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Fundamental of Well Inflow Performance Relationships (IPR) and Deliverability Analysis
Fundamental of Well Inflow Performance Relationships (IPR) and Deliverability Analysis
Technology, Week 2~3
Fundamental of Well Inflow
Performance Relationships (IPR) and
Deliverability Analysis
Dr. Mofazzal Hossain
Associate Professor, ARRC Building, Room 6H25
Email: m.hossain2@curtin.edu.au
Tel: 9266 4990
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 1
Recommended Supplementary Reading Chapter:
Chapter 2: Reservoir Performance from Production Optimization using Nodal
Analysis (2nd ed) – Blackboard Location :Unit Materials>week 1‐6>Pre‐
Reading Notes
And/or
Chapter 2 – Well Production Performance ‐ Curtin Notes (pages 2.1 –
2.46) –Blackboard Location: Unit Materials>week 1‐6>Pre‐Reading Notes
Week 2 ‐ Tutorial/Workshop Preparation
Students are expected to study tutorial 1 (with solution) and solve home work
– Blackboard location :Unit Materials>week 1‐6>Tutorial
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 2
What is Inflow‐Performance Relationship (IPR)?
IPR is the relationship between inflow production (flow) rate and
bottom hole flowing pressure (Pwf) for a given reservoir conditions
(e.g. average reservoir pressure, reservoir’s rock, and fluid
properties
In practice, IPR indicates how much pressure available from a given
reservoir at the bottom of a well interfaced with that reservoir for
a given production rate
It measures the flowing capacity (ability) of a well (i.e. well
deliverability) drilled and completed in a given reservoir
It relates average reservoir pressure and flowing wellbore pressure
as a function of production rate (i.e. flow rate)
It includes reservoir pressure drop (Darcy flow) and near wellbore
effects (Openhole, cased‐perforations, other completions, skin etc)
3
IPR is the Relationship between q, and
Pwf
decreases
pwf1
IPR curve
for Multiphase phase
fluid or gas
q3 Production Rate
q1 q2
9 August 2016
Well Inflow Performance dependencies
1. Reservoir condition
– Pressure drawdown (Pr – Pwf)
– Pay zone thickness (h)
– Reservoir rock properties (e.g. permeability (k), rock
compressibility)
– Reservoir fluid properties (, B, Z, compressibility, etc)
– Reservoir relative permeabilities (for multiphase fluid)
– Reservoir boundary type and distance (open, closed,
infinite)
– Wellbore radius
– Near‐wellbore condition (e.g .open hole, perforated
cased hole, liner, gravel pack, etc)
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 5
Well Inflow Performance (cont..)
2. Flow conditions, and directions
– Transient condition /Steady state condition/Semi or pseudo‐
steady state condition
– Radial/Linear/Spherical and hemispherical flow
– Flow types (e.g. laminar or turbulent)
3. Fluid phases
‐ Single phase, Two phase, or Multi‐phase
4. Wellbore configurations
‐ Vertical/ Directional /Horizontal/ Multi‐lateral
5. Reservoir Drive Mechanism
Water Drive/Solution Gas Drive/Gas Cap drive etc
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 6
Inflow Performance Relationships (IPR)
How to generate IPR ??
• Analytically (derived based on Darcy
flow (solution of diffusivity equation)
• Empirically (derived based on well test,
flow test, or DST data)
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 7
Analytical IPR
Review of Reservoir flow conditions
1. Transient or unsteady condition
p
– Reservoir pressure wave propagated from 0
t r
wellbore does not reach any boundaries
p
(infinite‐acting reservoir), and continuously t con
r s t an t
varying with time and distance [.i.e, p
pressure deriva ve ∂p/∂t = f(r,t)] t f
(r,
t )
– This condition exist, when reservoir does
not have any finite boundary
2. Steady state condition
– Pressure at every point in the reservoir
remain constant [.i.e, pressure derivative
(∂p/∂t)r = 0]
– This condition exist when reservoir has an
open finite boundary to accept influx of
water from aquifer
3. Semi or pseudo‐steady state
condition (depleted reservoir)
– Pressure at different location declines linearly as a r = rw r = re
function of time [.i.e, pressure deriva ve (∂p/∂t)r =
constant]
– 9 August 2016
This condition exist when reservoir has a closed Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 8
finite boundary (e.g. fault).
Analytical IPR ‐Transient flow condition
Transient in flow equation for oil (and/or under‐saturated) reservoir
For Infinite Homogeneous Reservoir
Assumptions:
– Reservoir an infinite‐acting, radial, i.e. Reservoir pressure wave propagated from wellbore
does not reach any boundaries, and continuously varying with time and distance (.i.e, p = f(r,t)
– Reservoir contains slightly compressible and constant viscous, single phase fluid
– Homogeneous reservoir (constant absolute permeability)
The widely accepted solution for constant production
rate, q in case of oil reservoir for vertical well in field
unit is:
162.6qB o o kt
p wf pi Log 3 .23 0 .87 S
kh oc trw
2
i.e.
kh(pi p wf )
q
kt
162.6Bo o Log 3 .23 0 .87 S
oc trw
2
Note that several solutions of diffusivity equation are available depending
on boundary conditions. Please read any standard Reservoir Engineering or
Well Testing book.
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 9
Flow equation for single phase oil reservoir (semi steady state)
For vertical well, with a constant boundary pressure, Pe in
field unit qo k oh(pe p wf )
r 1
141.2 oBo ln e S t Dqo
rw 2
Where
qo = well production rate in stb/day
pwf = Flowing bottom hole pressure in psia
pe = Reservoir’s fixed boundary pressure, psia
Bo = formation volume factor, rb/sb
o = oil viscosity in cp
ko = permeability of rock (formation) to oil in mD
h = reservoir or pay thickness in ft
re = radius of drainage, ft = √(A/ )
rw = well radius in ft
St = total skin = f(many factors related to formation
damage/improvement)
Dqo = rate dependent pseudo skin, applicable for very high flow
rate well. Usually insignificant for oil wells especially when ko is
low (i.e. zero)
In terms of average reservoir pressure, above equation yields:
k o h ( p r p wf ) k o h ( p r p wf ) Note this condition is applicable when a
qo
r 3 0.472re reservoir has been producing for a sufficient
141.2 o Bo ln e St Dq o 141.2 o Bo ln St Dq o
rw 4 rw amount of time so that the effect of boundary
has been felt (finite boundary), i.e. closed
0.007082k o h( p r p wf )
boundary
r 3
o Bo ln e St Dq o
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 10
rw 4
Pseudo‐steady state condition
Solution for non‐circular drainage (oil reservoir)
For vertical well with non‐circular drainage oil reservoir, semi steady
state relationship is:
kh (p r p wf )
qo
1 4A
141 .2 oB o ln S t
2 C A rw
2
Where
A is the area being drained;
CA is the shape factor for the drainage area;
is Euler’s constant = 1.781; and
St is the skin factor
Dietz developed shape factors to account for depletion in wells located in other
drainage shapes or where the well is located off centre. The shape of the drainage area
will be dictated by the no flow boundaries. This shape effects are accounted by factor CA.
The value of shape factor, CA for other drainage area will be discussed later;
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 11
Dietz Shape Factors
Example
For a 2:1 rectangular reservoir, a
well placed 1/4 of the distance
from a corner will have a
productivity:
Ln(2.07)/Ln(22.6) = 23% of a well
placed at the centre of the
rectangle (assume s = 0)
Note: Asymmetric (long, thin) reservoirs and wells placed close to boundaries
will result in low productivity compared to an ideal radial flow well
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 12
Dietz Shape Factors
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 13
Dietz Shape Factors
1/3
3.09 21.9 0.4 1 2.38 10.8 0.3
1 2
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 14
Dietz Shape Factors
1
1 1.00 2.72 0.8 - 2.20 0.111 1.2
4
2
Solution for horizontal oil reservoir
Josi (1988) presented the horizontal
well deliverability equation as:
k Hh(pr p wf )
qo
0.472reh
141.2Bo ln
St
rw
reh (L / 2)
rw
a 1 1 (L / 2a)2 kh /rw (k 1) kh /L
q
J stb/psi drawdown for single phase oil reservoir
p r p wf
1
p wf ( )q p r Inflow performance relationship (IPR)
J
J represents the dynamic response of the flow of the reservoir at
its fluid properties within its drainage area for a specific well.
J is constant for a given set of rock and flow parameters, like pwf,
permeability (k), when pwf is above the bubble point pressure
J decreases when pwf is bellow bubble point pressure as solution
gas comes down and inhibits the flow
AOF – Absolute open flow (q at pwf = 0)
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 17
Inflow Performance Factors
PI = f(,k, h, rw, CA, A, S, B)
+ve Factor
Reservoir Thickness
Oil Permeability
Wellbore
Radius
q koh
PI
pe pwf 1 4A
141.2 Boo ln st
2
2 CArw
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 18
Near Wellbore damage (skin)
In a radial drainage system, pressure and distance relationship is
logarithmic, which indicates
– near the wellbore region is critical (higher resistance)
ideal
– Flow is restricted by some different reasons (eg. during drilling,
completion hardware, perforations, permeability alteration etc)
Van Everdingen and Hurst (1949) introduced a term called skin
Actual
effects to characterize near wellbore region with a steady state
pressure difference ps
Skin effect is a composite variables and used to includes any
rs re phenomenon that causes a restriction to flow (+ve skin) or
undisturbed reservoir flow mechanisms (‐ve skin)
Skin is a mathematically derived factors and does not have any
physical dimensions. It provides indication of character of flow
near the wellbore relative to ideal flow.
Flow Efficiency, FE 141.2qoBoo 0.472re
0.472re
pr pwf pactual pideal ps ln s t
ln kh rw
qactual PIactual pr pwf
r
FE w
141.2qoBoo 0.472re
qideal PIideal pr pwf 0.472re pr pwf pideal ln
ln s t kh rw
rw
141.2qoBoos t
Damage Ratio , R D
1 q
ideal ps pwf pwf
FE q actual kh
Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 19
9 August 2016
Damage
Components of skin
s<0
p'wf • s is (+) ve for damage referring productivity impairment
s=0
• s is (‐)ve for improvement referring productivity enhancement
s>0 • s is zero for ideal case
rs Hawkin introduces damage skin to
integrate the effects of wellbore damage
and define as:
k rs
sm 1 ln
h rw
re
k s rw
k = permeability of reservoir
ks = permeability of damage zone
region I :k rs = radius or penetration of damage
ks
zone
rs
rw rw = well radius
re
sm = penetration or mechanical skin
sm sdrilling scompletion sperforation
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 22
Summary of steady state and semi‐steady state inflow
Equations (S=0)
Multiphase LIQUID
Pwf
Critical
Point
flow
Pressure, psia
1500
80
Vol % Liq.
VAPOUR
0
permeability concepts 100 200
Temperature, oC
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 24
Relative permeability concepts‐
recap
Effective Permeability
“ Effective permeability”: permeability of rock to a particular fluid in
the presence of other fluids in porous media (kj)
Darcy eqs. in terms of effective Darcy eqs. in terms of relative
permeability and absolute permeability
k o A dPo
qo qo
kk ro A dPo
o dx o dx
k w A dPw kk rw A dPw
qw qw
w dx w dx
k g A dPg kk rg A dPg
qg qg
g dx g dx
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 25
Inflow Equations for two‐phase flow
Approximate Inflow equations in field units for Darcy flow
STEADY STATE CASE
kh pe k ro
q0
r
p wf oB o
dp
141 . 2 ln e s t
rw
SEMI‐STEADY STATE CASE
kh p k ro
pwf oBo
q0 dp
0.472re
141.2 ln s t
rw
Constant for a given reservoir and Pressure function, f(p)
completion configuration
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 26
Inflow equation for gas wells
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 27
Inflow Relation for Gas well
Darcy equation is derived based on single phase liquid with assumptions that the
– Flow is laminar
– small and constant compressibility
– Average viscosity is held to be constant over the range of pressures
These assumptions do not always hold for gas flow. Since
– for gas flow, as pressures drop towards the wellbore, gas expands and the flowing
velocity increases, and viscosity changes
– at high flow velocity as gas expands, flow becomes turbulence and causes
additional pressure drops, especially near the well
– additional pressure losses due to ‘non‐Darcy’ flow effects
Darcy flow
Additional pressure
loss due to turbulence
Non Darcy
flow
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 28
Gas flow Eq
Exact analytical expression for circular drainage, in field unit for vertical gas well in
semi steady state condition
Where,
kh [m (p r ) m (p wf )]
qg qg = Gas flow rate, Mscf/d
0 . 472 re
1422 T ln S t Dq g
rw k = Reservoir permeability, md
where , m (p) is pseudo‐pressure function, psi2/cp
pr
p T = Temperature, oR,
m (p r ) 2 dp ,
Z St = total skin (laminar)
po
p wf
=f(p)T Dqg = rate dependent skin (non‐Darcy
p
m (p wf ) 2
po
Z
dp , effect)
h = reservoir thickness, ft
re = drainage radius, ft
qg kh
Productivity index ( J), J rw = well radius, ft
m 0.472re
1422 T ln S t Dqg
rw
m(p wf ) 2
p
dp , re = drainage radius, ft
po
Z rw = well radius, ft
qg kh
CA = Shape factor
Productivity index, J J
m 1 4A = 1.781
1422 T ln( ) S
2 C A rw A = drainage area = re2
2
kh m(pr ) , where m(p wf ) 0
Absolute open flow (AOF), ( qg )AOF 1 4A
1422 T ln( ) S
2 C A rw
2
Note gas flow rate in MSCF/D
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 30
Approximate Gas flow equation
General analytical expression (radial flow), in field unit for vertical well
kh( m( p R ) m( p wf )
qg
0.472 re
1422 T ln S Dq g
rw
kh r
2p
p
dp
pwf g Z
0.472 re
1422 T ln S Dq g
rw
Note there are three pressure regions:
Region I (0‐2000 psi) : in low pressure region the
pressure function is fairly linear.
Golan and Whitson, 1986 observed that product
gZ is also approximately constant., Which yields,
kh (p R p 2wf )
2
qg
0.472 re
1422 g Z T ln S Dq g
rw
p R p2wf
2
pav
Use average of Pr and Pwf using to calculate average viscosity and z factor
2
Note gas flow rate in MSCF/D
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 31
Approximate Gas flow equation (cont)
Region II (2000‐3000 psi): in intermediate pressure function
is non‐linear,
qg
kh m( p R ) m( p wf
0.472 re
1422 T ln S Dq g
rw
Region III (above 3000 psi, high pressure zone): in high
pressure region, pressure function is fairly constant (i.e
1/gBg is constant).
kh (p R p 2wf )
2
Eq2. in terms of ZT
Or qg
0.472 re
1422 g Z T ln S Dq g
rw ..2
p R p wf
Must use average of Pr and Pwf using p av to calculate average viscosity and z factor
2
0.472re 1 4A
Note in case of non‐circular reservoir, replace the term ln by ln
rw 2 1.78C Arw2
Note gas flow rate in MSCF/D, and Bg is in res‐bbl/scf
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 32
Non-Darcy Flow Factors
Non Darcy Coefficient should be calculated from well test analysis
(pressure transient analysis, based on rate dependent skin).
Approximate relation of D can be obtained in literature in various
forms from number of authors
Fkh 2 . 223 10 15 T g h 6 x10 5 gk s0.1 h
D k D
1422 T g rw h p2 grw hp2
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 33
Empirical inflow equation with
completion
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 34
Inclusion of completion effects on IPR
Empirical Approach
Generalized form of inflow eqs.:
Where A and B are the flow coefficients
For oil,
}
which depend on factors associated with
both reservoir parameters, and
completion options/characteristics, and
For gas, flow type and fluid type
Coefficient A is called laminar coefficient, and B is called turbulent flow coefficient
A and B can be further classify as:
Where sub R, P and G are, respectively reservoir, perforation, and gravel packing
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 35
IPR for open hole
Nomenclatures
For oil
For gas
Where,
For low q, specially for oil‐well, B can be
neglected, since turbulence occur when q
(i.e. velocity of fluid is very high)
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 36
IPR for open hole
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 37
IPR for perforated (1)
] q
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 38
This slide is optional for undergraduate students
IPR for
perforated (2)
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 40
(Generalized semi steady PI for Gas reservoir (vertical well)
kh 2p pr
dp
Jg
0.472 re
p wf g Z T
1422 m(pr ) m(p wf ) ln s
rw
]
Phase behavior in the Reservoir
Relative Permeability Behavior
Oil viscosity
Oil formation volume factor PVT properties
Drive Mechanism
Formation Damage
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 41
Vogel provided empirical relationship for saturated oil reservoir (2
phase) based on history matching simulations in terms of non‐
dimensional flow rate and pressure (p<=pb) as:
p wf p wf
2
qo qo ,max 1 0.2 0.8
p p
or
qo
p wf 0.125p 81 80 1
q
o ,max
The Vogel method can also be used for well producing water along with the oil and gas. In
such case, qo/qo,max = qL/qL, max, where qL = qo + qL (valid even for high water cut
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 42
General Notes for Vogel Method
For Saturated reservoir (i.e., Pr <= Pb)
qo1
qo ,max AOF 2
pwf 1 pwf 1
1 0.2 0.8
Where (qo1, pwf1) is a
pr pr
Jpb test point at or bellow
Alternatively qo ,max AOF bubble point
, 1.8
General Vogel IPR for saturated reservoir is
What is unknown in
p p
2
q o q o ,max 1 0.2 wf 0.8 wf Vogel equation?
pr pr
Jp b p wf p wf
2
1 0.2 0.8
1.8 p r
pr
9 August 2016 PETROENG 7050 43
General form of Vogel Method (s = 0)
Vogel method is also applicable for under saturated (pr > pb) oil reservoir:
p
J pb
*
p p
2
qo qb 1 0.2 wf 0.8 wf
1.8
pb pb
J*p b
or pwf pb qv
J pb
2 1. 8
*
p p
qo J (p pb )
*
1 0.2 wf 0.8 wf
1.8 pb pb
J *p b q b J* (p p b )qo
AOF q b q v J (p r p b )
*
, when p wf 0
1 .8 q
Jp b
2
p wf p wf
qo qb 1 0.2 0.8
1.8 pb pb
Jp b
q o ,max AOF q b q v J (p r p b ) ,when p wf 0
1.8
Calculate J based on field test point (qo1, pwf1) for following
cases:
prp
Case 1: when test point is above bubble point (i.e. pwf1>pb) then
q o1
J Jpb
(p r p wf 1 ) ppwfwf pp b
b
1.8
Case 2 : When test point is bellow bubble point (i.e. pwf1<pb) then qb
q o1
J
pb p wf 1
2
p wf 1
qo,max
(p r p b ) 1 0.2 0.8
1.8 b
p b
p
q
9 August 2016 PETROENG 7050 45
IPR Curves for Damaged Wells Producing by
Solution‐Gas Drive (Saturated oil reservoir)
Vogel’s Equation Flow
pwf / pr
Efficiency
2
qo p / wf p / wf
1 0 . 2 0 . 8
q FE 1 o ,max pr pr
/
p wf
p r FE p r p wf
p/wf = ideal BHFP (s =0)
pwf = Actual BHFP
qo / qmax
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 46
Fetkovich method
n
2n p 2wf This equation is also referred to as the oil and gas
n
2 2
q C pr p wf Cpr 1 2
deliverability equation
p r
• Where n is the exponents depends on well characteristics (0.5‐1.0). Often n<1 is used
due to non Darcy Effects (e.g, high flow rate, gas wells)
• C is flow coefficient; and can be related to maximum flow rate (i.e. AOF), qo,max as
(when pwf = 0)
• C increases as k and h increase, and decreases as the skin(s) increases
• C and n are determined from multipoint backpressure testing, e.g., flow after flow or
isochronal testing, or deliverability testing
2n
C qo,max / pr
n
p2
q qo,max 1 wf2
pr
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 47
Factors influencing IPR
Saturated (2 phase) and Understaurated (single phase liquid) IPR
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 48
Factors influencing IPR
Effect of Two‐phase flow
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 49
Factors influencing IPR
Oil properties, and GOR
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 50
Example 1 – Vogel
IPR(1)
Construct IPR of a vertical well in a saturated
oil reservoir using Vogel’s equation. The
following data are given
6000
5000
4000
Pwf (psi)
3000
2000
1000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Flow rate (STB/Day)
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 51
Example 2 – Vogel IPR (2)
Construct IPR of a vertical well in an undersaturated oil reservoir
using the generalized Vogel equation using same data as provided in
Example 1‐Vogel IPR(1): (Assume Pb = 3000 psi)
Above, Pb, Linear IPR,
6000
q=J(pr‐pwf), pwf>=pb
Bellow, Pb, Vogel IPR for pwf q
5000
undersaturated
4000 reservoir, pwf<=pb
0 855
500 837
Pwf (psi)
3000
1000 804
2000 AOF = qb+qv 1500 756
1000
2000 694
2500 617
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 3000 522
525
q (STB/day) 5651 0
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 52
IPR – Horizontal well (oil‐well)
The IPR for horizontal well can be determined using basic flow equation or
productivity index. The productivity index for such well in semi steady state
condition would be as bellow:
qo k Hh
Jh
(p e p wf ) 0.472reh
141.2Bo ln S
rw
where
reh (L / 2)
rw
a 1 1 (L / 2a)2 kh /rw (k 1) kh / L
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 53
IPR – Horizontal well (Gas‐well)
The productivity index for horizontal gas well in semi steady state
condition:
qg k Hh
Jh
(p 2e p 2wf ) 0.472reh
1422ZT ln
S Dqg
rw
reh (L / 2)
rw
where
a 1 1 (L / 2a)2 k h /(rw (k 1)
k h / L
k k H / k v
reh 43560 A /
D is called non‐darcy coefficient, usually its value is the order of 10‐3.
The term Dqg is called turbulence skin effect, which could be
substantial for higher flow‐rate gas well
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 54
Vogel IPR for Horizontal well (oil‐well)
Vogel’s method works very well (proposed
by Bendkhlia and Aziz)
n
qo pwf pwf
2
1 v (1 v)
qo ,max pr pr
Three unknown (v and n, qo,max), i.e.
three test points are needed to apply
vogel’s method
Joshi provides correlation to estimate v
and n, as a function of recovery factor as
shown:
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 55
Example (IPR‐ Horizontal well)
A 2000 ft long horizontal well is drilled in an oil reservoir producing by a
solution gas‐drive mechanism. At a bottom‐hole pressure 2000 psia,
the well is produced 400 stbd. The reservoir pressure is 2500 psia,
and the recovery factor was 4%. If the bubble point pressure is 2500
psia, calculate
(a) Maximum oil flow, AOF,
(b) Calculate oil rate at 1500 psia bottom‐hole pressure
(c) Construct IPR curve
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 56
Thank you
Q&A
9 August 2016 Production Technology by Dr. M. M. Hossain 64