Byzantines to determine what actions to take.

​This makes it
Constantinople a particularly good classroom simulation.
The history of the Byzantine Empire AD330 to AD1453. Constantinople is not a highly detailed, historically accurate
simulation of the history of the Byzantine Empire, but is
Contents
historically based and gives a sense of the real situation of
[1.0] Using These Rules the Byzantine Empire throughout its existence, and provides
[2.0] Introduction some insights into the history surrounding Constantinople
[3.0] Game Equipment and the Byzantine Empire.
[4.0] Setting Up The Game [3.0] GAME EQUIPMENT
[5.0] Sequence of Play The Game Map:​ ​The 8.5” x 11” game map shows the area
[6.0] The Game Turn around the Byzantine Empire. It has been superimposed
with spaces for the opposition nations as they encroach on
[7.0] Victory & Defeat
Roman territory, plus boxes for various housekeeping
[8.0] Event Card Phase functions.
[9.0] Opponent Phase The Administrative Board​ contains tracks for the six
[10.0] Administration Resources​ used to manage the Byzantine Empire. Together,
[11.0] Action Phase the lower three Resources (Dynasty, Economy and Religion)
are referred to as ​Developments​.
[12.0] Resolve Events Phase
The Playing Pieces: ​The cardboard game pieces represent
[13.0] Optional Rules
the ten opposition forces, hereafter referred to as units, and
[14.0] Historical Notes
the seven markers for use on the administrative tracks. The
information on units is read as follows:
[1.0] USING THESE RULES Opposition Nation​ is the national identity of that unit.
New gaming terms​, when they are initially defined, appear
in ​dark red​ lettering for quick referencing. Strength​ is the number that you must exceed on a die roll in
order to “push back” that opponent or to increase that
The instructions for this game are organized into major
resource.
“Rules” sections as shown in the ​dark green CAPS​ font, and
represented by the number to the left of the decimal point Event Cards​: Thirty Event cards are also included in the
(e.g., rule 4.0 is the fourth rule). These rules generally game. They drive the action on the board as they are
explain the game’s subject matter, components, procedures revealed, one at a time, during play.
for play, its core system, how to set it up, and how to win. [4.0] SETTING UP THE GAME
Place the five starting opponent pieces (Armenia, Persia,
With each Rule, there can be “​Cases​” that further explain a
Vandals, Goths and Huns) in the “4” space of its
rule’s general concept or basic procedure. Cases might also
corresponding track. Place the remaining opponents (marked
restrict the application of a rule by denoting exceptions to it.
with either II or III) in the inactive opponent’s box. Place the
Cases are an extension of a Rule shown in the way that they
six resource pieces (Walls, Armies, Monuments, Dynasty,
are numbered. For example, Rule 4.1 is the first Case of the
Economy and Religion) on the highlighted starting space of
fourth Rule.
the corresponding ​Resource​ track on the A ​ dministrative
Important Information​ is in ​red​ text. Board​. Sort the Event Cards into the three ages. Shuffle the
References to ​examples ​of a Rule or Case are in ​blue ​text. age III cards together and place face down in the Draw
Deck. Shuffle the age II cards together and place face down
Text in shaded boxes, like this, provides the voice of the on top of the age III cards. Finally shuffle and place the age
game’s designer, who is addressing you to explain an I cards on top of the rest of the Event cards. With a 6-sided
idea or concept that is not, itself, a Rule or Case.
die in hand (that you provide), play is ready to begin.
[2.0] INTRODUCTION
Constantinople is a solitaire game simulating the history of
[5.0] SEQUENCE OF PLAY
A complete game of Constantinople​ ​consists of a number of
the Byzantine Empire from AD330 to AD1453. The player
Game Turns ​up to 30, the number of Event Cards in the
abstractly controls the administration and military forces of deck.
the Byzantine Empire against ten separate opponents.
Random events, the actions of the opponents, and options [6.0] THE GAME TURN
for you, the Byzantine player, are determined by revealing You, the Byzantine Player, conduct each Game Turn
through a series of ‘​Phases​’ in the exact order listed below:
Event cards. If you can keep Constantinople from
destruction or collapse by the time the Draw Pile is 1. Event Card Phase: ​Reveal the top card in the ​Draw
Pile ​and place it, face-up, in the ​Action Pile​ ​(a.k.a., the
exhausted, then victory has been achieved. Although
‘discard pile’). As the top card in the Action Pile, that
designed for solo play, Constantinople can also be played as Event card becomes the new ‘​Current Event​’ you
a team game, with one team working together as the resolve that turn.
2. Opponent Phase: ​Adjust one space along its track (i.e.,
to the next numbered box) ​all ​of the Opponent armies
indicated on the card. If any opponents advance to
Constantinople, you immediately resolve a siege (see
9.3).
3. Administration Phase​: Adjust resources on your
administration tracks in accordance with the
instructions on the Event Card.
4. Action Phase: ​You may now perform up to the
indicated number of actions in an effort to build up your
resources and push back neighbouring nations
according to the rules of combat (see 11.0).
5. Resolve Events Phase:​ If instructed by the card and
according to the game situation, change the ​Activity
Status​ of opponents (active, inactive or pacified) in
accordance with the rules on ​Activity Status​ (12.0)
At the conclusion of the Resolve Events phase, begin a new
Game Turn by repeating these five steps and continue to do
so until the game is won or lost (see below).
[7.0] VICTORY & DEFEAT
Losing the Game: ​The game ends in defeat if the last wall
of Constantinople is destroyed by a besieging opponent or
either a siege or an event card requires a reduction in a
resource already in the #0 box.
The losing score is calculated as follows:
Number of cards drawn + 2 per level of monument resource + 6
per pacified opponent
Winning the Game: ​The game ends in victory at the end of the
turn in which the final Event Card is played.
The winning score is calculated as follows:
30 + 2 per level of monument resource + 6 per pacified
opponent + the current Box # location of each opponent nation
still in play + the current Box # value of the highest
development resource.
1-10 = Crushing ​defeat
11-20 = Decisive​ Defeat
21-30 = Substantial​ Defeat
31-40 = Marginal​ Defeat Marginal​ Victory
41-50 = Stalemate Marginal​ Victory
51-60 = Stalemate Substantial​ Victory
61-70 = Stalemate Decisive​ Victory
71-10 = Stalemate Crushing​ Victory
0 affect sieges.
For example: ​Historically, the Byzantines ‘lost the game’
with 44 points (a Stalemate), thus: The Vandals and
Bulgarians were pacified (12 points). The Turks besieged
and took Constantinople on Turn 30 with the Gunpowder
event (30 points). Constantinople had one monument, the
Hagia Sofia (2 points).
[8.0] EVENT CARD PHASE
Each card’s title and flavour text are provided to help ‘tell the
story’ through events from the history of Byzantium. The ​Age
of each Event Card indicates the present ​Age​ of the game. As
soon as an Event Card is played the corresponding ​Age​ is
considered to be in progress.
You should read each card as it is revealed and resolve its
Opponents Advance, Administration, and Actions as explained
in Rules 9.0, 10.0 and 11.0.
Any special rules are noted on the card itself and apply ​only
during the Game Turn when it is the ​Current Event Card​. The
only exception to this rule is the Gunpowder event (#30) which
persists after the turn in which it is drawn. When Gunpowder is
played, place the Gunpowder token on the Walls resource track
to indicate that the walls are more easily destroyed during
sieges.
[9.0] OPPONENT PHASE
The card indicates which, if any, opponent nations advance one
space that Game Turn. Advancing armies are moved to the
next-lower Box along their respective tracks (e.g., from Box #4
to Box #3). ​Retreating​ ​armies are moved to the next-higher
Box, but never past their Box #4.
[9.1] Speed Limit:​ An opponent nation never advances
more than one space in a single Game Turn.
[9.2] All Slowest: ​Two Event Cards in each A ​ ge​ state that
“All Slowest” opponents advance.​ That is, look at the highest
numbered box currently occupied by ​any o​ pponent army, then
advance ​every o​ pponent army in that same-numbered box one
space.
For example​: The Armenians and Vandals are in their
respective ‘3’ boxes, while the other active opponents are in
their ‘1’ or ‘2’ boxes. If all slowest opponents are ordered to
advance, ​both​ the Armenians and Vandals would advance to
their respective ‘2’ boxes.
[9.3] Sieges:​ If one or more advancing opponents start the
Game Turn in their #1 Box, they besiege Constantinople.
For each opponent besieging Constantinople, lose one
Development Resource​ of your choice. The besieging
armies then attack the Walls of Constantinople. If more than
one opponent attacks, begin with the strongest, then the next
strongest and so on until all sieges are resolved. If there is a
tie for strength the opponents attack in order from left to
right on the ​Opponents Advance​ section of the ​Event
Card​.
Siege Procedure
Roll a die and compare the result with the strength of the
opponent. If the ​Gunpowder​ (​Event Card #​ 30) is in effect
apply a -1 ​Die Roll Modifier​ (“​DRM​”). No other DRMs
If the modified die roll result is greater than (>) the strength
of the opponent, the siege is over and the opponent returns
to its #1 Box.
If the modified die roll result is less than or equal to (<=) the
strength of the opponent, the walls have been breached.
Reduce the ​Wall Resource ​by 1, and immediately perform
the siege procedure against the next wall. If the ​Wall
Resource​ is reduced to #0, the game is over and ends in
defeat, see section [7.0].
[10.0] ADMINISTRATION
Update the ​Resources​ on the ​Administrative Board​ in
accordance with the ​Administration​ instructions on the
Current Event​ card. Where an option is given, you choose
which resource to gain or lose.
If there are insufficient ​Resources​ available to lose when
required, Constantinople collapses to internal revolt and the
game ends in defeat (see 7.0).
Note that the maximum level of any ​Resource​ is #6. Any
increase in a ​Resource​ already in the #6 Box is lost.
[11.0] ACTION PHASE
During your Action Phase you may conduct a number of
actions up to the amount shown on the ​Current Event
Card​. You need not conduct all the actions that you are
allowed that Game Turn. ​Campaigns​ are conducted against
opponent nations on the ​Game Map​. ​Administration
actions are conducted to gain resources on the
Administrative Board​.
[11.1] If you conduct multiple actions that Turn, you are
entitled to know the results of earlier actions before deciding
which action to take next.
Campaign Procedure
Each ​Campaign​ action is conducted separately. ​Designate
one opponent nation to be the target of each Campaign and roll
a die. The die roll may be modified by a ​DRM​ on the Current
Event card, or by spending one army resource point ​before the
die roll​. Die rolls less than one are treated as ‘1,’ and die rolls
greater than six are treated as ‘6.’
If the modified die roll result is less than or equal to (<=) the
Strength ​of the designated opponent, there is no effect.
If it is greater than (>) the target opponent’s ​Strength​, that
opponent is retreated one space along its track (see 11.0).
[11.2] ​Failed Campaigns​: Opponents never advance as the
result of a failed Byzantine campaign. They simply remain in
place.
[11.3] ​Protracted Campaigns​: A single opponent can be the
target of multiple campaigns during a single Game Turn.
Administration Procedure
Each administrative action is conducted in a similar way to
Campaigns​. The “strength” of the administrative resource is
printed on the corresponding marker. This gives the target
(greater than >) number to advance the resource by one
space along its track. As with a protracted campaign, you
may attempt the same administration action or perform
different administration actions with each available action.
The resources are used as follows:
Walls​: Used to defend against sieges by opponents.
Armies​: Spent prior to a ​Campaign​ action die roll to gain a
+1 DRM to that roll.
Monuments​: Used to gain points for final scoring. Note that
the cost to gain monuments increases with each passing age.
In ​Age​ I ​Monuments​ are “strength” 2, in ​Age​ II
Monuments​ are “strength” 3, and in ​Age​ III ​Monuments
are “strength” 4.
Note that ​Monuments​ cannot be built on turn 30.
Dynasty​: Spent at any time to take a look at the following
turn’s ​Event Card​. Note that this does not trigger an
advance to that card’s ​Age​. ​Dynasty​ is also used to pacify
opponents, see [12.1]
Economy​: Spent prior to an ​Administration​ action die roll
to gain a +1 DRM to that roll. ​Economy​ is also used to
Retreat​ opponents using the Tribute Payment ​Event Card.
Religion​: Spent after conducting a failed ​Campaign​.
Allows you to re-roll that ​Campaign​ die roll, retaining any
DRM​s from ​Event Cards​ and ​Armies​ already expended.
[11.3] ​Expending Multiple Resources:​ Note that while you
are allowed to spend more than one different ​Resource​ on a
single ​Action​, you cannot spend more than one of a single
Resource ​on a single ​Action.
For example:​ You are determined to push back the Arabs.
You may spend one Army ​Resource ​point to gain +1 ​DRM
versus the Arabs, but you may not spend two ​Resource
points to gain +2. However, if the ​Campaign​ fails, you may
spend a Religion​ Resource ​point to re-roll the ​Campaign
die roll, retaining the +1 ​DRM​ for the army already spent.
[12.0] RESOLVE EVENTS PHASE
Update the ​Activity Status ​of opponents as instructed by the
Current Event ​card and depending on the game situation.
[12.1] ​Pacification​: The ​Special Rule​ on some E ​ vent Cards
can cause an opponent nation to be “​Pacified​.” Specifically, if
that opponent army is in its #4 Box during the ​Resolve Events
Phase​, you are entitled to spend an amount of development
points (​Dynasty ​or ​Religion​) specified on the ​Event Card
equal to the strength of that opponent in order to ​Pacify​ them.
Take that opponent unit off its track and place it in the
“​Pacified Opponents​” box. Any future advances by that army
are simply ignored.
For example:​ The ​Current Event​ card is Conversion. The
Religion ​Resource​ is on the #5 Box. Since the Persians are in
the #3 Box you use your final ​Action​ to launch a ​Campaign​ to
Retreat​ them to the #4 Box. You roll a ‘3’ and the ​Campaign
fails. Looking at the ​Game Map​ you see that only the Vandals
and Goths are in the #4 space. You decide to ​Pacify​ the Goths,
reducing the Religion ​Resource ​by 3, the ​Strength​ of the
Goths, and place the Goths unit in the ‘Pacified Opponents’
box.
[12.2] ​Inactive Opponents​: At the start of the game there are
five inactive opponents. During ​Age​ II and III these opponents
can be activated by the ​Special Rule​ on ​Event Cards​. When
one of these ​Event Cards​ is drawn, if the corresponding
opponent track is already occupied by an existing opponent
unit, remove that unit and place it in the ​Inactive Opponents
space. If the existing opponent has already been ​Pacified​ then
no unit is removed. Now place the new opponent in the correct
starting Box. In ​Age ​II opponents start in the #3 Box, in ​Age​ III
opponents start in the #2 Box. If an ​Event Card​ specifies an
Inactive Opponent ​to advance, that advance is ignored.
[12.3] ​Tribute Payment​: The ​Special Rule​ on the Tribute Standing for more than a millennium, if Constantinople,
Payment event allows you to reduce your Economy ​Resource the greatest city in Christendom, had not withstood the
by one point in exchange for ​Retreating​ one opponent by one many opponents who challenged her through the ages,
space. Note that you may not retreat an opponent any further Europe would likely have been overrun by Muslims, and
than the #4 Box. the course of world history, for better or worse, would
have been altered beyond all recognition.
Note that there is one pacification by Religion, one
pacification by Dynasty and one tribute payment ​Event
Card​ per​ Age.
[13.0] OPTIONAL RULES
[13.1] Easy Game Setup:​ To reduce the difficulty of the
game, increase each starting ​Resource​ on the
Administrative Board​ by 1 (medium difficulty) or 2 (easy
difficulty).​ ​Once you are familiar with the game you should
play with the indicated starting values for historical
difficulty.
[13.2] Historical Campaign: ​To play the Historical
Campaign, sort the ​Event Cards ​in to #ID order, beginning
with #1 Arianism and finishing with #30 Gunpowder. With
this deterministic order of ​Events​ it should not be necessary
to expend ​Dynasty​ resources to forecast future ​Events​.

[14.0] HISTORICAL NOTES

In AD330 Emperor Constantine moved the Roman
capital from Rome to Byzantium, thereafter known as
Constantinople. He instigated a massive building and
redevelopment project in the city, officially transferring
the Roman capital six years later. After Constantine,
successive emperors developed the city further, building
walls and monumental structures while trying to retain
the glory that was once the Roman Empire. Barbarians
assailed the Empire from all sides, with the Western
Empire finally succumbing to the Goths and Vandals.
The Eastern Roman Empire (known to history as the
Byzantine Empire) held the barbarians at bay, with
protracted war against the Persians and shorter conflicts
with the Huns, Bulgarians and Armenians.
In the late 7​th​ Century the Muslims burst out of Arabia,
seizing former Roman provinces in Egypt, Africa and
Syria, eventually besieging Constantinople itself, but
unable to penetrate the capital’s mighty walls. For the
next three centuries Constantinople remained the
Eastern-most shore of Christendom against the crashing
tide of successive waves of Islamic assaults.
Unable to reconcile the Eastern Orthodox church with the
Catholic papacy in Rome, the Byzantines sent a call to on
the West to recover Jerusalem for Christendom,
prompting the Crusades. The Kingdoms of Western
Europe sent their most rapacious knights and noblemen
to fight the Saracens, briefly recovering the Holy Land
and founding the Crusader states, but eventually sinking,
during the shameful fourth Crusade, to sacking and
plundering Constantinople itself.
Byzantine strength never recovered and the next two
centuries were a woeful tale of retreat and tribute
payment to one assailant after another. Clever emperors
played foe against foe, forging an alliance here, pointing
out a richer target there, but eventually the so-called
Empire’s treasury was depleted, as was its luck. An
80,000 strong Ottoman Turk army, wielding the latest in
siegecraft technology, the cannon, besieged and captured
Constantinople.