Draft Version 0.4.

9

Game Overview........................................... 2
Winning the Game................................. 2
Game Components..................................... 3
Game Concepts............................................ 4
Core Concepts........................................ 4
Use of Terms............................................ 4
On the Map Board.................................. 5
Game Set-up.................................................. 6
Sequence of Play........................................... 8
Round Summary.................................... 8
Draw Cards Phase.................................. 8
Action Phase............................................ 8
Peace & Rebels Phase............................ 9
Income & Upkeep Phase....................10
End of Age Procedure..........................10
Basic Actions...............................................11
Action Cards...............................................16
The Anatomy of an Action Card........16
Warfare.........................................................17
Military Capacity..................................17
Manpower..............................................17
Casus Belli & Declarations of War....17
Generals & Admirals............................17
Movement..............................................17
Military Units, Armies and Fleets.....18
Battle Sequence.....................................19
Land Battles...........................................19
Game Overview
Europa Universalis: The Price of Power is a
board game of empire building, conquest,
diplomacy and exploration in the centuries
spanning from the end of the Middle Ages to
the Napoleonic Wars. Each Player will lead
one of the great nations of Europe to glory or
demise, depending on their ability to make
the right choices at the right time and their
skillfulness in managing the resources avail-
able to them.
During the game round players will use
Monarch Power and Ducats to perform
Administrative, Diplomatic and Military
Actions, such as building up military forces,
fighting battles, forging diplomatic relations
and developing aspects of the internal ma-
chinery of their civilization.
These rules deal with the multi player
rules. Rules for solo play will be discussed
separately in the Solo Rules booklet.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Table of Contents
Sieges.......................................................20
Naval Battles..........................................20
Peace Resolution........................................21
Other Peace Terms...............................22
Government................................................22
Monarch Power.....................................22
Characters (Leaders & Advisors).....22
Stability...................................................23
Economy................................................24
Ideas & Technology...................................24
Trade.............................................................24
Trade Cards...........................................24
Trade Nodes..........................................24
Protecting Trade...................................24
Merchants..............................................25
Trade Power (TP) & Trade Income.25
Distant Continents...............................25
Diplomatic Relations................................25
Influence.................................................25
Royal Marriages....................................25
The Anatomy of a Trade Card............25
Alliances.................................................26
Vassals.....................................................27
Non-Player Realms....................................27
Diplomatic Relations with NPRs.......27
NPRs with Vassals................................27
Active NPRs..........................................27
Winning the Game
There are many potential paths to victory
and you will score Victory Points (VP) in
different ways, depending on what aspects
you decide to focus on. Some players will
build vast empires with great territories,
other will make powerful alliances and intri-
cate diplomatic relations and yet others will
make a high grossing trade empire or a small
but highly developed and technologically
advanced nation.
Scoring VP during the game
During the game you will score VP for com-
pleting Missions, Milestones, researching
Ideas, winning Wars and being the first to
Explore new territories on the board. This
will all be tracked on the VP track.
End Game Scoring
End game scoring is initiated when the final
round has been completed (no more Event
cards), or when certain scenario specific
conditions have been met. This can i.e. be
2
Warfare vs. NPRs..................................27
Rebels...........................................................28
Religion........................................................29
State Religion........................................30
Missions.......................................................30
Milestones...................................................30
Events...........................................................31
The Anatomy of an Event Card..........31
Event Symbols & Secondary Effects.32
The Holy Roman Empire (HRE)...........32
Imperial Authority...............................33
HRE Lands............................................33
Defending the HRE.............................33
Leaving & Rejoining the HRE...........33
Internal HRE Wars...............................34
NPR Emperor.......................................34
Imperial Elections................................34
The Papal Curia and Papal Actions.........34
Papal Actions.........................................34
2- and 3-player Games...............................35
Appendix: List of Ideas.............................36
Administrative Ideas............................36
Diplomatic Ideas...................................36
Military Ideas.........................................36
Scenario........................................................38
when a player reaches 120 VP on the VP
track, or when a player has placed all of their
Towns and Vassal tokens on the map board.
Players will then be able to reveal and
score any Missions remaining in their hand
for which they have completed the require-
ments.
At this stage all players will also score
points for their Towns and Vassals (1 VP
per Ducat of Tax Income), for Diplomatic
relations (1 VP for each Royal Marriage, 2
VP for each Alliance), 3 VP for controlling
the Papal Curia and VP equal to Imperial
Authority for the Emperor of the Holy Ro-
man Empire. The current Stability value will
also be added to or subtracted from each
players VP.
Remaining Monarch Power tokens is the
tie breaker.
 Base Game Components

Boards Cardboard Tokens

• Western Europe Map Board • First Player token
• Distant Continent Board • 10 Crusade/Excommunicated tokens

• 20 Protestant/Religious Dissent tokens

Card Decks
• 15 Catholic/Counter-Reformed tokens
• 3 Action Card decks
• 10 Orthodox/Muslim tokens
• 1 Trade Card deck
• 30 Ill Health/Loan tokens
• 2 Event Card decks
• 15 Extra Manpower tokens
• 5 Mission Minicard decks
• 10 Not HRE tokens
• 4 Milestone Minicard decks
• 10 Expanded Trade tokens
• 3 Idea Minicard decks
• 30 Active NPR tokens
Cardboard Mats
• Player Mats (x 4)
Player Tokens (4 color sets)

• 2 Army/Fleet Mats (x 4) Miniatures and Wooden Tokens

• HRE Mat • 3 Army Miniatures (x 4)

• Papal Curia Mat • 1 Fleet Miniatures (x 4)

• 3 Merchant pawns (x 4)
Custom Dice
• 30 Monarch Power (x 4)
• 6 Infantry Dice
• Stability indicator (x 4)
• 3 Cavalry Dice
Cardboard Tokens
• 3 Artillery Dice
• 20 Military Units (x 4)
• 3 Rebel Dice
• 15 Naval Units (x 4)
• 1 Exploration Die
• 8 Large Towns (x 4)
Common Tokens • 20 Regular Towns (x 4)
Mercenaries, Rebels and Pirates • 8 Claim tokens (x 4)
• 30 Mercenary Units (orange) • 5 Alliance/Marriage tokens (x 4)
• 15 Rebel Units (black) • 19 Vassal tokens (x 4)
• 15 Rebel Towns • Commanded by Ruler token (x 4)
• 10 Pirate Ships • 2 Casus Belli tokens (x 4)
Coins • 5 War/Truce tokens (x 4)
• Ducats in 2 denominations

3 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS

Core Game Concepts and terms are de-
scribed briefly here for quick reference.
Each concept is described in more detail in
separate chapters.
Core Concepts
Realm: A Realm basically consists of all
Provinces that have the same flag, Town
or token on the map. I.e. if you see three
Provinces with the same flag on the map,
regardless of whether they are located in the
same Area or not, that is a Realm (with a
Tax Income of 3, and a Manpower of 2). A
Distant Realm is a Realm that has its Capi-
tal on an Distant Continent.
NPR: Non-Player Realm. Any Realm not
controlled by a player.
An Active NPR is an NPR that has their
Provinces marked with tokens. They will
vary from scenario to scenario. There will be
fewer or none with high player counts, and
more of them with low player counts.
Town: Towns are player tokens (disks)
that signify ownership of Provinces on the
board.
Monarch Power: The core resource of the
game, which function as a form of action
points that the players may spend on vari-
ous Actions.
It is divided into three different types;
Admin­istrative (AP), Diplomatic (DP)
and Military (MP) Power.
A player can save a maximum of 10
Monarch Power cubes of each type.
Actions and Action Cards: There are a
number of Basic Actions that the players
may perform during the Action Phase.
In addition to these you have three decks
of Action Cards, corresponding with the
three types of Monarch Power, which may
be played as Actions as well. Most Actions
have a Monarch Power cost. The cost of an
Action is listed next to it in the Rules or in
the top left corner of each Action Card.
Characters (Leaders & Advisors): Each
Action Card, and most realm specific
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Game Concepts
Events, has a character at the bottom of the
card. Advisors can be hired for their Mon-
arch Power bonus, and Leaders can serve as
Rulers or Generals to the Player Realms.
Events: Event Cards are divided into four
decks, one for each Age of the game; The
Ages of Discovery (I), Reformation (II),
Absolutism (III) and Revolution (IV).
The Event deck dictates the flow of time,
and is often what determines when the
game will end.
Warfare & Military Units: From time to
time players are likely to fight Wars against
other Player Realms or NPRs. Waging
Wars require a lot of resources, so it is usu-
ally wise to prepare well.
To Declare War on another Realm make
sure you have a Claim or another Casus
Belli ("justification for war") first. A claim
on a Territory is called a Colonial Claim.
Military Units must be recruited from
your Available Manpower, and are used
most efficiently when organized into
Armies. You can then move your Armies
around, fight Battles and Siege Provinces,
by spending Military Power.
Ideas: The Ideas represent improvements
in technology or on a structural level, that
has an effect on you can do in the game.
Some Ideas allow you to take new Actions
or recruit new types of Military Units,
and some Ideas might provide more Tax
Income or make certain Actions more
efficient.
Stability & Rebellion: All Player Realms
have a Stability value ranging from -3 to
+3. Stability affects Income, Unrest and
Monarch Power Income. Having a certain
Stability value can also be an Event trigger.
Unrest in your Provinces may cause loss
of Income, Manpower or Military Power,
or result in Provinces being captured by
Rebels.
Holy Roman Empire (HRE): The Holy
Roman Empire is a confederation which
includes a great number of German and
North Italian states. These states are nomi-
4
nally all subjects of one Emperor, but they
are largely autonomous. Realms within the
borders of the HRE will tend to defend
each other against external enemies. Being
the Emperor also comes with certain bene-
fits and responsibilities.
Papal Curia: Controlling the most cardi-
nals in the Papal Curia will give bonuses to
Catholic Player Realms.
Missions and Milestones: All Major Pow-
ers of the game have their separate decks of
Mission Cards. Additionally, some Scenari-
os come with their own set of Missions.
There are also a number of public "mis-
sions", called Milestones, that will be avail-
able for all players to compete for.
Completing Missions and Milestones
will provide VPs and beneficial effects.
Military Capacity: This is a measure for
how many Units a Realm can muster in one
specific Area. It is equal to the Tax Value of
their Provinces in that Area, plus the Tax
Value of their adjacent Provinces.
Naval Capacity: A Realm's Naval Capac-
ity for a Sea Zone is a number of Ships
equal to the number of Ports that they
own which are adjacent to the Sea Zone in
question.
Use of Terms
Adjacent: A Realm, Province, Area or
Influence token will often be referred to as
adjacent to something.
A Province or Influence token is con-
sidered adjacent to the Area it is located in,
and all Areas sharing a border with its own
Area. It is also considered adjacent to all
Provinces in these Areas.
A Coastal Province (Port) is also con-
sidered adjacent to all Areas and Coastal
Provinces facing the same Sea Zone.
Areas are considered adjacent to any
other Area that they share a border with.
Coastal Areas are considered adjacent to all
other Areas with a coastline or Sea Border
facing the same Sea Zone.
 A Realm is adjacent to anything that
their Provinces or Areas are adjacent to.
Friendly, Neutral and Hostile: When
Armies, Units, Provinces or Ports are
referred to as Friendly, it means that they
belong to you, your Vassal or your Ally.
Friendly Areas are Areas that either contain
(at least) one of your Towns or Vassal to-
kens or the Area of an Ally.
Hostile (Armies, Units, Provinces, Ar-
eas) refer to things that belong to Realms
you are at War with. Such a Realm may also
be referred to as an Enemy.
Neutral refers to Areas, Provinces etc.
that are none of the above.
Own: When the rules refer to ownership
with regards to Provinces, this means Prov-
inces where you have a Town. A Vassal's
Province is not owned by the player by this
definition.
Opponent: The term opponent refers to
the other players in the game, and also bots
used in solitary play.
On the Map Board
Province: Each shield with a flag or coat of
arms is a separate Province. Having Towns
on Provinces is your main source of Income
and Manpower, and also normally provide
VP at the end of the game. There are Regular
and Large Provinces. All Capital Province
names are underlined on the map board.
All Coastal Provinces have Ports
where you can build Ships. Large Ports
(double circle)count as two Ports for all
purposes.
Island Provinces have blue Port icons.
These Provinces can only be sieged if you
have one or more Ships in an adjacent Sea
Zone, even if you have Units in that Area.
Area: Map area with a white border around
it. May contain Provinces from several
different Realms inside of it.
When the rules refer to "your Area"
or "Areas of a Realm", this means an Area
where you, or the Realm in question, owns
at least one Province.
Area names are always written i capital
letters, i.e. Saxony, Jutland etc.
Sea Borders: Areas that include islands
have their border shown as a blue dotted
line where it overlaps Sea Zones. Cross-
ing a Sea Border, must be done via Naval
Transport.
Mountain Borders: No more than 3 Land
Units can move into a Hostile Area or per-
form an Attack across a Mountain Border
during a single Turn.
If an Army contains more than 3 Units
while making such a move, they must leave
any excess Units behind in the Area they
are leaving.
Sea Zone: Sea Zones are sections of
oceans and seas, which Ships may occupy
and move between. Land Units can only
cross Sea Zones using Naval Transport.
Sea Zone names are always written i
capital letters, i.e. Skagerak, Baltic Sea
etc.
Distant Continents: The Distant Conti-
nents are shown on a separate board in a
smaller scale than the Europe map board.
Provinces on the Distant Continents
are called Distant Provinces. Each Distant
Province is also a separate Area, connected
to neighboring Areas by a white line.
Some Areas on the Distant Continents
contain no Province, showing instead a
circle with a number inside, and these are
called Territories. Territories are sparsely
populated Areas that may be colonized
without having to be conquered. Once ful-
ly colonized, and a Town has been placed
there, they behave as any other Distant
Province.
An Area on a Distant Continent is con-
sidered discovered by you, once you have
successfully Explored and placed a Claim
on it.

Realms
Vassal (of Denmark)
Area
Sea Zone
Trade Node
Port
Capital Province
Regular Province
Large Province
Island Province
Major Power
Capital
Area border
Mountain border

5 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Game Set-up
At the start of the game, select the scenario
you would like to play in the Scenario Booklet
to determine the Player Realms and set-up.
1 Place the Map Boards (A) in a cen-
tral location and put Player Mats (B)
around the board as shown in the
chosen Scenario. The set-up pictured to the
right here, is a 6-player 1444 set-up.
All the Action Card decks (C) are shuf-
fled and placed at the side of the board,
leaving space for a discard pile for each deck.
The Event deck (D) for the first Age that
will be played, is constructed as described
in the set-up for the chosen scenario. A
number of Events matching the player count
(but minimum four) are taken from the top
of the deck and placed on display, with the
first three cards face up, and the remaining
face down.
The Trade deck (E) is sorted as described
in the chosen Scenario, and then shuffled
and placed by the edge of the board.
Milestones (F), for the first Age that will
be played, are shuffled, and one Milestone
from each suit is placed on display.
Idea (G) cards are shuffled, and two
cards of each Monarch Power type are
drawn and placed on display next to the 3
default Ideas (green background).
The tray with Ducats, Rebel Towns, Reb-
el Units, and Mercenary Units etc. is placed
next to the board in an area we will refer to
as the General Supply.
2 Each player takes the tray with all the
units and tokens matching their play-
er color and put their Victory Point
markers by the Victory Point Track (H).
Mission Cards (I) are distributed according
to the scenario set-up.
The Stability indicator ( J) is placed on
the Stability track, and 20 Regular Towns
and 8 Large Towns are placed in their slots
on the Province track (K) on each Player
mat.
Each of the slots on the Vassal track (L)
should hold two Vassal tokens, except for
the first slot, which should only have one.
Unless otherwise stated in the scenario,
each player puts 3 Monarch Power tokens in
each of the Monarch Power pools (M) and
15 Ducats in the Treasury (N).
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Stability indicator Army/Fleet mat
Distant Continents
Board
J
Q
R
Action Card decks:
Administrative cards
Diplomatic cards
Military cards Y
W
C
V
E Trade deck
T
B
Battle Dice Player mat Hire Advisors
from cards drawn
3 The players then get the appropriate
Set-up Card (O) for their Realm for
the chosen Scenario. The Set-up Card
has their starting Ruler at the bottom (P).
On the Set-up Card the starting Provinc-
O Set-up Card
es are listed. Players take Towns from the
Province track on their Player mat, and add
regular (Q) and large (R) Towns, as well as
Vassals (S) as indicated on their Set-up Card Starting Ruler P
(large Provinces are marked with an L).
Towns and Vassal tokens are always taken
from the lowest numbered slots first (from Fleets are placed on their corresponding
left to right). A number of Units, matching mats or at the side. Starting Ships are placed
the Manpower shown on the Province track, in the listed Ports or on the Fleet mat (V).
are added to the Manpower reserve. Players should also add Influence tokens
From the Available Manpower (T), Units (W), Merchants (X) and diplomatic rela-
are allocated to the starting Armies listed tions tokens (Y) as specified in their set-up.
on the Set-up Card. The miniatures for the After completing this, slide the Set-up
starting Armies and Fleets are placed in the Card underneath the Player mat in the Ruler
starting Areas (U), and unused Armies and slot (Z), showing only the starting Ruler.
6
 4
Map Board Milestones This step replaces the Draw Cards
Phase of the first Round: All players
F draw one card from each of the Action
Card decks, and three additional Action
Cards of their choice.
They may then hire any Advisors and
A Leaders they like from the cards drawn, pay-
ing the hiring cost in the lower right corner
as normal.
Following this, each player may keep
a maximum of four Action Cards in
their hand (at no cost), discarding as
S necessary.

Rebel Dice
Exploration Die
Event deck
D

X U
Event display

G
Ideas Religion token 3 tokens in each of the
Monarch Power pools Regular and Large
Stability track Town

Regular
Towns
Province
K track
Manpower (Base Tax )
reserve S
Large
Towns
Treasury
Vassal track L

N
Monarch Power pools
M

Ruler slot State Religion slot Advisor slots

7 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Sequence of Play
The game is divided into Ages, each con-
sisting of four Rounds, and each Round is
broken down into four Phases.
Round Summary
1. Draw Cards Phase
A. Reveal Event cards.
B. Draw three Action cards, of any type you
prefer (one by one).
C. Pay 2 Ducats for each drawn Action Card
you want to keep in your hand
D. Draw/replace Missions
2. Action Phase
Players take Turns in clockwise order, start-
ing with first player, performing one Action
at the time until all players have passed.
3. Peace & Rebels Phase
A. Remove all Truce and Crusades
B. Invasions
C. Rebel Units Siege Provinces
D. Peace Resolution
E. Stability & Unrest (Stability level, Reli-
gious Dissent and ongoing Wars)
F. Roll Rebel Dice for Unrest
4. Income and Upkeep Phase
A. Fire Advisors, disband Military Units and
Recall Ships at sea.
B. Collect Tax Income minus costs
C. Collect Monarch Points
D. Update and refresh Manpower, Mer-
chants and Colonists
E. Discard down to a hand size of 5 cards
Draw Cards Phase
A. Reveal Event cards
Draw Event cards equal to player count (but
never less than four cards) from the top of
the Event deck, and place these face-down
on display next to the Event deck. Then flip
the first three of these cards face-up.
B. Draw three Action cards
All players then draw three cards each from
either of the Action Card decks (Adminis-
trative, Diplomatic or Military).
They may draw cards one by one, and
choose to draw any combination of Action
Cards that they prefer. The face of the cards
is kept hidden from other players.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
C. Pay for Action Cards you keep
Players must pay 2 Ducats for each drawn
Action Card that they decide to keep in their
hand. Unpaid cards must be discarded to the
appropriate discard piles.
D. Draw/Replace Missions
During this step players who have less than 2
Missions in their hand may draw new Mis-
sions, and all players may replace any of their
currently held Missions.
Action Phase
In this phase the players take Turns in clock-
wise order, normally beginning with the
player who was the first player to pass in the
previous Round. The First Player in the very
first Round is stated in each scenario.
The player may choose to either perform
a Basic Action during their turn or play one
of the Action cards in their hand. Most Ac-
tions have a Monarch Power cost that must
be paid for with Monarch Power tokens of
the appropriate type, from one of the Mon-
arch Power pools (on the Player Mat), by
the player performing the Action. The Basic
Actions are listed here below and on the
Player Aids, and explained in detail in the
Basic Actions chapter.
There are also three "Free Actions" that
may be performed without spending your
turn. These may be performed in addition
to any other Action or even during another
player's turn.
At one stage during the Action Phase
each player must take the Event Action. They
may however choose when to do this, as
long as they do it before they pass.
The first player to pass immediately col-
lects 5 Ducats from the general supply and
the First Player token. If the current First
Player passes first, the First Player token
goes to the player that passes second. The
second and third player to pass may also
collect Ducats, depending on the total num-
ber of players. Only Free Actions may be
performed on the same Turn that you pass.
See special rules for 2- and 3-player
games on page XX.
# of players: 2 3 4+
1st to pass: 3 Ducats 5 Ducats 5 Ducats
2nd to pass: – 2 Ducats 3 Ducats
3rd to pass: – – 2 Ducats
8
When the last player to receive Ducats for
passing has passed, remaining players will
get one additional Turn before the Round
ends.
If the remaining players have not taken
the Event Action at this stage, they may
nonetheless take one other Action of their
choice before playing the Event. All remain-
ing players will take their regular Action in
turn order first, and then players who still
have not taken the Event Action will do so in
turn order.
A player does not have to play all the
Action Cards in their hand.
Basic Actions
Special Actions
Event (mandatory)
Player to Player Diplomacy
Research Ideas (Cost stated on Idea card)
Change State Religion
Change National Focus
Explore (1 DP + 1 MP)*
Free Actions (do not take a Turn)
Take/Repay Loan
Hire Advisor/Leader
Replenish Manpower (1 MP per 2 Units)
Administrative Actions
Increase Stability (6 AP +/– Stability)
Convert Area (3 AP + 3 Ducats)
Colonize ( 1 AP per token)
Diplomatic Actions
Influence (1 DP or 3 Ducats per token)
Forge Alliance (1–3 DP)
Fabricate Claim (2 DP per Claim)
Trade (1 DP)
Military Actions
Declare War (1 MP)
Activate Army/Fleet (1 MP)
Recruit (1† MP + Ducats)
Suppress Unrest (1 MP per Province)
* Requires "Quest for the New World" Idea
†
0 MP if you have been Declared War upon
Peace & Rebels Phase
When all players have passed, the Peace &
Rebels Phase begins. The Peace Resolution
chapter offers details on this matter. For
detailed information about the behavior of
Rebels, please refer to the Rebels chapter
(page XX). The steps below are done in
sequence.
A. Remove Truces and Crusades
Remove all Truce, Crusade and Excommu-
nication tokens from the board.
B. Invasions
Player Realms which are at War with an
NPR, and do not currently have any Units in
at least one of that NPR's original Areas, may
now face an Invasion if that NPR still has
any Provinces left.
The NPR will invade if there is an Area
adjacent to them, which contains Towns
belonging to that player (recently captured
Provinces also count). If two or more Areas
are adjacent, pick the one that provides the
highest Tax Value for that Player Realm
(after that pick alphabetically). In this Area,
add Unrest to two Towns of the player who
is at War, and place Rebel Units equal to
the NPR's current Military Capacity for the
Area they invade.
If the player has Military Units in this
Area, a Battle will be fought immediately,
following the normal Rules for NPRs.
From this point onwards, these Rebel
Units behave as normal Rebels.
NPRs may not invade across Sea Zones
that contain Ships belonging to Player
Realms they are at War with.
C. Rebel Units Siege
Rebel Units on the board now
Siege any Towns and Vassals with
Unrest that they can, in their
Area, starting with large Provinc-
es if possible (then pick alphabetically).
The number of Rebel Units must match
the Tax Income of the Provinces they Siege.
Place a Rebel Town on any Sieged Provinces
If there are no more Provinces with Un-
rest left in the Area, remove one Rebel Unit.
D. Peace Resolution
Peace negotiations only occur if there are
any ongoing Wars in the game. It starts with
the first player (of the current Round), and
then moves clockwise. Each player resolves
all their Wars before moving on to the next
player.
Check to see if the Victory Conditions of
each War has been met. If so, Peace Terms
are resolved according to the rules specified
in the Peace Resolution chapter (see page
XX).
E. Stability & Unrest
Players with a Regency
Council (no Ruler) lose
1 Stability.
Then all players with a Stability of +2
or higher may remove Unrest from (flip
token to reveal shield) one Province of their
choice.
Players with a Stability of -2 or lower
must add Unrest (flip Town to reveal Unrest Castile has not been able to deal with the Rebels
in Leon during the Action Phase. The two Rebel
icon) to one of their own Towns. Units now Siege the two Provinces with Unrest
Players with any ongoing, unresolved (Asturias and Badajoz), and Rebel Towns
Wars must add Unrest to two of their own replace the Castilian Towns, which go back on
Towns. their player mat.
Players that have Religious Dissent in
any of their Areas (different Religion from
their State Religion), must add Unrest to one
Town (not Vassals) in each affected Area.
F. Roll Rebel Dice
Players that have Towns or
Vassals with Unrest must now
roll Rebel Dice and face the Castile has managed to take both of the Emirate
consequences. of Granada's Provinces (Granada and Gibral-
A Rebel Die must be rolled for each tar), and and have thus achieved a total victory.
They may end the War, and annex both Provinces.
Province with Unrest. Each player rolls all The Claim in Andalucia lets them flip the two
their Rebel Dice simultaneously. Towns with Unrest back to the normal state. As
The possible outcomes on a die roll are they now own all the Provinces in the Area, they
explained in the Rebels chapter (page XX). remove the Claim token.
If a player has no MP to lose, or no Man-
power to exhaust, they lose 2 Ducats instead
for each such die roll. If they have no Ducats
in their Treasury to pay with, they are forced
to take Loan.
A Rebel Siege must be assigned, by the
affected player, to one of their Towns or
Vassals with Unrest. They must remove their
token (and put it back on their Province or
Vassal track).
If the Province has the flag of the player's The Diverse Faiths token i Andalucia means
Realm printed on the board, a Rebel Town that Castile must add Unrest to one of their
Provinces, and they pick Córdoba. They must
is placed on top of the Province.
then roll one Rebel Die for the Unrest in Córdo-
If the Province has another flag printed ba, and gets a "Lose 1 MP" result. Since they do
on the board, the Province reverts to the not have any remaining MP in their pool, they
original owner (the Realm reappears as an must pay 2 Ducats instead. The Rebel Towns and
NPR if it had been completely annexed). Units in Leon do not force Castile to roll Rebel
Dice, as the Rebels achieved their goal here when
The affected player may place a Claim in the they took control of Asturias and Badajoz.
Area where the lost Province is located.
9 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Income & Upkeep
Phase
In this phase players collect Tax Income
from their Towns, and Vassal Income from
their Vassals, as well as paying upkeep for
Advisors, Military and Naval Units. They
also collect Monarch Power based on the
combined skill totals of their Ruler and
Advisors. All players perform this Phase
simultaneously.

A. Fire Advisors, disband Military

Units and Recall Ships at sea
Fire any Advisors and disband any Military
Units you like. Recall Ships at sea if desired.
Fired Advisors are placed in their corre- Deciding not to fire any Advisors or disband any Military Units, the yellow player (Castile) first collects
sponding discard piles. Disbanded Regular an income ( ) of 14 Ducats (Regular Provinces + Large Provinces + Stability bonus) minus 8
Units are returned to Manpower in Available Ducats of expenses for a total of 6 Ducats. The expenses consist of upkeep of 2 Ducats for two Military
Units (not pictured) and 6 Ducats for two Advisors (costing 4 and 2 Ducats respectively).
state, while Mercenary Units are returned to Having paid for both Advisors, Castile will profit from their bonuses when collecting Monarch Power.
the General Supply. Ships may return to any Adding up the matching skills of their Ruler and Advisors, Castile receives 1 AP ( ), 4 DP ( )
friendly Port within reach of their normal and 4 MP ( ).
Movement (2 spaces) at no MP cost. At the end of the Income & Upkeep Phase, Castile moves 2 Units ( ) from Exhausted Manpower to
Available Manpower.
B. Collect Tax Income minus costs
is simply calculated by adding your Ruler's onist Pool equal to the number of Colonial
Income Source Ducat Income
skill in that field to the skill of the appropriate Claims you have on the board, but no more
Base Tax Income Income indicated Advisor. than 5 Colonists in total.
on Province track If you do not currently have a Ruler, your Remove Ill Health (Plague) tokens from
+ Vassal Income Income indicated Regency Council is nevertheless considered the board, and cubes used to tag Events and
on Vassal track to have a Skill of 1 in each Monarch Power Change National Focus.
– Advisor Upkeep As printed on the field.
cards (1, 2 or 4 Stability may affect Monarch Power E. Discard down to 5 cards
Income. With +3 Stability you get one Mon- All player must discard cards down to a
Ducats per Advisor)
arch Point extra, and with -3 Stability you hand size of 5 cards, unless they have Ideas
– Military • 1 Ducat per that let them keep more cards in their hand.
get one Monarch Point less, of any type you
Maintenance ­Regular Unit They may choose which cards to discard.
want to.
• 2 Ducats per Cards placed on display on the table in
The Papal Controller gets an additional
­Mercenary Unit front of players do not count towards hand
DP, and the Emperor of the HRE may get
• 1 Ducat for every size limit.
additional Monarch Points, depending on
two Ships at sea
his Imperial Authority (IA).
– Interest on Loans 1 Ducat per Loan Certain Ideas also affect Monarch Point End of Age Procedure
+/– Stability + 2 Ducats for generation. At the end of an Age – when there are no
­Modifier positive Stability. more Event cards left in the deck – the Event
–2 Ducats for nega- D. Update and Refresh Manpower, deck for the next Age is placed in position.
tive Stability Merchants and Colonists All Milestones from the previous Age are
+ Income for IA Equal to IA value Update your Manpower reserve if you have removed from the game, and four new Mile-
+ Income for Ideas Various modifiers gained or lost Towns or Vassals this round stones are drawn from the deck belonging to
to reflect your new Manpower total. Active the next Age.
A player with uncontested control (most Units count as part of this total. All players must remove one of their
controlled cardinals) of the Papal Curia may Move two Units from the Exhausted Marriage tokens from the board.
collect 1 VP. area to the Available area in the Manpower
reserve.
C. Collect Monarch Points Put all of your Merchants back into the
Players may then collect Monarch Points. upright position.
Your Monarch Power Income of each type Add a number of Colonists to the Col-

EUROPA UNIVERSALIS 10
Basic Actions
There are two main categories of Actions
you can take during the Action Phase, Basic
Actions and playing Action Cards. These are
both divided into the three Monarch Pow-
er types, and you need to spend Monarch
Points of the matching kind to be able to
perform the Action.
Basic Actions are Actions you can always
take during your Turn, without necessarily
using an Action Card, as long as you can pay
the required Monarch Point cost. Some Basic
Actions do not have a Monarch Power cost
associated with them. All Basic Actions are
described with their cost and effect below.
Special Actions
Special Actions are not linked to a particular
type of Monarch Power, and don't necessar-
ily cost Monarch Points to perform. They do
however take up a whole player Turn.
Event (mandatory)
At one stage during the Action Phase all
players must take the Event Action.
This Action can only be taken once per
Round, except in a 2-player game, where
each player must take two Event Actions.
When taking this Action you must pick
a currently available Event from the Event
Display, and tag the vacated space with a
cube of your color. Place 2 ducats from the
general supply on each unpicked face-up
Event. Then flip another Event face-up if
there are face-down cards remaining. Players
English Event
France (blue player) takes their Event Action and picks the War of the Roses Event, tagging this space
with one of their cubes. On the two other face-up Events, they place two Ducats from the general supply.
Then they reveal the face-down Event on the right.
The top part of the Event text takes effect no matter what, but as the player who picked the Event,
France will decide whether to execute the A or B option. France chooses B and gets 1 DP. England must
take the Stability and VP losses, and face the Rebels. Edward IV becomes Englands new Ruler as soon as
the Event effects have been implemented, if England wants him as their as king.
who pick Events with ducats on them will
collect these into their Treasury.
Then you must immediately play the
Event that you picked, and execute its ef-
fects. If there is an A) and a B) effect, you
must choose which one of them you desire
to execute.
If you play an Event associated with your
own Realm, you must replace your current
Ruler with any historical Ruler on the card.
When you play an Event associated with
another Realm, that player may choose
whether they want to take the historical
Ruler on the card, or not.
Whenever an effect on an Event says
"you", that effect applies to the player who is
playing the Event.
Player to Player Diplomacy
You must take this Action if you wish to
make an agreement with another Player
Realm which has immediate effects on
game play.
With this Action players are allowed to
enter Alliances with other Player Realms, or
give and ask for monetary support. It is also
possible to buy or sell Provinces to another
Player Realm.
Entering into an Alliance costs 1 DP for
the player performing this Action. During
a single Action you may only Ally with one
other Player Realm.
Giving or receiving money costs 1 DP
for every 10 Ducats (rounded up) given or
received by the player taking this Action.
During a single Action you may only make
such a transaction with one other Player
Realm.
11
To buy a Province from another player,
the buyer needs to have a Claim in the Area
where the Province is located. The buyer can
pay no less than 3 Ducats for each Province.
The active player must also pay 1 AP for
each Province bought or sold. Vassal Prov-
inces cannot be bought or sold.
Optional Rule: Secret Negotiations
Taking this Action, and spending one
additional DP, allows you to have a 3 min
conference in private with another player,
away from the game table.
All other in game communication has
to take place openly at the game table.
Explore (1 DP + 1 MP)
Requires “Quest for the New
World” Idea.
Pay 1 DP and 1 MP to Ex-
plore, and roll the Exploration
Die. Optionally you may choose to move a
Ship into a Sea Zone (within reach) on one
of the Distant Continents before rolling.
You may discover, and place a Claim on, a
Territory matching the number rolled, which
is adjacent to any of your Ships or Towns on
any of the Distant Continents.
Any roll with no will alternatively allow
you to place a Claim on an adjacent Province
owned by an NPR, instead of a Territory.
If you roll a , you lose 1 DP. If you have
no DP to lose, the Exploration fails, and you
lose a Ship located on a Distant Continent.
You may spend 1 DP to roll the Explora-
tion Die again. You can roll the Exploration
Die a maximum of two extra times, and you
must use the result of the last roll you make.
When the first Area on a Distant Conti-
nent is explored, add all unused Trade Cards
matching a newly explored continent, and
reshuffle the deck.
Die Roll Exploration Result
No Discover any adjacent Province
owned by an NPR, or:
1 Discover a Territory marked "1".
2 Discover a Territory marked "2".
2 Discover a Territory marked "2".
Lose 1 DP, or fail and lose a Ship.
3 Discover a Territory marked "3".
Lose 1 DP, or fail and lose a Ship.
See Exploration example on the next page.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
 shield on your Player mat to indicate that
you taken this Action.
• Discard up to 3 Action Cards from your
hand. Then draw one card less than you
discarded from any of the Action decks.
• Increase one type of Monarch Power
by two tokens by taking one token from
each of the other two Monarch Power
pools on your Player mat.

Free Actions
Free Actions are Actions that you can per-
form alongside another Action during your
Turn or even during another player's Turn.
Free Actions may be taken on the Turn that
you pass, but not after you have passed.

Hire Advisors/Leaders
You can hire and fire Advisors (square por-
trait), or recruit Leaders (circular portrait)
as you like by taking this action.
Pay the Ducat cost shown in the lower
right corner, to hire a new Advisor from
your hand. Tuck the card underneath your
England (red player), having previously taken the "Quest for the New World" Idea and discovered the Player Mat in the matching Advisor slot.
Carib­bean, decides to Explore. They already have a Light Ship in the Caribbean Sea but use their Play a Leader on an Action Card from
optional move to bring a Light Ship from the Port in Lancashire to the Northwest Atlantic (2 spaces) your hand as a General or Admiral by paying
to increase the odds of discovering something interesting.
They roll a "2 ", and have a choice between discovering Florida, Maracaibo, Guyana or Canada.
1 MP. Tuck it underneath an Army/Fleet
They decide to pick the latter and place one of their Claim tokens there. Had England had a Town in mat of the chosen Army/Fleet. The Leader
Virginia, they would also have been able to discover the adjacent Territory, the Great Lakes. contributes the Battle Dice shown on his
The skull means that England must also discard 1 DP. Had they not had any DP to discard, they name banner as a bonus in all Battles involv-
would have had to lose one of the Ships on the Distant Continents board, and the Explore Action would
have failed. The skull also means they cannot choose to discover Mexico or Central America.
ing this Army/Fleet.
You can freely move Generals between
Changing State Religion costs 3 VP but Armies, at any time, as long as the Army is
Research Ideas (X Monarch Points) located in one of your Areas.
no Monarch Power. You must also remove
You may spend the Monarch Point cost stat-
one Royal Marriage and 5 Influence from any Take/Repay Loan
ed on an Idea card to claim the bonuses it
Areas that belong to the faith that you leave
provides. Tag the Idea card with a Monarch You can take a loan at any
behind, and may place the same amount of
Power cube from your supply. time as long as you don’t
Influence in Areas with the same faith as your
If you are the first player to research an already have 5 or more Loan
new State Religion.
Idea, you receive 5 VP for this. If you are tokens in your Treasury.
You must roll Rebel Dice immediately for
not the first player to research the Idea, you Take a Loan token and 5 Ducats from the
all of your Areas of the faith you converted
receive 3 VP, and any player that already has general supply. You must pay an Interest of
from, adding 1 Unrest in each of these Areas
this Idea gets another 2 VP. 1 Ducat every Round, in the Income & Up-
before rolling.
Read more about Ideas in chapter X. keep Phase, until the Loan has been repaid.
If there is at least one Counter-Reformed
You can repay a loan at any time by pay-
Change State Religion token on the board (following the Council
ing 6 Ducats from your Treasury, and return-
From Age II onwards it is of Trent Event), Catholic Player Realms may
ing the Loan token to the general supply.
possible to change State Re- Embrace the Counter-Reformation at the
ligion from Catholic to Prot- cost of 4 AP, with no other penalty or reward. Replenish Manpower (1 MP per 2 Units)
estant (or from Protestant Pay 1 MP per 2 Units to Replenish as many
Change National Focus
to Catholic) by taking this action. Changing Exhausted Units in your Manpower Pool as
Take this Action to perform either one or
to or from other Religions can only happen you desire. These Units are moved from the
both of the two options below. May only be
if conversion is forced upon you (see page Exhausted area to the Available area, and are
done once per Round. Place a cube on the
XX). ready to be recruited.

EUROPA UNIVERSALIS 12
Administrative
­Actions
Increase Stability (6 AP +/– Stability)
You may spend 6 Administrative Points
(AP), modified by the current Stability val-
ue, to increase your stability by 1 step.
I.e. increasing Stability from -3 to -2 costs
(6 – 3 =) 3 AP, while increasing Stability
from +1 to +2 costs (6 + 1 =) 7 AP.

Convert Area (3 AP + 3 Ducats)

Convert the Religion to your State Religion
in an Area where you have a Town on all the
Provinces.
Immediately add 1 Unrest and roll Rebel
Dice for this Area when taking this Action.

Colonize ( 1 AP per additional token)

To take this Action, you must have a Claim
on at least one Territory on a Distant Con-
tinent.
Take the desired amount of tokens from
your AP and place them in the Colonist
Pool. Tokens in the Colonist Pool are re-
ferred to as Colonists.
When you have at least 5 Colonists in the England (red player), has discovered the Carib­bean, Canada, Pernambuco and the Gold Coast. They have
Colonist Pool, you may immediately remove Ships in the Caribbean Sea, Northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Guinea and Northeast Atlantic, and
5 Colonists during a Colonize Action, to now they want to Colonize.
They already have 3 Colonists in the Colonist Pool, and use their Colonize Action to add another 2 Colo-
replace one of the Claims on a vacant Terri- nists to reach 5. They now have enough Colonists to convert one of their Colonial Claims into a Town.
tory with a Regular Town. They may however only pick Claims that are connected through a chain of Ships to one of their existing
Any Territory that you wish to Colonize Towns. There is no Ship in the Southwest Atlantic, so Pernambuco cannot be colonized at this stage.
must have your Claim on it, and either be Neither can the Gold Coast. Even if there is a Ship in the Gulf of Guinea, this chain is not complete as
there is no Ship in the Bay of Biscay to connect with the Sea Zones further south.
adjacent to one of your Towns, or connected England may however choose to place their Town in Canada or the Caribbean, as shown by the yellow
to one of your Towns through a continuous lines. Had there not been a Ship in the Northwest Atlantic, neither of these Territories could have been
chain of your Ships. colonized since the Caribbean Sea (B, C and D) does not connect with the Northeast Atlantic (A).
If you already had 5 or more Colonists at
the beginning of this Action, you don't need
to spend any AP. Just remove 5 Colonists to
place a Town.

Diplomatic Actions
Influence (1 DP or 3 Ducats per token)
Pay 1 DP or 3 Ducats to place an In-
fluence token in any Area that at the
start of your Turn contained one of
your Towns, V ­ assals, or Influence tokens, or France (blue player) wants to increase their diplomatic power in Italy using an Influence Action. They decide
is adjacent to an Area that contained any of to place 2 more Influence tokens in Lombardy where they already have one token. This means that there are
them. now five Influence tokens in Lombardy in total, and that players cannot place more Influence here before re-
moving tokens. Central Italy and Corsica & Sardinia are adjacent both to the original French token in
You may place as many Influence tokens Lombardy and the French tokens and Town in Languedoc, so France decides to put one token in each of
as you desire when taking this Action, but a these Areas too. No Influence tokens may be placed in Naples and Dalmatia, since these Areas are outside
maximum of 2 tokens in any single Area. France's reach. The player decides to spend 2 DP and 6 Ducats to pay for the Influence tokens.

13 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
 Note!: There can be no more than 5 covered Areas on the Distant Continents or in the selected node by tilting it over on
Influence tokens in total in any Area. If you Areas where you own all the Provinces. its side. An activated Merchant may not be
wish to place Influence in an Area that is activated (or moved) again this Round.
“full”, you must first remove Influence of Trade (1 DP) All players with a Merchant in the chosen
your opponents, i.e. by using the Sabotage Pay 1 DP to reveal 3 Trade Cards and pick Trade Node (even activated ones) will now
Reputation Action on an active Spy Network one of the cards that has a Trade Node Collect Trade Income from the Node ac-
card. where you are eligible to Trade. Discard the cording to their Trade Power.
No Influence may be placed on any of the other cards. To determine your Trade Power in a
Distant Continents. You may only Trade in nodes that are Trade Node, see page XX.
connected to your Capital through a con- If you draw no cards that match any
Forge Alliance (1–3 DP) tinous chain of your own Areas or Ships. eligible Trade Nodes, you may still collect
You must be at Peace to perform this Action. Move a Merchant to the Trade Node 2 Ducats without needing to activate any of
Pay DP equal to Tax Income of Target that you chose if you do not already have a your Merchants.
Realm (but never more than 3 DP) to place Merchant there. Then activate the Merchant
an Alliance token on the Capital Province
of the Realm you wish to be allied to. Add 1
more Influence token to this Area (if there is
space for it).
Red more about the benefits of Alliances
on page XX.
Requires: A total of 2 Influence tokens
in any Areas of the target Realm, and that
no one else has an Alliance with them. No
Influence is needed forge an Alliance with a
Distant Realm, but you must have a Claim on
one of their Areas.

Fabricate Claim (2 DP per Claim)

This is a Covert Action. Spend 2
DP to place a Claim in an Area
adjacent to your Realm. You
must be at peace to fabricate
Claims. The Claim provides
a Conquest Casus Belli on all Realms that
own Provinces in the Area where the Claim
is placed.
You cannot fabricate Claims on undis-

Covert Actions
Some Diplomatic Actions and Action
Cards are labelled as Covert Actions.
These are Actions that target other
Realms, and the intended victim may
counter these Actions by playing the
Counterespionage card.
These are the Covert Actions avail-
able in the game:
• Fabricate Claim (Basic Action)
• Support Rebels (Spy Network)
• Sow Discontent (Spy Network)
• Sabotage Reputation (Spy Network)
• New Alliance (Action Card)
• Study Technology (Action Card)
• Counterespionage (Action Card)
England (red player), takes a Trade Action. They draw 3 Trade cards and must make a choice. They
would normally be able to trade in the North Sea node, but since their Merchant here has already been
activated, they won't be able to do so again this Round. The Ship in the Caribbean Sea is cut off from
London since there are no Ships in either the Bay of Biscay or the Northwest Atlantic, so the North
America node is therefore out of reach.
That leaves the player with the Cloth card, and England can trade in both the Champagne node and
the English Channel node, as shown by the yellow arrows. To trade in Champagne they would need to
move their Merchant there (from the English Channel), but since they don't own any of the listed Key
Provinces for Champagne, they would only have a Trade Power of 1 in that node (from the Merchant),
yielding an income of 6 Ducats.
In the English Channel node however, they have a Trade Power of 6 (Merchant + 2 adjacent Ships +
3 Key Provinces). The Expanded Trade token enables them to collect the income in the red column, for
an impressive 16 Ducats. France has a Merchant and an adjacent Ship here as well though, so they will
collect 7 Ducats. England still chooses to trade Cloth in the English Channel.

EUROPA UNIVERSALIS 14
Military Actions
Declare War (1 MP)
By Declaring War, you enter
into a War with the target
Realm, and you place a War
token on that Realm's Capital.
You may Declare War on any number of
Realms during this Action.
To Declare War, you should make sure
you have a valid Casus Belli. Most often a
Casus Belli involves a Claim on an Area of
the target Realm (see Casus Belli in a the
Warfare chapter, page XX).
Note!: You may not Declare War on an
Ally, an undiscovered NPR on a Distant Castile (yellow player) has a Claim in Andalucia and uses it to Declare War on the Emirate of Granada,
placing a War token on their Capital. They pay 1 MP for the Declare War Action, and 1 MP to Hire a
Continent, a player who has already passed,
General for their Army (Free Action).
or a Realm that you have a Truce with. Their Army is located in Castile and does not trigger a Battle, so they get an Activate Army Action at
no additional cost, which they use to move their Army via Leon and into Andalucia. This way they by-
Consequences of Declaring War: pass the Mountain Border between Castile and Andalucia which would have limited their movement.
• No Casus Belli: lose 2 Stability As soon as the Castilian Army enters the Hostile Area of Andalucia, the Emirate of Granada will mus-
• Royal Marriage with target Realm: lose ter a force to defend their lands. They have two regular Provinces, and thus defend with 2 Units (black).
1 Stability
• Lose all Influence in all the Areas of tar-
get Realm (Casus Belli or not).
• If your Army is located in an Area where
your enemy has an Army, or your NPR
enemy has a Province, when you Declare
War, a Battle will immediately take place.
• If the Declaration of War does not trigger
a Battle, you may immediately take an
Activate Action at no additional MP cost.

Activate Army/Fleet (1 MP)

You may spend 1 MP to activate an Army
(or Land Unit) or make a Naval Activation.
Move Army/Unit: An Army/Unit may
move up to 2 spaces, but must end its move-
ment if entering a Hostile or Neutral Area.
When Land Units enter an Area containing
enemy Units or hostile NPR Provinces, a
Battle commences immediately.
Moving through a Neutral Area requires
Military Access, which normally costs 3
Ducats per Area.
Siege: An activated Army or Land Unit
may alternatively Siege instead of moving if
located in an Area with enemy Provinces.
Naval Activation: A Naval Activation
will let you move any number of Ships on
the board to a single destination (Sea Zone
or Port), or all Ships in Ports out to sea (into
adjacent Sea Zones). Fleets and Ships may
move a maximum of 2 spaces (Sea Zones).
The activated Ships may only enter a Sea
Castile uses no Battle Cards, but the General (Alexander) provides them with two (orange) Cavalry Dice
in addition to the standard three (white) Infantry Dice. They roll , , , and a miss, for two
hits with their Infantry Units, and one hit with their Cavalry Unit. The defenders only roll the standard
three Infantry Dice, getting , and a miss, for one hit, since NPRs only hit on Infantry results.
Castile must remove one Unit as a Casualty, and picks an Infantry Unit, which they return to the Ex-
hausted Manpower on their player mat. Both defenders are removed from the board. Castile then collects
1 MP for winning the Battle.
On their next Turn, Castile may spend 2 MP to Siege the Provinces of Granada and Gibraltar.
Zone containing enemy Ships if this is the Note!: When moving on any of the Dis-
end destination of all the Ships that are be- tant Continents, movement is always limited
ing moved, and this triggers a Naval Battle. to just one space (Area or Sea Zone).
Naval Transport: Land Units may be
transported across Sea Zones either as part Optional Rule: Available Mercenaries
of a Land Move or a Naval Activation. Ships In your own Areas, you may recruit up to 3
at sea may then be used as a bridge for Land Mercenary Units (at normal cost) during
Units to cross (3 Units per Ship). an Activation Action, and they may move
Detailed rules for Movement and Battles immediately with the activated Army.
are found in the Warfare chapter (page XX).

15 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Recruit (1* MP + Ducats) * If you have been declared War upon you Decks and Discard Piles
may perform this action once during the The Action card decks are placed next to each
Pay 1 MP to recruit as many Military Units
same Round without having to pay any other at the side of the board as shown in the
(from your Available Manpower), hire as
MP, but it still takes a Turn. set-up. Discard piles are created as needed,
many Mercenary Units (from the general
** To Recruit Artillery Units you must have placing discarded cards face up.
supply), and build as many Ships, as you de-
researched the "Cannons" Idea.
sire, and pay the required amount of Ducats. Battle Cards
You can recruit as many Military Units in Suppress Unrest (1 MP per Province) Many of the Military Action Cards are cards
each of your Areas as your Military Capacity Pay 1 MP per Province that you wish to that may be used to obtain bonuses in Bat-
in that Area. Mercenaries are not limited by remove Unrest from. tles. These cards can be used in any Battle
Military Capacity. Units may be placed in- You cannot remove Unrest from Provinc- that you are involved in, also outside your
side Armies or directly on the board. es if there are Rebel Units in the same Area. own Turn, when another Realm attacks you.
You can build a maximum of one Ship
in each Port you own. Ships may be placed Reaction Cards
on the Port, or in the Sea Zone next to it, as Action Cards Some Action Cards are designated as Reac-
long as this does not result in a Naval Battle. tion Cards, and these cards may be played
A Recruit Action may also be used to Actions on Action Cards work very much
like Basic Actions. Playing an Action Card outside your own Turn, as a response to
send a Call to Arms to your Allies, if you are Actions performed by other players.
at War, as described in the Aliances chapter (unless otherwise specified) takes up a
whole Player Turn, but players may perform
(page XX).
Free Actions alongside this. The Monarch
Characters (Leaders & Advisors)
Point cost of playing an Action Card is stat- The bottom section of each Action Card has
Cost to recruit/hire/build ed in the top left corner of the card. The col- a character on it – either a Leader (circular
Type Regular Mercenary or and icon indicates what type of Monarch portrait) or an Advisor (square portrait).
Power is required to play the card – green is You may choose to play the card as this
Infantry 2 Ducats 4 Ducats
Administrative, blue is Diplomatic and red character instead of the Action described on
Cavalry 5 Ducats 7 Ducats the scroll. When playing the card as a charac-
is Military.
Artillery** 6 Ducats 8 Ducats ter you disregard the Action on the card (and
All Action Cards are dual-purpose. You
Light Ship 4 Ducats – may play the card to execute the Action its Monarch Power cost) completely. Instead
Heavy Ship 10 Ducats – described on the scroll or to activate the you pay the hiring cost stated in the bottom
character in the bottom section. right corner. How Leaders and Advisors work
Galley 2 Ducats – is described in the Government chapter.

The Anatomy of an Action Card

Monarch Power cost Monarch Power cost Card title
(Diplomatic) (Military /
Administrative)
Monetary cost
(Ducats)
3 Battle Dice
provided by
Action section Action illustration this Action
of Action Card if played in
Action description a Battle

Character name Battle Dice

Character section
of Action Card provided if
Leader portrait employed as
Advisor portrait (circular frame) a General
(square frame)
Cost (in Ducats) Cost in MP
to hire/maintain to employ as
Leader's skill values in each type of a General
Icon relating to character mortality Advisor's Monarch Power skill bonus
Monarch Power, if serving as your Ruler

EUROPA UNIVERSALIS 16
Warfare
When Diplomatic means won’t satisfy your
ambitions, Warfare might be your next step.
By fabricating Claims, forging Alliances and
recruiting military forces at the right time,
you can set yourself up for a successful cam-
paign of conquest. Sometimes you must also
defend against foreign or domestic attackers.
Warfare against NPRs is described in a
separate section in the Non-Player Realms
chapter (page XX).
Military Capacity
Military Capacity is a measure for how many
Units a Realm can muster in one Area.
The Military Capacity value for a Realm
in any given Area is equal to the Tax Value of
all their Provinces in that Area and all adja-
cent Areas (including Ports facing the same
Sea Zone as the Area in question).
This value is used to determine how
many Units a Player Realm can place in an
Area during a Recruit Action. And equally
important, to see how many Units an NPR
will defend an Area when under attack.
Manpower
Your Manpower is the number of Units you
have available for recruiting – this number
is equal to ½ of your Province Tax Income
(rounded up). The Manpower value may be
modified by i.e. Ideas and Increase Manpower
investments. On your Player Mat you have a
Manpower Pool area where these available
Units are located. When your Manpower in-
creases you add more Units from your Supply
to the Manpower Pool, and when it decreases
you move them back to your Supply.
Casualties (see separate section under
Battles) are returned to the Manpower Pool
in an Exhausted state and are not available
until Replenished.
Increased or decreased Manpower is
calculated at the end of the Income and
Upkeep Phase.
Manpower can never rise above 20.
Casus Belli (CB) &
Declarations of War
To declare War on another Realm, you need
to have a Casus Belli or take a -2 penalty to
your Realm's Stability.
CBs are obtained by using the Fabricate
Claim Action, or from other diplomatic
circumstances or Events.
Conquest (Claim)
Having a Claim on an Area provides a
Casus Belli against all other Realms that
currently own Provinces in that Area.
Call to Arms
If a Realm that has an Alliance with you
sends you a Call to Arms, this gives you
a Casus Belli on the Realm that is at War
with your Ally. The Call to Arms must be
accepted or refused immediately.
Dishonored Call
You get a Casus Belli against any Ally that
refuses to honor your Call to Arms. This
CB is removed at the end of the Round.
Disloyal Vassal
If one of your Vassals breaks free you get
this Casus Belli on them. This CB is re-
moved at the end of the Round.
Excommunication War
If your Realm is Catholic, and the Curia
controller has Excommunicated the Ruler
of another Realm, you get a Casus Belli
against that Realm for as long as the Ruler
is Excommunicated.
Holy War (Crusade)
If you have the “Deus Vult” Idea you
get this Casus Belli against all adjacent
Realms that belong to different religion
groups from your own.
If your Realm is Catholic, you get this
Casus Belli against Realms that are currently
the target of a Crusade. Crusade tokens are
removed at the end of the Round.
Imperial Liberation (Emperor only)
The Holy Roman Emperor (Austria) has a
permanent Casus Belli against any Realm
outside the HRE that owns Provinces or
has Vassals located inside the HRE.
Generals & Admirals
Armies and Fleets may be assigned Leaders
from Action Cards in the player’s hand. An
17
Army Leader is called a General and a Fleet
Leader is called an Admiral. You slide these
cards underneath the associated Army and
Fleet Mats so that only the Leader is shown.
The Action of hiring a General or Admi-
ral costs 1 MP. You may also use your Ruler/
Monarch as a General without having to pay
any MP, but remember that he might get
killed in a Battle.
A General or Admiral adds Battle Dice, as
indicated on his name banner, to any Battle
where his Army/Fleet is involved. Only one
Leader on each side may add dice to the
Battle. The player rolling may decide which
Leader applies.
For hits rolled by your opponent in a
Battle (land or naval) you have to roll to see
if your Leader gets wounded (see Casualties
Section under Land and Naval Battles).
Movement
All movement of Military Units is performed
during the Action Phase, except the return of
Ships back to Port, which may be done at no
cost during the Income & Upkeep Phase.
Armies, Fleets and single Units are
moved by using the Activate Army/Fleet
Military Action (or certain Military Cards).
Only one activation is allowed during a
single Turn.
Land Movement
An activation may be used to activate and
move a single Army or Land Unit. An
Army/Unit may up to 2 spaces, but must
end its movement if entering a Hostile or
Neutral Area.
Land Units may cross Sea Zones contain-
ing friendly Ships, as described in the Naval
Transport of Land Units section below.
Movement on land also ends if the mov-
ing Units enter an Area containing enemy
Units, and a Battle then immediately occurs.
Military Access
You can always move your troops through
Areas where you, or one of your Vassals or
Allies, own at least one Province. You can
also move your troops into Areas that con-
tain at least one Province of a Realm you are
currently at War with.
To move your troops into Areas where
there are only Neutral Provinces you must
discard 1 Influence token from the area in
question, or lose 3 Ducats.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
 Military Units,
Armies and Fleets
There are several different types of Military
Units you may deploy in your service. First-
ly, you have your own regular land Units
and your three Army miniatures, as well as
your Ships and Fleet. Then, there are also
Mercenary Units and NPR/Rebel Units.
Regular Land Units
These Units normally make up
the bulk of your armed forces on
land. You keep the available ones
in your Manpower Pool and the
rest set aside in your Supply. The land Units
are deployed as either Infantry, Cavalry or
Artillery by using the Recruit Action. During
the Income & Upkeep Phase you must pay
1 Ducat for each Unit you want to keep in
service, or they will return to the Manpower
reserve.
Infantry
Hits on: or
Siege Strength: 1
Recruitment Cost: 2 Ducats
Infantry costs 2 Ducats to recruit and may
be deployed directly onto the board as Sin-
gle Units or in one of your Armies by plac-
ing the Units on the desired Army Mat.
The MP cost of moving a Single Unit is
the same as moving an entire Army led by a
General.
With the Idea "Tercios", the outlined icon
on the result counts as a second Infantry
result. Each Unit may still only score one hit.
Cavalry
Hits on:
Siege Strength: 1/2 (rounded down)
Recruitment Cost: 5 Ducats
Cavalry must be deployed in Armies. The
Units you use are the same as for Infantry,
but you place them in the Cavalry area on
the Army Mat.
Artillery (requires "Cannons" Idea)
Hits on:
Siege Strength: 2
Recruitment Cost: 6 Ducats
Artillery Units must also be deployed in
Armies. The Units you use are the same as
for Infantry and Cavalry, but you place them
in the Artillery area on the Army Mat.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Artillery Units have a Siege Strength of 2,
which means that they may Siege two reg-
ular Provinces or one large Province at the
cost of just 1 MP.
Armies that include Artillery Units can-
not be used with the Action Cards Forced
March or One Step Ahead.
Armies
All players have 3 Army
Units with a corresponding
Army Mat depicting the
matching Army miniature
in the top corner.
No player can have more
than 2 active Armies at any
time, unless they have the
"Grand Army" Idea, which
allows the third Army to be activated.
To deploy an Army, you must assign it at
least one Land Unit, from the Area where
you place it (during an Activate Action), or
from Manpower (during a Recruit Action).
Units in an Army are all placed on the
Army Mat. Each Army may contain as many
Regular Units and Mercenary Units as you
like, and they all move as one, being repre-
sented by the Army miniature on the board.
An Army may pick up or drop off Reg-
ular Infantry Units in the Area where it is
located at no cost, during an Activation
Action.
Units are placed on the Army Mat in
either the Infantry, Cavalry or Artillery row,
depending on what type of Unit you recruit-
ed. Regular Units and Mercenaries work in
the same way in this sense.
Each Army may also be assigned a Gener-
al – a Leader who provides extra Battle Dice.
Ships
Ship Units are deployed as
either Light Ships, Heavy
Ships or Galleys by using
the Recruit Action. When
you build a Ship you take it from your sup-
ply – it does not cost any Manpower. You
can only build one Ship in each Port during
a Recruit Action.
During the Income & Upkeep Phase you
must pay 1 Ducat for every 2 Ships (round-
ed up) that you want to keep at sea, or they
must return to a friendly Port within reach
(2 spaces). Ships at sea that are not paid for
18
and have no Port to return to within reach,
must be discarded.
A Ship may transport up to 3 Land Units.
Light Ships
Hits on:
Build Cost: 4 Ducats
A Light Ship costs 4 Ducats to build and
may be deployed directly onto the board
as a Single Unit or in one of your Fleets by
placing the Units on the desired Fleet Mat.
Light Ships provide a Trade Power of
one, in all Trade Nodes adjacent to their Sea
Zone. Read more about Trade Power in the
Trade chapter (page XX).
Heavy Ships
Hits on: + 1 automatic Hit
Build Cost: 10 Ducats
Heavy Ships can only be deployed in a
Fleet, by placing the Ship Units in the
Heavy Ships area on the Fleet Mat.
Each Heavy Ship always provide an au-
tomatic hit every time you roll the dice in a
Naval Battle, in addition to any hits rolled
on the dice. When counting the hits on the
dice the Heavy Ships are counted in the
same way as any other Ship.
They can also take two hits before they
must be removed as Casualties. After the first
hit, tip the Ship over on its side. If it does not
take another hit it is automatically repaired
once the Fleet enters a friendly Port.
Galleys
Hits on:
Build Cost: 2 Ducats
Galleys can only be deployed in a Fleet, by
placing the Ship Units in the Galleys area on
the Fleet Mat.
Galleys can only sail in the Baltic Sea,
Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. If a Fleet
containing Galleys moves from i.e. the Med-
iterranean into the Atlantic Ocean, all the
Galleys in that Fleet are immediately lost
and returned to the player’s Supply.
Fleets
All players have
a Fleet Unit with
a corresponding
Fleet Mat picturing
the Fleet miniature
in the top corner.
To deploy your Fleet, you must assign it

at least one Ship, from the Sea Zone where
you place it (during an Activate Action), or
from your supply (during a Recruit Action).
Ships in the Fleet are all placed on the
Fleet Mat. The Fleet may contain as many
Ships as you like, and they all move as one,
being represented by the Fleet miniature
on the board. No player can have more
than one active Fleet at any time.
An Army may pick up or drop off Light
Ships in the Area where it is located at no
cost, during an Activation Action.
Ships are placed on the Fleet Mat in
the either the Light Ships, Heavy Ships or
Galleys area, depending on what type of
Ship you built.
Your Fleet may also be assigned an
Admiral – a Leader who provides extra
Battle Dice.
Mercenaries
Mercenary Units are found in
the General Supply and is a pool
of Units available to all players.
They are expensive but not lim-
ited by your Manpower. Like regular land
Units, Mercenaries are deployed as either
Infantry, Cavalry or Artillery by using the
Recruit Action, using the same rules for
deployment as for Regular Units.
Each Mercenary Unit costs 2 Ducats
more than a regular unit to recruit. During
the Income & Upkeep Phase you must pay
2 Ducats for each Mercenary Unit you want
to keep in service, or they will return to the
General Supply.
Rebels, Pirates & NPR Units
Rebels/NPR
Units are found
in the General
Supply and are
always treated
as Infantry or Light Ships. They are used
to represent the forces of Rebels and
NPRs that are at War with Player Realms,
or Allied Units in a Player Realm's Army.
Pirates are always placed on Trade
Nodes and reduce the Trade Power of all
Realms in the node where they appear.
Pirate Ships can be attacked by Ships in a
Sea Zones adjacent to the Trade Node in
question, and a player must take a Naval
Activation to do so.
If you have a Claim in a Neutral Area it is
not possible to get Military Access through
this Area.
If all the Provinces in this Area are held
by a player (whom you are not at War with),
you have to get that player’s permission to
move an Army or Unit into it.
Naval Movement
A naval activation allows a player to move
any number of Ships out of Port or to a sin-
gle destination (Sea Zone or Port) within
the range of those Ships. A Ship may move
up to two spaces (Sea Zones).
The activated Ships may only enter a Sea
Zone containing enemy Ships if this Sea
Zone is the end destination of all the Ships
that are being moved, and this immediately
triggers a Naval Battle.
Ships in Port
Ships in friendly Ports may never be at-
tacked by enemy Ships.
Land Units aboard a Ship that enters a
Port must be placed in the Area where that
Port is located.
If there are Ships in the Port of a Province
that is captured in a Siege, these must imme-
diately be moved out into the adjacent Sea
Zone – a Naval Battle may occur immediate-
ly as a consequence of this if there are enemy
Ships present.
A Port may normally hold up to 2 Ships.
However, the Port of a large Province may
hold up to 6 Ships, as long as they are placed
inside a Fleet.
Naval Transport of Land Units
Ships at sea form a bridge across the Sea Zone
that they are in, which may be crossed by up
to three Land Units per Ship.
The land Units may cross any number
of Sea Zones as long as the bridge is an un-
broken chain of Ships connecting the Sea
Zone where the Land Units embark to the
Sea Zone from which they disembark. There
must be enough Ships to carry all the Land
Units, in each of the Sea Zones in this chain.
Allied Ships may be used for this purpose.
Naval Transport may be done as part of
an Army Activation. The bridge of Ships
do not count as a space while moving, but
movement must end in the Area where the
Units disembark.
Alternatively, you may move an adjacent
Army or Land Unit across a such bridge of
19
Ships at the end of a Naval Activation, after
any Naval Battles have been fought.
Land Units may disembark in Hostile
Areas, and this may result in an immediate
Land Battle.
Movement on Distant Continents
On the Distant Continents Land Units are
moved between Areas along the white lines
on the map.
Land Movement on the Distant Conti-
nents is only allowed in Areas where you
have a Claim or a Town. If you are at War
with an opponent, you may also move into
Areas that contain their Claims or Towns.
Armies, Fleets and Military Units must
end their movement when moving into an
Area or Sea Zone on any of the Distant Con-
tinents.
If you do not have a Claim or Town adja-
cent to a Sea Zone on the Distant Continents,
you must take an Exploration Action to move
into that Sea Zone.
Entering or Leaving a Distant Continent
Fleets and Ships may enter, leave and move
between the Distant Continents via Sea
Zones that are marked with matching letters
along their edges. Sea Zones with matching
letters are considered adjacent.
When moving across the Pacific Ocean,
between the Far East and the Americas, an
additional Monarch Power token (of any
type) must be spent.
Some Areas on the Distant Continents
connect to certain Areas on the main Map
Board via a connection line marked with
name of the Area they connect to.
Battle Sequence
1. Play Military Cards and spend MP
Attacker first, then Defender
2. Roll Battle Dice
Both sides simultaneously
3. Remove Casualties
4. Place Ill Health on wounded Leaders
5. Retreat or continue fighting
Attacker decides first, then Defender
Go back to step 1 if Battle continues.
6. Winner receives 1 MP
Repeat the sequence if both sides decide to
continue fighting.
If a player decides to retreat, they suffer
one additional Unit/Ship as a Casualty.
NPRs stop fighting after the first round
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
of Battle if they are weaker (have less Units)
than their opponent, unless defending their
Capital or last remaining Area.
The effects of an Action Card last for the
entire duration of a Battle.
Land Battles
When an Army moves into an Area where
an enemy Army is located a Battle will ensue
immediately. A Battle involves a roll of Battle
Dice from each side.
Each Army has 3 Infantry Dice (white) as
a base roll, and adds dice for the command-
ing General and Military cards and MP
spent. A General provides the Battle Dice
shown on his name banner.
Additional Battle Dice are added for any
applicable Military Cards that are played
(such as Superior Tactics, Superior Cavalry or
Inspired Leadership).
Finally, a player may choose to spend MP
to add extra Battle Dice at a rate of 1 Infan-
try Die for every MP spent.
The attacker must place their General,
play all Military Cards and spend all MP,
before the defender decides whether they
want to any of these things.
Rolling Battle Dice
Both sides involved roll simultaneously and
hits are counted for Units that match with
symbols rolled on the dice. Infantry hit
on a or result, Cavalry hit on a
result, and Artillery hit on a result. The
outlined Infantry symbol on a result
only counts as a hit if you have the "Tercios"
Idea. You inflict as many Casualties on your
opponent as the number of symbols rolled
that match with a unit present in that battle.
Each unit can only inflict one casualty on
the opponent per roll.
If there are remaining Units on both sides
after rolling the dice and removing Casualties.
A another round of Battle may occur. Before
this, the attacker, and then the defender, may
decide to Retreat. If both decide to continue
fighting, the Battle Dice are rolled again, and
hits may be scored with remaining Units.
Infantry Die Cavalry Die Artillery Die
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Number of Battle Dice
3 Infantry Dice (base number)
+ dice for Leader Military Skill
+ dice from Military Cards played
+ 1 Infantry die for every MP spent
Casualties
Players that must remove Casualties choos-
es which Units they would like to remove.
Casualties are returned to the Manpower
Pool as Exhausted Units. MP must be spent
to Replenish these Exhausted Units.
Wounded Generals
For each pair of that you rolled, any
General leading your enemy's Army gets one
Ill Health token.
As normal the Leader dies if he receives a
second Ill Health token. If the Leader is their
Ruler, follow the procedure for Ruler Death
described in the Government chapter.
Retreats
When both sides have removed Casualties
after rolling the Battle Dice, they may each
decide if they wish to retreat from the Battle
with any remaining Units. The attacker makes
their decision first, and then the defender.
The attacker must retreat to the Area(s)
from which they attacked, or back onto
Ships from which they where offloaded just
before the Battle.
The defender may retreat to any adjacent
Area that does not contain enemy Units,
using the rules for Military Access. They may
also retreat onto friendly Ships in an adjacent
Sea Zone (provided they don't exceed the
load capacity of those Ships). All retreating
Units must retreat to the same destination.
A player who decides to retreat must
remove one Unit as a Casualty.
Winning a Battle
The winner of a Battle is the side who has
Units remaining in the Area after all Casual-
ties and Retreats have been accounted for. If
no Units remain from either side, there is no
winner in this Battle.
Winning a Battle earns you 1 MP.
Seizing Enemy Colonies
During a War, Territories with Enemy
Claims can be seized immediately by an
unopposed Military Unit or after winning a
Battle there – no Siege is needed. When this
20
happens the loser must remove 2 Colonists
from the Colonist Pool.
The player who seized the Territory may
place their own Claim there as well (but
does not remove the original Claims), and
may place 1 Colonist in the Colonist Pool.
Sieges
To initiate a Siege an Activate Army action must
be taken (this cannot be the same action as an
activation spent on a move).
A Siege Strength of one is required to
take control of a regular Province, and a
Siege Strength of two is required to take
control of a large Province.
An Army that is located in an Area with
enemy Provinces, but no remaining enemy
Units, may Siege any number of Provinces
as as long as the Tax Value of the Provinces
is equal to or lower than the total Siege
Strength of the Units in that Army.
The MP cost of the Activation Action pays
for one Sieging Unit. Every Sieging Unit be-
yond the first costs one extra MP, but it may
be done as a part of a single Activation.
Remove any Towns belonging to other
players and place your own Towns (of match-
ing size) on each Province that you Siege,
with the Unrest side facing up.
Note!: Losing a Province to a Siege allows
the original owner to immediately place a
Claim in that Area.
Naval Battles
If Ships end their movement in a Sea Zone
with enemy Ships, a Naval Battle will ensue.
Fleets may not transport any Land Units
until the Naval Battle has been concluded.
Rolling Naval Battle Dice
Naval Battles work in much the same way as
land Battles. Both sides involved roll simul-
taneously and hits are counted. You inflict
as many Casualties on your opponent as
the number of results you have rolled,
but no more than your number of Ships
involved in the Naval Battle.
After removing all Casualties, you may
spend each result you rolled to deal a
wound to the enemy's Admiral (if the enemy
lost at least one Ship), or capture one Ship
from your enemy (only if both sides have
any remaining Ships).
 Number of Battle Dice
3 Artillery Dice
+ dice for Leader Military Skill
+ dice from Military Cards played
+ 1 Artillery die for every MP spent
Casualties (Sunken Ships)
Players that must remove Casualties choose
which Ships they would like to remove.
Casualties from Naval Battles are returned to
the player’s Supply.
Heavy Ships can take two hits before
they must be removed as Casualties. After
the first hit, tilt the Ship over on its side. If
it does not take another hit it may later be
repaired in a Port by spending 4 Ducats.
Wounded Admirals
If your enemy lost at least one Ship, they
must place an Ill Health token on their Ad-
miral for each pair of that you rolled.
Capturing Enemy Ships
If you eliminate your enemy, you may con-
vert one enemy casualty inflicted in the last
round of battle into a captured ship, for each
result you rolled.
Condition:
You have captured all the Provinces and
destroyed all the Armies of your enemy.
Conditions:
Player Realm enemy: Your deployed Land
Units outnumber the deployed Land Units
of your opponent two to one.
NPR or Bot enemy: Your deployed Land
Units outnumber the total number of Rebel that you return to its owner, you may demand 3 Ducats or
Units in your Areas, and deployed enemy
Land Units.
Units located on continents where the other to the loser, you may force them to give Provinces back to
Realm has no Towns do not count.
Conditions:
No Provinces have been occupied by either
side, and there are no remaining Armies on
either side.
Your enemy decides which of their Ships no Units remain from either side, there is no
are captured, and must remove these Ships winner in this Battle.
along with their casualties. You may then Winning a Naval Battle earns you 1 MP.
take a matching number of Ships from your
own Supply, and place them in the Sea Zone
or on the matching section of the Fleet Mat. Peace Resolution
When you get to the Peace Resolution
Retreats
Phase you check to see if the White Peace
This works exactly like Retreats in Land
or Victory Conditions for any ongoing Wars
Battles, except that Ships must retreat into
have been met.
adjacent Sea Zones or Ports.
The first player resolves all of their Wars
The attacker must retreat to the Sea
first, in any order preferred, and then it contin-
Zone(s) from which they came, or into a
ues clockwise around the table.
friendly Port adjacent to the Sea Zone where
Peace is normally concluded with one ene-
the Naval Battle took place.
my Realm at the time, but players may negoti-
The defender may retreat to any adjacent
ate on behalf of their NPR Allies (see below).
Sea Zone that does not contain enemy Ships,
When a Peace has been concluded, the
or into a friendly Port adjacent to the Sea Zone
Realms involved will enter a Truce with each
where the Naval Battle took place. All retreat-
other, lasting through the next Round.
ing Ships must retreat to the same destination.
A player who decides to retreat must Player vs. Player War
remove one Ship as a Casualty. Players may agree among themselves on
Peace terms regardless of whether condi-
Winning a Naval Battle
tions have been met.
The winner of a Naval Battle is the side who
Players may agree to any peace terms,
has Units remaining in the Area after Casual-
including humiliation (VP), paying tribute
ties and Retreats have been accounted for. If
Victory/Peace Conditions
Total Victory
Peace Terms:
You may completely Annex all of your enemy's Provinces, including their Capital.
You may still choose the partial Conquest or Humiliation options (described below)
instead of total annexation.
Partial Victory
Peace Terms (choose Conquest or Humiliation):
Conquest: First, return your enemy’s Capital Province to Humiliation: Must be occu-
them, if you have captured it. For this, they must pay you pying the Capital of the loser.
10 Ducats (but max twice their current Tax Income). Both parties return every
You may keep all other Provinces that you have captured. occupied Province to the
For every captured Province (other than the Capital) original owner.
The winner scores VP equal
the removal of one enemy Claim. For Large Provinces re- to twice the amount of the Tax
turned you may demand twice as much. Income returned to the loser
Alternatively, as compensation for Provinces you return this way (max 10 VP). The
loser (if human or bot) loses
you, of matching Tax Value, that were originally your's. the same number of VPs
Automatic White Peace
Peace Terms:
A White Peace (return to status quo) is automatically declared.
21 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
(money), ceding captured or uncaptured
Provinces, and liberating NPR Provinces.
The following restrictions apply:
Players agreeing on a peace must still return
their respecive Capitals. Money exchanged
cannot exceed 25 Ducats. Uncaptured Prov-
inces can only be transferred if the receiving
player is the original Province owner or has
a Claim in the Area.
Winning a War
If you can meet the conditions for Partial or
Total Victory, or if your opponent agrees to
name you as the winner, you are considered
to be the winner of the War.
Enforcing Peace Terms
If you have won the War, you may enforce
Peace Terms matching the Victory Condi-
tions that have been met.
An NPRs Available Manpower is always
considered to be zero in this context.
Allies and Peace Resolutions
When fighting a War against an Alliance con-
sisting of two or more Realms, Victory Condi-
tions and Peace terms are in general resolved
individually for each of your enemies.
As an exception, pllayers can negotiate
peace on behalf of NPR Allies (but not on
behalf of a Player Realm Ally). They can
can choose to give Provinces ceded by the
enemy in a Peace Resolution to any Active
NPR that they are Allied to, but only to
regular NPRs if that Province belonged
to them originally (and thus has their flag
printed on the board). They can only give
away Provinces belonging to Allies as a part
of a Peace agreement if these are occupied
by the enemy.
Other Peace Terms
Advanced Rules
Force Conversion
Requires Partial Victory
CB: Holy War
Must be occupying the Capital of the loser.
Return all Provinces taken from the op-
ponent during this War.
Loser must change their State Religion
and the Religion of the Area where their
Capital is located to the same faith as the
winner's State Religion.
A losing player loses 5 VPs and must
remove 4 Influence Tokens from Areas of his
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
previous faith. A winning player gains 5 VPs
and may add 2 Influence Tokens to Areas
that has the same faith as his State Religion.
Demand Vassalization
Requires Partial Victory
CB: Conquest, Disloyal Vassal, Excommu-
nication War
Must be occupying the Capital of the loser.
Your deployed Units must outnumber cur-
rent Tax Income of loser.
Loser becomes a Vassal of the winner.
Player Realms cannot be vassalized. The
winner gains 2 VP.
The winner must return Towns on all
Provinces bearing the flag of the vassalized
NPR to the Player Mat and replace them
with Vassal tokens. Place Vassal tokens of
the winner’s color on all the remaining Prov-
inces of the loser Realm as well.
Aftermath & Truce
Once a Peace has been con-
cluded the parties involved
enter a Truce that lasts
through the next Round.
Place Truce tokens on the
Realms you have a Truce with.
You are not allowed to Declare War upon
a Realm that you have a Truce with, except
to defend an Ally under attack.
Remove Truce tokens in the next Peace
Resolution Phase.
All NPR Units (Allies) in your Armies
are disbanded once a Peace has been con-
cluded.
Any Armies or Units that you have
which, after Peace has been concluded, are
located in Areas that are not Friendly, must
be moved to the nearest Friendly Area im-
mediately. This move does not cost any MP.
Claims
Claims in an Area where you have captured
Provinces from your enemy will allow you
to remove Unrest from two Towns in the
Area once Peace has been concluded.
Remove Claims from any Areas where
you now own all the Provinces.
Government
Monarch Power
Monarch Power is, in addition to Duc-
ats, your main resource in the game. There
22
are three types of Monarch Power, Adminis-
trative Power (AP), Diplomatic Power (DP)
and Military Power (MP) – these are used
to perform different types of action that are
connected with that type of power.
You can store a maximum of 10 tokens
in each Monarch Power pool on your Player
mat. Any surplus is simply discarded.
Characters
(Leaders & Advisors)
All the Action Cards have a Character locat-
ed at the bottom of the card – this can either
be a Leader (circular portrait) or Advisor
(square portrait). Leaders and Advisor have
different functions. Characters will serve
you for a while before they die or move on.
The mortality of all Characters is controlled
by the Event Cards.
Leaders
Leaders can be assigned as Rulers, or re-
cruited as Generals or Admirals. All players
will pick a have a Leader on their Set-up
card that represents their Ruler at the start
of the game.
Historical Rulers
Leaders may also appear on Event Cards.
These have a purple name banner, and are
historical Rulers belonging to the Realm
matching their coat of arms. Historical Rul-
ers normally replace the current Ruler in the
Realm the belong to, as soon as the Event on
the card has been executed.
Leaders as Rulers
A Leader who is appointed as the Ruler of a
Player Realm is tucked underneath the Player
Mat in the Ruler Slot to the left. The Ruler
add his Skill values to the Monarch Power
income that the Realm gets each Round.
Appointing a Leader as a Ruler costs nothing.
The Ruler will stay in his position until he
dies, unless replaced by an Event.
A Ruler may also be assigned to command
an Army at no cost, in which case the Ruler in
Command token is placed on the Army Mat.
Leaders as Generals and Admirals
Generals and Admirals may be hired by
spending one MP. They are collectively
referred to as Military Leaders, and provide
a number of additional dice in Battle as indi-
cated to the right on their name banner.
A Military Leader must be tucked under­
neath an Army or Fleet Mat. They may be
replaced at any time, but must be moved
to another Army/Fleet if you want to keep
them in your service (even if that means that
they are in command of an empty Army).
Military Leaders without any position must
be discarded.
Advisors
There are three types of Advisors, one for
each of the Monarch Power categories: Ad-
ministrative Advisors, Diplomatic Advisors
and Military Advisors – these are all found
in the corresponding Action Card decks. An
Advisor can be hired to improve your Realm
Skill Level in a Monarch Power category. His
skill in the appropriate Monarch Power is
added to that of the Ruler to get the Realm
Skill Level, and this is how much Monarch
Power of this type you gain each Round.
The Realm Skill Level may also be modified
by certain Ideas.
Advisors have a cost (indicated on the
coin in the bottom right corner of the card),
that must be paid immediately when you
hire the Advisor, as well as each Round
(during the Income & Upkeep Phase) to
keep him in your employment.
The Deaths of Leaders and Advisors
Every time a icon appears on an
Event Card, all active characters with a
matching symbol on their name banner
receives an Ill Health token. With the sec-
ond token they receive, a character dies.
Military Leaders may also
get Ill Health tokens, and
die, in Battle.
When characters die,
they are simply removed
from play and placed in the appropriate dis-
card pile. With Military Leader or Advisors
this has no further consequences other than
the fact you may not take advantage of their
bonuses anymore.
Death of a Ruler
If your Ruler dies, you should try to replace
him as soon as possible, since the absence of
a Ruler puts you at a disadvantage.
You may immediately replace a Ruler
23
who has died by putting down an Action
Card from your hand with a Leader on it. If
you cannot (or will not) do this, you will en-
ter an Interregnum, and a Regency Council
with a Skill of 1 in each Monarch Power field
will rule until you (or an Event) replace it.
As long as the Regency Council rules, you
are not allowed to declare War on anyone.
If you end a Round without a Ruler, your
Stability drops by one step.
Every time your Ruler dies or gets re-
placed, you must also remove one Royal
Marriage token from the board.
Stability
Every Player Realm has a Stability value
ranging from -3 to +3, and in most scenarios
players will start out with a Stability of 0.
Your Realm's Stability value gives a clear
indication of how well placed the Realm is
to handle internal struggles like Unrest, but
also how efficiently the current government
will be able to pursue its goals.
A Stability of zero has no effect on your
Realm.
When increasing your Stability, either
using the Action Card or the Basic Action,
you add/deduct your current Stability value
from the AP cost.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS

Positive Stability
Having a positive Stability gives your Realm
several benefits. In the Income & Upkeep
Phase you get a bonus, as shown on the
Stability track on your player mat.
For having +1 Stability, you get 2 Ducats
extra Tax Income.
For having +2 Stability, you get the above
bonus, and you may remove Unrest from
one of your Provinces.
For having +3 Stability, you get both of
the bonuses above, as well as an extra Mon-
arch Power token of your choice.
Negative Stability
Having a negative Stability similarly has a
number of negative effects.
For having -1 Stability, you get 2 Ducats
less Tax Income.
For having -2 Stability, you get the above
penalty, and you must add Unrest to one of
your Provinces.
For having -3 Stability, you get both of
the penalties above, as well as receiving one
Monarch Power token less, of your choice.
A negative Stability is also a trigger for a
number of negative Events.
Economy
Tax Income
Your Tax Income should be clearly visible
on your Player Mat just by adding together
the last uncovered slot on each of the Prov-
ince tracks (Base Tax Income from regular
and large Provinces) and the Vassal track.
In simple terms, each Regular Town
provides a Tax Income of 1 Ducat, and each
Large Town provides an income of 2 Ducats.
Vassals provide 1 Ducat for every 2 tokens,
rounded up.
If the 20 Regular Towns on your player
mat are all out on the map board, take an
Income +20 tile, and take the 20 remaining
Towns from your supply and place them
onto the Province track on your player mat.
Expenses & Modifiers
Your costs are subtracted from the Tax In-
come that you collect.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Advisors must be payed the cost indicat-
ed in the lower right corner of their card,
before providing any Monarch Power bonus.
If you are not able to pay them, they will
leave at once.
Each Military unit has an Upkeep Cost
of 1 Ducat if you wish to keep them on the
board. Mercenary Units have an Upkeep
Cost of 2 Ducats. You must return all Units
you are unable to pay for to your Manpower
Pool or the general supply.
Each player must also pay 1 Ducat for
every second Naval Units they wish to keep
at sea at the end of the Round (rounded
up). Ships returned to Port don't cost any
upkeep.
Each Loan that is not repaid costs 1 Duc-
at in interest.
Stability may affect Ducat Income in a
positive or negative way. Player Realms with
a positive Stability may collect 2 Ducats of
additional Income. Realms with a negative
Stability must subtract 2 Ducats from their
Income.
Certain Ideas also affect Tax Income.
Loans
Players can take Loans as a free Action or be
forced to do so to cover expenses. When a
player takes a Loan they add a Loan token to
their Treasury, which indicates the interest
that must be paid on the Loan each Round
for as long as it is not repaid. A player may
take up to five Loans.
Loans may be repaid as a Free Action by
paying the whole Loan and one Round of
interest at once, 6 Ducats in total.
Bankruptcy
If a Player Realm that has taken the maxi-
mum of five Loans, and is not able to pay an
expense they cannot avoid (such as Interest
on Loans, Rebel Die results etc.), they go
Bankrupt instantly. Remember however,
that you can fire Advisors and disband Mil-
itary Units in order to avoid having to pay
Upkeep for them.
The consequences of Bankruptcy are as
follows: lose 3 Stability, lose 5 VP, discard all
Ducats and 3 Loan tokens in Treasury, dis-
band all Mercenaries, fire all Advisors, Lose
3 AP, 3 DP and 3 MP.
24
Ideas &
Technology
The concepts of technological progress and
evolving ideas that may change the path
your Realm will take are governed by the
Idea Cards. These can be acquired by spend-
ing Monarch Points of the matching type.
Sometimes they require that you already
have other Ideas before you are allowed to
purchase the card.
For every two Ideas that you acquire
in one of the three Monarch Power fields,
you have to get an Idea in both of the other
two fields before you get another Idea from
the same field. I.e. if you have four Military
Ideas, you must have two Administrative
and two Diplomatic Ideas, before you can
get a fifth Military Idea.
All Ideas provide some form of bonus
effect to its owner.
Every Idea researched also provides 5 the
VP for first player to research it. If someone
got the Idea before you, you receive 3 VP,
and any opponent that already has this Idea
gets another 2 VP.
Trade
Trade income is collected by all players
with a Merchant in the chosen Trade Node
whenever the Trade action is used.
Trade Cards
All Trade Cards have a trade good, and two
or three Trade Nodes listed on them in which
you can trade the trade good of that card.
Gold and Inflation
An economy that becomes too reliant on
gold will suffer from inflation. To simulate
this, whenever you Trade with a Gold card
and your TP is 3 or higher, you are forced to
take a Loan token and add it to your Trea-
sury. These "Loans" can be repaid as normal.
Receiving such a Loan token can take
you above five Loan tokens, and it still won't
cause Bankruptcy. It will however prevent
you from taking further Loans, and will
cause Bankruptcy if you are later forced to
take a Loan to cover expenses.
Slaves
Slave trade was commonplace in many parts

The Anatomy of a Trade Card
Trade good name
and illustration
Card ID no.
Trade Node
column
Trade Nodes
eligible for
activation
of the world during most of the era that the
game takes place, but with time it was in-
creasingly seen as inhumane.
If you Trade with a Slaves card, you will
lose a number of VP matching the current
Age of the game (i.e. 2 VP in Age II).
Trade Nodes
Trade Nodes are circular
spaces on the board where
players may place their
Merchants. These are the
key locations where the
trade goods of the world are
being exchanged and transported through.
To Trade in a Trade Node you first of all
need to place one of your Merchants there.
This may be done during a Trade Action.
For you to collect Trade Income from a
Trade Node, that node must be connected
by a continuous chain of your own Areas
and/or Ships, to your Capital. There can be
no Sea Zones without a Ship, or Areas with-
out a Province belonging to you, between
the Trade Node and your Capital.
Protecting Trade
You would also want to protect a node you
are trading in, with your Ships if it is a Mari-
time Trade Node.
Each Light Ship located in a Sea Zone
Trade Power (TP)
column
Trade Income columns
Regular Node (green)
Expanded Node (red)
Key Province column
Key Provinces that
provide additional TP
in Trade Node 1
Key Provinces that
provide additional TP
in Trade Node 2
Key Provinces that
provide additional TP
in Trade Node 3
adjacent to a Maritime Trade Node adds
1 Trade Power in that node.
Merchants
Player Realms begin the game with 2 Mer-
chants each (unless the scenario set-up says
otherwise). New Merchants can be acquired
by researching relevant Ideas.
Merchant Pawns provide a Trade Power
of one in themselves, and are also used to
indicate a presence in a Trade Node. At the
beginning of the game your Merchants are
placed in the Trade Nodes specified in the
scenario set-up. During the game you may
move, or place new Merchants, by using the
Trade Action. This costs one DP.
When a merchant is activated, as a part of
an Trade action, it is placed on its side, and
may not be activated again that Round.
A Trade Node may contain no more than
3 Merchants in total, and each player may
only have one Merchant in a single node. To
place a Merchant in a Trade Node which is
full, you need to have a higher Trade Power
there than one of the Player Realms that
have a Merchant there already. In this case
remove the Merchant of the Player Realm
with the lowest Trade Power (in the case of a
tie, activated Merchants are removed before
unactivated Merchants, but otherwise ties
are decided randomly)
25
Trade Power (TP)
& Trade Income
To determine your Trade
Power in a Trade Node
during an Trade Action,
count:
• 1 TP for your Merchant
• 1 TP for each Key Prov-
ince owned by you that matches the acti-
vated Trade Node on the Trade Card.
• 1 TP for each Light Ship in adjacent Sea
Zones, for Maritime Trade Nodes.
Collect Ducats as indicated by Trade Power
(TP) on the Trade Card. Read the green
column for all regular nodes,
and the red column for
nodes that have been up-
graded with the Expand
Trade Action Card.
Distant Continents
Whenever someone successfully Explores an
Area on a Distant Continent, all the unused
Trade Cards that match any of the Trade
Nodes for that Continent gets shuffled into
the Trade Deck, along with the discard pile.
Diplomatic
Relations
Influence
Influence signifies political power
and good relations with NPRs in Areas that
you do not control directly.
Having sufficient Influence is required to
perform a number of Diplomatic Actions,
like forging Alliances, Vassal­izing or Annex-
ing other Realms. Since there is a limit of
five Influence in each Area, you may also,
to a certain extent, use Influence to prevent
other players from performing such Actions
in your own sphere of influence.
Influence can be sabotaged by the Spy
Networks of other players, and may also
affect and be affected by Wars and Events.
The total Influence allowed is limited by
the number of Monarch Power tokens avail-
able in your player color (40 cubes).
Influence and Player Realms
Influence cannot be used to affect other Play-
er Realms, and may not be placed in Areas
where all Provinces are owned by players.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
 The moment all the Provinces in an Area
falls under the control of Player Realms, all
Influence is removed from this Area and
returned to the supply of their owner.
Royal Marriages
A Royal Marriage strength-
ens your political ties to
and foothold in the Realm
you are married to. Royal
Marriages will also simply be
referred to as Marriages in the rules.
You can have a maximum of 5 Royal
Marriages and Alliances combined (the
"Cabinet" Idea allows one more).
Effects of Royal Marriages:
• The Marriage token in itself counts as
an Influence token for all purposes. It is
however impossible to remove, and does
not count towards the limit of 5 Influ-
ence tokens in an Area.
• The Marriage token lets you remove one
Influence token less than normal from
this Area, whenever an Action or Event
requires you to discard Influence (includ-
ing Sabotage Reputation).
• A Royal Marriage makes it possible to
Vassalize and Annex a Realm that has a
Tax Income which is higher than 1/2 of
your own Base Tax Income.
• Royal Marriages are also triggers for a
number of Events.
• You get a -1 Stability penalty if you attack
a Realm that you have Marriage ties to
(this comes in addition to any Stability
loss for lack of a Casus Belli).
Eligible Marriage Partners
Christian Realms can only enter Royal
Marriages with other Christian Realms, and
Muslim Realms can only enter Royal Mar-
riages with other Muslim Realms.
You may have Royal Marriages with your
own Vassals, but not the Vassals of other play-
ers. If an NPR that you have a Royal Marriage
with gets Vassalized by another player, you
must remove your Marriage token.
Several Player Realms can have Marriage
ties to the same NPR.
Alliances
An Alliance is a pact to
support one another in the
event of War.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
You can have a maximum of 5 Royal
Marriages and Alliances combined (the
"Cabinet" Idea allows one more).
Effects and Limitations:
• You may send a Call to Arms to all Allies
when someone Declares War on you.
• You must answer a Call to Arms from an
Ally who is being attacked, or suffer the
penalties listed below.
• You get a Casus Belli on any Realm that
your Ally is at War with.
• An NPR Ally will contribute a number of
Units to your aid, up to its Manpower (1/2
of their Tax Income).
• An NPR can only be Allied to one Player
Realm at the time.
• It is not possible to forge an Alliance
while you are at War.
Ending an Alliance:
• In Peace time: you lose 5 Influence from
Areas of your former Ally, and must place
a Truce token on their Capital.
• During a War: you lose 2 Stability, and 5
Influence from Areas of your former Ally.
Getting a Call to Arms
If your Ally is being attacked they may send
you a Call to Arms. NPRs always do this
immediately. You must honor this call, by
Declaring War on their enemy, or suffer a
penalty.
In this case, you are allowed to make an
immediate free Declaration of War on the
aggressor, even if you have a Truce or Alli-
ance with them.
You never suffer any penalties (for Royal
Marriages or anything else) for honoring a
Call to Arms from an Ally under attack.
Such a Declaration of War may still trig-
ger a Battle as described on the Declare War
Action but you get no free Activate Army/
Fleet Action.
How you choose to participate in the War
beyond that point is up to you.
If you choose to not honor a Call to Arms,
your suffer the following consequences:
• Alliance will be terminated, and you must
remove the Alliance token and 5 Influence
from your former Ally's Areas.
• You lose 2 VP.
• Your former Ally, if a player, will get a
Dishonored Call Casus Belli on you.
• If you are already involved in another
26
War, you are allowed to ignore the Call to
Arms without any penalty.
Sending a Call to Arms
If you are at War, you may send a Call to
Arms to your Allies during a Recruit Action.
You may only send a Call to Arms once per
Round, but you may call on any number of
Allies when you do it.
Calling in Allies in Defensive Wars
If you are being attacked, your NPR Allies
will immediately join you in the War if you
send a Call to Arms, as long as they are not
already at War.
The number of Units contributed by
each NPR Ally in a defensive War is equal to
twice the number of Influence tokens that
you have in their Areas, but limited to their
Manpower (1/2 their current Tax Income).
These appear immediately as described
below.
Calling in Allies in Offensive Wars
If you have one or more Alliances when you
Declare War on another Realm, you may
persuade NPR Allies to join you in this war
by discarding Influence from your NPR
Ally's Areas during a Recruit Action.
Your NPR Ally will contribute a number
of Units equal to twice the amount of Influ-
ence discarded from their Areas, up to their
Manpower (1/2 of their Tax Income).
You may discard Colonists instead of
Influence to make Allies on Distant Conti-
nents join you in an offensive War.
Allied NPR Forces in a War
War Type NPR Contribution
Defensive # Units equal to 2x Influence
War in Ally's Areas
Offensive # Units equal to 2x Influence
War discarded from Ally's Areas
When an NPR Ally enters into War on your
side, you may immediately place an available
Army miniature (if you have one) in one of
your Ally's Areas, and place the appropriate
number of NPR Units in the Infantry sec-
tion on your corresponding Army Mat.
You may activate and move such an Army
around like any other Army of yours for the
remainder of the War, by spending Military
Power. Any Casualties are simply moved to
the General Supply.
 Your total number of Armies on the
board is still limited to 2 (or 3 if you have the
"Grand Army" Idea).
Your Ally will still defend their own Areas
as normal, like any other NPR.
If another player attacks an Area of your
Ally where you have an Army located, your
Ally will defend as described above, and
these Units will fight alongside the Units in
your Army. The extra Units defending their
own Area will never be added to your Army
Mat, and they will be removed after the
Battle is over. But all Allied forces will fight
as one faction, rolling the same Battle Dice,
for the duration of the Battle.
Negotiating Peace Terms
on Behalf of an Ally
You will be able to Negotiate Peace Reso-
lutions on behalf of your NPR Allies if you
controlled their forces in that War.
Alliances between Player Realms
Player Realms are allowed to enter into Alli-
ances with each other, but you can never con-
trol the Military Units of a Player Realm Ally,
unless the other party volunteers to place their
Military Units into one of your Armies.
Such an Alliance does not require an Ac-
tion Card to be played, but is merely agreed as
a part of a Player to Player Diplomacy Action.
Conflicting Alliances
If you are Allied to a Realm which attacks
another of your Allies, you will still get a Call
to Arms from the defender.
You will suffer the normal penalties from
refusing to honor this Call to Arms.
If you choose to honor the call from the
defender, you will instead be at War with
the attacking Realm, and must annul the
Alliance you had with the attacker. This is
the only instance where you are allowed to
Declare War on an Ally, and you will suffer
no penalties for doing so.
Vassals
Vassals are subordinate
Realms that have limited
independence. They pay 1/2
of their income to their overlord, as well as
adding to their overlord's Manpower.
It is possible to Vassalize an NPR as a
result of Peace Resolution after a War, or
through Diplomatic means.
Events may cause Vassals to break free
from the ties to their overlord.
Diplomatic Vassalization
and Annexation
By using the Vassalize/Annex Action Card,
you may diplomatically subjugate NPRs.
This requires that they must first be your
Ally. Remove the Alliance token once they
have become your Vassal, and place Vassal
tokens on all of their Provinces (2 tokens on
Large Provinces). Your Royal Marriage to-
ken stays, but all other players must remove
any Marriage ties they had to this Realm.
In time a Vassal may be politically Annex­
ed and thus fully integrated into the Realm
of their overlord.
To use the Vassalize/Annex card on an
NPR, you need to have a Base Tax Income
which is at least twice as high as their Tax
Income. You also need to be able to discard
Influence equal to their Tax Income from
any of their Areas.
If you have a Royal Marriage with an
NPR, you simply need to have a Base Tax
Income which is higher than the NPR you
are subjugating.
A Royal Marriage is also required to Vas-
salize an NPR that has Vassals of its own. In
this case the NPR's Vassals are released, and
become independent NPRs.
NPRs on Distant Continents
It is not possible to diplomatically Vassalize
or Annex NPRs on the Distant Continents.
The Papal State
It is not possible to Vassalize the Papal State.
Vassals in Wars
Vassals will not act independently in Wars.
To capture the Provinces of someone's Vas-
sal, you must Declare War on their overlord.
The Vassal simply provides Manpower for
their overlord, as shown on the Vassal track.
Non-Player Realms
Non-Player Realms (NPRs) are the various
states, nations, tribes and principalities
found on the map board that are not a part
of any Player Realm.
Each NPR has its own flag, or coat of
arms, and all Provinces bearing that flag
belongs to that NPR.
27
Diplomatic Relations
with NPRs
Players have various ways of interacting with
NPRs through diplomatic means.
The different possible relations that they
may have with an NPR, are described in the
Diplomatic Relations chapter.
NPRs with Vassals
Some NPRs have Vassals.
Vassal Provinces have
the flag of their over-
lord pictured as a small
flag next to the main
Province flag on the
board.
The NPR's Vassals will always assist their
overlord in Wars, contributing in the exact
same way as the NPR's own Provinces. The
Vassal Provinces may also be ceded in a
Peace Resolution in just the same way.
Diplomatically Vassalizing an NPR that
has Vassals requires a Royal Marriage with
the NPR, and the Vassalization will not in-
clude the Provinces belonging to the NPR's
own Vassals. The Vassals of the NPR will
then become independent Realms.
Active NPRs
In some scenarios and with low player
counts, certain NPRs are designated as
Active NPRs.
These NPRs are highlighted using tokens
to mark the Provinces that they own.
Active NPRs are, as the term suggest, more
active than normal NPRs. They are activat-
ed when a matching trigger appears on an
Event Card that is played. When this hap-
pens they will normally capture a Regular
Province from a neighboring NPR, or estab-
lish a Colony.
When an NPR attacks its neighbor in
this manner it does not activate any Allianc-
es that the NPRs involved might have with
Player Realms.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Warfare vs. NPRs
Attacking an NPR's Areas
When a Player Realm is at War with an
NPR which is not Allied to any other Player
Realm, the NPR will defend according to
the following system.
Every time a player moves any of his Mil-
itary Units into an Area of an NPR they are
at War with, a Battle immediately takes place.
The NPR will always defend their Areas with
a number of Infantry Units equal to their
Military Capacity for this Area (Tax Value of
all their Provinces inside of that Area and all
adjacent Areas). These units all appear in the
Area under attack.
All Coastal Provinces (Ports), owned by
the NPR, that are adjacent to the same Sea
Zone as the Area under attack, count as adja-
cent to that Area and will also provide Units.
Units provided by Provinces adjacent across a
Sea Zone can be blocked by a player having a
Fleet in that Sea Zone.
Any Provinces originally owned by the
NPR, that have been Sieged by an Enemy
do not provide any Units for defense. Nei-
ther does NPR Provinces in adjacent Areas
where Hostile Units are located, or NPR
Advanced Rules: NPRs attacking Player Realms
Playing Event Cards with the NPR Ex-
pansion icon may result in Active NPRs
attacking adjacent Player Realms if the
active player so wishes, and can meet the
requirements.
First of all, the active player needs to
have more Influence than what the in-
tended target Player Realm has, in Areas
of the NPR which is activated. Then the
active player must discard two Influence
tokens from any of these Areas.
Also, one of the conditions below must
be met:
• The target Player Realm has no Influ-
ence in any Areas of the Active NPR
• The target Player Realm has a lower
Tax Income than the NPR
• The target Player Realm is at War with
a Realm which is allied to the NPR
• The NPR's Capital Area has another
Religion than the State Religion of the
target Player Realm.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Provinces adjacent to Sea Zones containing
Hostile Ships.
NPR Navies
Each time you move your Ships into a Sea
Zone adjacent to an NPR that you are at War
with, they will engage your Ships in a Naval
Battle (unless you already have Ships there).
The number of NPR Ships that appear
here is equal to their number of Ports facing
the Sea Zone in question. These are all Light
Ships, except in the Mediterranean and Black
Sea, where they are all Galleys.
The Naval Battles are conducted using
the same procedure as for Land Battles, as
described below.
NPRs on the Distant Continents
NPRs on the Distant Continents defend
each of their Provinces with a number of
Units equal to the strength of the Province
that is under attack plus the strength of ev-
ery adjacent Province.
Each regular Province on the Distant
Continents has a strength of 2, while every
large Province has a strength of 4.
Fighting Several NPRs in an Area
If an Area that you attack contains Provinces
An NPR will however never attack a Play-
er Realm to which they are Allied, or a
Player Realm which is not adjacent to the
NPR.
When an NPR attacks a Player Realm
they always attack an Area of that Player
Realm which is adjacent to the NPR.
The active player chooses which adjacent
Area is being attacked, adds Unrest to two
Provinces of the target Player Realm, and
then places a number of Rebel Units equal
to the NPR's Manpower (1/2 of current
Tax Value of all their Provinces) in this
Area.
If the Player Realm has any Military
Units in the Area, a Battle will ensue
immediately, using the normal rules for
Battles vs. NPR Forces.
From this moment onwards, the Units
behave like regular Rebels.
No Sieges will take place until the
Peace & Rebels Phase.
28
belonging to more than one NPR that you
are at War against, all defending Units from
the combined Military Capacity of these
NPRs will face you in a single Battle.
Battles vs. NPR Forces
NPR Units always act as Infantry in Land
Battles and as Light Ships in Naval Battles.
If they have a strength of three or more
Units, draw a card from the top of the Mil-
itary Deck at the start of the Battle; if this
card has an Advisor on it, that Army/Fleet
has no Leader; if this card has a Leader on it,
use his Military Skill just like with any other
General/Admiral – discard the card at the
end of the Battle.
NPRs always give up resistance if they
have less Units than their opponent after the
first Round of Battle, unless the Area they
are currently defending is their Capital Area,
or the last Area where they still control any
Provinces. If the NPR forfeits the Battle, sim-
ply remove all their Units from the board.
If the Battle takes place in their Capital
Area or the last Area in which there are
Provinces under the NPR's control, they will
always fight to the last Unit, and never give
up. NPR Ships will fight to the last Ship if
the Sea Zone is next to their Capital Area.
Optional Rule: Lend a Helping Hand
All players are allowed to back NPRs in
Battles, with Military Cards from their
own hand.
Aftermath of Battles
Once a player has won a Battle against one
or more NPRs, they may Siege any Hostile
Provinces inside that Area as normal on their
next Turn. If the player's forces leave the Area
without Sieging or leaving any Units behind,
the NPR will defend it in the same manner
the next time a Hostile force enters the Area.
Whenever an NPR wins a defensive
Battle, the NPR Units are removed from the
board afterwards. They will defend in the
same way again if a Player Realm sends a
new force to attack them.
Rebels
Unrest
A Town or Vassal Province
with Unrest is flipped so
the Unrest icon is face up
(instead of the flag). Unrest
on your Towns and Vassals forces you to roll
Rebel Dice.
NPR Provinces can never have Unrest.
Rolling Rebel Dice
Players that own Provinces
with Unrest must roll Rebel
Dice for each of these at the
end of each Peace & Rebels
Phase, but will also frequently be required to
roll Rebel Dice as a result of Events.
When doing this each player must roll all
Rebel Dice simultaneously.
Rebel Dice Outcomes
Province
taken over Lose 2 Ducats
by rebels
Lose 1 MP No effect
Exhaust
Remove Unrest
1 Manpower
A Rebel Siege is assigned, by the affected
player, to any Town or Vassal Province with
Unrest that they have. They must remove
their token and return it to the Province or
Vassal track on their player mat. If the Prov-
ince flag revealed belongs to the player, place
a Rebel Town there, otherwise the Province
declares independence as described below.
If you do not have any MP or Available
Manpower when rolling the Rebel Dice,
you must pay 2 Ducats instead when getting
such a result. If required to pay Ducats you
must take a Loan if you are out of money.
If you have already got five or more Loan
tokens in your Treasury when this happens,
your Realm goes Bankrupt (see page XX).
Rebel Sieges
Rebel Units on the board will
(in the Peace & Rebels Phase)
Siege any Provinces that they
can, that have Unrest.
They will prefer large Provinces if capable
of Sieging them. If there are several Player
Realms that Provinces with Unrest in the
same Area, the player with the lowest Tax
Income in this Area chooses which Province
the Rebels will Siege (within the limits of
the criteria above).
A single Rebel Unit can Siege one regular
Province. Two Rebel Units can siege a large
Province or two regular Provinces, and so on.
Remove player Towns from Provinces
that have been sieged by Rebels. If the Prov-
ince bears the flag of a Player Realm, a Rebel
Control token is placed on top of the Sieged
Province.
­Declaring Independence
Provinces that are occupied by Rebels
immediately declare Independence if they
have another flag printed on the board than
that of the Player Realm they are rebelling
against. Immediately remove the player's
Towns from the board.
These liberated Provinces now, yet again,
belongs to the Realm that they originally
belonged to, whether that Realm still exists
or whether it reemerges as an independent
Realm. The afflicted player gets to place a
Claim on each of the Areas that are affected.
Any Rebel Units located in Areas where
Realms declare Independence are removed if,
and only if, no Provinces with Unrest remain.
Optional Rule: Religious Rebels
Religious Rebels want the Realm they
rebel against to convert the State Religion
into the Religion of their Area.
Provinces occupied by Rebels in Areas
with Religious Dissent will will be re-
turned to the control of the owner if the
State Religion is changed to the Religion
in their Area.
A Player Realm can only give in to
the demands of Religious Rebels if their
Capital is occupied by Religious Rebels
or if the Religion of the Rebels belongs
to the same Religious Group as the State
Religion.
If Religious Rebels occupy Provinces
worth more than half your Base Tax In-
come they will force convert the State Reli-
gion of your Realm to the most widespread
other Religion in your own Areas.
Religion
Religion is tracked by Area and not by Prov-
ince. Provinces belong to the Religion of the
Area they are located in.
It is recommended that alle players place
Religion tokens on all of their Areas that do
not belong to their State Religion, even if the
Religion is printed on the board, to make it
clearly visible.
All Areas are considered to belong to one
of the following Religions:
29
• Catholic/Counter-Reformed Catholic
• Protestant (not available until Age II)
• Orthodox
• Muslim
• Diverse Faiths
The first two are on many occasions referred
to as the Western Religious Group, and Player
Realms may convert State Religion between
these two Religions from Age II onwards.
Catholics
Western Religious Group
The Catholic faith dominates
all of Western Europe at the
start of Age I.
With the introduction
of Protestantism in Age II,
Catholicism will lose some
ground in Europe, but
the Council of Trent Event
enables Catholics to embrace the Counter-­
Reformation.
Counter-Reformed Realms are still
considered to be Catholic, but the Counter-­
Reformed version of Catholicism is more
resistant to the spread of Protestantism since
it is itself an Infectious Faith.
Catholic Abilities
Player Realms with Catholicism as the State
Religion have access to the Papal mechan-
ics. Using Man of the Church Action Cards,
Catholic Player Realms may take control of
the Papal Curia, and thereby getting access
to certain bonuses as well as the Papal Ac-
tions (See chapter X).
From Age II onwards, Catholic Realms
may convert to Protestantism.
Protestants
Western Religious Group
The Protestant faith does
not exist at the start of Age I,
but is introduced with Age II
– The Age of Reformation. In the second
Age a number of Events, particularly The
Reformation, will introduce Protestantism in
Western and Central Europe.
Protestantism is considered an Infectious
Religion.
Protestant Abilities
Protestant Realms get a discount of 1 AP
on the Convert Area Action and the Develop
Province Action Card.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
 Protestant Realms may convert to Catho­
licism.
Orthodox
The Orthodox Christian
faith dominates most of
Eastern Europe.
Orthodox Abilities
Realms with Orthodox State Religion get a
discount of 1 AP on Raising Stability, when
inreasing from -1 to 0, or from 0 to +1.
Muslims
The Muslim faith dominates
most of Anatolia, the Middle
East and Northern Africa. The
Muslim states have been fight-
ing Wars with the Christians for centuries,
and may still be targeted by Crusades and
Holy Wars. Muslim Player Realm may also
wage Holy Wars against Non-Muslim Realms
Muslim Abilities
Muslim Realms may replace one of the
three basic Infantry Dice with a Cavalry Die
in any Battle. They also get a discount of 1
AP on the Convert Area Basic Action and
the Man of the Church Action Card (but can
only use it for converting Areas).
Other Religions
Religions for Realms located on the Distant
Continents are not detailed any further in
this game, since these Realms are not play-
able.
The Anatomy of Missions and Milestones
Mission
Mission's Realm Mission title VP provided
affiliation by Mission
(here: England)
Effect of
completing
Mission
Starting Missions
have a green
background
Required Mission(s). One of the
­required Missions must be completed
before you may select this Mission.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Diverse Faiths
Sometimes the Area simply
has a Diverse Faiths token,
because there is not a single
faith that is dominating in that
Area, or the dominant faith of the Area is
considered heretical or simply deviates from
all the major Religions.
Areas with Diverse Faiths are always con-
sidered to be in a state of Religious Dissent
(see below) for all Player Realms, regardless
of what their State Religion is.
Infectious Faiths
Protestantism and Counter-Reformed Ca-
tholicism are considered Infectious Faiths,
which means that they can spread even
without the active help of any player.
Religious Dissent
When a Player Realm has Provinces located
within an Area that has another Religion
than their State Religion, that Area is con-
sidered to be in a state of Religious Dissent.
Players must add Unrest to one Province
in each of their own Areas that are in a state
of Religious Dissent, every Round during
the Peace & Rebels Phase.
Converting Areas
Player Realms may convert Areas to their
State Religion by performing the Convert
Action, or by playing the Develop Province or
Man of the Church Action Cards. This re-
quires that the player owns all the Provinces
in that Area.
Completion requirements
description
Mission ID Unlocked Mission(s). Missions that
are made available for selection by
completing this Mission.
30
State Religion
Each playable Realm has a State Religion
defined at the start of the game. Religion
sets some limits to certain Actions, like Roy-
al Marriages and gaining control of the Papal
Curia.
Only Catholics or Protestants may volun-
tarily change their State Religion, by taking
the Change State Religion Basic Action, and
even they can only change to the other faith
belonging to the same Religious Group.
The other ways that State Religion may
change is either as a result of giving in to the
demands of Religious Rebels, or as a result of
Peace Terms where another Religion is forced
upon you by the Realm that won the War.
Missions
Each of the Major Powers of the game has
a deck of Mission Cards from which to
choose. Each Scenario will specify what
Missions are available to each playable
Realm at the start of the game.
Some Missions are indicated as starting
Missions for the regular game set-up by
having a green title and background. For a
1444 set-up players will normally pick two
of these starting Missions at the beginning.
All missions have a Mission ID (in red
circle, bottom center). Often a Mission will
require you to complete another Mission
(on the left of the Mission ID) before you
can complete and score it, and often it opens
Milestone
Milestone title VP reward
for 1st player
to complete
Milestone
VP reward for
2nd player
VP reward for
3rd player
Resource reward
for completing
Milestone
up other Missions that you may pick (on the
right of the Mission ID).
Missions have certain Completion Re-
quirements and a description of the Effects
that take place when these requirements
have been met.
Additionally each Mission rewards the
player who completes it with a number of
VPs, stated on the banner in the top right
corner.
A player who has completed the require-
ments of one of his Missions, may choose to
disclose this at any time, to collect the VPs
and take advantage of the effects. The re-
quirements must however be met at the time
of scoring the Mission. Having previously
met the requirements at an earlier stage of
the game does not qualify.
Once you complete and score a Mission,
you may pick a new Mission from your Mis-
sion deck in the next Draw Cards Phase.
Milestones
Milestones are very similar to Missions, but
they are public and may be scored by anyone
who can meet the completion requirements.
There are always four Milestones avail-
able for players to compete over – one card
is drawn at random from each of the four
Sort order indicator. The Anatomy of an Event Card
(1) goes in first half
of deck, and (2) in
the second half. (X)
can go anywhere.
Event section
of card
A) and B)
­option of Event
Secondary effects
section of card
Icons relating to secondary effects Icons relating to character mortality
suits (Expansion, Politics, Warfare and Eco-
nomics) for the current Age.
The first player to complete a Milestone
scores 5 VP, the second player scores 3 VP,
and the third scores 1 VP. Tag the Milestone
with a cube from your supply when you
complete it.
There is also a reward in the form of
Monarch Power or Ducats (lower right
corner of the card), which is the same for all
players completing the Milestone.
At end of each Age, all Milestones are
discarded, and new ones are drawn from the
decks for the next Age.
Milestones may also be replaced whenev-
er the Comet Sighted Event shows up. In this
case draw new Milestones from the remain-
ing ones for the current Age.
Events
The Events Cards are a deck of cards that
control the happenings in the game that are
more or less outside the players’ control and
that gives a sense of the flow of history.
The Event Deck in the Base Game is
divided into two Ages; the Age of Discovery
(I) and the Age of Reformation (II). There
are two more Ages in the expansion; the
Age of Absolutism (III) and the Age of Rev-
Event Card
ID number
Event illustration
Event description
Character name
Historical Ruler
section of card
Historical Ruler
portrait
Leader's skill values in each type of
Monarch Power, if serving as your Ruler
31
olutions (IV). The Ages in the Event Deck
enter play in chronological order. First you
go through all the Events in Age I, then Age
II etc.
The cards include historical events, like
specific wars, revolutions, independence
declarations, discoveries, papal decrees, the
Reformation and so on but also more gener-
ic events that could have happened at any
time and place, like epidemics, poor har-
vests, native attacks, revolts among others.
Some Events have a flag in the lower right
corner. These are specific to certain Realms
and are only used if these are active Player
Realms in the Scenario you are playing.
Preparing an Event Deck
Pick all the Event cards for the current Age
that listed in the Scenario Set-up.
Within each Age, the Event Cards are
marked with either a (1), a (2) or an (X)
in a circle in the top left corner of the Event
image. First, place all the cards marked with
(1) in one stack, and all cards marked with
(2) in another. Then all the (X) cards are
shuffled together. Distribute the (X) cards
among the (1) and (2) stacks so that the
stacks have equally many cards. Then shuffle
the (1) stack to form the top half the Event
deck for that Age, and the (2) stack, to form
the bottom half of the deck.
Card title
Use of the
word "you"
always refers
to the player
who plays the
Event card
Battle Dice
provided if
employed as
a General
Event's Realm
affiliation
(Poland here)
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Number of Events per Age
2 players: 16 Events per Age (8 A-Events,
4 B-Events, 4 Realm Specific Events) –
2 Events per player per round
3 players: 16 Events per Age (8 A-Events,
2 B-Event, 6 Realm Specific Events)
4 players: 16 Events per Age (8 A-Events,
0 B-Events, 8 Realm Specific Events)
5 players: 20 Events per Age (8 A-Events,
2 B-Events, 10 Realm Specific Events)
6 players: 24 Events per Age (8 A-Events,
4 B-Events, 12 Realm Specific Events)
Playing an Event Card
Each Round you have to take the Event Ac-
tion at some stage during the Action Phase.
When you pick and play an Event, the effects
of the card are executed in a particular order.
First you resolve the Event text in the
main section of the card, choosing option
A) or B) if applicable. Then you resolve the
bottom part of the card.
Sometimes this will be a historical Ruler
that may get activated for the Player Realm
that it belongs to.
On other Events there is a row of sym-
bols with various effects (described below).
These symbols are always resolved in order
from left to right.
Historical Rulers
If a player plays an Event associated with
their own Realm, they must replace their
current Ruler with the historical Ruler on
the card (if there is one).
If an opponent plays the Event, the player
whom the historical Ruler is associated with
may decide whether to activate this Ruler
or not.
Disasters
Some Events are labeled as Disasters, indi-
cated by having title colored in red. These
are Events which are very bad for the Realms
that get affected by it. A Realm may only suf-
fer the effects of one Disaster each Round.
Conditions and Circumstances
Some Event effects will not trigger unless
certain conditions are met.
If an Event says that someone will get an
Alliance with a Realm, this Realm must be
an independent NPR for this to take effect.
The same thing must be true for a Realm to
become the Vassal of a Player Realm. NPRs
that have already been Vassalized or An-
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
nexed will not defect to other Player Realms.
An NPR may however switch their Alliance
from one player to another as a consequence
of an Event.
Influence gained from Events cannot be
placed in Areas where a player owns all of
the Provinces. The limit for Influence in an
Area cannot be exceeded, but a player who
gains Influence from an Event is allowed
to remove other players' Influence in order
to make space for their own Influence (if
required).
Event Symbols
& Secondary Effects
In addition to the actual event described on
the cards, there are some symbols on some
of the cards that affect, among other things,
Unrest/Rebels, NPR behavior and the mor-
tality of characters (Leaders and Advisors)
in the game.
The effects of these symbols (described
below) are resolved in order from left to
right, after the main Event text has been
resolved.
Note: "You" in the descriptions below
always refers to the player that plays the
Event. Auto-resolution rules are only used in
3-player games (see page XX).
Character Mortality
All characters with a symbol next to their
portrait matching the symbol on the Event
played will receive an Ill Health token. Char-
acters who receive their second token will
leave their worldly duties and their card is
discarded.
Unrest/Rebellion
All players must roll a Rebel Die for each
Province with Unrest they have, following
the same procedure as in the Peace and
Rebels Phase, step F.
The active player rolls a maximum of one
Rebel Die.
NPR Expansion
For each symbol with the color of an Active
NPR that appear on an Event Card, it means
that you must choose an NPR matching this
color that will expand their Realm. Normal-
ly they do this by simply capturing a Prov-
ince from an adjacent NPR. You may choose
which Province the NPR captures.
From Age II onwards, Active NPRs with
32
Ports adjacent to any Atlantic Sea Zone may,
if you wish, establish a Colonial Province in
a Territory when expanding.
Auto-resolution: No NPR Expansion.
Advanced Rules: NPRs Attacking Players
If an adjacent Player Realm meets certain
conditions, you may decide that the NPR
declares War on that player instead. The
conditions and procedure for this is de-
scribed in the Warfare vs. NPRs chapter.
Native Uprising
Each player loses 1 Colonist from the Col-
onist Pool and gains Unrest in a Distant
Town.
The active player may choose one of the
two effects to ignore.
Lost at Sea
You choose one Ship of each other player
NOT adjacent to a friendly Port to be re-
moved.
Auto-resolution: Each player chooses
for themselves.
Pirates
Place a Pirate Ship in a maritime Trade
Node of your choice. As long as the Pirate
Ship is there it reduces the Trade Power of
all Realms by one in this node. The Pirate
may be fought by anyone like any other
enemy Ship, by Ships located in Sea Zones
adjacent to the Trade Node.
Auto-resolution: Place the Pirate Ship
in the Trade Node with the most Merchants.
First tie breaker: Expanded node, second tie
breaker: alphabetic.
Religious Ideas Spreading
You may place a new Religion token adja-
cent to every individual cluster of
Infectious Religion tokens (Protes-
tant and Counter-Refor­med) al-
ready on the board, of similar type
as the cluster it is placed next too.
A maximum of four new tokens
may be placed.
If there are no Infectious Religion tokens
on the board, place two Diverse Faiths to-
kens in any Catholic Areas that are not adja-
cent to a Sea Zone in the Mediterranean.
A cluster is any body of connected Areas
that contain Religion tokens of the same
type. A single token that is not adjacent to
any other token is considered a separate
cluster.
Tokens separated by Sea are always con-
sidered separate clusters, but Areas connected
to the same Sea Zone are considered adjacent
for the purpose of placing new tokens.
A new token placed in an Area already
containing a token will replace the old one.
You may place the tokens in any order
you like, but a token may never be used to
replace another token placed on the same
Turn. If there are more than four clusters,
you may choose which ones to place new
tok­ens by, but you cannot place more than
two tokens of the same Religion if there are
other options available. If placing a token
merges two clusters, you must still place a
token next to each of the original clusters,
but next time they will count as one.
Auto-resolution: Spread Infectious
faiths (alternating between Protestant and
Counter-Reformed, starting with Protes-
tant) into adjacent Areas: prefer Areas with
at least 1 player Town, ties broken by alpha-
betical (name of area).
If placing additional diverse faith instead,
pick alphabetically. Ignore areas that are
already in Religious Dissent when placing
new tokens.
The Holy Roman
Empire (HRE)
The Holy Roman Empire in the age of Eu-
ropa Universalis is an institution that makes
its ruler a force to be reckoned with in any
comparison, but it is also a difficult beast to
tame. It comes with great power, but also
great responsibility, and its member states
aren't necessarily always bending to the will
of their overlord.
In the 1444 Grand Campaign game,
Austria is the Holy Roman emperor.
Imperial Authority
Being the Holy Roman Emperor, you have
an Imperial Authority (IA) ranging from 0
to +6. Imperial Authority grants different
bonuses depending on what level you are at.
The Emperor starts with a +3 IA.
Increased Manpower and Income
Your Imperial Authority level is added di-
rectly to your Manpower value. If you go up
or down you must adjust your Manpower
Pool accordingly.
Your Imperial Authority level is also
added directly to your Tax Income in the
Income & Upkeep Phase. This additional
Tax Income is not considered to be part of
your Base Tax Income, and is not included
when calculating Manpower.
Additional Monarch Power
If you have an Imperial Authority of +2 or
+3, you get one additional DP each Round
in the Income & Upkeep Phase. At +4 and
+5 you get an additional DP and an MP, and
at +6 you get two additional DP and one
MP each Round.
Gaining/ Losing Imperial Authority
As the Emperor you can increase your Impe-
rial Authority by one step as an Action (by
spending AP equal to 2 plus your current
IA level), by winning wars versus external
attackers, and by reincorporating original
HRE Areas..
Imperial Authority can be lost as a con-
sequence of the Emperor neglecting his
duty to defend his Subjects (or by failing in
an attempt to do so), by an Area leaving the
HRE, or if the Emperor Declares War on
one of his Imperial Subjects without having
a Casus Belli.
IA gain/
Event/Action
loss
Spend AP (2 + current IA) +1
Win War vs. non-HRE attacker +1
Reincorporate HRE Area +1
Ignore attack by non-HRE
–1
attacker on HRE member
An Area leaves the HRE –1
Lose War vs. non-HRE attacker –1
Emperor Declares War on
–1
HRE member without a CB
33
HRE Lands
All Provinces inside the dotted HRE border
are considered part of the HRE, unless a
"Not HRE" token has been placed in the
Area in question (See Leaving and Rejoin-
ing the HRE below).
For the HRE to retain its integrity and
unity, it is important that the Emperor makes
sure that HRE Provinces are owned by mem-
ber states, and not by external Realms.
Members of the HRE
All Realms that have their Capital inside
of the dotted HRE border is considered a
member state of the HRE.
Unlawful Province Occupants
If an HRE Province is owned or vassalized
by an external Realm (Capital outside the
HRE), this Realm is considered an unlawful
occupant.
The Emperor has a permanent Imperial
Liberation Casus Belli against all such un-
lawful occupants. If an Area in its entirety
leaves the HRE (as described below), these
Provinces are no longer considered part of
the HRE, and the Emperor then loses this
Casus Belli.
In the 1444 set-up there are three such
unlawful occupants with Provinces and/or
Vassals inside the HRE. These are Burgundy,
Venice and Denmark.
Defending the HRE
The Emperor gets a Call to Arms Casus Belli
on any non-member state who attacks a
Realm within the HRE.
As the Emperor you are considered to
have a special Alliance with all HRE mem-
ber Realms whenever you are defending a
HRE member (including yourself) against
an external attacker, as long as you have an
IA of at least +1.
In such cases, you can, as Emperor, send
a Call to Arms (during a Recruit Action)
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
to your Imperial Subjects (as well as your
Allies), and the member states will support
you with troops for the duration of the War.
The number of Units contributed by
HRE members in a defensive War is equal
to half the total number of Influence tokens
that the Emperor has in HRE Areas. The
Emperor can raise a maximum of 8 Units
from his Subjects, and this Call to Arms can
only be utilized once per Round.
These Units may be deployed in one of
your Armies in any HRE Area.
Leaving & Rejoining
the HRE
If all the Provinces in an HRE
Area are owned or vassal-
ized by a Realm which has
its Capital Province located
outside the HRE, that Area will
automatically leave the HRE. Place a "Not
HRE" token in the Area.
If an Area leaves the HRE the Emperor
loses one IA. IA loss for Areas that leave
through Events have been accounted for in
the Event effects described on the card.
Reincorporating Areas
If the Emperor conquers, vassalizes, or liber-
ates all the Provinces in an Area which was
originally part of the HRE, the Area auto-
matically gets reincorporated, and the "Not
HRE" token is removed.
If an Area gets reincorporated into the
HRE the Emperor gains one IA.
Internal HRE Wars
If you, as Emperor, do not have a Casus Belli
when Declaring War on one of your Imperial
Subjects, you will lose one IA, and must
remove 3 Influence from HRE Areas (in
addition to the regular penalties for no CB).
NPR Emperor
If the HRE region is in play, but the Emper-
or is controlled by an NPR, the HRE Mat is
still used to keep track of IA. IA starts on +3
as usual, and goes down one step each time
an Area leaves the HRE, and up one step
whenever an Area gets reincorporated.
Roll a six sided die at the end of the
Round to see if IA increases or decreases.
If the roll is two higher (or more) than the
current IA, it increases by one step. If the
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
roll is two lower (or less), it decreases by one
step.
The number of Units that defend an HRE
Area under attack is always as follows:
Units defending Areas in NPR HRE
Military Capacity of defending Realm
+ Triple IA
– Twice the number of HRE Areas occu-
pied by non-HRE Armies
Imperial Elections
Advanced Rules
Whenever the Ruler of the Realm that con-
trols the Emperor dies, an Imperial Election
is held if the Emperor's IA is +4 or less.
The new Emperor belongs to the Realm
that has the most Influence in the Elector
Areas in the HRE.
Elector Areas are indi-
cated with an Imperial
eagle on the board.
Ties for most Influence
are won by the current
Emperor. Elector A ­ reas
that have left the HRE
do not count.
A Realm does not need to be a member
of the HRE to be eligible for election as
Emperor.
No elections are held if the Emperor is
controlled by an NPR.
The Papal Curia
and Papal Actions
Only Player Realms with a Catholic State
Religion may influence the Papal Curia by
playing Man of the Church Action Cards.
Having control of more Cardinals than
anyone else on the Papal Curia track makes
you the Papal Controller and gives you ac-
cess to the Papal Actions, as well as the bo-
34
nuses below. If two or more players are tied,
no one is the Papal Controller.
The Papal Controller gets 1 DP extra per
Round, pays 1 AP less to Increase Stability
and 1 Ducat less upkeep per Advisor.
Depending on the number of players
there are 4–7 Cardinal slots available on the
Papal Curia track.
The set-up for the Papal Curia at the start
of the game is described in each Scenario.
Papal Actions
Excommunicate Ruler (2 DP)
Place an Excommunicated to-
ken on the Ruler of a Cath-
olic Player Realm, or the
Capital of a Catholic NPR.
Excommunications may not
be performed in Ages III and IV.
A Player Realm who gets their Ruler
Excommunicated loses 1 VP, one Cardinal
from the Papal Curia track and must remove
4 Influence from Catholic Areas.
The Excommunication provides a Casus
Belli for all Catholic Realms on the Realm
of the Excommunicated Ruler, for as long as
the token is there.
The token stays for as long as the Ruler
lives or until the Papal Controller decides to
lift the Excommunication (free Action). In
the case of an NPR it stays until the end of
the Round.
Call Crusade (2 DP)
Place a Crusade token on the
Capital of a non-Christian
Realm. Crusades may not be
called in Ages III and IV.
The Crusade token provides a Holy War
Casus Belli on the target Realm for all Cath-
olic Realms.
If you are Catholic, Declaring War on a
Realm targeted by a Crusade immediately
grants 1 VP and 2 free Mercenary Infantry.
All Catholic Player Realms score 1 VP
per successful Siege until the end of the
Round.
The Crusade token is removed in the
Peace & Rebels Phace.

Action Phase in 2-
and 3-Player Games
2-Player Games
In a 2-player game, each player must take
two Event Actions each Round before they
may pass.
When the first player has passed, the re-
maining player may take two more Actions
before they must pass.
If the remaining player has not taken one
or both of their Event Actions at this stage,
they may nonetheless take one other Action
of their choice before taking the Event Ac-
tion(s).
In a 2-player game the First Player is
allowed to retain the First Player token by
passing first.

3-Player Games
In a 3-player game, each player takes one
Event Action.
The fourth unpicked Event is automati-
cally executed at the end of the Action Phase
if it is a Realm specific Event, in which case
option B) is always selected when there is a
choice.
The fourth Event is ignored if it is a ge-
neric Event, except for the symbols at the
bottom, which are always executed accord-
ing to the auto-resolution rules as described
on page XX.

Playing with
­Alternative Realms

35 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Appendix:
List of Ideas
Administrative Ideas
Adaptability (5 AP)
As an Action you may spend 1 Monarch
Power and 2 Ducats to draw a card of the
matching type from the discard pile. Upon
gaining this idea, draw 1 Administrative card
from the discard pile.
_____________________________
Additional Merchants (5 AP)
Allows you to recruit another Merchant and
place him in an eligible Trade Node. Upon
gaining this idea, immediately perform a
Trade Action at no DP cost (the Merchant
must be activated).
Organized Mercenary Pay (5 AP)
Mercenary Units cost 1 Ducat less to hire.
Upon gaining this idea, immediately gain a
free Mercenary Infantry.
Bureaucracy (5 AP)
Tax Income increases by 1 for every 10 Base
Tax Income you have (rounded up).
Competitive Merchants (5 AP)
Your Merchants have a Trade Power of 2.
Colonization Policy (5 AP)
Only 4 Colonists needed to colonize a Terri-
tory. Upon gaining this idea, gain 2 colonist.
Tolerance (5 AP)
Ignore Religious Dissent in up to two of
your Areas when adding Unrest. You may
re-roll one Rebel Die each Peace & Rebels
Phase.
Scientific Revolution (5 AP)
All Ideas cost one Monarch Power token
less.
Church Attendance Duty (5 AP)
The Basic Action Raise Stability costs only
5 AP.
Inquisition (5 AP)
Convert Action and Man of the Church costs
1 AP less. Upon gaining this idea, take
control of one of the Cardinals of the Papal
Curia.
EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Deus Vult (5 AP) the Diplomatic discard pile to draw a Spy
Permanent Casus Belli against adjacent Network card.
heathens and heretics.
Integrated Elites (5 DP)
Diplomatic Ideas Reduces the Influence cost of Annexing Vas-
sals, using the Vassalize/Annex Action Card,
Quest for the New World (5 DP) depending on Vassal's Tax Income:
1–3: -1 Influence
Allows you to take the Explore Action. Upon
4–6: -2 Influence
gaining this idea, gain 1 Monarch Power of
≥7: -3 Influence
your choice.
_____________________________
Shrewd Commerce Practice (5 DP)
Free Trade (5 DP) 3 Ducats extra income from every Trade
Allows you to recruit another Merchant and Action initiated by you.
place him in an eligible Trade Node. Upon
Experienced Diplomats (5 DP)
gaining this idea, immediately perform a
Forge Alliance becomes a Free Action (does
Trade Action at no DP cost (the Merchant
not take a Turn).
must be activated).
Press Gangs (5 DP) Military Ideas
For every third Light or Heavy Ship you
build during a Recruit Action, you get a Cannons (5 MP)
Allows you to recruit Artillery Units for
Light Ship for free. Allows you to build 2
your Armies. Upon gaining this idea, you
Ships per Port during a Recruit Action.
may immediately recruit 1 Artillery Unit at
Tribute System (5 DP) no additional cost.
Gain 3 Ducats whenever you Vassalize a _____________________________
Realm. Income from each of your Vassals
is increased, depending on Vassal's Tax In- Grand Army (5 MP)
come: Allows you to three Armies on the board
at the same time. Upon gaining this idea,
1–3: +1 Ducat
immediately perform a Recruit or Activate
≥4: +2 Ducats
Action at no MP cost.
Pride and Glory (5 DP)
Noble Knights (5 MP)
You may fabricate one Claim per DP spent
Re-roll up to two Cavalry Dice in any Battle.
during a Fabricate Claim Action.
Upon gaining this idea, you may immedi-
Benign Diplomats (5 DP) ately hire any Leader providing Cavalry dice
from any discard pile, as a General, for free.
Whenever you place 3 or more influence at
once during an Influence Action, place 1 ex-
Serfdom (5 MP)
tra Influence for free. Your limit of Influence
Increase Manpower by 4 Units.
placed in an area per action is increased to 3.
Military Drill (5 MP)
Cabinet (5 DP)
Replace a die of your choice (before rolling)
Add one more Alliance/Royal
with an automatic success in any Land Bat-
Marriage token to your sup-
ply. Upon gaining this Idea, tle. Upon taking this idea, take a Loan token
(without gaining the 5 Ducats).
you may place a Marriage
token on the Capital of any
Realm.
Superior Seamanship (5 MP)
Replace a die of your choice with automatic
success in any Naval Battle.
Efficient Spies (5 DP)
The Sow Discontent and Support Rebels
Actions on the Spy Network card cost 1 DP
Glorious Arms (5 MP)
Gain 1 VP each time you win a Land Battle.
less. Upon gaining this idea, look through
36
The Young can Serve (5 MP)
Refresh one more Manpower each Round.
Upon gaining this idea, immediately refresh
3 Manpower.

Defensive Mentality (5 MP)

Every time someone Sieges one of your
Provinces you may spend an MP to roll an
Infantry Die. If you roll an Infantry result,
the besieger suffers a Casualty and the Siege
fails. Upon gaining this idea, draw 2 Military
Action Cards.

Supply Trains (5 MP)

Recruit up to 2 Units directly into an Army
in a Hostile or Neutral Area during a Recruit
Military Units Action. Upon gaining this
idea, you may take a Recruit Action by pay-
ing 1 MP.

Tercios (5 MP)
Score two hits on the double hit result on
the Battle Dice (the outlined Infantry sym-
bol now counts as a hit). Infantry Unit may
still only score one hit each. Requires the
Ideas, "Cannons" and "Quest for the New
World".

37 EUROPA UNIVERSALIS
Scenario
The Age of Discovery and the Protestant Reformation
Time Period: 1444 – 1620
Number of Players: 4
Playable Realms: France (blue), Castile (yellow), England (red), Austria (white)
1st Player Round 1: France
Number of Rounds: 8

Realm Set-ups
France: Provinces/Towns:
Paris (L), Champagne
(L), Orleanais (L), Lyon­
nais (L), Saintonge,
Poitou, Armagnac, Lim-
ousin, Berry, Bourbon,
Toulouse, Languedoc
Castile: Provinces/Towns:
Madrid (L), Salamanca
(L), Sevilla (L), Astur-
ias, Badajoz, Córdoba,
Burgos, Murcia, Canary
Islands
England: Provinces/Towns:
London (L), Bordeaux
(L), North­umberland,
York, Lanca­shire, Pale,
Shrewsbury, Gloucester-
shire, Hampshire, Oxford,
Essex, Caux, Normandie,
Maine
Austria: Provinces/Towns:
Wien (L), Ostmark, Stei-
ermark, Kärnten, Lienz,
Tirol, Krain, ­Sundgau
Influence: Relations: Merchants: Military:
Languedoc (2), Scot- Kingdom of Scotland: Bordeaux, Seine: Army 1 (2
land (2), Lombardy Alliance, Duchy of ­Genoa Infantry, 1 Cavalry),
(1), Burgundy (1) Provence: Alliance, Aquitaine: Army 2
Brittany & Nor- (1 Infantry), ­Saintonge:
mandy: Claim, 1 Light Ship, Montpel-
Aquitaine: Claim lier: 1 Light Ship
Influence: Relations: Merchants: Military:
Aragón (2), Portugal Andalucía: Claim Sevilla, Genoa Castile: Army 1(2
(1), Lombardy (1), Infantry), Sevilla: 2
Central Italy (1) Light ships
Influence: Relations: Merchants: Military:
Brittany & Norman- Kingdom of Portugal: English Chan- Brittany & Nor-
dy (1), Scotland (1), Alliance and Royal nel, North Sea mandy: Army 1 (2
Seine (2), Portugal (2) Marriage Infantry), Hampshire:
1 Light Ship, London:
1 Light Ship, Lanca­
shire: 1 Light Ship
Influence: Relations: Merchants: Military:
Lorraine (1), Bohemia Emperor of HRE Adriatic Sea, Austria: Army 1 (2
(1), Upper Hungary (see note below) Wien Infantry), Krain: 1
(2), Bavaria & Swabia Light Ship
(2), Lombardy (1),
Dalmatia (1), Central
Italy (1), Rhineland
(1), Saxony (1)

Event Decks
Age I 101, 102, 111, 112, 121, 122, 131, 132, 11A, 12A, 13X, 14A, 15A, 16A, 17A, 18A
Age II 201, 202, 211, 212, 221, 222, 231, 232, 21A, 22A, 23A, 24X, 25A, 26A, 27A, 28A

Trade Deck Notes

Take out all cards that are marked with a ° or ˆ, and set them aside. Austria is the Emperor of the HRE (starting with +3 IA), and thus has
These are only added as Distant Continents are Explored. 8 Manpower

Missions Victory Conditions

All players may pick two Missions from the starting Missions (green). Most VP at the end of Age II (when there are no more Event cards to
reveal)

EUROPA UNIVERSALIS 38