’s crust.
galaxy.
 According to study, the moho consist of rocks that
The Milky Way is classified as a spiral galaxy. are high in:
- silicon (Si)
THE EARTH AND IT’S SUBSYSTEM - oxygen (O)

WHAT IS EARTH? and also containing significant amounts of

The Earth -magnesium (Mg)

- is our home, the only place in the universe - iron (Fe).
where we known for certain life that exists.
WHAT IS CORE?
It's the only planet known to have an atmosphere - It is the Earth’s internal section contains 1/3
containing free oxygen, oceans of water on its surface of the planet’s mass having a radius of more
or less 3360kilometers (2100 mi) larger than
Location: Third planet from the solar system planet Mars.

Shape: Oblate Spheroid Consist of outer core and inner core

Radius: 6378 km  INNER CORE

- It is the very center of the Earth, and the
Circumference: 25,000 miles hottest part of the planet.

Mass: 5.9722×1024 kg OUTER CORE

WHAT IS CRUST?
- It is the solid exterior of the Earth where life
exist compose of a great variety of rock
types responding on the diversity of ways
and rates to surface processes.
 It composed of only 1% of the planet’s mass.
2 types of crust
- Earth's outer core is a fluid layer ,thick and
composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies
above Earth's solid inner core
THE EARTH’S SUBYSTEM
ATMOSPHERE
- Atmo- means” vapor/air”
- "gaseous envelope surrounding the earth,“
- Serve as the blanket of the Earth
- Compose a mixture of gases

-OCEANIC CRUST  four unique layers of atmosphere

-CONTINENTAL CRUST - Troposphere
- Stratosphere
OCEANIC CRUST - Mesosphere
is the outermost solid layer of the lithospheric - thermosphere
tectonic plates under the oceans that covers much of
the Earth's surface.
 - Size of the crystal depends on time it takes to
GEOSPHERE freeze into a solid.
- Geo- means “Earth/ground”
- The rocks, the mountains, the beaches and PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
all other physical features of the earth make  Color                     
ups the geosphere  Cleavage
- The geosphere is ever changing  Streak                    
 Fracture
HYDROSPHERE  Hardness              
- Hydro- means “water”  Luster
- Contains all the water in the Earth system  Crystal form          
- All the water on earth is continuously
recycled LUSTER
- The way a mineral reflects light  
BIOSPHERE metallic luster
- Bio- means “life” non-metallic luster
- all living things on earth compose the
biosphere. STREAK
- Refers to the color of the powdered mineral.
The interaction of atmosphere, geosphere, and - Through Streak test
hydrosphere gave rise to the conditions that support
life on our planet HARDNESS
- The minerals resistance to scratching. This is
ROCKS AND MINERALS measured using the Moh’s scale of
hardness.
THE EARTH’S CRUST IS MADE UP OF TWO THINGS:

1.ROCKS
2. MINERALS

ROCKS
- are made up of minerals

MINERALS
- Are the ingredients of rocks
Minerals can be described as:
COLOR
 Solid
-It is easy to observe but not the most reliable
 Naturally occurring 
reference for identification of minerals
 Inorganic
 Fixed Chemical Formula
FRACTURE
-.Mineral breaks unevenly or irregularly
ROCKS
- Rocks are classified by how they are formed!!! CLEAVAGE
 IGNEOUS ROCKS -The tendency of a Mineral to break evenly
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS along its weakest plane.
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
CRYSTAL FORM
HOW MINERALS WERE FORMED? Some minerals tend to form crystals that aid
- Minerals form from hot magma as it cools in the identification of the mineral.
inside the crust, or as lava cools on the
surface.   IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS
- Mineral resources are essential to our
- When these liquids cool to a solid, they form modern industrial society an they are used
crystals (minerals). everywhere. We need minerals to make
appliances, concrete roads, houses, electrical
transmission lines and jewelry.