RevisionQ_SL2 [42 marks]

1. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft from the [1 mark]
presynaptic neuron and travel to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
membrane. Which processes are required for this to happen?

2. If schizophrenia is caused by an overabundance of the neurotransmitters [1 mark]

dopamine and serotonin in the synapses of some areas of the brain, which
drug action could work in treating the symptoms?
A. Release of cholinesterase into the synaptic cleft
B. Increased re-uptake of dopamine and serotonin by presynaptic neurons
C. Increased permeability of the presynaptic neuron to sodium
D. Blockage of dopamine and serotonin receptors on presynaptic neurons

3. Explain the propagation of electrical impulses along a neuron including [7 marks]

the role of myelin.

4. Outline how nerve impulses are transmitted along a nerve fibre. [3 marks]

5a. Define pathogen. [1 mark]

5b. Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacterial diseases but not [2 marks]
against viral diseases.
6. Which is a long-term effect of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on [1 mark]
the immune system?
A. Fewer bacterial infections
B. Fewer active lymphocytes
C. More antibody production
D. More antigen recognition

7. Discuss the roles of the enzymes secreted by the pancreas during [3 marks]
digestion.

Reproduction in eukaryotes can be sexual or asexual.

8. Explain how hormones are used to control the human menstrual cycle. [8 marks]

Native oyster populations are decreasing where rivers meet the ocean along the
northwest coast of North America. These oyster populations are being attacked by
a gastropod.

It is known that oysters and gastropods have hard parts composed of calcium
carbonate and that ocean acidification is increasing. Studies were carried out
using juvenile oysters and gastropods to investigate the effects of acidification on
the decrease in the population of oysters.
The first step was to raise oysters in two different mesocosms. One had seawater
at a normal concentration of CO 2 and the other had sea water with a high
concentration of CO2. Gastropods were raised in two further mesocosms with
normal and high CO2 concentrations respectively.

9a. Outline how acidified sea water could affect the shells of the oyster. [1 mark]
 A juvenile gastropod will attack a juvenile oyster by using its tongue-like structure
(radula) to drill a hole through the oyster shell. Once the hole has been drilled, the
gastropod sucks out the soft flesh. Researchers investigated the shell thickness at
the site of the drill hole in relation to the size of the oyster. The results are seen in
this graph.

9b. Outline the trends shown in the data in the graph. [2 marks]
 Equal numbers of oysters raised in seawater with a normal CO 2 concentration and
in seawater with a high CO2 concentration were then presented together to the
gastropod predators in seawater with a normal CO2 concentration. The same
numbers of oysters from the two groups were also presented together to the
gastropods in seawater with a high CO2 concentration. The bar charts show how
many of the oysters were drilled by the gastropods and the mean size of drilled
oysters.

9c. Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high [1 mark]
CO2 concentration were than drilled oysters raised in seawater at a
normal CO2 concentration.
9d. Deduce from the data in the bar charts which factors were and were not [2 marks]
correlated significantly with the number of oysters drilled by the
gastropods.

9e. Suggest reasons for the differences in the numbers of oysters drilled, as [2 marks]
shown in the bar charts.

9f. The radula in a gastropod is hard but not made of calcium carbonate. [2 marks]
Outline how this statement is supported by the drilling success of the
gastropods in seawater with normal or high CO2 concentrations.

9g. Using all the data, evaluate how CO 2 concentrations affect the [2 marks]
development of oysters and their predation by gastropods.

10. The diagram shows the human heart. [1 mark]

[Source: adapted to remove labels and arrows, recoloured and relabelled from
Wapcaplet/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg]

After a red blood cell picks up oxygen in the lungs, which sequence shows the
path it could take when passing through the heart during its circuit of the body?
A. I → II → III → IV
B. II → I → IV → III
C. IV → III → I → II
D. IV → III → II → I
 11. What effect do changes in pH have on enzymes? [1 mark]
A. All enzymes increase in activity as pH increases.
B. The activity of all enzymes is reduced by a pH below or above 7.
C. Low pH causes reversible denaturation in all enzymes.
D. Extreme pH can alter the active site of all enzymes.

12. On the graph, which curve represents the change in FSH levels during the [1 mark]
menstrual cycle?

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