BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

TAP HAI

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

 BO GlAO DUC VA DAO TAO

PHAN TRONG LU^N (Tong Chu bien) - TRAN DANG SUYEN (Chu bien phan Van)
BUI MINH TOAN (Chii bien phan Tieng Viet) - LE A (Chii bien phan Lam van)
LE NGUYEN CAN - DANG ANH DAO - NGUYEN VAN DUONG
PHAN THI THU HIEN - NGUYEN THAI H O A - D 6 KIM HOI
NGUYEN XUAN NAM - D O A N DUC PHUONG - VU DUONG QUY
DANGDUC SIEU -TRINH THI THU TIET- HABINH TRI

Ngu van 11
TAP HAI
(Tdi bdn ldn thut ba)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

 Ban quy^n thu6c Nha xuSft ban Giao due Vi6t Nam - B6 Giao due va Dao tao.

01-2010/CXB/573-1485/GD Ma s6': CH112T0

LUll BI|T KHI XUAT DlfONG(1) PHAN B O I CHAU

(Xudt duang luu bi$t)

KET QUA CAN OAT
Cam nhan dugc ve dep lang man hao hung ciia
nha chf sT each mang d i u th^ k[ XX va giong tha
tam huyet soi trao cua Phan B6i Ch^u.

TIEU DAN
Phan BOi CMu (1867 -1940) ten thu6 nh6 la Phan Van San, bi$t hi$u chinh la Sao Nam, quS b
lang Dan Nhifim, nay thupc thi tran Nam Dan, huyfn Nam Dan, tinh Ngh6 An. Vao nhiing nam
cudi the' ki XK, khi phong trao Caii vuong ch6ng Phap th^t bai, Phan B6i Chau la mdt trong nhung
nha nho Vi§t Nam dau tifen nu6i y tu6ng di tim mot con duong ciiu nuoc m6i. Sau khi d6 Giai
nguygn (1900), 6ng bit diu vao Nam ra BSc, tim ngu6i ciing chi hudng, lap ra Duy tan hOi - to
chuc cdch m ^ g theo dudng I6i dan chu tu sin dau tien 6 nuoc ta (1904). Theo chu truong cua hOi,
dng lanh d^o phong trao Ddng du va xu^t duong sang Nheit Ban (1905). Tii do, su6t hai muoi ndm,
6ng bon ba, khi Nh?it Bin, khi Trung Qudc, khi Thai Lan dl muu su phuc qudc, nhung viec khong
thanh. Nam 1925, thyc dan Phap bdt c6c dng d Thupng Hai (Trung Qu6<;), dua ve nudc, dinh bi
m^t thii ti6u. Trudc lan sdng d^u tranh sdi sue cia nhan dan ck nudc, nha cam quyen bupc phai
dua dng ra xu cdng khai t ^ Ha Ndi. Phan Bpi Chau dugc tring an, nhung bi giam long d Hu^ cho
dei^ liic qua ddi. .»
Khdng nhimg la nha y6u nudc va each m?ing, Phan Bpi Chau cdn la nha van ldn, de 1^ mOt kho
tang tha vdn do sp. Nhung tdc pham chinh ciia dng: Vi$tNdm vong quoc su (1905), Hdi ngoai huyit
thu (1906), Ngifc trung rhw (1914), TrungQuang tdm su
(viet trong thdi Id luu vong d nudc ngoai), Phan Bdi
Chdu nien bi^u (1929), Phan Sdo Nam vdn t^p, Phan
Sao Nam tien sinh qudc vdn thi tdp (chii yeu tglp hpp
tho van lam trong thdi Id b) giam Idng d Hue),...
Vdi tu duy nh^y b6n va khdng ngtmg doi mdi, tai
nang sang t^o da d?ing, phong phii, Phan Bpi Chau
tung mpt thdi lam rung ddng bidt bao con tim yeu
nudc bang nhirng vin tho sue sdi nhi^t huyet cua
minh. Trong vdng may chye nam dau the ki XX, Phan
Bpi Chau dupe coi la cay but xuat sic nhat cua van
tho each m^ng.
vao nhirng nam diu thd ki XX, ddi vdi eae nha
y6u nudc Vi$t Nam, hudng vi Nhat Ban cung cd
nghia la hudng v& mpt chan trdi mdi dly hi vpng va
udc mo. Nam 1905, trudc liic 16n dudng sang Nhat
Bin, dng lam bai tho Luu bi$t khi xudt duong de tir
gia b ^ bd, d6ng chi.

(1) Xudt duong: vugt bien di ra nudc ngoai. Phan Bpi Chad
VAN BAN
Phien dm
Sinh vi nam tu yeu hi ki,
Khang hiia ean khon tvr ehuyen di.
U baeh nien trung tu huu nga,
Khoi thien tai hau canh v6 thuy.
Giang son tu hi sinh do nhue,
Hien thanh lieu nhien tung diee si!
Nguyen tmc truong phong Dong hai khu,
Thien triing bach lang nhat te phi.
Bich nghia
Da sinh lam ke nam nhi thi cung phai mong co dieu la,
Ha lai de troi dat tu chuyen van lay sao !
Giua khoang tram nam nay, phai co ta chii,
Ching nhe ngan nam sau lai khong co ai (de lai ten tudi) u ?
Non song da chet, sdng chi nhue,
Thanh hien da vang thi co doc sach cung ngu thoi!
Mong dudi theo ngpn gio dai di qua bien Dong,
Ngan dot song bac etipg bay len.
Dich tha
Lam trai phdi la a tren dai^^\
Hd decdn khon^^^tu chuyen dai.
Trong khodng tram ndm cdn co ta,
Sau ndy muon thua, hd khong ai ?
Non song dd chet, song them nhue,
Hien thdnh^^^ cdn ddu, hoc cdng hodi!
Muon vuat be Dong theo cdnh gio,
Muon triing song bac tiin ra khai.

TON QUANG PHIET dich'^'

(Theo Vdn tha Phan Boi Chdu chon loc. NXB Van hgc. Ha Ndi, 1967)

(1) Y tho nay dua theo quan nifim ve chi nam nhi (chi lam trai) eua cac nha nho thdi xua.
(2) Cdn khdn {can: trdi, khdn: dat): chi trdi dat, vii tru.
(3) Hiin thdnh: cac bac tai due vugt hin ngudi thudng, dupe dung d^ ggi nhiing ngudi sang lap
Nho giao nhu Khdng Tii, Manh Tu.
(4) Bin dich tha cua Tdn Quang Phiet nhin chung sat nghia va hay, rieng hai cau 6 va 8 nen ddi
chieu vdi phan dich nghia.
HUlorNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Doc Ti^u ddn, chii y bdi canh lich sii dat nuac va nhiing ^nh huang tir nuac
ngoai de hieu bai tha.
2. Tu duy mai m6, tao bao va khat vong hanh dong ciia nha chi si each mang trong
budi ra di tim duang cuu nuac dugc bieu Ig nhu the nao ?
Dvra tr6n cam xuc cua tac gia va nhung hinh anh nghe thuat trong bai tha, chti
y tim, hieu cac van de sau :
- Quan niem mai ve chi lam trai va tu the, tam voc cua con ngudi trong via tru.
- Y thiic trach nhiem ca nhSn truac thoi cugc.
-Thai do quyet Uet trudc tinh canh dat nuac va nhung tin dieu xua cii.
- Khat vgng hanh dgng va tu th6' budi len duong.
3. Anh (chi) co nhan x6t gi ve hai cau 6 va 8 cua ban dich tho so voi nguyen tac
(ddi chieu voi phan dich nghia) ?
4. Theo anh (chi), nhung yeu td nao da tao nen siic loi cudn manh me cua bai
tha nay?

GHINHO .
Bang giong tha tam huyet co siic lay ddng manh me, Luu biet khi
xuat duang da khac hoa ve dep lang man hao hung ciia nhk chf s7 each mang
nhung nam dau the ki XX, vai tutudmg mai me, tao bao, bau nhiet huy^t s6i
trao va khat vong chay bong trong budi ra di tim duong cuu nuae.

LUYEN TAP
Vi^t mot doan van trinh b^y nhung cam nhan eua anh (chi) ve hinh knh nghe
thuSt 6 hai cau tha cudi bai.
NGHiA CUA CAU

K^TQUACANDAT-
Nhan thiie dugc hai thanh phin nghia eua e^u
6 nhung ndi dung phd bi^n va d§ nh|n th^y
eua chung.
•1 Co kl nang phan tich, iTnh hdi nghia ciia cau
va kT nSng dat eau thd hien dugc Ccic thanh
phIn nghia mot each phu hgp nhjft.
V

I - HAI THANH PHAN NGHIA CUA CAU

1. So sanh hai cau trong tvmg cap cau sau day va tra loi cau hoi neu a duoi.
aj) Hinh nhuco mot thai hdn dd ao uac cd mot gia dinh nho nhd.
(Nam Cao, ChiPheo)

83) Co mdt thai hdn dd ao udc cd mot gia dinh nho nhd.

h{) N^u tdi ndi thi chac ngudi ta cQngbdng long...

(Vu Trgng Phyng, Sdd6)

b2) Neu tdi ndi thi nguoi ta cdng bdng Idng...

-Hai cau trong mdi cap cau deu de cSp den ciing mot su vide. Su viec d6 la ^ ?
-Ngoai noi dimg su viec, anh (chi) thay:
+ Cau nao the hien su viec nhung chua tin tuong chic chSn ddi vdi su viec ?
+ Cau nao the hien su phong doan cd dd tin cay cao ddi voi su viSc ?
+ Cau nao the hien su nhin nhan va danh gia binh thudng cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi
strviec?

2. Tii su so sanh tren day, co the di den nhiing nhan dinh sau :
Mdi cau thudng cd hai thanh phan nghia : de cap den mdt su viec (hoac mot
vai su viec); bay to thai do, su danh gia cua ngudi noi ddi vdi su viec do. Thanh
phan nghia thii nhat ggi la nghia su viec, thanh phan nghia thii hai ggi la nghia
tinh thai.
 Thong thuang, trong mdi cau, hai thanh phan nghia tren hoa quyen vdi nhau
va khong the eg nghia su viec ma khdng co nghia tinh thai. Ngay ea d nhiing
truang hgp cau khdng c6 tii ngii rieng the hien nghia tinh thai thi hghia tinh thai
van tdn tai trong cau. Do la tinh thai khach quan trung hoa, nhu d cae cau 83, b2
tren dSy. Nhung cdng cd trudng hgp cau ehi cd nghia tinh thdi. Dd la khi cau chi
cau tao bang tu ngu e4m than.
Phan tich them vi du sau :
Da bdm, thera y vdn vd deii cd tdi cd. Chd chd!
(Nguyen Tuan, ChO nguoi tii til)
Trong vi du nay, d cau thii nhat:
- Nghia su vi$c chu ydu dugc bieu hien g cae tir ngQ y vdn vd deu cd tdi cd.
- Thai dd ngac nhien cua ngudi ndi khi phat hien ra su that ve viec "y van vo
deu cd t£u ca" dugc the hien d tu th^ra.
- Ngoai ra, 6 cau nay, ngudi ndi cdn td thai do kinh can ddi vdi ngudi nghe
thdng qua cac tu d<z, bdm.
Cdn cau thii hai chi cd tir cam than chd chd n6n chi cd nghia tinh thai: bay td
thai do than phuc.

H-NGHIA SirVlfC
Nghia su viec cua cau la thanh phan nghia ling vdi su viec ma cau de cap den.
Su vide trong hidn thuc khach quan rat da dang va thudc nhieu loai khac nhau. Do
dd, cau cung cd nhiing nghia su viec khac nhau. 6 miic do khai quat, cd the phan
biSt mdt sd nghia su vide va phan biet cau bi^u hien nghia su viec nhu sau :
- Cau bieu hien hanh ddng:
Xudn Tdc Dd cat dat ddu vdo ddy roi mdi xuong cho nhiing nguoi. di dua.
(Vu Trong Phung, Sodd)
- Cau bieu hidn trang thdi, tinh chat, dac diem :
+ Trdi thu xanh ngdt may tdng cao.
(Nguyin BChuyen, Vinh miia thu)
+ Ngdti ndi xudn di xudn lai lai.
(H6 Xuan Huong, Tu tinh - bai II)
 - Cau bieu hien qua trinh:
Ld vdng trudc gid khe dua veo.
(Nguyen Khuydn, Cdu cd mua thu)

Cau bieu hien tu the:

+ Lam khom dudi. nui tieu vdi chu.
(Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, Qua Deo N^ng)

+ Giua giudng thdt bdo ngoi tren mdt bd.

(Nguyfin Du, Truyen KiSu)

Cau bieu hien su tdn tai:

+ Cdn bac, cdn tien, cdn de tii.
Met cam, het ruau, hit dng tdi.
(Nguyfen Binh Khiem, Thdi dai)

+ Ngodi song thd the oanh vdng.

(Nguyfen Du, Truyen Kieu)

Cau bieu hien quan he :

+ Ddi Tdo Id mgt tay vai ve trong lang.
(Nam Cao, C/ziPheo)

-I- Ngua xe nhu nudc do quan nhu nerri.

(Nguyen Du, Truy$n Kieu)

Nghia su viec eua cau thudng dugc bieu hien nhd nhiing thanh phan ngii phap
nhu chu ngu, vi ngii, trang ngii, khdi ngu va mdt sd thanh p h ^ phu khac. Mdt cau
cd the bieu hien mdt su viec, ciing cd the bieu hien mdt sd su vi^c-

, GHI NHO .
Nghia eiia eau bao gom hai thanh phin : nghia su vide va nghia tinh thai.
Nghia su viec la nghia ling vdi su viec dugc de c|p den trong cau. N6 thudng
dugc bieu hien nhd eae tu ngCr ddng vai trd chu ngu, vj ngu, trang ngCr,
khdi ngu va mot sd thanh phan phu khac.
LUYINTAP
1. Hay phan tich nghia su viec trong tiing eau tha d bai tha sau :
Ao thu lanh leo nudc trong veo.
Mot chiec thuyen cdu be tea teo.
Sdng biic theo ldn hai gan ti,
Ld vdng trudc gid kh§ dua v^o.
Tang mdy la lung trdi xanh ngdt,
Ngo true quanh co khdch vdng teo.
Tua goi budng cdn Idu chdng duoc,
Cd ddu dap ddng dudi chdn beo.
(Nguyin Khuydn, Cdu cd miia thu)
2. Tach nghia tinh thai va nghia su viec trong nhiing eau sau :
a) Cd mdt dng ri quy nhu Xudn kicdngdanhgid thuc, nhung cung ddng s^ Idm.
(Vu Trgng Phyng, Sddd)
b) Cd le hdn cung nhu minh, chon nhdm nghi mdt rdi.
(Nguyin Tuan, Chic nguoi tu tu)
c) Di ho cung phdn vdn nhu minh, vi den chinh ngay minh, minh cung khdng
biit rd con gdi minh cd hu hay Id khdng!
(Vu Trgng Phung, Sddd)
3. Chgn tii ngCr thich hgp nhat cd the dien vao chd trdng de cau sau the hidn dung
hai tiianh phin : nghia su viec vi nghia tinh thai.
Mot ke biet kinh min khi phdch, mdt ke biit tiic, biit trong nguoi cd tdi, /.../
khdng phdi Id kexdu hay Id vd tinh.
{Theo Nguyin Tuan, Cha nguai tii tii)

I I hinh nhu
\Z\cdthi
I I hdn
I I lendo
I I hoa chdng
VliT BAI LAM V A N S6 5 : NGHl LUAN V A N HOC

K ^ QUA CAN DAT

0
Van dung cac thao tac ISp lucin phan tieh, so sanh
de viet bai van nghj luan v^ mdt van d^ vSn hgc.

I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG

Anh (chi) hay chuan bi trudc d nha :
- Xem lai cdc bai: Phdn tich de, lap ddn y bdi vdn nghi ludn; Thao tdc lap ludn
phdn tich; Thao tdc lap ludn so sdnh.
- Dgc lai cdc vdn ban van hgc da hgc de chuan bi lam bai.

H-GOIYMdTSdDiBAI
1. Ngudi xua cd cau: "Dan ba chd ke Thuy Van, Thuy Kieu". Anh (chi) hay ndi rd
y kien cua minh ve quan niem tren.
2. Cdm nhan cua anh (chi) ve hinh tugng nhan-vat Chi Pheo trong truy$n ngdn
ciing ten cda Nam Cao ?
3. Phan tich thdi dd cda nhan vat Huan Cao ddi vdi vidn qudn nguc trong
Cha ngudi tu til (Nguyin Tuan).

HI - GUI t CACH LAM BAI

- Vdi de 1, de phe phdn quan nidm khdng dung tren, cd the l^p l u ^ nhu sau:
Theo cdc nha nho, Thuy Kieu cd nhirng hanh ddng ling xu khdng phii hgp vdi
Id gido phong kien (neu ddrl chting). Dd la cdch ddnh gid sai, bdo thu, chi nhin su
viec, eon ngudi mdt cdch phien dien.

10
 Thuc ra, Thuy Kieu ddng thuang chii khdng ddng trdch. Bdn than Kiiu la mdt
ngudi eon gdi tai sdc, diic hanh (thu^ chung trong tinh yeu, hieu thao vdi cha me,
y thiic sdu sic vi nhan pham,...). Cugc ddi luu lac day dau khd cua nang la do che
dg phong kidn tdn bao gay nen, mdc dii nang cd gugng day nhung khdng dugc.
Dgc TruySn Kieu, ta biet dugc su tan ac, vd nhan dag cua che dd phong kien ddi
vdi con ngudi, nhat la ddi vdi ngudi phu nii.
- Vdi di 2, cin ndi rd vi cugc ddi nhan vat Chi Pheo qua cdc giai doan: ttr mdt
cd ndng hien lanh den mdt con ngudi bi tha hod cd tdm hdn lin ngoai hinh
(nhung chua m^t hit nhdn tinh). Tim nguyen nhan din din su tha hod eua
ChiPhdo.
Chi Pheo la nan nhan cua bon dia chu, cudng hao d ndng thdn trudc Cdch mang
thdng Tdm ndm 1945.
- Di 3 ciing la mdt dang di phan tich nhan vat. Vide phan tich cin tap trurlg
vao qud trinh chuyen bien tam li cua nhan vat trong su phdt trien cua truyen.
Giai doan diu : Vien quan nguc biet dai rfuan Cao, nhung Huin Cao lai td thdi
dd khinh bac. Giai doan sau : Hufo Cao cam "tam Idng bidt nhdn lien tai", viet
chii tdng vidn qudn nguc vd ndi nhiing Idi tam huyit. Cin nhan xet hai thdi do
do tuy khdc nhau, nhung deu hgp 11, phu hgp vdi hoan canh va nhan cdch cua
nhan vdt Huan Cao.

11
HAU TROI TAN DA

K^T QUA CAN OAT ~->^

Cam nhan dugc tam hdn lang man dgc dao ciia
thi sT Tan Da va nhOng dau hieu ddi mdi ca ve ndi
dung va nghe thuat theo hudng hien dai ciia tha
ca Viet Nam vao dIu nhiing nam 20 ciia the ki XX.
^

TIEU DAN
Tan Da (1889 -1939) tdn khai sinh la Nguyin Khac Hieu, que d lang Khe Thugng, huyen
Bat Bat, tinh Son Tay (nay thudc huyen Ba Vi, Ha Ndi). Que huong dng nlm ben bd sdng Da, gan
chan mii Tan Vien. Ong sinh ra va ldn len trong budi giao thdi, Han hgc da tan ma Tay hpe cung
mdi bit dau, nen con ngudi dng, ki ca hgc van, Idi sdng va su nghiep van chuong deu mang dau
an "ngudi cua hai the ki" (Hoai Thahh). Tan Da theo hpe chii Han tir nho, nhung sau hai khoa thi
Huong hong, dng bd thi, chuyen sang sang tac van chuong qudc ngii.
Vao nhiing nam 20 cQa the ki XX, ten tudi Tan Da noi len nhu mpt ngdi sao sang trSn thi dan.
cac tac pham chinh cua Tan Da: Khdi tinh con I, II (tha -1916,1918), Giac mdng con I, II (truy$n
phifiu luu viin tudng - 1916, 1932), Khdi tinh bdn
chinh, Khdi tinh bdn phii (luan thuyet -1918), Cdn
chai (thova van xudi -1921), ThaTdnDd (1925), Gidc
mdng Urn (tu truyen -1928),...
Dieu tam hon mdi me, "cai tdi" lang man bay
bdng, vira phdng khoang, ngdng nghfinh, vira cam
thuong, uu ai trong tho van dng da chinh phuc the he
doe gia mdi dau thd ki XX. Giiia liic tho phii nha nho
tan cude. Tin Da cd loi di rieng, vira tim ve vdi ngpn
nguon tho ea dan gian va dan tdc, vira cd nhiing sang
tao dpc dao, tai hoa. Tho van dng cd thi xem nhu mdt
gach ndi giiia hai thdi dai van hpe cua dan tdc: trung
dai va hien dai.
Bai Hau Troi in trong tap Cdn chci, xua't ban lan
dau nam 1921. Trong tac pham nay cdn cd nhiing bai
ndi tieng khac nhu Cdn chai, Lo vdn e, Tdng biet,...

Tan Da

12
VAN BAN
Dem qua chang biet cd hay khdng,
Chang phai hoang hdt, khdng ma mdng.
That hdn ! That phach! That than the !
That dugc len tien - sudng la limg.
Nguyen luc canh ba ndm mdt minh,
Vat chan dudi bdng ngpn den xanh.
Nam buon, ngoi day dun nudc udng,
Udng xong am nude, nam ngam van.

Choi van ngam chan lai choi trang

Ra san cimg bdng di tung tang
Tren trdi bdng thay hai cd xudng
Mieng cudi mum mim cimg ndi rang:

- "Trdi nghe ha gidi ai ngam nga,

Tieng ngam vang ca sdng Ngan Ha'^'l
Lam Trdi mat ngil, Trdi duong mSng
Cd hay len dpc, Trdi nghe qua."

Udc mai bay gid mdi gap tien!

Ngudi tien nghe tieng lai nhu quen!
van chuong nao cd hay cho lam
Trdi da sai goi thdi phai len.

Theo hai cd tien len dudng may

Vii vu khdng canh ma nhu bay.
Cua son dd chdi, oai rue rd
Thien mon de khuydt'^'nhu la day!

vao trdng th^y Trdi, sup xudng lay

Trdi sai tien nii dat Idi day.
Ghe banh nhu tuyet vari nhu may
Truyen cho van si ngdi choi day.

Chu tien ngdi quanh da tinh tuc'^^

Trdi sai pha nude de nhap gigng.
Truyin cho "van si dgc van nghe !"
- "Da bam lay Trdi con xin dgc."

(1) Ngdn Hd {ngdn: bac; hd: con sdng): ten gpi eua dai sao day dac vat ngang bau trdi, trdng nhu
mdt ddng sdng bac.
(2) Thien mon dekhuyet {thien mon : cua trdi; dekhuyet: cai lau canh ciia d cung vua hoac cung
trdi): chi eua trdi.
(3) Tinh tuc {tinh hay tinh : yen ISng; nic: tni lai, d lai): ngoi yen ehd, ngdi yen lang.

13
 Dgc het van van sang van xudi
Het van thuyet li l^i van chai
Duong con d^c y dgc da thich
Che trdi nh^p gigng cang tot hgi.
Van dai hoi tot ran cung may!
Trdi nghe, Trdi ciing lay lam hay.
Tam^i^ nhu nd d^, Co^^) i^ i^oi
Hing Nga^3^ Chiic Nii<*^ chau ddi may
Song Thanh, Tiiu Nggc^^ Idng tai diing
Dgc xong mdi bai ciing vd tay.
- "Bam con khdng ddm man<^^ cua Trdi
Nhiing dng van eon in cd roi
Hai quyen Khoi tinh vdn thuyet 11
Hai Khdi tinh con la vdn choi
Thdn tien, Gidc mdng van tieu thuyet
Ddi guang, Len sdu vdn vi ddi
Quyen Ddn bd Tdu Idi vdn dich
Den quyen Len tdm^''^ nay Id mudi
Nhd Trdi van eon cdn bdn dugc
Chua biet con in ra may muoi ?"
Van da giau thay, 1^ 1dm loi
Trdi nghe Trdi cung bat budn cudi!
Chu tien ao udc tranh nhau dan:
- "Anh gdnh len day bdn chg Trdi!"
Trdi l£U phe cho : "Vdn that tuydt!
Vdn tran duac the chic cd it!

(1) Tdm : ten mpt ngdi sao, d day tac gia cdn lay ci nghia chii tdm la "Idng d^" di vidt nd dd
(mdt Idi choi chu).
(2) Ca: ten mpt ngdi sao. Ca (chu Han) cdn cd nghia la "cai thung", "cdi m?t", ttr dd tac gid lay
nghia bdng de vidt le luai (mdt Idi choi chii).
(3) Hdng Nga: ten gpi mat trang, ciing chi ngudi con gai d^p.
(4) Chiic NO: ten mpt ngdi sao 6 phia bdc sdng Ngan Ha, ciing la ten ngudi con gai dft vii trong
truyfin co Nguu Lang - Chiic NU.
(5) Song Thdnh, Tiiu Nggc: ten hai thj nii cua ba Tay Vuong MSU trfin trdi.
(6) Man: ddi tra.
(7) Khdi tinh, Khdi tinh con, Thdn tien, Gidc mgng, Ddi guang Len sdu, Ddn bd Tdu, Lin tdm :
ten cac tac phdm cua Tin Da.

14
 Nhdi van chudt dep nhu sao bang!
Khi vdn hiing manh nhu may chuyin!
Em nhu gid thoang, tinh nhu suong!
Dim nhu mua sa, lanh nhu tuyet!
Ching hay van si ten hg ^ ?
Ngudi d phuong nao, ta chua biet."
- "D^, bam lay Trdi con xin thua
Con ten Khac Hieu hg la Nguyin
Que dA chau vi Dia ciu
Sdng Da nui Tdn nude Nam Viet."
Nghe xong Trdi ngg rndt luc lau
Sai bao thidn tao'^' lay sd xet.
Thien tao tra sd xet vua xong
D$ sd len trinh Thugng de trdng
- "Bam qua cd ten Nguyin Khac Hieu
Day xudng ha gidi vi tdi ngdng."
Trdi ring: "Khdng phdi Id Trdi ddy,
Trdi dinh sai con mdt viec nay
La vi^c "thign luang"'^) cua nhan lo?u,
Cho con xudng thuat ciing ddi hay."
- "Bim Trdi, canh con thuc ngheo khd
Trin gian thudc dat cung khdng cd
Nhd Trdi nam xua hgc it nhiiu
Vdn lieng cdn mdt bung vdn dd.
Giiy ngudi muc ngudi thue ngudi in
Mudn cua hang ngudi bdn phudng phd.
Vdn chuong ha gidi re nhu beo
Kiem dugc ddng lai thue rat khd.
Kiem dugc thdi it tieu thdi nhieu
Lam mai quanh nam chang du tieu.

(1) Thien tdo: chd d eia Trdi, trong cau nay tac gid mudn ndi mdt vi quan trdng coi sd sach tren trdi.
(2) Thien luang : theo Tin Da, thien luang d mdi con ngudi m^f thuOc vao su tu dudng eua ban than.
6 nhiiu tac pham khac, Tdn Da van tu nhan minh la ngudi dupe Trdi trao cho nhi$m vu lam sao
cho thiin luang dupe hung thinh 6 ha gidi : Hai chti "thien luang" thdng Hieu nha - Ddm xin
khdng phv Trdi trdng mong (Tiin dng Cdng lin chdu Trdi).

15
 Lo an lo mdc h^t ngay thdng
Hgc ngay mdt kem tudi ngay cao
Sue trong non yeu ngoai chen rap
Mdt cay che chdng bdn ndm chiiu.
Trdi 1^ sai con vi$c nang qud
Biet lam cd dugc ma ddm theo."
Rang: "Con khdng ndi Trdi da biet
Trdi diu ngdi cao, Trdi thiu het
Thdi con cur vi md lam dn
Ldng thdng chd ngai chi suong tuyet I"

vang nhdi Trdi day, lay xin ra

Trdi sai Khien Nguu'^' ddng xe tiin
Xe trdi da chuc ngoai thifin mdn
Chu tien theo ra ciing tiin bi$t.

Hai hang luy bi$t gipt suong roi

Trdng xudng tran gian v^n djm khoi.
Thien tien'^* d lai, trich tien'^' xudng
Theo dudng khdng khi vi tran ai.

D6m khuya khi thanh sao thua vdng

Trang ta dua Idi ve non Doai'*'.
Non Doai da tdi que tran gidi,
Trdng len chu tien khdng cdn ai.

Tidng ga xao xac, tiing ngudi d$y

Giiia san cdn dung ridng ngam ngiii.
Mdt nam ba tram sau muoi dem,
Sao duoc mdi d6m Ifin hau Trdi I

(Theo Tuyin tdp Tdn Dd,

NXB van hpe, Ha Ndi, 1986)

(1) Khien Nguu: ten mdt ngdi sao d phia nam sdng Ngan Ha, cung la ten chang chan trau trong
truyen cd Ngicu Lang - Chiic Nu, da duoc Ngpc Hoang gk Chiic Nu cho, nhung vi pham tdi, bi
Ngpc Hoang phat, mdi nam chi dupe qua cau 6 Thudc (bdc qua sdng Ngan Ha) gap Chiic Nii
mpt lan vao ngay th& tich (7 - 7 am lich).
(2) Thien tien: tien d tren trdi.
(3) Trich tiin: tifin bi day xudng hij gidi. 6 nhiiu tac pham khac, Tan Da ty nh?in minh la trich tiin.
(4) Non Dodi: niii d vi phia tay, chi qu6 huong cua Tin Da (nui Tin Vien d phia tay eua Ha N0i).

16
HUlorNG D A N HOC BAI
1. Anh (chi) hay phan tieh khd tha diu. Cdch vao de eua bai tho ggi cho ngudi dgc
cam gidc nhu the nao vi eau ehuyen ma tdc gia sdp ke ?
2. Tdc gia da ke l^i chuyen minh dgc tho cho Trdi va chu tien nghe nhu the nao ?
(Thdi dg cua tdc gid, cua chu tien vd nhirng loi khen cua Trdi.) Qua doan tha dd,
anh (chi) cam nh§n dugc nhung diiu ^ vi cd tinh nha tha va niem khao khdt
chan thdnh cua thi si ? N h ^ xet vi gigng ke eua tac gia.
3. Cdm hiing chu dao cua bai tha la cam hiing lang man, nhung trong bai lai cd
mdt doan rat hi^n thuc. Dd la doan tha ndo ? Tim hieu y nghia doan tha dd.
Theo anh (chi), hai ngudn cam hiing nay d thi si Tan Da cd mdi hen he vdi nhau
nhu the nao ?
4. v i mat nghe thuat, bai tha nay cd gi mdi va hay ? (Chu y cdc m$t: the loai,
ngdn tir, cdch bieu hien cdm x^c, hu eau nghe thu^t,...)

, — CHI NHO .
Qua bai Hau Trai, Tdn Da da manh dan tu bieu hien "cai tdi" ca nhan - mdt
"cai tdi" ngdng, phdng tung, tu y thiic ve tai nang, gia tri di'eh thue eiia minh
va khao khat dugc khing djnh giua eude ddi. Bai thd cd nhieu sang tao trong
hinh thiic nghe thuat : the tha theft ngdn trudng thien kha tu do, gigng di^u
thoai mai, tu nhien, ngdn ngCr gian dj, sdng ddng, hdm hfnh.

LUYEN TAP
1. Bai Hau Trdi cd y tudng gi hoac cau tha nao lam cho anh (chi) thich thu nha't ?
Hay viet mdt doan van trinh bay cam xuc cua minh.
2*. Anh (chi) hiiu the ndo la "ngdng" ? Cdi "ngdng" trong van chuong thudng bdc
Id mdt thdi do sdng nhu the ndo ? (Cd the dan chirng qua nhirng tdc pham da
hgc.) Cai "ngdng" ciia thi si Tan Da tiong bai tha nay bieu hien d nhiing diem
ndo vd cd the giai thich ra sao ?

2.NGavAN.11/2-A 17
 NGHiA CUA CAU
(Tiep theo)

HI-NGHIA TINH THAI

Nghia tinh thdi la mdt linh vuc phiic tap, gdm nhieu khia canh khdc nhau.
Bai nay chi tap trung vao hai trudng h g p :
1. Su nhin n h p i , danh gia va thdi do cda ngudi ndi ddi vdi su vi$c dugc de c$p
den trong cau.
Khi d i cap den su vide nao do, ngudi ndi khdng the khdng bdc Ig thdi dg, su ddnh
, gid eua minh ddi vdi su viec dd. Dd cd the la sii tin tudng chdq chan, su hoai nghi, su
phdng dodn, su ddnh gia cao hay thap, tdt hay xau, su nhan manhiiodc coi nh^,...
ddi vdi sir vi$c. Mdt sd vi du (tii ngii the hi$n nghia tinh thdi dugc in dam):
- Khing dinh tinh chan thyc cua su vide:
+ Su that Id ddn ta da lay lai nudc Vi^tNam tii tay Nhdt, chii khdng phdi tU tayPhdp.
(Ho Chf Minh, Tuyin ngdn Dgc Idp)
+ Bd Kien qud cd y mudn ddn xip ciing hdn that.
(Nam Cao, C/w'P/ieo)
- Phdng dodn su vide vdi do tin cay cao hode vdi dd tin c$y thap:
+ Khi Chi Pheo mdmdt thi trdi sdng da Idu. Mdt trdi chdc dd len cao, vd ndng
ben ngodi chac Id rue ra.
{Nam Cao, Chi Phio)
+ Hinh nhu trong y mu, mu nghi: Chung mdy d nhd tao, thi nhiing thii cda
chdng mdy cung nhu cua tao.
(Kim Lan, lang)
- Ddnh gid v i miic do hay so lughg ddi vdi mdt phuang didn nao do cua
suviee:
+ Tdi xin thi vdi dng rdng, tuy chinh phu cd cho tdi hai trdm mdu don diin that,
nhung tdi mdt theo vdo cdi ay cd den sdu vg,n bgx:, md vdn chua thu vi mqt xu
ndo cd!
(VuTrpngPhyng, Gjd/jgro)
+ Vdi lai, dem hg chi mua bao diem hay gdi thuoc Id cung.
(Th^ch Lam, Hai diia tre)
- Ddnh gia sy viec cd thue hay khdng cd thyc, da xdy ra hay chua xdy r a :
+ Gid thu dem qud khdng cd thi thi hdn chet.
(NamCao, C/iiPftdo)
+ Hdn nhdt mdt hdn gach vd, toan ddp ddu.
{Nam Cao, Chi Phio)

18 2.NG0VANII/2-B
 - Khang dinh tinh tat yeu, su cin thiet hay kha ndng cua su vi^c :
+ Viic til bd vdn hod cha dng vd tieng m? de phdi Idm cho moi ngudi An Nam
tha thiit vdi gidng ndi lo ldng.
(Nguyin An Ninh, Tieng m? de - nguon gidi phdng
cdc ddn toe bi dp bdc)
+ Tao khdng the Id ngudi luong thiin nita. •
(Nam Cao, Chi Pheo)
+ Trudng ki khdng chiin nhdt dinh thdng lai.
(Trudng Chinh)

2. Tinh cam, thdi dp cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi ngudi nghe
Ngudi ndi the hien rd thdi dg, tinh cam ddi vdi ngudi nghe thdng qua cdc tii
ngii xung hd, tii ngii cam than, tir tinh thai d cudi cau,....
Vidu:
- Tinh cdm tiidn mat, gin gdi:
+ Em thdp den len chi Lien nhe ?
(Th^eh Lam, Hai dda tre)
+ Cdi chdng ndy sdp gay roi chi nhi ?
(Ih^ch Lam, Hai diia tre)
- Thdi dd buc tiic, hdch dich:
. . . ^
Ong li cau mat, lac ddu, gia roi song to bdng ngdn chdn cdi lin trdi, ddm doa:
- Ke mdy, theo linh quan, tao chieu so dinh, thi ldn ndy den lugt mdy roi.
(Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Tinh thdn thid^c)
- Thai dd kinh can:
Ngudi loong toong dap:
- Bdm chi mdi cd hai dng a Hdi Phdng vd dHd Ngive trinh so sdch.

(Vu Trpng Phyng, Gidng td)

^ : GHI NHO .
Nghia tinh thai the hien thai do, su danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi su viec
hoac ddi vdi ngudi nghe. Nd ed thi dugc bdc Id rieng qua eae tu ngu tinh thai
trong cdu. •

19
LUYEN TAP
1. Phan tich nghia su viec va nghia tinh thdi trong cdc cau sau:
a) Ngodi ndy ndng do cdnh cam
Chdc trong ay ndng xanh lam nggn diia.
{To Hvai, Tieng hdt sang xudn)
b) Tdm dnh chup hai me con kia rd rdng Id mg Du vd thdng DUng.
(Nguyen Hong, Mff DM)
c) That la mdt cdi gdng xiing ddng vdi tdi dn sdu ngucri tic til.
(Ngay&nTuan.Chii ngudi ta tii)
d) Xua nay hdn cMsdng bdnggidt cuop vd doa nQ.t. Niu khdng cdn sitcmd gidt
cuop, doa nqt nita thi sao ? Dd ddnh, hdn chi manh vi liiu.
{NamCao, Chi Pheo)
2. Xdc dinh nhiing tii ngii the hien nghia tinh thdi trong cdc cau sau :
a) Ndi ciia ddng tdi, thdng be hay dn chdng ldn Idm.
b) Cugc ddu tranh chdng Icii ke thii cd thi con gay go, quyit Hit han nita.
c) Nd mua chiic do ndy nhiing hai trdm ngdn dong day.
d) Anh da hen din dif sinh nhdt kia md!
3. Chgn tii ngir tinh thai d cot B diin vao chd trdng cua cau d cot A de t$o nen
cau cd nghia tinh thai phu hgp vdi nghia su viec.

A B

a) Chi Pheo /.../ dd trdng trudc thay tuoi gid cua hdn, ddi ret
vd dm dau, vd cd dgc, cdi ndy cdn ddng sg han ddi ret vd dm di
«dau. {Theo Nam Cao, ChiPheo)

b) Hdm nay trong dng gido ciing cd td tdm /.../ hg khdng phdi chdle
di ggi ddu. {Theo Thach Lam, Hai diia tre)
tdn
c) Bdng bdc minh mdng ngd xudng ddt mot vungvd keo ddi
' din /.../ hdng rdo hai bin ngd. {Theo Thach Lam, Hai dua tre) hinh nhu

4. Ddt eau vdi mdi tir ngu' tinh thai sau day: chua biit chimg. Id cung, it ra, nghe
ndi, chd le, hod ra, su that Id, ca md, dac bi$t Id, ddy md.

20
v d i VANG XUAN DIEU

KET QUA CAN OAT -

Cam nhan dugc niem khao khat sdng manh
lidt, sdng hit minh va quan ni$m ve thdi gian,
ve tudi tre va hanh phuc ciia-Xuan Dieu.
Thay dugc su ket hop nhuan nhj giua mach
cam xuc manh liet, doi dao va mach luan If
sau sac ; nhCrng sang tao dgc dao ve nghe thuat
cua nha tha.

TIEU DAN
Xuan Dieu (1916 - 1985) cdn cd but danh la Trao Nha, ten khai sinh la Ngd Xuan Dieu.
6ng than sinh Xuan Dieu la mpt nha nho, que d larig Trao Nha (nay la xa Dai Ldc), huyen Can Lde„-
tinh Ha Tinh; me thi si que d Gd Bdi, xa Tiing Gian, huyen Tuy Phudc, tinh Binh Dinh. Xuan Dieu
ldn len d Quy Nhom. Sau khi tdt nghiep tii tai, dng di day hpe tu va lam vien chuc d MI Tho (nay la
Tiin Giang), sau dd ra Ha Ndi sdng bang nghi vidt van, la thanh vien cua Tu luc van doan. Xuan
Dieu tham gia Mat tran Vi6t Minh ttr trudc Cach niang thang Tam nam 1945. Ong hang say hoat
dpng trong linh vuc van hoa nghe thuat. Ca eude ddi dng gdn bd vdi nen vin hoc dan tdc. Ong la
U^ vien Ban Chap hanh Hdi Nha van Vipt Nam cdc khoa 1, H, 111. NSm 1983, Xuan Di^u duoc bau
la Vien SI thdng tail Vien Han lam nghe thuat Cdng hoa dan chu Due.
Xuan Dieu la nha tho "mdi nhat trong cac nha tho mdi" (Hoai Thanh). Ong da dem den cho tho
ca duong thdi mdt siic sdng mdi, mdt ngudn cam xiic mdi, the hien mdt quan niem sdng mdi me
cimg vdi nhiing each tan nghe thuat day sang tao. Ong la nha tho eia tinh yeu, cua miia xuan va
tudi tri vdi mpt gipng tho sdi ndi, dam say, yeu ddi thdm thidt. Tii sau Cach mang, tho Xuan Dieu
hudng manh vao thue t i ddi sdng va rat giau tinh thdi su. Ong co vii va hang hai thi nghiem khuynh
hudng tang cudng chat hien thuc trong tho.
Xuan Dieu la mdt cay biit cd sue sang tao manh liet,
ddi dao, bin bi, ed ddng gdp to ldn tien nhiiu linh vuc
ddi vdi nin van hpe Viet Nam hien dai. Xuan Dieu xiing
dang vdi danh hieu mot nha tho ldn, mdt nghe si ldn,
mpt nha van hoa ldn. Ong diloc Nha nude tang Giai
thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hoc nghe thuat (1996).
Xuan Dieu de lai mdt su nghiep van hoc ldn, tieu
biiu la cac tap tho: Tha tha {1938), Gui huang cho gid
(1945), Riing chung (1960), MUi Cd Mau - Cam tdy
(1962), Hai dot sdng (1967), Tdi gidu ddi md'f (1970),
Thanh ca (1982) ; cac tip van xudi: PfidH thdrigddng
(1939), Trwowg ca (1945) ; cic tap tieu M n phd binh,
nghien cuu van hpe: Nhiing buac duang tu tudng tua tdi
(1958), (2dc nhd tho cd dien Viit Nam, hai tap (1981,
1982), Cdng i/i^c Zam t^o (1984),...
Vdi vdng duoc in trong tap Tha tha, la mdt trong
nhirng bai tho tieu biiu nhat cda Xuan Dieu trudc Cach
Xuan Dieu mang thang Tam.

21
VAN BAN
Tdng va Dinh Liin
Tdi mudn tit ning di
Cho mdu dung,nhat mat;
Tdi mudn huge gid lai
Cho huong dung bay di.
Cda ong budm nay ddy tuin thdng mat'i';
Ndy ddy hoa eua ddng ndi xanh ri;
Ndy day Id cua canh ta pha phat;
Cua yen anh'^) ^^y ^^y khuc tinh si;
Vd ndy ddy dnh sdng chop hdng mi,
Mdi budi sdm, thin Vui hang gd cua;
Thdng gieng ngon nhu mdt cap mdi gin;
Tdi sung sudng. Nhung vdi vdng mdt nua:
Tdi khdng chd ning ha mdi hoai xuan'3'.

Xudn duong tdi, nghia la xudn duang qua,

. Xudn cdn non, nghia Id xudn se gid,
Md xudn hit, nghia Id tdi cdng mit.
Ldng tdi rdng, nhung lugng trdi cii chat,
Khdng cho ddi thdi tri cua nhdn giam,
Ndi 1dm chi ring xuan vdn tuin hoan''*^
Neu tudi tri chang hai lin thim 1^^^'!
Cdn trdi dit, nhung ching cdn tdi mai,
Ndn bdng khudng tdi tiec cd dit trdi ;
Miii thdng ndm diu rdm vi chia phdi,
Khip sdng nui vin than thim tiin biet...
Con gid xinh thi thao trong Id biec,
' Phdi chdng hdn vi ndi phdi bay di ?
Chim rgn rdng bdng diit tiing reo thi,
Phdi chdng sg dd phai tan sip sua ?
(1) Tuan thdng mdt (hay tudn trdng mdt): theo phong tuc chSu Au, 30 ngay sau li kit hdn gpi la thang
mat ciia va chdng. (j cau tho nay, cum tii tudn thdng mat cdn cd nghia: mua xuan hoa nd nhiiu,
ong budm di hiit tihuy hoa di l^y mat. ca hai nghia diu ndi len ^ vui sdng manh liet.
(2) ygh anh: chim ydn chim oanh, con trdng con mat ludn qu& qui^ nhau, thudng dupe so sanh
vdi su thfoi thidt trong tinh yeu nam nir, vp chdng.
(3)/fo(ii JCM/Jn: nhd tide miia xuan.
(4) Tudn hodn: theothii t\f ma xoay vin. 6 day y ndi miia xuan vin trd di trd lai.
(5) Trong bin in lin dau, cau tho nay la "Neu ddn nira khdng phai rSng gap lai!". 0 day ghi theo
cau tho tac gia da siia lai.

22
 Chang bao gid, di! Chang bao gid niia.;.

Mau di thdi! Mua chua ngd chiiu hdm,

Ta mudn dm
Cd su sdng mdi bit diu mon mdn;
Ta mudn riit may dua vd gid lugn,
Ta mudn say cdnh budm vdi tinh yeu,
Ta mudn thau trong mgt cdi hdn nhiiu
Va non nudc, va cay, va cd rang,
Cho chenh chodng mtii tham, cho da diy dnh sdng,
Cho no ne thanh sac cua thdi tuoi;
- Hdi xudn hdng, ta mudn can vdo nguoi!
(Theo Tha tha,
NXB Ddi nay. Ha Ndi, 1938)
HUdNG D A N HOC BAI
1. Bai tha cd the chia Idm miy doan ? Neu y chinh cua tiing doan.
2. Xudii Di$u cdm nhdn vi thdi gian nhu the ndo ? Vi sao nhd tho cd tam trang vdi
vdng, cudng quyt trudc su trdi qua nhanh chdng cua thdi gian ?
3. Hinh dnh thidn nhien, su sdng quen thudc dugc tde gid cdm nhan va diin ta
nhu thi nao ? Hay chi ra nhirng net mdi trong quan niem cda Xudn Dieu vi
eude sdng, tudi tri va hanh phde.
4. Hay nhan xdt vi ddc diem cua hinh dnh, n^dn ttr, nhip didu trong d o ^ tha
cudi cua bai tha. Nhd tha da sdng tao dugc hinh dnh nao ma anh (chi) cho Id
mdi mi, ddc ddo nhit ?
, GHI N H O ,
Voi vang la Idi giyc gia hay sdng manh lidt, sdng hit minh, hay quy trgng tung
gidy, tung phut eiia eude ddi minh, nhat la nhung thdng nam tudi tre cua mgt
hdn tha ydu ddi, ham sdng din cudng nhidt. Tu tudng dd dugc t h i hidn qua
mdt hinh thiie ngh§ thudt didu luyen : su ket hgp nhuan nhj giCra mach cam .
xijc va mach ludn If, gigng di§u say md, sdi ndi, nhung sang tao ddc dao ve
ngdn ttr va hinh anh tha.

LUYEN TAP
Trong Nhd vdn hi$n dq,i, nhd phe binh, nghien ciiu vdn hgc Vu Nggc Phan da
viit: "Vdi nhung ngudn cdm hiing mdi : ydu duong vd tudi xudn, du luc vui hay
luc budn, Xudn Didu cung ru thanh nien bang gigng ydu ddi tham thia".
Qiia phdn tich bdi tho Vgi vdng, anh (chi) hay 1dm sdng td nhdn dinh tren.

23
THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO
K^T QUA CAN OAT -
• Hiiu dugc muc dieh, yeu elu ciia thao tac
Idp luan bac bd.
• Biet each Idp luan bac bd trong bai nghj ludn.

- MUC DICH, YiU CAU CUA THAO T A C L A P L U A N B A C BO

Trong ddi sdng cung nhu trong sdch bdo, ta cd the bit gdp nhiing y kien sai
lim, nhiing Idi ndi, bdi viet lech lac, thieu chinh xdc (trai ngugc vdi thuc ti, vdi d^o
If, khdng phu hgp vdi chan li,... hoac sir dung cdch, lap luan khdng Idgic, phdn
khoa hgc,...). Trudc nhiing tinh hudng iy, ta thudng tiao ddi lai, tranh luan di bdc
bd y kiin sai tidi dd.
Tic diin tiing Viit giai thich: "Bdc bd (dg): bdc di, gat di, khdng chap nhdn. Bdc
bd y kiin. Bdc bd ludn diiu vu khdng. Du dn bi bdc bd."'''
v i bdn chat, nghi ludn la tranh ludn di bdc bd nhiing quan diem, y kiin khdng
dung; bay td vd benh vuc nhiing quan diim, y kien dung dan. De nghi ludn thdm
sau sac vd gidu tinh thuyit phuc, can phai biet bdc bd, tiic la dung cdc li le vd din
chiing»dung din, khoa-hgc de chi rd nhiing sai lim, Idch l^c, thieu khoa hgc eda
mdt quan diim, y kien ndo dd.
Khi bdc bd y kien ngudi khdc, cin nim chdc nhiing sai lim cua hg, dua ra cdc
11 le vd bang chiing thuyet phuc vdi thdi do thing thin nhung can trgng, cd chiing
muc, phu hgp vdi hoan canh vd ddi tugng tranh ludn.

H-CACHBACBO
1. Dgc cdc doan trich sau vd trd Idi cdc cdu hdi.
a) Khdi ddu chuangTV, ndi vi cd tinh Nguyin Du ta dgc thdy: "Trudc hit ta phdi
ghi diiu nhdn xit quan trgng ndy: Nguyin Du la mdt con binh thdn kinh" (tr. 20)
roi xa mdt chut it: "... mdt cdnh dim thu, trong mdt tup Uu dudi mdt nggn doi, thi
SI dang quan quai tren giudng, vi binh thdn kinh cua minh" (tr. 131). Ta tu hdi:
Tdc gid '2) cdn cii vdo ddu md biit nhu vdy rdng Nguyin Du mdc binh thdn kinh,
mdt th a "binh thdn kinh khdng cd su tSn thuang vi khi quan "?Cdn cii vdo nhiing
chung ngdn cua ngudi dong thdi vdi Nguyen Du, hay vdo nhiing di but cua thi si ?

(1) Hoang Phe (ChA bien), Tiidiin ti^ng Viit, NXB Da NSng - Trung tam Tii diin hpe, 2002.
(2) Nguyin Bdeh Khoa (Truong Tihi), Nguyin Du vd "Truyin KiSu", 1942.

24
Khdng thi ddu. Vi di but ciia Nguyin Du, tdc gid cd ddn mdy cdu trich bdi "Man
hung", bdi "U cu", nhung nhiing cdu dd chi ndi rdng Nguyin Du mdc binh thdi,
chd khdng ndi Id mdc binh thdn kinh. Pa-xcan cdng la ngudi mang binh, md tu
tudng dng vdn sdng sugt vd khoe manh phi thudng. Tdc gid dd cdn cu vdo cdi khiiu
do gidc cua Nguyin Du, biiu thi ra a bdi "Vdn ti thdp loQLi chung sinh" vd mdy bdi
tha khdc nita. Tdc gid cho rdng Nguyin Du dd trdng thdy ma quy thuc (a bdi "Lam
giang") chd khdng phdi thdy chung trong titdng tugng. Cdn cii vdo mdy bdi tha md
quyit dodn rdng ngudi Idm ra nd mdc chung benh log,n thdn kinh din ndi ludn
ludn trdng thdy do hinh, dd Id mdt su qud bao. Gia diS'^^ tdc gid lai khdng dem bdng
chung ndo khdc nua dibenh vuc thuyit cua dng ngodi cdi ldng tin qud quyit cua
dng... Di chiing rdng mdt ngudi trdng thdy ma quy thuc md ddn mdy cdu tua nhu:
"DI ngan bdng bao loi - Hdng ddo kiin ki quy"^^\ thi loi Idp ludn dy cd khoa hgc
khdng ? Niu khdng cd bdng chiing gi khdc mdy bdi tha td sg hdi vd sdu mudn cua
Nguyin Du, thi cdi md tdc gid bdo Id do gidc (hallucinations), ta cho Id tudng tugng
cua nghi si. Cd nhiing thi si Anh CdtLgi, Na Uy, Dan Mach thudng sdn thu tudng
tugng kl di, cd khi qudi di ay.. Thiit tudng mgt ngudi ban ngdy trdng thdy ma quy,
ban dim trdng thdy dm hon, tdt phdi Id mdt ngudi cd bd thdn kinh rdi loan vd
khung hgdng tdi cue do vd ngudi dy khdng tdi ndo cd dugc cdi nghi thuat minh
mdn cuaki tao ra "Truyin Kiiu".
(Dinh Gia Trinh, Hodi vong ciia li tri, NXB Van hpe, Ha Ndi, 1996)
b) Nhiiu dong bdo chung ta, dibiin minh viic tic bd tiing m^ de, dd than phiin
rdng tiing nudc minh ngheo ndn. Ldi trdch cii ndy khdng cd ca sd ndo cd. Hg chi biit
nhiing tic thdng dung cua ngdn ngu vd cdn ngheo nhiing tit An Nam^^^ han bdt cii
ngudi phu nd vd ndng ddn An Nam ndo. Ngdn ngd ciia Nguyin Du ngheo hay gidu ?
Vi sao ngudi An Nam cd thi dich nhiing tdc phdm cda Trung Qudc sang nudc
minh, md lai khdng thi viit nhiing tdc phdm tuang tu?
Phdi quy ldi cho su ngheo ndn cua ngdn ngd hay su bdt tdi ciia con ngudi ?
(Nguyin An Ninh, Tieng mede- nguon gidi phdng
cdc ddn tgc bi dp bdc)
c) [...] Cd ngudi bdo: Tdi hiit, tdi bf binh, mdc tdi!
Xin ddp lai: Hut thudc Id quyin cda anh, nhung anh khdng cd quyin ddu ddc
nhiing ngudi 6 gdn anh. Anh udng rugu say mem, anh Idm anh chiu. Nhung hut
thudc thi rigudi gdn anh cung hit phdi luSng khdi dgc. Diiu ndy hdng nghin cdng
trinh nghiin ciiu dd chiing minh rdt rd.

(1) Gia di: hon nira, them niia.

(2) cau nay ed nghia: Bd sdng Id sut dm dm nhu sdng dQ - Sdng ldn nhu thdy cd quf la,
(3) An Nam: ehi Viet Nam thdi dd.

25
 Va con, nhiing ngudi Idm viic cung phdng vdi nhiing ngudi nghiin thudc cung
bi nhiimd^c, cung dau tim mach, viim phi qudn, cungbi ung thu. Anh cd quyin
hut, nhung cd mdt ngudi khdc, xin mdi anh ra ngodi sdn, ngodi hdnh lang md hut.
Tdi nghiep thay nhiing cdi thai cdn ndm trong bung me, chi vi cd ngudi hdt
thudc ngoi cg,nh me md thai bi nhiim dgc, roi me de non, con sinh ra ddsuyyiu.
Hut thudc canh m0t ngudi ddn bd cd thai qud Id mdt tdi dc.
Bd vd anh hdt, chu bdc hut khdng nhiing ddu dgc con em md cdn niu
guangxdu...
(Nguyin Khdc Vien, On dich, thudc Id)
Cdu h d i :
Trong ba doan trich tren:
- Lulin diim nao bi bdc bd ? Bdc bd bdng cdch nao ?
- Luan cii ndo hi bdc bd ? Cdch bdc bd ra sao ?
- Cdch lap ludn ndo bi bdc bd ? Hdy phdn tich.

2. Hay cho biet cdc cdch thiic bdc bd.

GHINHd-
• Bdc bd Id dung If le va chiing eii 66 gat bd nhung quan d i i m , y kiin sai lech
hode thiiu chfnh xac,... tu dd, ndu y kiin diing ciia minh d i thuyit phyc^
ngudi nghe (ngudi dgc).
• Cd t h i bdc bd mdt ludn d i i m , ludn cu hoac each lap ludn bing each ndu
tdc hai, ehi ra nguydn nhdn hode phdn tfch nhung khfa canh sai Ideh, thiiu
chfnh xdc,... eua ludn diem, ludn eii, Idp luan ay.
• Khi bac bd, cin td thai dd khdch quan, ddng muc.

LUYINTAP
1. Dgc hai doan trich sau vd tid ldi cdc cdu hdi.
a) Ngudi ta thudng ndi: "Ciing qud thi gay". Ke si chi lo khdng cung cdi dugc, cdn
gay hay khdng Id vi$c cua trdi. Sao lai dodn trudc Id segdy md chiu ddi cdng ra mim ?
Ngd Td Vdn la m0t chdng do vdi. Vi cdng cdi md ddm ddt chdy din td, chdng Igi
yiu ma, Idm mdt viic hon cd thdn vd ngudi. Bdi thi dugc ndi tiing vd dugc gid chdc
vi 6 Minh ti, th4t Id xiing ddng. Vdy ke si, khdng nin kiing sg sif cdng cdi.

(Nguyin Dii, Chuyen chiic phdn sif din Tdn Viiri)

26
 b) Tu trudc din nay dd cd nhiiu dinh nghia vi tha, nhung ldi dinh nghia ndo
cung vdn khdng du. Cd ngudi nghi rdng tha Id nhung ldi d?p. Nhung ddu phdi nhu
vdy. Dudi nggn but cua Ho Xudn Huang, nhiing chii tdm thudng cua ldi ndi hdng
ngdy ndm na mdch que dd trd thdnh nhiing ldi tha dugc truyin tung mdi. Vd
NguyinDu khdng nhiing di lai nhungcdu thanhu "Maicdtcdch, tuyittinh thdn"
md cdn viit:
"Thodt trdng ldn Igt mdu da.
An gi cao ldn ddy dd lam sao!"
Cung khdng phdi tha Id nhiing di tdi "dep", phong hoa tuyit nguyit cda cdc cu
ngdy xua, hode nhiing nha mdng sdu luy ciia cdc chdng vd ndng rhgt thdi truac
Odch mang. Nhd thaPhdp Bd-da- le dd Idm bdi tha ndi tiing vi cdi xdc chd chit ddy
ddi bg, vd & thdi chung ta, cdi xe dap, khdu ba-dd-ca, cho din cdi ba Id trin vai
chiin si, bdng ddy thep gai hung dc cua don gidc,... diu cd thi dem ndi trong tha.
Nhd tha ngdy nay khdng di tim cdi mudn ddi viin vdng bin ngodi cudc sdng thvc
cua con ngudi...
(TheoN^yknDmhThi, Mdy ^ nghi vi tha,
bao Vd« ngh^, ngay 30 - 4-.2003)
Cdu hdi:
- Chi ra y kiin.^quan diem ma Nguyin Dii vd Nguyin Dinh Thi da bdc bd d hai
doan trich tren.
- Cdch bdc bd va gigng vdn cua hai tdc gid cd nhiing net gi khdc nhau ?
- Anh (chi) nit ra dugc nhiing bdi hgc gi vi cdch bdc bd ?

2. Trong Idp cd b ^ cho ring: Khdng kit ban vdi nhiing ngudi hgc yeu. Anh (chi)
hay bdc bd quan niem dd.

27
TRANG GIANG HUYCAN

K^T QUA CAN OAT

• Cam nhdn dugc ndi budn ed dan trudc vQ tru
rdng Idn, ndi sdu nhan the, niim khao khdt
hod nhdp vdi cugc ddi va tinh cam ddi vdi qud
huang dat nudc eua tac gia.
• Thay dugc mau sic cd dien trong mdt bai
tha mdi.
V^

TIEUDAN
Huy Can (1919 - 2005) ten khai sinh la Cu Huy Can, que d lang An Phii, huyen Hirong Son
(nay la xa Ddc An, huyen Vii Quang), tinh Ha Tinh. Thud nhd, Huy Can hoc d que, rdi vao Hud hpe
ddn hit trung hpe. NSm 1939, dng ra Ha Npi hpe d Trudng Cao ding Canh ndng. Tir nam 1942,
Huy Can tich cue hoat ddng trong Mat tran Viet Minh. Ong tham du Qudc dan dai hpi Tan Trao,
dupe bin vao Uy ban Dan tdc giai phdng toan qudc. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, dng lien tuc tham
gia chinh quyin each mang, giir nhiiu trpng trach khac nhau: Thii trudng Bd Van hoa, Bd trudng
dac trach cdng tac Van hoa - Nghe thuat tai Van phdng Hdi ddng Bd trudng, kiem Chu tich Uy ban
Trung uong Lien hiep van hpe nghe thuat Viet Nam,...
Huy Can yeu thich tho ca Viet Nam, tho Dudng va chiu nhiiu anh hudng cua van hpe Phap. Ong
la mpt trong nhiing tac gia xuat sac cua phong trao Thd mdi. Tac pham dang chii y nhft eua
Huy Can trudc Cach m?ing la Liia thiing (tap tho dau tay, sang tac khoang 1937 - 1940); ngoai ra,
dng cdn mdt so tac pham khac nhu Kinh cdu tif
(van xudi - 1942), Vd trii ca (tho, sang tac khoing
1940 -1942). Hon mudi nam sau Cach mang, Huy Can
it ed tho in. Nhimg ttr nam 1958, dng sang tac ddi dao
va ed nhiiu ddi mdi, tim thay su hoa dieu giiia eon
ngudi va xa hpi, tieu biiu la cac t^p tho: Trdi mdi ngdy
lai sdng (1958), Ddt nd hoa (1960), Bdi tha CUQC ddi
(1963), NhOngndm sdu muoi (1968), Chi^n trudng gdn
ddn chidn trudng xa (1973), Ngdy hdng sdng ngdy hang
tho (1975), Hdt lai gieo (1984), Ta vi vdi hiin (1997),...
Tho Huy can ham siic, giau eh^t suy tudng,
triet il. Ong la mdt trong nhiing guong mat tidu
biiu cua tho ea Viet Nam hien dai va da dupe Nha
nudc tang Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hoc
nghe thuat (1996).
Trdng giang \a mdt trong nhiing bat tho hay nhat,
tidu bieu nhat eila Huy Can. Theo tac gia, bai tho nay
dupe vidt vao mCia thu nam 1939 (in trong t$p
Liia thiing) va cim xiic dupe khoi gpi chii ydu tii cdnh
Huy can sdng Hdng menh mang sdng nudc...

28
VAN BAN
Bdng khudng trdi rdng nhd sdng ddi
H.C

Sdng ggn trdng giang'" budn diep diep,

Con thuyin xudi mdi nudc song song,
Thuyin vi nudc lai, siu trdm ngd;
Cui mdt cdnh khd lac may ddng.

La tho cdn'2^ nhd gid diu hiu,

Dau tieng ldng xa van chg chiiu'^l
Ndng xudng, trdi len sdu chdt vdt ;
Sdng dai, trdi rdng, ben ed heu''*'.

Beo dat ve ddu, hdng ndi hang;

Menh mdng khdng mdt chuyen dd ngang.
Khdng ciu ggi chut niem thdn mat,
Lang le bd xanh tiep bdi vdng.

Ldp Idp mdy cao dun nui bac,

Chim nghieng cdnh nhd : bdng chiiu sa'^'.
Ldng qud dgn dgn vdi con nude'^^
Khdng khdi hoang hdn cung nhd nhd'^'.

{Lua thiing, NXB Ddi nay. Ha Ndi, 1940)

(1) Trdng giang {trdng hay trudng: dai, giang: sdng): sdng dai, ciing la sdng ldn.
(2) Cdn: dam dat ho^c cat ndi cao len; d day la may con nhd giiia sdng.
(3) Vdn chQ chiiu (vdn: vi cudi): ehp cudi chieu, ngudi da ve g4n het.
(4) Cd liiu: tra trpi, vdng vi.
(5) Bdng chiiu sa {sa: roi xudng): bdng chiiu budng xudng.
(6) Con nudc: (miic) nudc sdng hay biin dang len hay nit xudng mdi ngay.
(7) cau tho jiay dupe gpt tir hai cau tho trong bai Ldu Hodng Hdc (Hoang Hae lau) eua nha tho
Thdi Hidu thdi Dirdng (Trung Qudc): "Nhat md huong quan ha xii thj ? - Yen ba giang thuang
sii nhan sau". Tdn Da dich tho: Qui huang khudt bdng hodng hdn - Trin sdng khdi sdng cho
budn ldng ai.

29
HUIOMGDANHQCBAI
l.Anh (chi) hiiu the nkove cau tha de til Bdng khudng trdi r0ng nha sdng ddi ID^
tir dd cd mdi lien h$ gi vdi hire tranh thidn nhidn vd tdm t r ^ g cua tdc gid trong
bdi thg?
2. Ndu cam nghi vi dm di$u chung cda todn bai thd.
3. Vi sao ndi biic tranh thien nhidn trong bdi tha d$m mdu sic co diin ma vin gin
gui, than thugc ?
4. Tinh yeu thien nhidn d ddy cd tham dugm ldng yeu nudc thim kin khdng ?
Vi sao ?
5. Phan tich nhung ddc sac nghe thu?lt cua bdi tha (the tha thit ngdn, thu phdp
tuong phdn, cdc tCt Idy, cdc bien phap tu tir,...).

, GHI NHO .
Qua bai tha mdi mang ve dep cd d i i n , Huy Can da bdc Id ndi sau eua mdt
cdi tdi ed dan trudc thien nhien rdng ldn, trong dd thim dugm tinh ngudi, tinh
ddi, Idng yeu nudc tham kfn ma thiet tha.
>^

LUYEN TAP
1. Cdch cdm nh^n khdng gian va thdi gian tiong bdi tha ndy cd ^ ddng chd y ?
2*. Vi sao cau tha cudi Khdng khdi hodng hdn cung nha nhd M lam cho ngudi dgc
lien tudng din hai cati tha trong bdi Ldu Hodng Hgc cua Thdi Hi^u ?

30
LUYlN TAP THAO TAC LAP LUAN BAC BO

K^TQUACANOAT

• Cung ed va ndng cao hiiu biit vi thao tde Idp ludn

bdc bd.
• Van dyng dugc thao tac Idp ludn bac bd thfeh hgp
trong bai vdn nghi luan.

1. Phdn tich cdch bdc bd trong hai d o ^ tiich sau:

a) [...] Cu0c sdng riing khdng biit gi hit a bin kia ngudng cua nhd minh Id mgt
CU0C sdng ngheo ndn, dii nd cd day du tiin nghi din ddu di nita. Nd gidng nhu mdt
mdnh vudn dugc chdm sdc cdn than, ddy hoa tham, sgch si vd ggn gdng. Mdnh
vudn ndy cd thi Idm chu nhdn cua nd im dm m0t thdi gian ddi, nhdt Id niu ldp rdo
bao quanh khdng cdn lain hg vuong mdt nda. Nhung hied m0t can ddng tdndi lin
Id cdy cdi se bi bdt khdi ddt, hoa se ndt vd mdnh vudn sexdu xi han-bdt ki mgt noi
hoang dgi ndo. Con nguoi khdng thihgnh phuc vdi mgt hgnh phuc mdng manh
nhu thi. Con ngudi cdn mdt dgi duong minh mdng bi bdo tdp Idm noi sdng, nhung
roi Igi phdngii vd trong sdng nhu trudc. Sdphdn ciia nhiing cdi tuy$t ddi cd nhdn,
khdng bdc 10 ra khdi bdn thdn, chdng cd gi ddng them mudn.
{Theo A. L. Ghec-xen, 3555 cdu danh ngdn,
NXB van hoa - Thdng tin, Ha Ndi, 1997)

b) Nay trdm dang ghe chiiu ldng nghe, ngdy dim mong mdi, nhung nhiing
ngudi hgc r0ng tdi cao chua thdy cd ai tim din. Hay trdm it ddc khdng ddng diphd
td chdng ? Hay dang thdi dS ndt chua thi ra phgng su vuong hau chdng ?
Kia nhu, trdi cdn tdm tdi, thi ddng qudn tu phdi trd tdi. Nay duang d budi ddu
ciia nin dgi dinh, cdng viic vita moi ma ra. Ki cuang nai triiu chinh cdn nhiiu
khiim khuyit, cdng viic ngodi biin duang phdi lo toan. Ddn cdn nhgc m$t chua Igi
sue, md due hod cda trdm chua kip nhuan thdm khdp nai. Trdm nam ndp lo ldng,
ngdy m0t ngdy hai vgn viic ndy sinh. Nghi cho ki thi thdy rdng: M0t cdi c0t khong
thi da ndi m0t cdn nhd ldn, muu luge m0t ngudi khdng thidifng nghi$p tri binh.
Suy di tinh Igi trong vdm trdi ndy, cd cdi dp mudi nhd dt phdi cd ngudi trung thdnh
tin nghia. Hudng nay trin ddi ddt vdn hiin r0ng ldn nhu thi ndy, hd trong dd Igi
khdng cd Idy m0t ngudi tdi danh ndo ra phd gidp cho chinh quyin budi ban ddu
cua trdm hay sao ?
(Ngd Thi Nh?im, Chieu cdu hiin)

31
 2. Trong budi hdi thao ve kinh nghiem hgc mdn Ngu vdn cua ldp cd hai
quan ni$m:
a) Mudn hgc gidi mdn Ngii van chi cin dgc nhiiu sdch, hgc thudc nhiiu
tha van.
b) Khdng can dgc nhiiu sdch, khdng can hgc thudc nhiiu tha vdn, chi cin
luyen nhiiu vi tu duy, vi cdch ndi, cdch viit la cd the hgc gidi mdn Ngii vdn.
Anh (ehi) hay bdc bd mdt tiong hai quan niem dd, rdi di xuat mdt vdi kinh
nghiem hgc Ngu van tdt nhat.

3. Cd quan niem cho rdng : "Thanh nidn, hgc sinh thdi nay phdi biet nhudm
tdc, hut thudc Id, udng rugu, vao cdc vu trudng,... the mdi Id cdch sdng "sdnh dieu"
cua tudi tie thdi hdi nhdp".
Anh (chi) hay lap ddn y vd viet bdi nghi ludn bdc bd quan niem tren.

32
TRA BAI LAM V A N S 6 5

KET QUA CAN OAT-

• Thay ro nhQng uu diem va nhugc diem trong

bai lam van sd 5.
• Rut ra dugc nhung kinh nghiem de lam tdt han
cae bai viet sau.

1. Xac dinh yeu cau bdi viit

a) Xdc dinh cdc yeu ciu cu the cua bdi viet.
b) Ddi chieu nhiing yeu ciu tren vdi thirc te bai viit cua minh di nhdn ra nhirng
uu diim vd nhugc diim.

2. Xay dung lai dan y chi tiet

Ggi y ddn y cho bdi 1dm van di sd 3.

a) Mo bdi
- Gidi thi^u truyen Chii ngudi td tii eua Nguyin Tudn vd cdc nhdn vdt chinh.
- Neu chu di ciia bdi viit: Thdi do cua Huan Cao ddi vdi vien quan nguc.
b) Thdn bdi
Nen phdn tich thdi do eua Huan Cao theo hai giai doan :
- Giai d o ^ diu :
+ Vien qudn nguc biet ddi Huan Cao nhung Huan Cao lai td thdi do khinh
bac. (Trich din chiing di phan tich.)
+ Nhdn xet vi thdi do, ldi ndi eua vien quan nguc vd Huan Cao.
+ Phan tich vi sao Huan Cao ed thdi do nhu vdy. Thdi do dd cd phu hgp vdi
nhdn cdch cua Huan Cao khdng ?

3NG0VAN 11/2-A 33
 - Giai doan sau:
+ Huan Cao cdm ddng vi "tam ldng biet nhdn lien tdi" cua vidn quan nguc,
dd t$ng chii vd khuyen bao vien quan nguc nhiing ldi tam huyit. (Trich din
chung de phan tich.)
+ N h ^ xet vi thdi do vd ldi ndi cua Huan Cao ddi vdi vidn quan nguc. Yi sao
ldi ndi vd thdi do cua Huan Cao ddi vdi vien qudn nguc lai hodn todn khdc
trudc ? Thdi do dd cd phu hgp vdi nhdn cdch eua Huan Cao hay khdng ?

c) Kit bdi
- Nguyin Tudn dd ve nen hinh dnh Huan Cao :
+ Vira cao ngao, bat khudt, viia chan tinh, tdi hoa;
+ Biit yeu quy nghe thuat, biit trdn trgng nhiing tam ldng tdt trong
thien ha, biit di cao thidn luong cua eon ngudi.
- Nguyin Tuan da thdnh cdng trong nghe thuat mieu td tdm 11 nhan vat.

3. Sua chiia nhiing sai sdt cu thi trong bai viet

- Dgc nh$n xet cua thay (cd).
- Sua lai cdc sai sdt (neu ed) trong bdi viit.

34 S.NGOVAN 11/2-B
V l i T BAI LAM VAN SO 6 : NGHI LUAN XA HOI
• • •
(Bai lam a nha)

KET QUA C A N OAJ

• Trinh bay dugc quan niem, y kien ciia minh

mdt each chat che, thuyet phuc.
• Van dung kit hgp dugc cac thao tac lap ludn :
phan tfch, so sanh, bac bd.
• Quan tam d i n nhCrng van de xa hdi dat ra, cd
quan diem va each giai quyet dung dan.

I - HUdNG DAN CHUNG

- Day la bdi viet d nhd nen hgc sinh cd diiu kien lua chgn di tdi, thu thdp tu
Ueu vd suy ngim kl cdng. Tuy nhien, cin trdnh hien tugng khdng tap trung, phdn
tdn suy nghi, viit nhiiu lin khdng xong. Nen chuan bi chu ddo, suy nghi that ki
rdi tap trung tu tudng viit bai trong thdi gian an dinh nhu thdi quen vd yeu ciu
viit bdi d ldp.
- c i n dgc lai ndi dung bdi hgc d tiit Viit bdi lam vdn sd5 de nit kinh nghiem.
On tap cdc bdi hgc vi thao tde lap ludn phan tich, so sdnh, bdc bd vd biet cdch su
dung kit hgp cdc thao tdc dd trong mdt bdi vdn nghi ludn.

II - GUI Y MOT SO DE BAI

1. Anh (chi) hay trinh bay suy nghi eua minh vi "benh vd cdm" tiong xd hdi
hien nay.
2. Anh (chi) hdy trinh bdy suy nghi cua minh vi "benh thdnh tich" - mdt "cdn
hdnh" gdy tdc hai khdng nhd ddi vdi su phat triin cua xd hdi ta hidn nay.
3. Hay phdn tich tdc hai cua thdi do thieu trung thuc trong thi cu. Theo anh (chi),
1dm thi ndo di khac phuc dugc thdi do do ?
4. Hdy viet bdi tham gia eude van ddng tim gidi phdp dam bdo an todn giao thdng.
5. Theo £inh (chi), 1dm the ndo di mdi trudng sdng cua chung ta ngdy cang
xanh, s?ich, dep ?

35
IH-GOIYCACHLAHIIBAI
Dua vdo di bai, cin tien hanh mdt sd cdng viec sau:
- Xdc dinh van di vd yeu ciu nghi luan.
- Thu thdp tu lieu.
- Xdc dinh he thdng luan diem, ludn cii vd ed gdng dp dung cdc thao tdc lap
ludn phdn tich, so sdnh, bdc bd mdi hgc.
- Lap ddn y vd viit theo ddn y.

m PQC THEM

"GIAC" TAI NAN GIAO THONG

Sau khi nudc Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hod ra ddi, Bdc Ho dd chi ra ring:
Cdi ddi, cdi ddt Id gidc. Trong sud't may chuc ndm qua, Nhd nudc vd nhdn dan Vidt
Nam da khdng ngiing nd luc dau tranh diet gidc ddi, gidc ddt. Thdnh tuu xod ddi
giam ngheo cua Viet Nam dugc du ludn qudc te ddnh gid cao. Tuy nhien, trong
qud trinh phdt trien dat nudc cung da xuat hien mdt sd tieu cue, mat trdi, trong dd
tai nan giao thdng (TNGT) la mdt vi du.
Theo Quy Phdng chdng thuong vong chdu A, binh quan mdi ngdy t^ Vi^t Nam
ed khodng 35 ngudi chit v^ TNGT. Mdi nam, sd ngudi chit vi TNGT ca ch\ic ngdn
ngudi. Hai vu TNGT mdi ddy den vdi hai vi gido su ndi tiing cdng khien cho du ludn
khdng khdi suy ngim vi tinh ttang "gidc" TNGT d nudc ta.
[...] Nhiiu ngudi nudc ngodi din Viet Nam cdng bay td su lo ngai vi tinh ti^g
mat an todn giao thdng mdi khi ra khdi nhd. Qua dd du cho thay, TNGT da khien
nhiing ngudi khdch nude ngodi cdm thay bat an. Khdch du lich nudc ngodi din
Viet Nam ngdy cdng gia tang. Tuy nhien, nhiiu ngudi chi den mdt lin vd khdng
hen ngay tdi ngd. Mdt tiong nhiing nguyen nhdn khiin du lich Viet Nam kem hap
din Id tinh trang giao thdng hdn loan. Mdt ngdy "gidc" TNGT cdn hoanh hdnh thi
khdng chi ngdnh du lich bi dnh hudng ma nd cdn la hiim hoa gieo ric ndi dau cho
mdi gia dinh vd cho ca xd hdi.

{Theo Tham Hdng Thuy, bao Qudn ddi nhdn ddn, 19 - 12 - 2006)

36
 CH6NG B$NH V6 CAM

Trdi qua cdc eude chien tianh chdng xdm luge, nhiing cugc dg sue vdi thien tai
khic nghiet, nhdn dan ta da cd truyin thdng doan kit, thuong yeu dum bgc ldn
nhau. Tinh ldng, nghia xdm, thuang ngudi nhu the thuang than da trd thdnh dao
11 eua dan tdc. Hien nay, eude sdng vdt chat ngdy cdng dugc cdi thidn hon, ngudi
ta di cd xu hudng lo vun vdn cho bdn thdn vd gia dinh minh, it quan tam den
nhiing van di cua xd hdi, Trudc kia, dng cha ta ha phe phdn thdi xau ehi biet thu
v6n cho rieng minh : "Den nhd ai nha nay rang", "Chdy nhd hdng xdm binh chdn
nhu vai". Cugc sdng quanh ta hien nay khdng thieu nhiing ngudi nhu thi. Hg
sdng thd a vdi mgi viec dang diin ra, nhd ndo ddng cua biet nhd iy. Nhd hdng xdm
cd hoan nan, cd con cdi bi roi vdo cam biy cua cdc te nan xd hgi hg cung bdng
quan nhu khdng biit. Di dudng gap ngudi bi tai nan, hg cung bd qua nhu khdng
nhin thay. Thay lu tre cdi nhau, ddnh nhau, hg cung 1dm ngo. Trudc canh khd dau
cua nhiing ngudi tdn tdt, bat hanh, hg cung khdng may may xuc ddng,... Benh vd
cam da 1dm cho eon ngudi nhu vd tri, vd gidc, khdng the hod nhdp vdi cdng ddng.
Trong cdng vide, benh vd cam lam cho eon ngudi gidng nhu mdt cdi mdy, "sdng
cip d di, tdi cap d vi" mdt cdch don dieu vd te nhat. Con ngudi mac benh vd cam
trong cdng viec, chic chin hieu qua cdng viec se khdng cao.
Ld cdn bd, cdng chiic cua Nhd nudc, mic benh vd cam se din den xa rdi nhdn
dan, tic trdch trong cdng viec. Mdt bdc si vd cam khdng the cd tinh thuong ngudi
benh, nhit Id nhiing ngudi benh ngheo. Khdng thiiu nhiing tordng hgp vi vd cam
md ngudi benh khdng dugc chdm sdc chu ddo, din den nhiing cdi chet ddng tiic.
Mdt thiy gido vd cam ehi gidng bdi cho xong chuydn, cdn ndi gi den tinh nghia
thiy trd, tdn tdm day bao, nhat Id nhiing trd cdn hgc kem, gia dinh khd khan. Cdn
bd vd cdm se khdng the nhin thay hoan cdnh cua mdi ngudi ddn, khdng thiy
nhirng ndi biic xuc trong khu ddn cu de tim cdch thdo gd, quan lieu, xa rdi ddn vd
di roi vdo te "hdnh" ddn.
Tinh thirong^d cdi quy gid cua con ngudi; benh vd cdm da 1dm mat pham chat
iy, khdng khdc gi bien ddng mdu hdng hdo trd thdnh mdu trang. Trdi tim mdi con
ngudi cin dugc thap sdng udc ma, khdt vgng, y chi vd su sdng tao gan bd vdi cdng
ddng. Diiu dd se chdng dugc hdnh vd cdm vd 1dm cho cugc ddi cda con ngudi cd
y nghia.

• {Theo Didu Huong, bao Nhdn ddn Chu. nhdt, 17 - 12 - 2006)

37
DAY T H O N Vi DA HANMACTCJ

KETQUACANOAT-
• Cam nhan dugc bai tha la biic tranh phong canh
va cQng la tdm canh, the hien ndi budn cd dan
qiia Han Mae Tu trong mgt mdi tinh xa xdm, vd
vgng. Dd eon la tam Idng thiet tha eua nha tha
vdi thien nhien, cugc sdng va con ngudi.
• Nhdn biit su van dgng ciia tii tha, tam trang
chii t h i trCr tinh va but phdp dgc dao, tdi hoa
eua mdt nha tha mdi.

TI^U D A N
Han Mac Tu (1912 - 1940) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Tri, sinh d lang Le Mi, tdng Vd Xa,
huyen Phong Lpc, tinh Ddng Hpi (nay la tinh Quing Binh) trong mpt gia dinh vien chiic ngheo
theo dao Thien Chiia. Cha mat sdrn, dng sdng vdi me d Quy Nhon va cd hai nam hpe trung hoc tai
Tnrdng Pe-lo-ranh (Pellerin) d Aue. Sau do dng lam cdng chiic d Sd Dac diin Binh Dinh roi vao
Sai Gdn lam bao. Den nam 1936, mac benh phong, dng vi han Quy Nhon chiia benh va mat tai
trai phong Quy Hoa.
Tuy eude ddi nhiiu bi thuong nhimg Han Mac Tu
la mdt trong nhiing nha tho cd sire sang tao manh me
nhat trong phong trao Tho mdi. Ong lam tho tii nam
14, 15 tudi vdi cac biit danh : Minh Dud Thi, Phong
Tran, Le thanh,...; bat dau bang tho cd diin Dudng
luat, sau chuyen sang sang tac theo khuynh hudng
tho mdi lang man. Qua dien mao het siic phiic tap va
day bi an cua tho Han Mae Td, ngirdi ta vin thay rd
mpt tinh yeu ddn dau ddn hirdng vi cudc ddi tran the.
Tac pham chinh: Gdi qui (1936), ThaDiin (1938),
Xudn nhu y, Thuang thanh khi, Cdm chdu duyin,
Duyin ki ngo (kich tho -1939), Qudn tiin hoi (kich
tho), Chai giiia miia trdng (tho van xudi - 1940).
Ngoai tap Gdi qui in liic sinh thdi, cdn toan bd tho
Han Mac Tu chi dupe in thanh tap sau khi dng mdt.
Ddy thdn ViDa (lile dau ed ten dddy thdn ViDa)
sang tac nam 1938, in trong tap ThaDiin (ve sau ddi
thanh Dau thuang). Theo mdt sd tai lieu, bat tho dupe
gpi cam hiing tur mdi tinh cua Han Mae Tu vdi mdt cd
gai vdn que d VI Da, mdt thdn nhd ben ddng sdng
Han Mac Tii Huong noi xii Hue tho mdng va tru tinh.

38
VAN BAN
Sao anh khdng vi choi thdn VI'^) ?
Nhin ndng hdng cau nang mdi len
Vudn ai mudt qud xanh nhu nggc
Ld true che ngang mat chii dien'^'.

Gid theo ldi gid, mdy dudng may

Ddng nudc budn thiu, hoa bdp'^' lay
Thuyin ai ddu bin sdng trdng dd
Cd ehd trdng vi kip tdi nay ?

Ma khdch dudng xa, khdch dudng xa

Ao em trang qud nhin khdng ra
6 ddy suong khdi md nhdn anh'^'
Ai biit tinh ai cd dam dd ?

{Dau thuang, NXB Hdi Nha van, Ha Ndi, 1995)

HUIDMG D A N HOC BAI

1. Phdn tieh net dep eua phong canh va tam trang cua tde gia trong khd tha diu.
2. Hinh anh gid, nidy, sdng, trdng trong khd tho thii hai ggi cam xuc ^ ?
3. d khd tha thu ba, nhd tha bdc Id tdm su cila minh nhu thi ndo ? Chut hodi nghi
trong cdu tha "Ai biet tinh ai ed dam dd ?" cd bieu hi$n niim tha thiet vdi cudc
ddi khdng ? Vi sao ?
4. Cd gi ddng chu y trong tu tho vd but phdp cua bai tha ?

(1) Thdn Vi: thdn Vi Da (cd ban chep la VJ Gia, tit gdc la ViDd-vi: lau, dd: canh ddng) nSm d
ngoai vi thanh phd Hue, ed phong einh vudn tuoc rat xinh xan, nen tho.
(2) Mat chu diin: mat vuong nhu chii diin (tieng Han),mpt kieu khudn mat phiic hau (theo quan
nidm tudng mao thdi xua).
(3) Bap: ngd.
(4) Nhdn dnh : hinh ngirdi, bdng ngudi.

39
 .GHINHO.
Vdi nhung hinh anh bieu hidn ndi tdm, but phdp ggi ta, ngdn ngCr tinh te, giau
I idn tudng, bdi tha DSy thdn Vf Da la buc tranh dep ve mdt m i i n que dat
nudc. Id tieng Idng eua mdt con ngudi tha thiet yeu ddi, yeu ngudi.

LUYEN TAP
1. Nhiing cdu hdi trong bdi tha hudng tdi ai vd cd tdc dung gi trong viec biiu hien
tdm trang cua tdc gia ?
2. Hodn cdnh sdng tdc vd ndi dung bdi tha ggi cho anh (chi) cam nghl ^ ?
3*. Ddy Id bdi tha vi tinh yeu hay ve tinh que ? Vi sao bdi tha diin ta tdm trang
rieng cua nhd tha lai tao dugc su cdng hudng rdng rdi vd lau bin trong tdm hdn
cdc the he ban doc ?

40
CHIEU T 6 | HO CHI MINH
(M6)
K£T QUA CAN OAT -.^
• Thay dugc ve dep eiia tam hdn Hd Chf Minh : dii
hoan canh khac nghiet den dau vdn ludn hudng
v i su sdng va dnh sang.
• Cam nhan dugc biit phap ta canh ngu tinh vua
ed dien vtra hien dai eiia bai tha.

Tllu DAN
Thang 8 -1942, vdi danh nghia la dai bieu cua Viet Nam doe lap ddng minh hdi va Phan bd qudc
te phan xam luoc ciia Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh sang Trung Qudc di tranh thd su vien tro cua thi gidi.
Sau nua thang di bp, vira den Tiic Vinh, tinh Quang Tay, Ngudi bi chinh quyin Tudng Gidi Thach bat
giam vd cd. Trong sud't mudi ba thang d tu, tuy bi day ai vd eilng cue khd nhung Ho Chi Minh vin
lam tho. Ngudi da sang tac 134 bai tho bang chii Hdn, ghi trong mpt cudn sd tay, dat ten la
Ngifc trung nhdt ki {Nhdt ki trong tii). Tap tho duoc dich ra tieng Viet va in Ian dau vao nam 1960.
Chiiu tdi (Md) la bai thii 31 eiia tap tho. Cam hung cua bai tho dupe gpi len tren dudng chuyen
lao eiia Ho Chi Minh tir Unh Tay din Thidn Bao vao cudi thu nam 1942.

VAN BAN
Phiin dm Quyen dieu quy lam tim tuc thu,
Cd vdn man man do thien khdng;
Son thdn thieu nii ma bao tuc,
Bao tuc ma hodn, Id dl hdng.

Dich nghia Chim mdi vi riing tim cdy ngu,

Chdm may le trdi King Id tren ting khdng;
Thiiu nii xdm nui xay ngd,
Ngd xay vtra xong. Id than dd do.

Dich tha Chim mdi vi rimg tim chdn ngu,

Chdm mdy trdi nhe gida tdng khdng;
Cd em xdm nui xay ngd tdi,
Xay hit. Id than dd rue hong.

NAM TRAN dich

(HO CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2002)

41
HUliniGDANHOCBAl
1. So sdnh ban dich tha vdi ban dich nghia, tim nhiing chd chua sat vdi nguyen
tac (chu y cau 2 vd cdu 3).
2. Phdn tich biic tianh thien nhien vd cam xuc cua nhd tha trong hai cdu diu.
3. Biic tranh ddi sdng dugc cdm nhdn tiong hai cdu sau nhu thi ndo ?
4. Nhan xit vi nghe thudt ta cdnh vd sii dung ngdn ngii tiong bdi tha.
„ GHI NHO .
Bdi Chieu tdi cho thay tinh yeu thien nhien, yeu cudc sdng, y chf vugt len
hoan canh khdc nghiet ciia nhd tha chiin sT Hd Chf Minh. Bdi tha dam sdc
thai nghe thudt ed dien ma hien dai.

LUYiN TAP
1. Neu cam nghi cua anh (chi) vi su van ddng cua cdnh vat vd tdm ttang nha tha
ttong bdi Chiiu tdi.
2. Trong bdi tha, hinh dnh ndo thi hidn tap trung ve dep tdm hdn Ho Chi Minh ?
3*. Trong bdi Dgc tha Bdc, Hodng Trung Thdng viit:
Vdn tha cua Bdc, vdn tha thep
Md vdn minh mdng bdt ngdt linh.
Diiu dd thi hien tiong bdi tha Chiiu tdi nhu thi ndo ?

42
TWAY. TO HtJUfi'

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Thay rd niem vui sudng, say me manh Met ciia
Td Huu trong budi dau gap gd If tudng cdng
sdn vd tac dung ki dieu eua If tudng vdi cugc
ddi nhd tha.
• Hieu dugc su van dgng cua eae yiu td trong
tha tru tinh : tii tha, hinh anh, ngdn ngO, nhjp
didu,... trong vide lam ndi bat tam trang eua
cai tdi nha tha.
^

TI^U DAN
Td Hiiu (1920 - 2002) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Kim Thanh, que d lang Phu Lai, xa Quang Thp,
huyen Quang Dien, tinh Thila Thien - Hud. Thud nhd, dng hpe Trudng Qudc hoc (Hue). Nam 1938,
Td Hiiu dupe kit nap vao Dang Cdng sin. Tir dd, su nghidp tho ca cua dng gdn lien vdi su nghiep
each mang, tho dng ludn gdn bd va phin anh chan that nhiing chang dudng each mang day gian
khd, hi siph nhung cung nhiiu thdng Ipi vi vang eiia dan tdc Viet Nam.
Ngay dupe diing vao hang ngii
nhung ngud^ ciing phan dau vi
mdt li tudng cao dep la budc ngoat
quan trpng trong eude ddi Td Hiru.
Ghl nhan ki niem dang nhd dy vdi
nhimg cdm xiic, suy tu sau sdc, Td
Hiru vidt Tit dy. Bai tho ndm trong
phan "Mdu lua" cda tap Tfir^y (tap
tho gdm ba phdn : "Mau lua",
"Xiingxich", "Gidi phdng").

TdHuu

(1) Vi tac gid Td Hiiu se ed bai hpe rieng d chuong trinh Ngii van ldp 12.

43
VAN BAN
Tir ay trong tdi bung ndng ha
Mat trdi chan 11 chdi qua tim
Hon tdi la mdt vudn hoa Id
Rat dam huong vd rdn tiing chim...
Tdi budc ldng tdi vdi mgi ngudi
Di tinh tiang ttai vdi ttdm noi
De hdn tdi vdi bao hdn khd
Gin gui nhau them manh khdi ddi.
Tdi dd Id eon eua van nhd
Ld em eua van kiep phdi pha'^'
Ld anh cua van diu em nhd
Khdng do cam, cu bat cu bo^^'...
Thang 7 -1938
(TO HUU, Tha, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2002)
HUdNG DAN HOC BAI
1. To Hiiu da dung nhiing hinh dnh ndo di chi li tudng vd bieu hien niim vui
sudng, say me khi bit gap 11 tudng ?
2. Khi dugc dnh sdng cua li tudng soi rgi, nhd tha dd cd nhiing nhdn thiie mdi ve
le sdng nhu the ndo ?
3. Su chuyin bien sdu sic tiong tinh cdm cua nhd tha dugc the hien ra sao ?
4. Nhdn xet vi cdc bien phap tu tii dung tiong bdi tha. Cd ^ ddng chu y ttong nhip
dieu cua cdc cdu tho ?
, GHI NHO ,
Bai tha Tir ay la Idi tam nguyen eiia ngudi thanh nien yeu nudc gidc ngd If tudng
cdng san. Su vdn dgng cua tdm trang nha tha dugc the hien sinh dgng bang
nhCrng hinh anh tuai sang, cac bien phdp tu tu vd ngdn ngCr giau nhac didu.

LUYEN TAP
1. Viit mdt doan vdn ndi len cam nghi cua anh (chi) vi khd tha md minh cho la
hay nhat ttong bdi Tit dy.
2*. Giai thich vi sao jihd tha Che Lan Vien viit: "Tat cd Td Hiiu, thi phdp, tuyen
ngdn, nhiing yeu td 1dm ra anh cd thi tirn thay ttong t i bdo ndy, anh Id nhd tha
cua van nha, huge ldng minh cung nhdn loai..." (Ldi tua tap Trdm bdi tha cua
Td Hun, NXB Vdn hgc. Ha Ndi, 1987).

(1) Kiep phdi pha: dai dau suong gid, phai tan di; ngu y kiip sdng vdt va, eo cue.
(2) Cu. bdt CM ba: ha vo, khdng chdn nuong than, lang thang kiem sdng.

44
/OOCTHEMv 1 ^ 1 T A N _ HO CHJ MINH

TIEU D A N
Trong canh tu day, Ho Chi Minh da chiing kien bao su that ve xa hdi Trung Qudc thdi Tudng
Gidi Thgich. Lai Tan la noi ma Ngirdi da trdi qua trdn eon dudng tir Thien Giang den Liiu Chau
thupc tinh Quang Tay. Bai tho mang ten dia danh nay la bai thii 97 trong sd 134 bai tho cua tap
Nhdt ki trong tii, nd cho thay hien trang den tdi, thdi nat cua mdt xd hdi tudng la yen am, tdt lanh.

VAN BAN
Phien dm Giam phdng ban trudng thien thien do,
Cdnh trudng tham thdn giai pham tiin ;
Huyen trudng thieu ddng bien cdng su,
Lai Tan y cuu thdi binh thien.

Dich righia Ban ttudng nha giam ngdy ngdy ddnh bac,
Cdnh trudng tham lam an tien pham nhdn bi giai;
Huyen trudng chong den 1dm viec cdng,
Lai Tdn vin thdi binh nhu xua.

Dich tha Ban trudn^^^ nhd lao chuyin ddnh bgc,

Gidi ngudi, cdnh trudn^^'> kiim dn quanh;
Chong den^^\ huyen trudng Idm cdng viic,
Trdi ddt Lai Tdn vdn thdi binh.
NAM TRAN dieh
( H 6 CHI MINH, Todn tap, tap 3, Sdd)

HU6NG DAN DOC THEM

1. Trong ba cdu diu, bd mdy quan lai d Lai Tdn da dugc mieu td nhu thi ndo ? Ban
trudng, canh trudng, huydn trudng ed 1dm dung chiic ndng eua nhiing ngudi
dai dien cho phdp luat khdng ?
2. Phdn tich sac thdi chdm biim, mia mai d cdu tha cudi. {Chu y: Ba chii vdn thdi
binh cd y nghia gi ?)
3. Nhdn xet vi kit cau vd but phdp cua bdi tha.

(1) Ban trudng: mdt chuc giam nguc.

(2) Cdnh trudng: cdnh sat trudng.
(3) Chong den : nguyen van thiiu dangla dot den (cd y kien cho la ddt ban den hut thudc phien).

45
ImJ NHO DONG TO HUU

TIEUDAK
Dau nam 1939, tinh hinh the gidi trd nen cang thing, eupc d?d chien lan thii hai cd nguy eo
bimg nd, thue dan Phap quay lai dan ap phong trao each mang d Ddng Duong. Cudi thang 4
nam ay, Td Hiru bi chinh quyin thuc dan bdt d Hue trong mpt dot khung bd Ddng Cdng sdn.
Nhd dong duoc viet trong nhiing ngay nha tho bi giam d nha lao Thira Phu (Hue). Bai tho nay
thudc phan "Xiing xich" cua tap Tic dy.

VAN BAN

TeingVinh'i'

Gi sdu bang nhiing trua thuong nhd

Hiu quanh ben ttong mdt tieng hd!

Ddu gid cdn thom dat nhd mui

Ddu rudng tte'^' mdt thd yen vui
Ddu tiing d ma xanh mon mdn
Ddu nhiing nuong khoai nggt sin btii ?

Dau nhiing dudng con budc van ddi

Xdm nhd tianh thap ngu im hoi
Giiia ddng ngdy thdng dm u dd
Khdng ddi, nhung md ttdi cii ttdi...

Gi sdu bdng nhiing trua hiu qu^nh

01 rugng ddng que thuang nhd oi!

(1) Vinh : ddng ehi Nguyin Chi Thanh, ban hoat ddng each m^ng vdi Td Hiru.
(2) Rudng tre (tieng dia phuong Trung Bd): rang tre, luy tre.

46
 Ddu nhiing lung cong xudng ludng cdy
Md biin hi vgng niic huong ngdy
Vd ddu hit nhiing bdn tay ay
Vdi gidng tung ttdi nhiing sdm mai ?

Dau nhiing chiiu suong phu bdi ddng

Lua mim xao xdc d ven sdng
Vang len trong tieng xe lua nudc^^^
Mgt gigng hd dua hd^^ ndo nung

Gi sdu bing nhiing trua thuong nhd

Hiu quanh ben ttong mdt tiing hd !

Dau ddng hinh quen, ddu cd rdi

Sao ma cdch biet, qud xa xdi
Chao di thuong nhd, chao thuong nhd
6i me gia xa don chiic oi!

Ddu nhiing hdn thdn tu thud xua

Nhiing hdn quen dai gid dim mua
Nhiing hdn chat phde hiin nhu dat
Khoai san tinh que rat thidt thd!

Ddu nhiing ngdy xua, tdi nhd tdi

Bdn khoan di kiem le yeu ddi
Van va theo mdi vdng quanh quan
Mudn thodt, than di, budc ching rdi

Roi mdt hdm nao, tdi thay tdi

Nhe nhang nhu con chim cd loi'^^
Say ddng huong ndng vui ca hdt
Tren chin ting cao bdt ngdt ttdi...

(1) Xe lua nudc: hanh xe ldn, gdn nhiiu dng tre, vdu da vat mpt dau, khi banh quay cd the miic
nudc tir sdng, sudi len trut vao mang ddn nudc tudi rudng.
(2) Wo: mOt dieu hd miin Trung, dimg trong lao ddng (eheo dd, gia gao, dam vdi,...). Ngudi xudng
hat ldi, ngudi xd hd theo: "hp hd la hd" (tir ho dupe nhdn m^inh, hd to hon di mpi ngudi cimg
tap trung siic vdo dpng tac lao dpng).
(3) Cd lai: son ca (chii thich cda nha tho).

47
 Cho tdi chii diy, tdi chii day
Tdi ma qua cua khdm'i' bao ngay
Tdi thu tat cd tiong thim ldng
Nhu cdnh chim budn nhd gid mdy.

Gi sau bang nhiing trua hiu quanh

6i rudng ddng que thuong nhd oi!
Thang 7 -1939
(TO HUU, r^o; Sdd)

HUdNG DAN DOC THEM

1. Cam hung cua bai tha dugc ggi len bdi tieng hd vgng vdo nhd tu. Vi sao tieng
hd lai ed siic ggi cdm nhu thi ddi vdi nhd tha ?
2. Chi ra nhirng cdu tha dugc dung 1dm diep khdc cho bdi tha. Phdn tich hieu qua
nghe thudt cua chung trong vide the hien ndi nhd cua tdc gid.
3. Niim yeu quy thiet tha vd ndi nhd da diit cua nhd tho ddi vdi que huong, ddng
bdo dugc dien ta bang nhiing hinh anh, tir ngii, gigng didu ndo ?
4. Neu cam nghi vi niim say me 11 tudng, khdt khao tu do vd hdnh ddng cua nhd
tha qua doan tha tir cau Ddu nhiing ngdy xua, tdi nhd tdi din hit bdi.
5. Nhdn xet chung ve su v$n ddng cua tdm trang tdc gid trong bdi tha.

(1) Khdm: nha giam, nha tu.

48
cOOCTHEMv mmwg^m^t^
TVONG TV
nW^ NGUYINBINH

TIEUDAN
Nguyin Binh (1918 - 1966) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Trpng Binh (cd thdi ki lay ten la Nguyin
Binh Thuyet), sinh ra trong mpt gia dinh nha nho ngheo, d lang Thien Vinh, xa Ddng DOi (nay la
xa Cdng Hoa), huyen Vy Ban, tinh Nam Dinh. Nguyin Binh md cdi m? rdt sdm, 10 tudi da phdi
theo anh len Hd Npi kiem sdng. 6ng biet lam tho tit khi mdi 13 tudi vd nam 19 tudi (1937) dupe
nhdn gidi Khuydn khieh ve tho cua Tvr lire van doan. Nam 1943, Nguyin Binh vao Nam Bp rdi d led
tham gia khang chiin chdng thvrc dan Phap. Nam 1954, dng tap ket ra Bdc, tham gia cdng tac van
nghe va bao chi d Ha Ndi, Nam Dinh.
Trong khi phan ldn eae thi si eilng thdi chiu dnh hudng cua tho phuong Tdy thi Nguyin Binh
lai tim vi vdi hdn tho dan tde va hdp din ngirdi dpc chinh bdi hdn tho nay. Bdng ldi vi von mdc
mac ma duyen dang mang phong vj dan gian, tho Nguyin Binh da dem din cho ngudi dpc nhiing
hinh anh than thuong cua que huong dat nudc va tinh ngudi ddm thdm, thiet tha. Vi thd, Nguyin
Binh dupe coi la "thi si cua ddng que" vd ed nhiiu tac pham dupe truyin tyng rpng khdp. Ong
dupe Nha nudc t^ng Gidi thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hpe nghe thudt (2000).
Nhiing tac pham tieu bieu cua Nguyin Binh tmdc Cach mang: Tdm hon tdi (1937), LObudcsang
ngang (1940), Huang cdnhdn (1941), Mudi hai bin nudc (1942), (2dy ddn ti bd (truyen tho - 1944);
sau Cdch m?ing: Ong lao mdi guam (1947), Giii ngudi va miin Nam (1955), Tidng trdng dim xudn
(truyen tho-1958), Dim sao sdng (1962); Cd Son (cheo -1961), Ngudi ldi do sdng V} (eheo - 1962),...
Bai Tuang tu nit trong t^p Lot budc sang ngang, rat tidu biiu cho phong each tho "chan que"
ciia Nguyin Binh.

VAN BAN
Thdn Dodi(2) ng^j nhd thdn Ddng,
Mgt ngudi chin nhd mudi mong mdt ngudi.
Gid mua Id hdnh cua gidi,
Tuong tu Id benh eua tdi yeu nang.
Hai thdn chung lai mdt ldng,
Cd sao ben iy chang sang ben ndy ?
Ngdy qua ngdy lai qua ngay,
Ld xanh nhudm dd thdnh cdy Id vang.

(1) Tuang tu: ndi nhd mong eua trai gai khi ydu nhau ; cd khi dupe dimg de diin td noi nhd
don phuong.
(2) Thdn Dodi: thdn d phia tay.

d NGO VAN 11/2-A 49

 Bao rang each trd dd giang'^',
Khdng sang la chang dudng sang da ddnh.
Nhung ddy each mdt dau dinh,
Cd xa xdi may ma tinh xa xdi...
Tuong tu thiic may dem rdi,
Biet cho ai, hdi ai ngudi biit cho !
Bao gid ben mdi gap dd ?
Hoa khue cdc, budm giang hd gap nhau'^^ ?

Nhd em cd mdt gidn giiu,

Nhd anh cd mgt hdng cau lien phdng'^'.
Thdn Dodi thi nhd thdn Ddng,
Cau thdn Dodi nhd giiu khdng thdn nao ?
Hoang Mai - 1939

{Tuyin tdp Nguyin Binh, NXB Van hpe, Ha Ndi, 1986)

HUldNG D A N DOC THEM

1. Anh (chi) cam nhdn nhu the ndo vi ndi nhd mong va nhirng ldi ki li, trdch mdc
cua chang tred trong bdi tha ?
Tinh cam cda chang ttai da dugc din ddp hay chua ?
2. Theo anh (chi), cdch bay to tinh yeu, gigng dieu tho, cdch so sdnh, vi von,... d
bdi ndy cd nhiing diim gi ddng luu y ? '
3. Hodi Thanh cho rang, trong tha Nguyin Binh cd "hdn xua eua dd't nudc". Qua
bdi Tuang tu, anh (ehi) ed ddng y vdi nhdn xet dd khdng ? Vi sao ?

(1) (2dch trddd giang: cdch sdng, each do.

(2) Hoa khui cdc, budm giang ho (khui cdc: ndi d cua phu nii nha giau sang, quyin quy; g^ing hd:
chi ngudi phidu dat nay day mai dd): ngu y eau tho viia di cao ngudi con gdi cao sang nhu hoa
noi vudn quy, vira nhun nhudng xem minh nhu ki ndi trdi, thdp kdm hon.
(3) (2au liin phdng: loai cau rat thap va cd qua quanh nam.

50 4.NG0VAN 11/2-B
.DOCTHEM, ^ i i i g i i X U A N ANH THO

TIEU DAN
Anh Tho (1921-2005) ten khai sinh la Vuong Kieu An, sinh tai thi tran Ninh Giang, tinh
Hdi Duong, xuat than trong mdt gia dinh cdng chuc nhd, que gdc d thi xa Bdc Giang, tinh Bdc
Giang. Tudi tho, Anh Tho gdn bd vdi ddng rudng qud huong. Vdn ham thich van hpe tir nhd,
phan nao chiu dnh hudng eua gia dinh ben ngoai (dng ngoai la cu Phd bang Kiiu Odnh Mdu),
ldn len giiia luc phong trdo Tho mdi dang diin ra sdi ndi, Anh Tho da tim den tho ea nhu mpt
con dudng giai thoat khdi eude ddi tii tdng, budn te va tu khdng dinh gid tri ngudi phy nii
trong xa hpi duong thdi. Tit nam 1937, Anh Tho da cd tho dang bao Ddng phuang, Tieu thuyit
thii ndm, Ngdy nay, Phu nu. Nha tho dupe tang gidi Khuyen khich cua Tu luc van doan nam 1939.
Anh Tho tham gia khang chien chdng Phap, timg la Uy vien Ban Chap hanh Hdi Nha van Viet Nam
(khoa I va II).
Anh Tho cd sd trudng viet vi canh sac ndng thdn, gpi dupe khdng khi va nhip sdng noi ddng
que miin Bdc nude ta. Ba la nii thi si tieu bieu cua nen tho Viet Nam hien dai. Anh Tho dupe tang
Giai thudng Hd Chi Minh vi van hpe nghe thuat (2007;).
Tac pham chinh : Bdc tranh qui (tho -1941), Ke chuyin VU Ldng (truyen tho -1957), Tit ben
sdng Thuang (hdi ki -1986), Tuyen tap Anh Tha (1986).
Bai Chiiu xudn dupe rut tir Biic tranh qui, tap tho dau tay cua Anh Tho.

VAN BAN
Mua dd bui em em tren ben vang,
Dd biing ludi nam mac nudc sdng trdi;
Qudn tranh diing im lim trong vdng ldng
Ben chdm xoan hoa tim rung toi bdi.

Ngodi dudng de cd non trdn biec cd,

Ddn sao den sd xudng md vu va;
May cdnh budm rap rdn trdi trudc gid,
Nhirng trau bd thong thd cui dn mua.

51
 Trong ddng lua xanh rdn va udt Idng,
Lu cd con chdc chdc vut bay ra,
Ldm gidt minh mgt cd nang yem thim
Cdi cudc cao co rugng sap ra hoa.

{Bdc tranh que, NXB Hpi Nha van. Ha Ndi, 1995)

HU^NGDAN DOC THEM

1. Buc ttanh "chieu xuan" qua ngdi but Anh Tha hien len nhu thi ndo ? Hdy chi ra
nit rieng cda hue ttanh dd. [Ggi y: Day Id biic ttanh "chiiu xuan" vdi nhirng
hinh anh, chi tiet tieu biiu cho cdnh mua xudn noi ddng que miin Bic nude ta.)
2. Anh (chi) cd cam nhdn ^ vi khdng khi va nhjp sdng thdn qud trong bdi tha ?
Khdng khi va nhip sdng ay dugc ggi ta bang nhiing tir ngir, chi tiit vd bdng thu
phdp nghd thuat ndo ?
3. Hay thdng ke nhung tir Idy tiong bdi tha vd phdn tich n6t ddc sic cda nhiing tir
Idy dd.

52
TliU sir TOM TAT

K^TQUACANOAT-
• N i m dugc muc dfch, ydu cau cua tieu su
tdm tit.
• Biit cdch Xh\jc viit t i i u su tdm tit.
^

I - MUC DiCH, Yiu cAu CUA TI^U SUTTOM TAT

1. Muc dich
Tiiu sd tdm tit Id van ban thdng tin mdt cdch khdch quan, trung thuc nhiing
net CO ban vi cugc ddi vd su nghidp cda mdt cd nhdn. Vi du: tiiu sCt mdt nhd hoat
ddng chinh tri, nhd khoa hgc, nhd vdn, nha tha ; tiiu su cua mdt cdn bd,
gido vidn,...
Tieu su tdm tit nham muc dich gidi thidu cho ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe vi cugc
ddi, su nghiep, cdng hiin cua ngudi dugc ndi tdi. NhCtng hieu biet dd gidp cdc nhd
qudn litimhiiu, theo ddi vd sip xep, phdn cdng cdng vide hgp li, hidu qud vd cung
gidp chung ta trong viec lua chgn ban bd, gidi thidu cdn bd Idnh dao. Ngodi ra,
nim dugc tiiu sii nhd vdn, nhd tha, chung ta se cd them ca sd di hiiu dung, hieu
sdu hon cdc sdng tde cda hg.

2. Yeu cau
Bdn tiiu su tdm tit cin ddp ling mgt sd yeu ciu ca bdn sau :
- Thdng tin mdt cdch khdch quan, chinh xdc vi ngudi dugc ndi tdi. Mudn vdy,
bdn tieu su- tdm tit phdi ghi cu the, chinh xdc nhiing sd lieu, mdc thdi gian, thdnh
tich, ddng gdp ndi bat cda ngudi dugc gidi thidu ttong linh vuc boat ddng dang
dugc quan tdm.
- Ngi dung vd dd ddi cua vdn bdn can phu hgp vdi muc dich viet tieu su tdm tit.
- Vdn phong ban tieu su tdm tit cin cd dgng, trong sdng, khdng su' dung cdc
bien phdp tu ttr.

53
H-CACH VIET TIEU sir TOM TAT
1. Chgn tai lieu de viet tieu sii tdm tit
Dgc vdn ban va thuc hien cdc yeu ciu neu d dudi :

LUONG THE VINH

(1442 - ?)

Nhd tha, nhd todn hgc Luong The Vinh tu Cdnh Nghi, hieu Thuy Hien, ddn ^an
thudng ggi Id Trang Ludng, que gdc d ldng Cao Huong, huyen Thien Ban (nay
thudc huyen Vu Bdn), tinh Nam Dinh.
Tii nhd dng dd ndi tieng Id thin ddng, thdng minh, boat bdt vd nhanh tri.
Chua day 20 tudi, tieng tdm vd tdi hgc cua dng dd ndi tiing khip vung Son Nam.
Ndm 21 tudi (1463), Luong The Vinh thi dd Trang nguyen. Ong cd tdi ngoai giao
nen dugc vua giao soan thdo cdc vdn tii bang giao vd ddn tiip su thin nudc ngodi.
Ong dd bien soan cudn Dgi thdnh todn phdp de diing ttong nhd trudng. Dd Id
cudn sdch gido khoa vi todn diu tien d nudc ta.
v i van chuong, nghe thudt, dng cdng cd nhieu ddng gdp. Ong dugc vua phong
chiic Sdi phu ttong Hdi Tao dan, chuyen phe binh, sua chiia, nhuan sdc tha ttong
hdi. Cudn Hi phudng phd luc cua dng dugc Quach Hiiu Nghien ddnh gid la "mdt
tdc pham 11 ludn diu tien vi nghe thuat kich hat ed truyin".
Khdc vdi cdc si phu duong thdi, dng td ra la mdt ngudi cd thuc hgc, khdng thich
vdn chuong phu phiem, ludn nghi din viec md mang ddn tri, phdt trien kinh te,
day dan diing thudc nam, thudc bic di chiia benh. Nhd bdc hgc Le Quy f)dn
da ddnh gid dng la ngudi cd tdi kinh bang t i the, con ngudi "tdi hoa, danh vgng
vugt bdc".
(Theo Tit dien vdn hoc (bd mdi), NXB The gidi, 2004)

a) Ke lai vin tit cudc ddi vd su nghiep cua nhd bdc hgc Luang The Vinh.
b) Phdn tich tinh cu thi, chinh xdc, chdn thuc va tieu bieu cua cdc tai Ueu dugc
lua chgn.
c) De chuan hi cho bai viit tiiu su tdm tit, cin suu tim nhiing tdi Ueu ^ ? Cdc
tdi Ueu dd phdi ddp ling nhiing yeu ciu ndo ?

54
 2. Viet tiiu sii tdm tit
Dgc lai vdn bdn Luang Thi Vinh vd cho biit:
- Bdi viet gdm nhiing ndi dung ndo ? Chdng dugc sap xip ra sao ?
- Nhiing luu y khi viet phin ddnh gid vi ngudi dugc viit tiiu su tdm tit (ndi
dung, miic do vd cdch ddnh gid) ?

^ '. GHI NHO ^

• Ban tieu su tdm tat can chfnh xac, chan thue, ngan ggn nhung phai r>eu
dugc nhung net tieu bieu ve cuoc ddi, su nghiep eua ngudi dugc gidi thieu.
• Ban tiiu sutdm tat thudng co cac phan :
- Gidi thidu khdi quat ve nhan than (hg ten, ngay thang nam sinh, qud qudn,
gia dinh, hgc van,...) ciia ngudi dugc gidi thieu.
- Hoat ddng xa hdi ciia ngudi dugc gidi thidu : lam gi, d dau, mdi quan hd
vdi mgi ngud<i,...
- NhCrng ddng gdp, nhung thanh tuu tieu bieu eiia ngudi 6\jqc gidi thi§u.
- Danh gia chung.

LUYf N TAP
1. Trong cdc trudng hgp sau ddy, trudng hgp ndo cin viit tiiu sii tdm tit ?
a) Thuyit minh vi cdc danh nhdn.
b) Tu ting cu vdo mdt chiic vu ndo dd ttong cdc ca quan Nhd nude hode dodn thi.
c) Gidi thidu ngudi ling cu vdo mdt chiic vu ndo do trong cdc ea quan Nhd nudc
hode dodn thi.
d) Gidi thieu mgt vi Idnh dao cap cao cua nudc ngodi sang thdm nudc ta.
e) Khi mgt vi Idnh dao tii tran.
2. Hdy cho biet nhiing diem gidng yd khdc nhau giiia vdn ban tieu su tdm tit vdi
cdc vdn ban khdc: diiu vdn, sa yiu U lich, thuyet minh.
3. Hay viit tieu su tdm tit cua mdt nhd vdn, nhd tha dugc hgc trong chuong trinh
Ngiivanldp 11.

55
OAC OliUfl LOAI HiNH CUA TIENG VllT

KFTQUACANOAT-

Ndm dugc dac diem loai hinh cua tiing Vidt -

mdt ngdn ngu dan lap - de hgc tap vd su dung
tiing Viet tdt han.
V

l-LOAIHlNHNGDNNGJjr
Tren the gidi hien cd tdi tten 5000 ngdn ngii. Khi di sau nghien ciiu, qua ddi
chieu so sdnh, cac nhd ngdn ngii hgc thay giiia mdt sd ngdn ngii cd nhiing net
chung do cd ciing ngudn gdc va hg dua vao dd de phdn chia chiing thanh mgt sd
ngii he nhu: ngii he An - Au (ttong dd cd tieng Anh, tieng Due, tieng Nga,...); ngii
he Nam A (ttong dd cd tieng Viet, tiing Mudng, tieng Khmer,...)^Nhung ciing qua
ddi chiiu so sanh, cac nha ngdn ngii hgc thay mgt sd ngdn ngii tuy khdng cung
ngudn gdc nhung cd nhiing ddc trung ca ban (vi cdc mat ngii dm, tii vung, ngii
phdp) gidng nhau. Dua tten nhiing su gidng nhau do, cdc nhd ngdn ngii hgc xep
cac ngdn ngii vdo mdt sd loai hinh. Cd hai loai hinh ngdn ngii khd quen thudc vdi
chiing ta Id: hgi hinh ngdn ngd dan ldp (nhu tieng Viet, tieng Thai, tieng Hdn,...)
va logi hinh ngdn ngd hod kit (nhu tiing Nga, tieng Phap, tieng Anh,...).

II - BAG OI^M LOAI HINH CUA TllNG VIET

Theo cdc nha ngdn ngii hgc, tiing Viet thudc logi hinh ngdn ngd dem lap.
Ddc trung ca ban cua ngdn ngii don lap Id:
1. Tieng Id don vi ea sd cua ngii phdp. Vi mat ngii dm, tieng la dm tiet; ve mat
su dung, tiing cd the Id ttr hoac yiu td cau tao tii.
Vi dy:
Sao anh khdng vi chai thdn VT ?
(Han Mac Tu, Ddiv thdn ViDa)
Cau tha tten cd bay tieng, cdng la bay dm tiet, bay ttr, dgc va viit diu tdch
rdi nhau. Mdi tieng tten ciing cd thi Id yeu td cau tao ttr. Vi du : trd ve, dn chai,
thdn xdm,...
2. Tu khdng bien ddi hinh thdi. Cd the thay rd ddc diem nay qua vi du sau day:
Cudi nguoij chd v0i cudi ldu
Cudi ngudi^ hdm trudc, hdm sau ngudi^ cuoi.
_ (Ca dao)

56
 NgudiJ vd ngudi2 la phu ngu (bd ngii) chi ddi tugng cua ddng tu cudi. Ngudi^ Id
chu ngu chi chu thi cua ddng tir ci^di.
Xet vi mat ngii dm vd sir the hien bdng chii viit, hodn toan khdng ed su ddi
thay, khdc biet ndo giiia ngudij - chu ngii va ngudij, ngudi2 - phu ngir.
Cd thi neu them mdt vi du khdc :
TdiJ tdng anh dy^ m0t cudn sdch, anh dy2 cho t6i2 m0t quyin vd.
Tdi^ Id chu ngii. Tdi2 Id phu ngii chi ddi tugng tiep nhan cda ddng ttr cho.
Xet vi mat ngii dm vd su thi hien bang chii viet, hodn todn khdng cd su khdc
bi§t ndo giiia tdi^ va tdi2.
So sdnh anh dy^ (phu ngii) vd anh dy2 (chu ngii), chiing ta cung thay nhu vay.
Cdc cap tii ngu dd chi khdc nhau vi vi tii so vdi ddng tii (vi ngii).
Tuy nhien, niu dem cdu tten dich ra tieng Anh, chung ta se thay tdij phdi dich
thdnh I (vi Id chu ngii), tdi2 phdi dieh thdnh me (vi Id phti ngii); anh dy^ phdi dich
thdnh him (vi Id phu ngii) vd anh dy2 phai dich thanh he (vi la chu ngii).
Qua su phdn tich tien, chung ta thay ttr ttong tieng Viet khdng bien ddi hinh
thdi khi cin biiu thi y nghia ngii phdp.
Cdn d tiing Anh, di biiu thi nhiing y nghia ngii phdp khdc nhau, ttr thudng
phdi biin ddi hinh thdi (biiu hien tten mat kit cau ngii dm vd chii viet). Tieng Anh
thudc logi hinh ngdn ngu hod kit (hode ngdn ngu biin ddi hinh thdi).
3. Bien phdp chu yeu de bleu thi y nghia ngurphdp la sip ddt tir theo thii tu
trudc sau va sii dung cdc hu tii.
Thay ddi ttdt tu sip ddt tii (hode thay ddi cdc hu tii dugc diing) thi nghia cua
cum ttr, cua cdu se ddi khdc (hode ttd thdnh vd nghia).
Hay quan sdt cdc vi du sau :
- Toi dn cam.
-An cam vdi tdi! IAn cam cung tdi! IAn phdn com cda tdi nhe! {vdi, cung, cda
Idhuttr).
- Tdi dang dn cam. I Tdi dd dn cam rdi. I Tdi vua dn cam xong. {dang, dd, viia la
hutir).
Rd rang, ttdt tu sip ddt tii ngii vd hu tii thay ddi thi y nghia cua cau cung
thay ddi.
, GHI NHO .
Tiing Vidt thudc loai hinh ngdn ngu don ldp vdi cdc ddc diem ndi bat la : don
vj CO sd eua ngCr phap la tieng; tu khdng biin ddi hinh thai; y nghTa ngu phdp
dugc bieu thj bang trat tu tu va hu tu.

57
LUYINTAP
I. Hay phan tieh nhung ngii Ueu dudi ddy vi mat ttr ngii (chd y nhung ttr ngii
in ddm) di chiing minh tiing Viet thudc loai hinh ngdn ngu don lap.
Treo lin cdy budi hdi hoa,
Budc xudng vudn cd hdi nu tdm xudn.
Nu tdm xudn nd ra cdnh biic,
Em cd chong rdi anh tiic em thay.
(Ca dao)
Thuyin ai cd nhd bin chdng.
Bin thi m0t dg khdng khdng dgi thuyin.
(Ca dao)
Yiu tre, tre din nhd; kinh gid, gid ditudi cho.
(Tuc ngii)
- Con dem con cd bdng dy vi thd xudng giing md nudi. Mdi bua, ddng dn ba bdt
thi con dn hai, cdn m0t dem thd xudng cho bdng...
Ndi xong But biin mdt Tdm theo ldi But thd bdng xudng giing. Rdi tic hdm dy
trddi, cdsau bua dn, Tdm diu diddnh cam, gidu dua ra cho bdng. Mdi ldn nghe
ldi Tdm ggi, bdng Igi nggi lin mat nudc ddp nhiing hgt cam cua Tdm nim xudng.
Ngudi vd cd ngdy m0tquen nhau, vd bdng ngdy m0t ldn lin trdng thdy.
{Tdm Cdm)
2. Tim mdt cdu tieng Anh (hoac tiing Phdp, tiing Nga,...) dd hgc, ddi chieu vdi cdu
tu dich ra tiing Viet, so sdnh, phdn tich di di den kit ludn : tieng Anh (ho$G
tiing Phdp, tiing Nga,...) thudc loai hinh ngdn ngii hod kit, tiing Viet thudc loai
hinh ngdn ngii don lap.
3. Xdc dinh hu tu vd phdn tich tdc dung the hien y nghia cua chung trong doan
vdn sau:
Phdp chgy, Nhdt hdng, vua Bdo Dgi thodi vi. Ddn ta da ddnh ddcdc xiing xich
thuc ddn gdn 100 ndm nay dd gdy dung nin nudc Viet Nam d0c lap. Ddn ta lai
ddnh ddchid0 qudn chu mdy muoi thiki md lap nin chi do Ddn chu C0ng hod.
(Hd Chi Minh, Tuyin ngdn DQC ldp)

TRA BAI LAM VAN S 6 6

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd5.
58
Tdi Y i u EM A.X. PU-SKIN

KET QUA CAN OAT-

Cam nhdn dugc ve dep trong sang ciia bai tha
ca ve ndi dung tdm tinh l i n ngdn tu nghe thuat.

TIEU DAN
A-lich-xan-dra Xec-ghe-e-vich Pu-skin (1799 - 1837), "Mat trdi cua thi ca Nga",
Id nha tha vl dai "co y nghia to ldn khdng chi trong lich su van chuong ma ca trong lich
su thiic tinh cua dan tpc Nga" (N. A. Do-bro-liu-bdp).
Khdng chi la mpt thi si Itmg danh (vdi hon 800 bai tha trir dnh), Pu-skin cdn la tac gia
cda tieu thuyet bang tha ndi tieng {Ep-ghe-nhi 6-nhe-ghin, 1823 - 1831) khdi dau cho
chu nghia hien thuc Nga, tdc gia cua bi kich lich su hoanh trang {Bo-rit Go-du-ndp -
1825), ngudi sang tao nhiing trudng ca sau lang {Ru-xlan vd Li-iit-mi-la -1820, Nguoi tit
Cdp-ca-da-\%2\,...), nhiing truyen ngan xuat sac {Co tieu thunongddn -1830, Con ddm
pick -1833,...), nhiing ngu ngdn tham tram,...
Cac sang tac phong phu cua Pu-skin
da the hien tuyet dep tam hon nhan dan
Nga khao khat TU DO va TINH Y£U. Va a
the loai nao, van chuong Pu-skin cQng
luon la mdt tieng noi Nga trong sdng,
thuan khiit, the hien cuoc sdng mot
each gidn di, chan thuc.
Tdi yeu em la mpt ttong nhiing bai tha
tinh ndi tiing cua Pu-skin, dugc khoi
tiguon tir mdi tinh cua nha tha vdi
A. A. 0-le-nhi-na (con gai cua A N. 6-le-nhin,
Chu tich Vien Han lam nghe thuat Nga) -
ngudi ma mua he nam 1829 Pu-skin da
cau hdn nhung khong dugc chap nhan.
Bai tha vdn khdng ten, nhan de Tdi yeu
em la do ngudi dich dat.

A-Iich-xan-draX6c-ghe-e-vich Pu-skin

59
VAN BAN
Tdi yeu em^^'>: din nay chiing ed the
Nggn lu-a tinh chua han da tan phai^^^;
Nhung khdng di em bdn ldng them niia.
Hay hdn em phdi ggn bdng u hodi^^'.
Tdi ydu em am thim, khdng hi vgng,
Luc rut re, khi ham hue long ghen,
Tdi yeu em, yeu chdn thdnh, dam thim,
ciu em dugc ngudi tinh nhu tdi da ydu em^^^.
1829

(Pu-skin, Tha trti Unh, ban dich cua THUY TOAN

NXB vail hpe, Ha Npi, 1986)

HUlOMG BAN HOC BAI

1. Diep khdc ndo ldm ndi bat cdm xuc chu daO cda bdi tha ? Bdi tha dudng nhu Id
ldi tii gid chd mdt mdi tinh khdng thdnh. Ldi ttr gid cda Pu-skin cd ^ ddc bigt ?
2. Gigng dieu trii tinh ehuyen biin nhu thi ndo ttr hai cau 1-2 sang hai cdu 3 - 4
vd tu hai cdu 5 - 6 sang hai cau 7 - 8 ? Diin biin tdm ttang phuc tap cua nhdn
vat trii tinh dugc the hidn tinh te ra sao ?
3. Tai sao cd thi ndi hai cdu kit la bat ngd, hdm chiia nhiiu y vi ?
4. Bdi tha ggi cho anh (chi) nhiing cam nghi gi vi tdm hdn Pu-skin vd ve tinh yeu ?
. •—. GHI NHO .
To! yeu em tham dugm noi budn cda mdi tinh vd vgng, nhung Id ndi budn
trong sang ciia mgt tdm hdn ydu duong chdn thdnh, manh lidt, nhdn hdu,
vj tha. Ldi giai bay tinh ydu cda Pu-skin dugc t h i hiin qua ngdn ttr gidn dj
ma tinh t i .

(1) Dai tir nhan xung ngdi thu hai - em - trong nguydn bin dupe dung vdi each ndi trang trpng.
(2) Trong nguyen ban, hai eau tho diu chi la:
Tdi ddyiu em, tinh yiu vdn, cdlS
Chua tdt hdn trong ldng tdi.
Hinh anh In du ngQn Ida tinh ma ngudi dich them vao dupe gpi y do ddng tu tdt.
(3) Cach didn dat d ban dich tho bdng bay hon nguydn ban vdn chi giin di:
Tdi khdng mudn ldm em buon vi bdt cu diiu gi.
(4) Hai cau tho cudi trong nguyen ban cd cau true so sanh "nhu thd... nhu thd..." :
Tdi dd yiu em chdn thdnh nhu the, diu ddng nhu thd,
Cdu Trdi cho em duoc ngudi khdc (cung) yiu (chdri thdnh, diu ddng) nhu thi.

60
 DOC THEM
BAI THO $ 6 28 R.M^
(Trong tap Ngudi ldm vudn)
J

TIEU DAN
Ra-bin-dra-natTa-go (1861 -1941) la nha van, nha van hoa ldn cua An Dp. Sudt ddi minh, dng
da phan dau khdng mpt mdi va cd nhiing cdng hien quan trpng cho su nghidp phpc hung van hoa
An Dp, giai phdng Xn Dp khdi ach thyc dan; gdp phan vao cudc ddu tranh cua nhan loai vi dpc
lap, hoa binh, hiru nghj giira cac dan tpc.
Ta-go dd 1^ mpt gia tai khdng Id cac tac pham thudc nhidii linh vvrc khac nhau ma d Unh vuc nao
ciing thanh cdng xuat sdc: 52 t^p tho, 12 bd tidu thuyet, hang tram truyen ngdn, 42 vd kich, 63 tap
ti^u l u ^ tridt hpe, khodng 2 000 bai ca, hang nghin hue hoa,... Trong dd, tap Tha Ddng da dem den
cho dng vinh dueiia ngudi chdu A dau tien dupe nhan Giai thudng Nd-ben vd van hpe vao nam 1913.
Ngudi ldm vudn \a mpt trong nhimg tap tho ndi tieng cua Ta-go. Tac pham gdm 85 bai tho,
dupe Ta-go viet bdng tidng Ben-gan, sau tu dieh sang tieng Anh va xuat ban nam 1914. Ten tac
phdm gpi hinh tupng nha tho nguy$n lam ngudi cham sdc vudn hoa cupe ddi. Vdi Ta-go, vudn ddi
that tuoi dep, sdng trdn ddi thyc sy la niem vui khi d dd chua chan tinh yeu giiia con ngirdi vdi cdn
ngudi, giua con ngudi vdi thien nhien ; va thi nhan chinh la ngudi hat ea, ngudi vun xdi nhiing
bdng hoa tinh yeu dy. Ngudi ldm vudn rat tidu bidu cho gipng tho giau chat trii tinh va chat triet li
cua Ta-go, vira thd hi^n tam hdn An Dp vira bao quat tinh than nhan loai. Tac pham da dupe dich
ra nhidu thii tidng, chinh phuc dpc gid nhieu nudc, phuong Ddng cung nhu phuong Tay.
cac bai trong tip tho A/gwdi ldm vudn khdng cd nhan de ma ehi danh sd thii tu. Bat sd 28 la
mpt trong nhiing bai tho hay nhat eiia Ta-go, cd mat ttong nhidu tuydn tap tho tinh the gidi.

VAN BAN
Ddi mit bdn khodn eua em budd,
Ddi mit em mudn nhin vdo tdm tudng cua anh
Nhu ttang kia mudn vdo sdu bien cd.
Anh dd di cudc ddi anh trin trui dudi mit em,
Anh khdng giau em mdt diiu ^
Chfnh vi thi md em khdng biet gi tat ca vi anh.
Niu ddi anh chi Id vien nggc ,
anh se ddp nd ra ldm trdm mdnh
vd xdu thdnh mdt chudi
quang vdo cd em.
Neu ddi anh chi Id mdt dod hoa
ttdn ttia, diu ddng vd bd bdng
anh se hdi nd ra di dat len mdi tdc em.
Nhung em oi, ddi anh la mgt trdi tim
Ndo ai biet chieu sdu vd bin bd cua nd.
Em la nii hodng cua vuong qudc dd
Ay the md em cd biet ^ bien gidi cua nd ddu.

61
 Niu trdi tim anh chi Id mdt phut gidy lac thu
Nd se nd ra thdnh mgt nu cudi nhe nhdm
Va em thau sudt rat nhanh.
Neu trdi tim anh ehi Id khd dau
Nd se tan thdnh le trong
Vd ldng im phdn chieu ndi niim u an.
Nhung em oi, trdi tim anh lai la tinh ydu
Ndi vui sudng, khd dau cua nd Id vd bien.
Nhiing ddi hdi vd su gidu sang cua nd la trudng cuu.
Trai tim anh cung d gin em nhu chinh ddi em vdy
Nhung chang bao gid em biettrgn nd ddu.
{Tha Td-go, ban dieh eua DAO XUAN QUY,
NXB Van hoa - Thdng tin, Ha Npi, 2000)
HU^G BAN DOC THEM
1. Hinh tugng so sdnh tiong eau md d i u :
Ddi mdt em mudn nhin vdo tdm tudng cda anh
Nhu „ ,. ^ . ^ biin cd
trang kia muon vao sau
the hien niim khao khdt gi trong tinh yeu ?
2. Ldi cau tnie dua ra nhiing gid dinh (neu A ehi Id B) rdi phu dinh (nhung A lai la
C) de di den kit ludn :
A khdng chi la B ma (lai) la C
cudc doi vidn ngoc trai tim
doa hoa

ttai tim lac thu tinh yeu

kho dau

dugc su dung trung diep trong bdi nham muc dich ^ ?

Tii nhiing tuong ddng vd khdc biet giiia viin nggc, dod hoa vdi trdi tim, giiia Igc
thu, khd dau vdi Unh yiu, Ta-go mudn ndi gi ve cudc ddi, vi trdi tim ?
3. Cdch ndi nghich II khdng chi xuat hien d doan dau :
Anh khdng gidu em m0t diiu gi
Chinh vi thimd em khdng biit gi tdt cd vi anh
md cdn dugc su dung khd nhiiu lin ttong bdi tha. Hdy ghi lai nhiing cdu cd
cdch ndi nghich 11 nhu vdy. Cdch ndi ay the hien diiu ki dieu gi trong tinh yeu ?

62
LUYEN TAP VliT TIEU SU TOM TAT.

KfTQUACANOAT
Ndm vdng han each viet tieu su tdm tat.
• Viet duac ban tieu sii tdm tat.

Chi dodn anh (chi) se gidi thieu mdt dodn vien uu tu tham gia ling cu vdo Ban
Chap hdnh Hdi lidn hiep Thanh nien cua tinh (thdnh phd). Anh (ehi) hdy viet tieu
su tdm tit cua dodn vien dd.
. 1. Viit tieu sutdm tat
Hay lan lugt hodn thdnh mdt sd yeu cau :
- Xdc dinh muc dich vd yeu ciu viet tieu su tdm tat.
- Xdc dinh ndi dung ttinh bay ttong bdn tieu su.
- Tim hieu ngudi gidi thidu di cd nhung thdng tin can thiet,
- Viit ban tiiu su tdm tit.
2. Trinh bay ban tieu su tdm tat trudc ldp
- Mdt hgc sinh tiinh bay trudc ldp. Tap thi ldp neu nhdn xet vd gdp phin hodn
chinh bdn tiiu su: tdm tit.
- Tttng ngudi siia chiia, bd sung va hodn chinh vdn bdn cua minh.

ea DQC THEM

LUU QUANG v u

Nhd tha, nhd viit kich Luu Quang Vu sinh ngdy 17 - 4 - 1948, mat ngay
29 - 8 - 1988. Qng sinh ra vd ldn len d Phu Thg, din 1954 di hgc vd dinh cu t£U
Ha Ndi. Qng tung la bd ddi thdi ki khdng chien chdng Mi.
Luu Quang Vu bit diu ldm tha tu giiia nhiing ndm 60 (thi ki XX). Nhiing bdi
tha diu cua dng (phan Huang cdy ttong tap Huang cdy - Bip lua, in chung vdi
Bing Viet ndm 1968) sdm bgc Id mdt gigng tha nggt ngdo, dim thim, phdng phat
phong vi dan gian cda mdt tam hdn ttong sdng, thiit tha vdi dat nude, gidu ma
mdng nhung cung nhieu bdn khodn, day ddt. Nhiing bai tha dng ldm ttr 1970 den

63
1975 dugc tuyen chgn va in ttong tap Bdy ong trong dim sdu (1993) cho thay mdt
Luu Quang Vu khdc - mdt Luu Quang Vu day din vdt, dau xdt, cd dan, ttdn trd,
hodi nghi, cd luc ngdn ngam den tuydt vgng, nhung vdn tha thiet mudn thodt ra
khdi nhiing pdi chdn chuong, met mdi, hodi nghi de sdng thuc su ed ich cho ddi.
Tha cda Liru Quang Vu trong nhiing nam 80 - tap Mdy trdng ciia ddi tdi (1989) -
do tu tay tdc gid chuan bi, nhimg sau khi dng dot nggt qua ddi mdi din dugc vdi
beui dgc, ddnh dau mdt chdng dudng mdi eua tha dng. Cam xuc vin phong phu,
vin tai hoa, tinh te, nhung suy nghi dim hon, sdu hon, gidu chat khdi quat vd chat
t^o hinh.
Diu nhiing nam 80, cudc ddi sdng tdc eua Luu Quang Vu ed budc ngodt quan
trgng: ehuyen sang boat ddng sdn khau. Vdi sd lugng tdc pham that ddi dao (gin
50 kich ban), tinh thdi su nhay ben vd tinh luan chiin manh me, Luu Quang Vu dd
dat ra dugc nhiing van di biic xuc vi cugc sdng, ddp ung dugc ddi hdi cua ngirdi
xem, cd nhiing ddng gdp khdng nhd ddi vdi nin nghe thudt sdn khau Vidt Nam.
Nhiing vdkich nhu: Hdn Truong Ba, da hdng thit (1984), Tdi vd chdng ta (1985),...
da thuc su chiem dugc cam tinh cua khdn gia duong thdi.
Ld mdt nghe si nhiiu tdi ndng, sdng tdc cua Luu Quang Vu trai ra nhieu linh
vuc: lam tha, viit kich ban sdn khiu, viet truyen ngin vd tieu l u ^ . Nhung ddi vdi
Luu Quang Vu, cdi cdn lai lau hon cd Id tha - nhiing tap tha ghi lai chdn that
nhiing budc thdng trim cua chinh cugc ddi dng.

(Theo Tit dien vdn hgc (bp mdi), Sdd)

64
NGUOI TRONG BAO. A.P. SE-KHOP

KET QUA CAN DAT -

Hieu dugc su phe phan sau sac cua nha van
ddi vdi Idi sdng "thu minh vao trong bao'' eiia
mgt bg phan trf thiic Nga cudi t h i ki XIX.
Thay dugc nhung net dac sdc ve nghe thuat
cua tac pham : xay dung bieu tugng va nhan
vat dien hinh, each ke chuyen dac sac.
^
TIEU D A N
An-tdn Pap-ld-vich Se-khdp (1860 - 1904), nha van Nga kiet xuat, sinh ra va ldn len trong
mpt gia dinh budn ban nhd d thi tran Ta-gan-rde, ben bd bien A-ddp. Nam 1884, tdt nghiep
Khoa Y, Trudng Dai hpe Tdng hop Mat-xco-va, Se-khdp vvra lam bac si ndng thdn vira vidt bao,
viet van, ddng thdi tham gia nhieu cdng vide xa hdi, giao due, van hoa. Nam 1887, dng dupe
nhan Giai thudng Pu-skin cda Vien Han lam khoa hpe Nga. Nam 1900, Se-khdp dupe bau lam
Vien si danh du Vien Han lam khoa hoc Nga.
Se-khdp da de lai hon 500 truyen ngdn va truyen vira, trong dd cd nhieu tac pham dac sdc :
Anh beo vd anh gdy. Con ki nhdng, Phdng sd 6, Ddo Xa-kha-Uri, Dong cd ; kich ndi : Hdi du,
Cdu Va-nhi-a, Ba chi em, Vudn anh ddo,...
Tu nhiing cdt truyen rat gian di, tac pham
cda Se-khdp thudng dat ra nhieu van de cd y
nghia xa hdi to ldn, y nghia nhan ban sau xa.
Se-khdp duoc xem la dai bieu ldn cudi ciing
eua van hoc hien thuc Nga nua cudi thd ki XDC,
nha each tan thien tai v^ the loai truyen ngdn
va kich ndi.
Ngudi trong bao (1898), truyen ngdn ndi
tidng cua Se-khdp, dupe sang tac trong thdi
gian nha van dudng bfinh d thanh phd I-an-ta,
tren ban dao Crirm, bien Den. Thdi dd, xa hpi
Nga dang ngat thd trong bau khdng khi
chuyen chd nang ne cudi the ki XIX. Mdi
trudng xa hdi ay da de ra Idm kidu ngudi ki
quai. "Ngudi trong bao" Be-li-cdp la mdt
phat hien nghe thuat dpc dao, dac sdc eua
nha van. Cau chuyen cudi ra nude mdt vl
cudc ddi mdt con ngudi mdc chiing benh sp
hai, sdng, chet deu tham hai... khdng ehi
phan anh,thue trang xa hpi ma cdn ed y nghia
triet li sau sdc. Nguyin Tuan tiing ea ngoi :
"Truyen Be-li-cdp'-^^ la mdt ang van da kich
An-tdn Pap-ld-vich Se-khdp len den tuyet dinh: hinh thii, ten hp nhan vat
da thanh mdt cai su, da thanh mdt hinh dung
(1) Bi-li-cdp: tiic truyen ngdn Ngudi trong bao. tir ngay nay vdn cdn tac dung ldn"

S N G O V A N 11/2-A 65
VAN BAN
(Lupe doan md dau : Bdc si I-van I-va-niit vd Bu-ra-kin, gido viin
trung hQc di sdn vi qud mugn, ddnh phdi nghi dim tdi nhd kho ciia
dng trudng xdm a cudi IdngMi-rd-nd-xit-xkdi-i. Tai ddy, Bu-ra-kin dd
kecho bdc si I-van nghe chuyin vi Bi-li-cdp.)

Day ndy, chang phai tim ddu xa, cdch ddy khodng hai thdng, d thdnh phd cd mdt
ngudi mdi chit ten la Be-li-cdp, ban ddng nghiep eua tdi, mdt gido vien day tieng
Hi L^p. Chic Id anh cdng dd n ^ e ten dng ndy rdi. Hin ta ndi tiing vi dieu Id luc nao
cdng v$y, thdm chi cd vdo khi rat dep ttdi, ban
diu di giay cao su, cim d vd nhat thiit la mac do
bdnh td am cdt bdng. 6 hin di ttong bao'^',
chiec ddng hd qua quyt cdng di ttong bao bdng
da huau; vd khi nit chiec dao nhd de ggt but ehi
thi chiec dao ay cung ddt ttong bao ; ca bd mat
bin ta niia dudng nhu cung d ttong bao vi luc
ndo bin ciing giau mat sau chiec cd do banh td
be dung len. Hin deo kinh rdm, mac do bdng
chin, Id tai nhet bdng, va khi ngdi len xe ngua thi
bao gid ciing cho keo mui 16n. Ndi tdm lai, eon
ngirdi ndy luc nao cdng cd khdt vgng manh liet
thu minh vdo ttong mdt cdi vd, tao ra cho minh
mgt thii bao cd thi ngdii cdch, bdo ve hin khdi
nhiing anh hudng ben.ngodi. Cudc sdng ldm ban
khd chiu, sg hdi, huge bin phdi thudng xuyen lo
du vd cd le nhu di bdo chiia cho thdi do nhdt
nhdt, ghe tdm ddi vdi hien tai, luc nao bin cdng
nggi ca qud khii, nggi ca nhiing ^ khdng bao gid
ed thdt. May thii ngdn ngii cd md hin day ddi vdi
bin th^t ra ciing chi Id mdt thu gidy cao su, mgt
thu d che ma nhd dd bin cd the ttdn ttdnh dugc Be-li-cdp
cudc sdng thuc. (Tranh ciia Ku-kru-nhi-e-xdp, Nga)

- 6, tieng Hi Lap nghe that Id tuyet vdi, em tai. - Hin ta ndi vdi ve nggt ngdo.
Va nhu de chiing minh cho ldi ndi eua minh, bin nheo mit 1^, gia mdt ngdn tay
len vd thdt ra tiing: - Anthrdpos^^^!
Cd y nghi cua minh, Be-U-cdp cdng cd giau vdo bao. Ddi vdi han, ehi ed nhiing chi
thi, thdng tu, nhiing bdi bdo c&i dodn dieu ndy diiu ng mdi la nhiing cdi rd rang. [...]
Hin cd mdt thdi quen ki qudc Id di hit nhd nay din nhd khac noi bgn chung
tdi d. Hin din nhd gido vieri ndo do chang ban, keo ghi ngdi, ching ndi chang

(1) Bao: v$t diing de dipig, bpe, gdi dd vat, hang hoa,... hinh tui hoac hinh hop.
(2) Anthrdpos: eon ngudi (tieng Hi Lap ; chu thich eua nha van).

66 SNGLfVAN 11/2-8
rang, mit nhin xung quanh nhu tim kiim vat gi. Hin cii ngdi im nhu phdng the
rdi dg mgt gid sau thi cdo ttr. Hin ggi dd la "each duy tri nhiing mdi quan he tdt
ddi vdi b^n ddng nghidp". Bgn gido vien chung tdi diu sg bin. Thdm chi ca hieu
trudng cung sg hin. Anh thu nghi md xem, gido gidi chung tdi la bgn ngudi biet
suy nghi, rit nghiem chinh, dugc gido due qua cdc tde pham eua Tudc-ghe-nhep
vd Se-drin'i', thimd cdi thing cha quanh nam di giay cao su va mang d ay dd
khdng che ca trudng hgc chung tdi sudt mudi ldm ndm trdi. Ma ddu phai chi ed
trudng hgc ! Ca thdnh phd niia ay! Cdc ba cdc ed tdi thii bay khdng dam td chiic
dien kich t ^ nhd niia, sg ring nhd hin biit thi lai phiin, gidi tu hdnh khi ed mat
bin khdng dam dn thit vd ddnh bdi. Dudi anh hudng cua nhiing ke nhu Be-h-edp,
ttong vdng muoi, mudi ldm ndm trd lai ddy, dan chung trong thdnh phd dam ra
sg tat cd. Sg ndi to, sg gui thu, sg ldm quen, sg dgc sdch, gidp dd ngudi ngheo, day
hgc chii,... [...]
- Be-li-cdp d ngay cung mgt nhd vdi tdi, - Bu-ra-kin ndi tiep, - cung mdt ting,
cfira ddi di§n nhau. Tdi vdi bin vin thudng xuyen gidp mat nhau, va tdi biet rd sinh
ho^t d nhd cua hin. 6 nhd hin cung sdng thi thdi: cung vin mac do khode ngoai,
dgi mu, ddng ctta, cdi then, cd du su ngdn cam vd ban chi, luc ndo cung sg nhd
1^ xdy ra chuydn gi. [...]
Budng ngu cua Be-U-cdp chat nhu cdi hop. Khi nam ngu, hin keo chdn trum
diu kin mit. Trong budng ndng biic, ngdt ngat, gid thdi ngoai cua sd ddng kin mit,
lua reo ttong Id, cd tiing thd ddi nghe di sg vgng len tir dudi bip...
Nim trong chdn, hin cdm thiy rdn rgn. Hin sg nhd ra lai cd chuyen gi, sg ke
ttdm ehui vdo nhd. Sau dd sudt ddm ban nam ma todn nhung diiu khung khiip ;
va budi sdng, khi cung di din trudng vdi tdi, mat hin tdi nhgt, riu rl.
(Lupe thu^t mdt doan: Tuy sdng thu minh, dan dgc, nhdt nhdt, nghi ki nhung Be-li-cdp ciing
dd dnh chuyin Idy vg. Dd Id Va-ren-ca, chi gdi ciia Cd-va-len-cd, mot gido viin vua mdi vi trudng.
Va-ren-ca tudi chimg ba muai, tinh tinh hon nhiin, nhi nhanh, hay ndi, hay hdt, hay cudi. Hai chi
em sdngcd vitifdo, phdng khodng. Suxudt hiin ciia hai chi em nhd ndy dd ldm xao ddng khdng
khi tinh le budn chdn. Thdy Bi-li-cdp cd ve thich Va-ren-ca, moi ngudi nghi ra trd gdn ghep hai
ngudi. tdinh Idy vg ddn chodn nggp tdm tri, nhung hdn cii ldn iQa, ddn do, suy tinh vi cu sg the
ndy thdng. Hdn gdy han di vd hinh nhu lai cdng mudn chui sdu han trong cdi bao ciia minh. Nhung
mgt chuyin bdt ngd xdy ra: Hdm trudc, vua nhqn dugc buc tranh chdm biem "Mdt ngudi tinh si"
cOa "m^t cdu ngo nghich ndo dd" thi hdm sau, trong budi di chai chii nhdt, Bi-li-cdp ngac nhien
den hodng hdt khi tdn mdt chiing kien cdnh hai chi em Va-ren-ca vd Cd- va- len-cd phdng xe dap vut
qua. Budi tdi, Bi-li-cdp quyit dinh din nhd Va-ren-ca, nhung cd lai di vdng nin chi gap ngudi em.)

B6-li-cdp ngdi yen, chang ndi chang ring chiing do mudi phut rdi len tiing:
- Tdi tim din anh di giai bay tam su. Tdi rat budn hue anh a. Cd mdt ten vd lai
nao dd dd ve chdm biim tdi vd mdt ngudi gin gui vdi ed hai chung ta. Tdi thay cd
nghia vu phai ndi qua quyit vdi anh ring tdi ching hi cd Uen quan gi tdi mdt
(1) Tudc-ghi-nhep (1818 - 1883), Si-drin (1826 - 1889): hai nha van Nga ndi tieng.

67
chuyen nhu the... Tdi chang hi ldm diiu gi sa suit ddng di cho mgi ngudi giiu egt
nhu vdy. Luc nao tdi cung xu' su nhu mdt ngudi tu ti, diing din. [...] .Cdn mdt diiu
niia tdi cung mudn ndi vdi anh. Tdi thi vdo nghi da ldu, cdn anh thi mdi bit diu
di ldm, nen vdi tu each la ban ddng nghiep di trudc, tdi thay cd nghia vu phai nhac
nhd anh ddi diiu. Anh dd di xe dap vd cdi trd giai tti ay hodn todn khdng hgp vdi
tu the cda mdt nhd gido due thiiu nien.
- Vi sao vdy ? - Cd-va-len-cd bdi lai bdng gigng ttam trim.
- Chang le dieu nay lai cdn cin phai gidi thich niia sao ? Chang le dd lai Id diiu
khd hieu u ? Niu thay gido di xe dap thi hgc sinh se ldm gi ? Lu tre chi cdn thiiu
nude la di diu xudng dd't thdi. Vd lai neu khdng ed chi thi nao cho phep thi ta
khdng dugc lam. Hdm qua tdi sg phdt kinh len day! Khi tdi nhin thay chi cua anh,
mit tdi hoa len. Ddn bd con gdi ma di xe dap thi qua la ehuyen kinh khung!
- Nhung md dng mudn cdi gi mdi dugc ehu ?
- Tdi ehi mudn mdi mdt diiu la nhde bao anh. Anh cdn tre, tuong lai anh cdn
d phia trudc, anh can phai xu su rat, rat than trgng. Thi ma anh da budng thd !
6 ! Anh budng tha minh qua chimg! Anh mac do theu ra dudng, di ngoai phd luc
nao anh cung cam theo sach nay sdch ng, rdi bay gid lai cdn cudi xe dap niia.
Chuyen anh vd chi anh di xe daprfiadin tai dng hieu trudng, rdi den ted dng thanh
tra... Luc ay thi cdn ra cdi thi thdng gi niia khdng ?
- Viec ta vd chi ta, di xe dap chang hen quan gi din ai ed ! - Cd-va-len-cd ndi,
mat do gay. - Con ndo thing ndo thd miii vdo ehuyen rieng eua nhd ta, ta cho
chiu Diem Vuong td't!
Be-h-edp tdi mat diing day.
- Niu anh ndi vdi tdi bang-cdi gigng nhu the thi tdi khdng thi tiip tuc niia. -
Han ta ndi. - Vd tdi ciing yeu eau anh khi ed mat tdi, dirng bao gid dn ndi nhu thi
ve cap tren. Anh can phdi ed thdi do kinh trgng ddi vdi chinh quyin.
- Hod ra Id ta dd ndi gi dgng den chinh quyen sao ? - Cd-va-len-cd hdi, mit hin
hgc nhin Be-li-cdp. - Xin dng de cho ta yen! Ta Id ngudi trung thue vd vdi nhiing
ngudi nhu "quy rigai" ta khdng mudn ndi ehuyen. Ta khdng ua nhiing ten
mdch leo.
Be-li-cdp bdi rdi, ludng cudng mac lai do ngodi, ve mat diy hoang hot. Bdi dd
la lin diu tien trong ddi hin phai nghe nhiing ldi thd bao din the.
- Anh ed the ndi gi tuy anh. - Hin viia ndi vtra budc ra ngodi hdnh lang din
xudng eau thang. - Tdi ehi mudn bdo trudc cho anh rdng cd the ed ngudi dd nghe
dugc cudc ndi chuyen nay. Vd di cho khdng ai cd the xuyen tac cdu chuyen vtra
rdi vd de khdi cd dieu gi chang Idnh xdy ra, tdi se bdo cdo vdi ngdi hieu trudng ftdi
dung eau ehuyen hdm nay... tren nhiing net chinh. Tdi se phdi lam viec dd.

- Bdo cdo ha ? Nay, di ma bdo cdo di ndy!

68
 Cd-va-len-cd tum lay cd do bin tir phia sau rdi xd manh. Be-li-cdp ldn nhdo
xudng cau thang, ddi giay cao su Igc cdc dap vdo bdc gd. Cau thang khd cao,
nhung hin dd ldn xudng dudi mdt cdch binh yen vd su. Han dung day sd len mui
xem cap kinh cd cdn nguyen ven khdng. Nhung dung vao luc hin xudng ciu
thang thi Va-ren-ca va hai bd nua vtra cung di ddu ve. Hg diing d dudi va nhin ldn -
dieu ndy ddi vdi Be-li-cdp la kinh khung hon ca. Thd tu vat cd, be gdy chdn minh
di cdn hon la biin thdnh trd cudi cho thien ha. Bdy gid thi trudc sau gi ca thanh
phd cha biit. Chuyen se din tai ngdi hieu ttudng, ngdi thanh tra. Chao di! Thi rdi
lai nhd xay ra chuyen gi niia chii ! Hg se lai ve tranh chdm biem khdc, rdi mgi
chuyen din din chd la ngudi ta se ep minh ve htm...
Khi hin ddng day, Va-ren-ca nhdn ra bin. Cd ta nhin bd mat nuc cudi cua hin,
nhin chiic banh td nhdn nhdm, ddi gidy cao su, khdng hieu ehuyen gi da xay ra.
Cd ta tudng ring bin da vd f trugt ngd. Khdng nen dugc, ed ta cudi pha len vang
khip khu nha:
- Ha - ha - ha!
Cdi tieng cudi dm vang, lanh ldi "ha - ha - ha" do da cham diit td't ca: cham diit
chuyfn cudi xin, cham diit ed cudc ddi cda Be-h-edp. Hdn khdng cdn nghe thay
Va-ren-ca ndi gi, khdng cdn nhin thay gi niia. Trd vi din nhd, viec dau tien la hin
cat tam anh de tten bdn di, sau dd len giudng nam va khdng bao gid day niia.
Khoang ba ngdy sau, tdi sang nhd Bd-U-edp. Han ndm trong mdn, dip chdn kin
va im ldng. Hdi thi hin chi ddp "khdng" hay "cd" thdi, khdng ndi them diiu gi.
Mdt thdng sau, Bg-li-edp chit. Bay gid, khi ndm trong quan taii ve mat hin
trdng hien Idnh, di chiu, thdm ehi cdn cd ve tuoi tinh niia, cii het nhu ban mimg
rang cudi cung hin da dugc ehui vdo trong cdi bao md ttr do khdng bao gid phai
thodt ra niia. Phai rdi, thi Id bin dd dat dugc muc dieh cudc ddi![...]
Tii nghia dia trd vi, long chung tdi deu cam thay nhe nhdng, thoai mdi. Nhung
chua diy mdt tuan sau, eude sdng da lai diin ra nhu cu, ndng ne, met nhgc, vd vi,
mdt cudc sdng chang bi ehi thi ndo cam dodn nhung cung chang dugc tu do hodn
todn, chang tdt dep gi hon trudc. Tren thuc ti, Be-Ii-edp da chau dm phu nhung
hien cdn bao nhieu Id ngudi trong bao, trong tuong lai cung se cdn bao nhieu ke
nhu thi niia!
(Lupe doan cudi: Bu-ra-kin ngiing ki, budc ra khdi nhd. Trdng lin. Dd niia dim. Van vdt chim
trong im ldng. Bdc si I-van trdm ngdm; "Dd, vdn di Id dchd dd. Chung ta sdng chui nic d thdnh phd
ndy trong khdng khi ngdt ngat. Chiing ta viet nhiing thu gidy td vd dung, ddnh bdi ddnh box: -
nhung cdi dd khdng phdi Id mgt thu bao sao ? Chung ta sdng cd ddi bin nhiing ke vd cdng roi nghi,
nhiing kexui nguyin giuc bi, nhiing mu ddn bd nhdn rdi ngu si, chung ta ndi vd nghe dii thd chuyin
nhdm nhi, vd nghia - dd chdng phdi Id mdt thd bao sao ?". Chinh ddy mdi Id diiu ddng ndi! Vd cudi
cung, I-va-niit kit ludn: "Khdng thi sdng mdi nhu thi dugc!".)
1898
{Truyin ngdn A.P. Si-khdp, theo ban dich
eua PHAN HONG GIANG - CAO XUAN HAO,
NXB Cdu vdng, Mat-xco-va, 1988)

69
HU^G DAN HOC BAI

1. Nhan vat Be-U-cdp dugc midu ta nhu thi ndo ? Chgn mdt vdi chi tiet tieu biiu
cho tinh cdch Be-li-cdp. Ldi sdng eua Be-U-cdp da dnh hudng den tinh thin vd
boat ddng cua cdc gido vien vd ngudi ddn thdnh phd ra sao ?
2. Vi sao Be-U-cdp chit ? Giai thich thdi do, tinh cam cda mgi ngudi ddi vdi Be-U-cdp
luc y cdn sdng vd khi dd qua ddi. Tinh cam vd thdi do ay ndi len dieu gi ?
3. Phdn tich y nghia tu tudng - nghe thudt cua bleu tugng "cdi bao" ; t^ do khdi
qudt chu di tu tudng eua truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao.
4. Theo anh (chi), truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao cd nhiing ddc sac gi ve nghd thudt ?
(cdch ke chuyen; chgn ngdi ki, gigng ke; xdy dung nhdn vdt, biiu tugng,...)
5. Thdo ludn vi y nghia thdi su eua truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao.

, \ GHI N H O .
Vdi nghe thuat xay dung biiu tugng va nhan vat dien hinh, gigng k i chdm rdi
vda giiu egt, chdm biem, mfa mai vua u budn, qua hinh tugng nhdn vdt
"ngudi trong bao" Be-li-cdp, Se-khdp phd phdn sdu sac Idi sdng hen nhdt, bac
nhugc, bao thii va feh ki eiia mdt bd phdn trf thuc Nga cudi the kf XIX. Tu dd,
nha van khan thiet thuc tfnh mgi ngudi : "Khdng t h i sdng mai nhu t h i dugc !".

LUYEN TAP

1. Nhdp vai Be-U-cdp de ke lai truyen ngin Ngudi trong bao bang ngdi thii nhit.
2. Theo tudng tugng cua anh (chi), hay viit mdt doan kit khdc cho truyen ngin
Ngudi trong bao.
3. Ddng ndo sau ddy cd thi thay thi cho nhan di cda truyen ngin ? Vi sao ?
A - Be-li-cdp
B - Mdt con ngudi ki qudi *
. C - Khdng thi sdng nhu the !
D - Cdu chuyen trong nhd kho
E - Ngudi mang vd dc
4. Tim mdt vai thdnh ngii, tuc ngii Viet Nam cd ndi dung gin gdi vdi "ldi sdng
trong bao", vdi kiiu ngudi nhu Be-li-cdp.

70
THAO TAC LAP LUAN B I N H LUAN

K§T QUA CAN OAT -

• Hieu dugc muc dfch, yeu cdu va tam quan
trgng eiia thao tac lap luan binh luan.
• Nam dugc nhung nguydn tie va each thue ea
ban cua thao tac lap luan binh luan.
^

i - MUC DICH, YEU cAu CUA THAO TAC LAP LUAN DINH L U A N
1. Tren cdc phuong tien truyin thdng, chung ta rat bay gap tir binh ludn (binh
ludn tinh hinh thdi su, binh ludn qudn su, binh ludn thi thao,...). Theo anh (chi),
tir binh ludn trong nhiing trudng hgp ay mang y nghia gi ?
{(kri y: Anh (chi) cd thi gidi thich vi bdng dd cho mdt ngudi chua biit, cbira
hieu gi vi bdng dd, nhung anh (ehi) ed thi binh ludn vi bdng dd vdi nhiing ngirdi
khdng biit, khdng hiiu vi bdng dd hay khdng ? Binh ludn vi bdng dd cd phai
nhdm din dit ngudi nghe ttr chd chua biet den chd biit, ttr chd chua hiiu din ehd
hiiu vi bdng dd hay khdng ? Khi chua cd nhiing y kiin nhdn xdt, ddnh gid, bdn
ludn md minh tu thay Id xdc ddng, mdi me, anh (chi) ed thi binh ludn ve mdt trdn
dau khdng ? V$y anh (chi) phdi thue hien cdng viec binh lu$n bing nhiing y kiin
nhu thi ndo, vdi ai vd di lam gi ?)
2. Hdy tim hiiu mgt lin niia doan trich Xin lap khoa lugt cua Nguyen Trudng
Td [Ngii vdn 11, tap mdt).
a) Trong doan trich dd, tde gid ed nhdn dinh, ddnh gid dung - sai, hay - dd
khdng ? Cd bdn bac sdu rdng van di dugc ndi din hay khdng ? Niu cd thi dich cudi
cung cua cdc ldi nhdn dinh, ddnh gid, bdn bac dd la gi ?
b) Nguyin Trudng To ed li do di viitXm lap khoa /wa? khdng, niu vdo ldc biy
gid, ai nay diu dd thdng nhat ring mudn tti nudc thi phdi dua vdo luat chii khdng
phai vdo nhiing ldi ndi sudng tren giay vi trung hiiu hay li nghia, rang ludt phdp
la cdng bang vd ciing Id dao diic ?
c) Dua vdo nhdn thiic vi y nghia cua tir binh ludn trong muc 1, anh (chi) thay
Xin lap khoa ludt ed phai Id mdt doan trich cd tinh chit binh ludn khdng ? Vi sao
khdng thi coi ddy Id mdt doan trich chiing minh hay gidi thich ?
3. Mudn ldm cho y kiin binh luan cd siic thuyit phuc ngudi dgc (ngirdi nghe)
thi phai nim viing kl ndng binh ludn. Vi sao ?
4. Tai sao ed the ndi rang con ngudi hdm nay cin biit binh ludn, ddm binh ludn
vd do dd, phdi nam viing kl ndng binh ludn ?

71
II - CACH BiNH LUAN
Cd nhieu cdch binh luan. Sau ddy Id mdt ttong nhiing cdch thudng gap nhat.
Theo cdch nay, tiin ttinh binh ludn bao gdm ba budc. Anh (chi) hdy lan lugt xem
xet tCrng budc vd ttd ldi cdc cdu hdi ddt ra cho mdi budc.
1. Budc thu nhdt: Neu hien tugng (van de) cin binh ludn.
a) Binh ludn yeu ciu phai neu rd dugc thdi do vd su ddnh gid eua ngudi binh
ludn trudc van di dugc dua ra ban ludn. Nhung ed nen neu thdi do vd su ddnh gid
do khi chua ttinb bay rd ve hien tugng (van di) cin binh ludn khdng ? Vi sao ?
b) Nen trinh bdy hien tugng (van di) cin binh ludn the ndo ? Anh (chi) tdn
thdnh eau trd ldi ndo ttong cdc cdu sau :
- Trung thue, khdch quan, can ke, ehi tiit.
- Vin dam bdo yeu eau trung thue, khdch quan, nhung ehi neu ngin ggn, rd
rdng nhiing diiu ca bdn theo yeu cau cua chu di binh luan.
- Chi chu y din viec neu vd bdo ve quan diim eua ngudi binh ludn.
2. Budc thu hai: Ddnh gid hien tugng (van di) can binh ludn.
Ddi vdi ngudi binh ludn, diiu quan trgng hon ed la di xuat vd bdo ve dugc nhdn
xdt, ddnh gid cua ban thdn minh. Hay tim hiiu ki hon vi diiu quan trgng dd qua
tinh hudng sau:
Gid su anh (chi) phai tham gia binh ludn vi eae van di :
- Tinh trgng hut thudc Id trong hgc sinh
- LU dDong Thdp Mudi cd phdi chi Id tai hog ?
-Nin uu tiin cho phdt triin sdn xudt hay cho bdo vi mdi trudng, niu vi$c phdt
triin sdn xudt gdy d nhiim mdi trudng sdng ?
Vdi mdi van di, anh (chi) se bdy td su nhdn xet, ddnh gid cua minh theo budng
ndo ttong cdc hudng sau :
- Diing ban vi mdt pbia, tim nhiing U le vd din chiing di nhiet tinh ung hd phia
diing vd phe phdn phia sai.
- Kit hgp nhiing phin dung cua mdi phia vd loai bd phin cdn ban ehi di di tdi
mdt su ddnh gid thuc su hgp U, cdng bang. •
- Dua ra cdch ddnh gid phdi - ttdi, dung - sai, hay - dd eua rieng minh sau khi
dd phdn tich cdc quan diem, y kiin khdc nhau vi de tdi cin binh luan.
3. Budc thu ba: Bdn vi hien tugng (van di) cin binh ludn.
Khdng chi nhdn xet, ddnh gid, ngudi binh ludn cdn cin bdn bac. Nhtmg phdi
bdn bac nhiing gi ? Hdy chgn cdc cdu ttd ldi dung trong nhiing eau sau :
- Bdn vi thdi do, hdnh ddng, cdch giai quyit cin ed trudc hien tugng viia dugc
nhdn xet, ddnh gid.

72
 - Bdn ve nhiing diiu ed thi rut ra khi Uen he vdi thdi dai, hoan canh sdng, lua
tudi cua minh vd cua nhiing ngudi dang nghe minh binh luan.
- Bdn vi nhung y nghia xa rdng hon, sdu sic hon md hien tugng (van de) dugc
binh ludn cd thi ggi ra.

CHI NHOl-
• Binh ludn nham de xuat va thuyit phuc ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe) tan ddng
vdi nhdn xet, danh gia, ban luan cua minh ve mgt hien tugng (vdn de) trong
ddi sdng hoac trong van hgc.
• Cd nhiiu each binh luan. Nhung dti theo each nao thi ngudi binh luan
cung phdi :
- Trinh bay rd rang, trung thuc hidn tugng (van de) dugc binh luan.
- D^ xudt va chung td dugc y kien nhan djnh, danh gia ciia minh la xac dang.
- Cd nhung Idi ban sau rgng v i chu de binh ludn.

LUYINTAP
1. Cd ngudi cho ring binh ludn chang qua ehi Id su kit hgp cua hai kiiu lap ludn
gidi thich vd chiing minh. Nhdn xet ay diing hay khdng dung ? Vi sao ?
2. Doan tticb sau ddy cd su dung thao tde binh ludn khdng ? Can cii vdo ddu de
anh (chi) ed thi kit luan la ed (bode khdng) ?
[...] Trong linh vuc tai ngn giao thdng, than chit Id m0t ke mu lod, khdng hi
phdn biit ngudi tdt vd ke xdu khi dua ngang ludi hdi vdo mang sdng cua ai dd.
Nhdt Id khi thdn chit dong hdnh ciing nhiing "sdt thu" trin dudng phd.
Thdn chit trao ludi hdi cho nhiing trai trdng di xe mdy hung hang ddnh vdng,
Igng Idch, vugt du trin dudng phd. Nhiing ke hode khdng biit ludt hoac khdng
them biit din lugt giao thdng. Nhiing ke ddu dc trdng rdng khdng cdn giditu tin
vd tif hdo ngodi viic "khung bd" ngudi di dudng bdng nhung cu vugt phdi, tgt qua
sdt sgt trin ddu xe ngudi di dudng khdc, gdy dn Ignh sdng lung vd Idy ndi khung
khiip ciia ke khdc ldm khoai cdm,...
Rd rdng, ngodi nhiing hgn chi khdch quan thi y thuc cdn hit sue non kem cua
m0t sd ngudi ddn Viet Nam khi tham gia giao thdng dang Id nguyen nhdn quan
trgng cudp di sinh mgng ciia nhiiu ngudi.
Tiic thay, dd hdu hit Igi Id nhdng trai trdng. Theo thdng ke cua UNICEF^^ ndm
2004, hdu hit cdc ca tu vong d tudi 15-19 diu Id ngudi di xe mdy! Dd la su tdn

(1) UNICEF : tdn vidt tdt cua Quy Nhi ddng LiSn hpp qudc.

73
thuang qud ldn cho luclugng lao ddng cua ddt nudc. Luc lugng dy le ra phdi bdt
ddu gdnh Idy trdch nhiim cong ddn vd gia dinh, Idmra ciia cdi vd dem Igi su phdn
vinh cho gia dinh vd xd h0i.
Niu chung ta mudn cd hgnh phuc vd gat hdi duoc nhiiu qua h0i nhdp, niu
chung ta tuhdo rdng Viet Nam min khdch, thi mdi ngudi hdy tudiiu chinh minh,
trudc hit Id tu cuu minh vd cuu ngudi, dem su an todn ra ddi minh vd ddi khdch
bdng su cdn trgng khi tham gia giao thdng.
Chung ta cdn m0t chuong trinh truyin thdng hiiu qud han di "nhiing ludi hdi
tu thdn" khdng cdn nghinh ngang trin dudng phd!
{Theo Vd Thi Hao, bao dien tu Vietnamnet, ngay 12 - 12 - 2006)
3. Sau khi dgc vd suy nghi ki vi doan trich Xin lap khoa ludt, anh (chi) thiy minh
cdn cd thi binh luan gi them ve vai trd eua phdp ludt vd cua viec gido due
phdp ludt ttong xd hdi ?

S3 DQC TH6M

Phdp ludt Id cdi dingdn cdm viic riing tusai ldm vugt ra ngodi phdp ludt. Hinh
phat nghiim Id dicho linh dime thi hdnh vd trung tri cdp dudi. Cdi uy khdng thi
cho mugn. (Zdi quyin khdng thi dung chung vdi ngudi khdc. Niu uy quyen chung
vdi ngudi khdc thi bgn gian td nhan nhdn. Phdp ludt khdng chdc chdn thi nhd vua
bi nguy, hinh phgt khdng quyit dodn thi khdng thdng dugc ke gian.
Cho nin cd cdu: "Ngudi thgkheo tuy diingy vd mdt cung dung ddy muc, nhung
trudc dd phdi lay cdi quy cdi cu fi> dido [...]". Nhd ddy dgi thdng md cdy cong bi
deo. Nhd cdi muc nudc bdng md chd cao, chd nghiing bi ggt. Nhd treo cdi cdn lin
md bdt dugc cdi ndng, thim dugc vdo cdi nhe. Nhd xdc lap cdi ddu, cdi thgch *2' md
bdt dugc cdi nhiiu, thim dugc cdi it. Cho nin lay phdp ludt tri nudc chi cdt theo
phdp ludt md ldm hay ngdn cdm md thdi.
Phdp ludt khdng hiia theo ngudi sang. Sgi ddy doi khdng udn minh theo cdygd
cong. Khi dd thi hdnh phdp ludt thi ke khdn cung khdng thi tic, ke dung cung
khdng ddm tranh. Triing tri cdi sai khdng trdnh ke dgi thdn, thudng cdi dung
khdng bd sdt ke thdt phu. Cho nen diiu sua chda dugc su sai ldm cda ngudi trin,
tri dugc cdi gian cua ke dudi, trii dugc loan, sua dugc diiu sai, thdng nhdt dudng
ldi cda ddn khdng gi bdng phdp ludt
{Hdn Phi Tu, tap I, ban dich cua Phan Ngpc, NXB Van hpe. Ha Ndi, 1990)

(1) Quy: dung cu de ve vdng trdn; cd: dung cii de ve gdc vuong.
(2) Ddu, thach : eae don vi do ludng thdi xua (chu yeu dung trong vide dong thdc, gao) eua
Trung Qudc. Cu 10 ddu la I thach, 1 thach bang 120 can. (Theo mdt sd tai li$u cua Trung Qudc
thi 1 can bang 0,5 ki-ld-gam).

74
NGIfOI C A M QUYiN V. HUY-GO

KHOI PHUC UY QUYEN

(Trich Nhang nguai khdn kho)
\dT QUA CAN DAT -
Qua nhCrng hinh tugng nhan vat ddi lap va
d i i n bien cua tinh tiet, cam nhan dugc thdng
diep ve sue manh eua tinh thuang ma Huy-gd
mudn gui gdm.
<.

TI^U D A N
Vich-to Huy-gd (1802 - 1885) la mdt thien tai nd sdm va rpi sang tii dau the ki XK cho tdi nay.
Thdi tho du, Huy-gd da phdi trai qua nhiing giang xe trong tinh cam do giua cha va me cd mau
thudn. Tuy nhidn, vdi tri thdng minh va nang khidu dac biet cua mdt cau be dupe coi la "than
ddng", Huy-gd da tan dyng dupe kho sach quy bau cung su giao due sang sudt eua me, cQng nhu
bao an tupng manh liet ttr nhiing hanh trinh vat va theo cha chuyen quan tvr noi nay sang noi khac.
Dd la nhirng trang sach ddi khdc nghiet ma khdng phai diia trd nao cung budc phai trai qua, song
vdi Huy-gd lai la nhirng trdi nghiem vd cung hap ddn, de lai nhiing dau an khdng bao gid phai
trong sang tao cda thidn tai. Tu thdi thanh xuan cho tdi khi mat, su nghiep sang tac eua Huy-gd
deu gdn vdi thd ki,XIX, mdt the ki day bao td each mang. Ldi cua Huy-gd ndi ve tho cua minh -
'... Mdt tieng vpng am vang cua thdi dai" - ciing ed the la nhan dinh chung cho toan bd sang tac vua
bao la, vua sau thdm eua dng. Khdng nhiing the, Huy-gd la mdt ngudi sudt ddi cd nhiing hoat ddng
xa hdi va chinh tri tac ddng manh me tdi nhung nhan vat va khuynh hudng tien bd cua thdi dai.
Mdt sd tieu thuydt eua dng dupe gidi thieu rdng rai tren toan the gidi va da quen biet d
Vi?t Nam nhu: Nhd thdDucBdPa-ri (1831), NhOngngudi khdn Jt/zo (1862), Chin muai ba (1874),...
Tho dng trai dat sudt cudc ddi, tieu bieu la: Ld thu (1831), Tia sdng vd bdng tdi (1840), frungphqt
(1853). (j mdt linh vuc khdng phong phu bdng hai the loai tren la kich, Huy-gd vdn cd tac pham
gay sdng gid tren san khau nhu IBc-na-ni (1830 ; cdn cd each phien am la Hec-na-ni).
Ten tudi cua Huy-gd da dupe the gidi
ngudng md, khdng ehi do nhiing kiet tdc
cua nha van, ma cdn do nhiing hoat ddng
khdng ngtog nghi vi su tien bd cda con
ngudi. Ong la nha van ddu tien cda nudc
Phap khi mdt dupe dua vao chdn cdt d dien
Pang-te-dng, noi trudc dd chi danh cho vua
chiia va cae danh tudng. Nam 1985, vao dip
mdt tram nam ngay mdt cua dng, the gidi
da lam Id ki ni^m Huy-gd - Danh nhan van
hoa cua nhan loai.

Vich-to Huy-gd

75
 Nhang ngudi khdn khd la mdt bd tieu thuyet dupe nhan loai biet den nhieu nhat trong kho
tang sang tac "menh mdng" (gdm tho, kich, truyen, tieu luan,... va ca tranh ve) cua Huy-gd. Nhan
vat trung tam cua tac pham la Giang Van-giang, mpt ngudi thp xen cay da bi tii khd sai vi an cdp
mdt chide banh mi cho bay diia chau nhd. Ra tu, anh bi mpi ngudi xua dudi, tru due giam muc
Mi-ri-en. Dupe cdm hoa bdng tinh thuong, Van-giang coi do la le sdng cua minh. Sau do, dng ddi
t6n thanh Ma-do-len, trd thanh mpt thi trudng va chu nha may giau cd. Ong lam viec thien va
tudng da ciiu vdt dupe Phang-tin, cd tho ngheo phai ban than, ban rang, ban tdc de nudi con. Song
ga thanh tra cdnh sat Gia-ve truy ra gdc tich cua dng, dng lai roi vao canh tu tdi va Phang-tin chet
ma khdng dupp gap lai diia con gai Cd-det. Sau dd, dng vupt nguc va nhieu lan thay hp ddi ten, chi
cd le sdng va tinh thuong la khdng bao gid thay doi cho tdi khi ndm dudi nam md, "ed che, mua
xoa". Tuy nhien, trong eude ddi minh, cd mdt thdi gian, vao thang sau nam 1832, khi nhan dan
Pa-ri ndi day chdng chinh quyen cua giai cap dai tu san, Giang Van-giang da len chien luy. Ong
tim Ma-ri-uyt, ngudi y6u eua Cd-det. Anh chien dau va da bi thuong ben canh nhiing sinh vieri va
quan chung ndi day - trong sd dd cd chu be Ga-vo-rdt, mpt bieu tupng trong sang, dep de cua
cudc each mang non trS. Noi day, dng da gap lai Gia-ve, hdn bi quan each mang ket an tu hinh.
Ong nhan mang Gia-ve di xu bdn, song da lang lang tha cho hdn. Cho tdi khi dinh trd lai bdt
Giang Van-giang, thay dng xin dua Ma-ri-uyt ve nha rdi se nop mang, Gia-ve lan dau tien cam thdy
bi mdt phuong hudng, nhdy xudng sdng Xen tu tu. Giang Van-giang vdn lang lang vun ddp cho
hanh phuc cua Cd-d6t. Sau khi lua ddi da sum hpp, dng lanh minh, sdng trong cd don. Den luc
Giang Van-giang hap hdi, ddi tre mdi biet aila ngudi da ciiu Ma-ri-uyt va chay tdi ben giudng,
nghe nhiing ldi cudi cung cda dng: "Trdn ddi, chi cd mdt dieu ay thdi, dd la thuang yeu nhau".
Nhiing ngudi khdn khd duoc chia lam nam phan. Phan thu nhat mang ten : Phdng-tin ; phan
thu hai: Cd-det; phdn thii ba: Ma-ri-uyt; phan thii tu: Tinh ca phdPa-luy-mi vd anh hiing ca phd
Xanh Da-ni; phdn thii nam : Gidng Van-giang. Doan trich Ngudi cdm quyin khdi phuc uy quyen
ndm d cudi phdn thii nhat. Vi mudn ciiu mdt nan nhan bi Gia-ve bdt oan, Giang Van-giang budc
phdi tu thu minh la ai, va Ma-do-len chi la mdt cai ten gia. Bdi vay, dng phai den tu gia Phang-tin
trong khi nang chua biet ^ ve su that tan nhdn...

VAN BAN

Tir ngay dng thi trudng gd cho Phang-tin thodt khdi Gia-ve, chi khdng gap lai
bin lin ndo. Diu dc dm yiu cua chi khdng hieu dugc gi, nhung chi tin la hin din
de bit chi. Chi khdng thi chiu dung dugc bd mat gdm ghiee ay, chi thay nhu chit
lim di, chi lay tay che mat vd keu len hai hung:
- Ong Ma-da-len, ciiu tdi vdi!
Gidng Van-giang - tii gid chung ta se khdng ggi dng bang cdi ten nao khdc'i' -
diing day. Ong bao Phdng-tin bang mdt gigng hit sue nhe nhdng vd diem tinh :
- Cii ySn tdm. Khdng phdi nd din bit ehi dau.
Rdi dng quay lai ndi vdi Gia-ve :
- Tdi biet la anh mudn gi rdi.
Gia-ve ddp:
- Mau len!

(1) Cho tdi luc ay, Giang Van-giang vdn dupe gpi dudi cai ten gia la Ma-do-len.

76
 Trong cai dieu ban ndi len hai tieng ay cd cdi gi man rg vd dien cudng. [...]
Khdng cdn la tieng ngudi ndi md Id tieng thu gam.
Hin khdng lam nhu thudng le. Hin khdng mdo dau gi ca ; hin khdng chia td
trat truy nd ra. Hin coi Gidng Van-gidng nhu mgt dich thu bi hiem va khdng sao
bit dugc, mdt do vdt la lung hin dm ghi dd ndm nam ma khdng the quat ngd. Lin
nay tdm dugc khdng phai Id bit dau ma la kit thuc. Han ehi bao : Mau len !
Hdn cii dung U mdt chd md ndi; bin phdng vdo Gidng Van-giang cap mit nhin
nhu cdi mdc sit, vd vdi cdi nhin ay bin tiing quen keo gidt vdo bin bao ke khdn khd.
Chinh cdi nhin ay hai thdng ttudc ddy Phdng-tin da thay nd di thau vdo den tan
xuong tuy.
Nghe thay tiing Gia-ve, Phdng-tin lai md mdt ra. Nhung dng thi trudng vdn
diing dd. Chi cdn sg gi niia ?
Gia-ve tiin vdo giiia phdng va het len :
- Thi ndo ! May ed di khdng ?
Ngudi dan ba khdn khd nhin quanh. Chang cd ai ngodi bd xa va dng thi trudng.
The thi nd mdy tao thd bi vdi ai ? Chi la vdi ehi. Chi rung minh.
Rdi chi trdng thay mdt su la lung, den miic ngay trong nhiing eon sdt me sang
hdi hung nhat chi cung .chua tung thay mgt chuyen tuong tu.
Chi thay ten mat thdm Gia-ve nim lay ed do dng thi trudng ; chi thay dng thi
trudng cui dau. Chi tudng nhu ca thi gidi dang tieu tan.
Dung la Gia-ve dd tum lay cd do Gidng Van-gidng.
- Ong thi ttudng oi! Phdng-tin keu len.
Gia-ve phd len cudi, cdi cudi ghe tdm phd ra tat ea hai hdm rdng.
- 6 ddy ldm gi cdn ed dng thi trudng niia!
Gidng V£in-gidng khdng ed gd ban tay hin nim ed do dng ra. Ong ndi:
-Gia-ve...
Gia-ve ngit ldi dng:
- Ggi ta la dng thanh tra.
- Thua dng, Gidng Van-giang ndi, tdi mudn ndi rieng vdi dng cdu ndy.
- Ndi to ! Ndi to len! Gia-ve ddp ; ai ndi vdi ta thi phai ndi to !
Gidng Van-gidng vin thi tham :
- Tdi ciu xin dng mdt diiu...
- Ta bao mdy ndi to len ea ma.
- Nhung dieu ndy ehi mdt minh dng nghe dugc thdi...
- Ta cin gi dieu dd ? Ta khdng them nghe !

77
 Gidng Van-gidng ghe gin b i n va ha gigng ndi that nhanh :
- Xin dng thu cho ba ngdy! Ba ngdy d i di tim dua eon cho ngudi dan bd ddng
thuang kia ! Phai tra gid t h i ndo tdi cung chiu. N i u mudn, dng cu di kem tdi
cung dugc.
- Mdy ndi gidn ! Gia-ve keu len. Chd ehd ! Tao khdng ngd may lai ngdc t h i !
May xin tao ba ngdy d i chudn ha ! May bao Id d i di tim diia con cho con di kia!
A a! Td't that! Tdt tiiat day!
Phang-tin run len b i n bat.
- Con tdi! Chi keu len. Di tim eon tdi! The ra nd chua d i n day<" ! Bd xa oi! Cho
tdi biit eon Cd-det ddu. Tdi mudn eon tdi! Ong Ma-da-len oi! Ong thi trudng oi 1
Gia-ve giam chdn:
- Gid lai den lugt eon ndy! Do khi, ed cam hgng khdng ? Cdi xii ehd d i u ^ ma
bgn tii khd sai ldm dng ng dng kia, cdn lu gdi diem dugc chay chua nhu nhung bd
hodng ! Nhung nay! Se thay ddi bet; dd din luc rdi day!
Hdn nhin Phdng-tin triing trung, lai tum mdt tum lay cd do vd ca-vdt eua
Gidng Van-giang, ndi them :
- Tao da bao khdng cd dng Ma-da-len, khdng cd dng thi trudng ndo ca. Chi cd
mgt ten ke cip, mdt ten ke cudp, mdt tdn tu khd sai Id Gidng Van-gidng! Tao bit
dugc nd day nay! Chi ed t h i thdi!
Phdng-tin chdng hai bdn tay vd hai cdnh tay ciing da vung nhdm d$y, ehi nhin
Gidng Van-giang, chi nhin Gia-ve, chi nhin bd xa, chi hd mieng nhu mudn ndi, ttr
trong hgng thdt ra tieng ren, rdng ddnh vdo nhau cim cap, chi hoang hdt gia tay
len, hai ban tay ed sire md ra tim chd bdm nhu ngudi roi xudng nudc dang chdi
vdi, rdi ehi bdng nga vat xudng gdi. Diu ehi dap vdo thdnh giudng rdi ngoeo
xudng nguc, mieng ha hdc, bai m i t md to vd Id dd.
Phang-tin da tit thd.
Gidng Van-gidng d i tay len bdn tay Gia-ve dang turn lay dng, c^y bdn tay ay ra
nhu cay ban tay tre eon vd bdo hdn :
- Anh dd giet chit ngudi dan ba ndy rdi dd.
- Dung cd ldi thdi! Gia-ve phdt khung bet len. Tao khdng den ddy d i nghe
U su. Dep nhiing cdi dd lai. Linh trdng dang d dudi nhd. Di ngay, khdng thi etun
tay lai!

(1) Trudc do, Giang Van-giang ndi ddi de lam yen ldng Phang-tin la dng da cho ddn Cd-ddt vd rdi.

78
 Trong gdc phdng ed chiec giudng sit cu da gp ep, dung di cdc bd xa ngd lung
nhdng hdm phdi true dem. Gidng Van-gidng di tdi, gi$t gdy trong chdp mit chiic
giudng cu ndt, viec lam ching khd khdn gi ddi vdi nhiing ca bip nhu eua dng, dng
cim lam lam cai thanh giudng trong tay vd nhin Gia-ve triing triing, Gia-ve lui ra
phia eua.
Gidng Van-gidng tay vdn cim thdnh sit, tii tii den ben giudng Phdng-tin.
Den noi, dng quay lai ndi vdi Gia-ve, bang mgt gigng ed y mdi nghe rd :
- Tdi khuyen anh diing quay riy tdi luc ndy.
SiJ that Id Gia-ve run sg.
Hin dinh di ggi Unh trdng, nhtmg lo Gidng Van-gidng thua ea trdn mat.
Hin ddnh diing lai, tay nim lay diu ean, lung tua vdo khung cua, mit khdng rdi
Gidng Van-gidng.
Gidng Van-gidng ti khuyu tay len thdnh giudng, bdn tay dd lay trdn, ngim
Phang-tin ndm ddi khdng nhue nhieh. Ong ngdi nhu thi, mdi miit, yen ldng, rd
rdng ching nghi din diiu gi tren ddi ndy niia. Trong net mdt vd ddng dieu dng cho
thay mdt ndi thuong xdt khdn td. Ma mdng mdt luc ldu, dng mdi cui ghe lai gin
va thi thim ben tai Phdng-tin.
Ong ndi gi vdi chi ? Ngudi ddn dng bi rudng bd ay ed the ndi gi vdi ngudi dan
bd da chit ? Nhung ldi ay Id ldi gi vdy ? Ching ai trdn thi gian ndy nghe dugc.
Ki dd chit cd nghe thay khdng ? Cd nhiing do tudng cam dgng, cd thi la nhiing
su thue cao ca. Diiu md chang ai nghi ngd Id bd xa Xem-pli-xa, ngudi ddc nhat
chiing kiin canh ay, thudng ki lai rang luc Gidng Van-gidng thi thim ben tai
Phdng-tin bd trdng thay rd rang mdt nu cudi khdng sao td dugc hien tren ddi mdi
nhgt nhat va ttong ddi mit xa xdm, day ngd ngdng cua chi khi di vdo cdi chit.
Gidng Van-gidng lay hai tay ndng diu Phdng-tin l§n, ddt ngay ngin giiia gdi
nhu.mdt ngudi me siia sang cho eon. Ong thit lai ddy nit ed do chi, ven ggn md
tde vdo trong chiec mu vai. Roi dng vudt mit cho chj.
Luc ay guong mat Phdng-tin nhu sdng rd len mdt cdch la thudng.
Chit tiic la di vdo biu dnh sdng vl dai.
Ban tay Phdng-tin budng thdng ngodi giudng. Gidng Van-gidng quy xudng
trudc ban tay ay, nhe nhdng nang len vd dat vdo day mdt nu hdn.
Roi dng diing day, quay vi phia Gia-ve vd ndi:
- Gid thi tdi thugc vi anh.
{Nhang ngudi khdn khd,
theo bdn dieh cda nhdm LE QUY DON,
NXB van hoa, Ha Ndi, 1958)

79
HUlorNG DAN HOC BAI
1. Phdn tieh nghe thudt ddi lap hai nhdn vdt Gidng Van-gidng vd Gia-ve qua ddi
thoai, qua hanh ddng. Neu y nghia cua bien phdp ndy.
2. Phdn tich nhiing hinh anh so sdnh vd an du :
- 6 Gia-ve, tdc gia da su dung mdt loat ehi tiet nhim quy chiiu ve mdt in dy.
An du ma Huy-gd nham ggi len ttr hinh dnh Gia-ve Id gi ?
- 6 Gidng Van-gidng, ta khdng tim thay mdt he thdng hinh anh so sdnh quy vi
an du nhu d Gia-ve. Tuy nhien, qua diin bien tinh tiet din tdi d o ^ kit, nhiing
ehi tiet vi Gidng Van-giang ed thi quy chieu vi hinh dnh cua ai ? (Cdn cii vao
doan van gdm nhiing eau hdi; ddan ndi vi canh tugng ma "bd xa Xem-pli-xa,
ngudi ddc nhat chiing kien''; cdu vdn mieu ta guong mat Phdng-tin kem theo
ldi binh ludn ciia tdc gid.)
3. Doan vdn ttr cdu "Ong ndi gi vdi chi ?" din cdu "cd the Id nhiing su thuc cao ca"
Id phdt ngdn cua ai ? Thudt ngir vdn-bgc dung de ehi ten loai ngdn ngii nay ?
O ddy, ttong cau chuyen ke, nd cd tdc diing nhu the ndo ?

4. Qua doan trich, hdy neu nhiing dau hieu eua nghe thuat ldng man chu nghia.

, GHI NHO .
Qua mdt cau chuyen day kjch tinh vdi nhung hinh tugng tuang phdn,
Huy-gd mudn giii tdi ban dgc mdt thdng diep : Trong hoan canh bat cdng vd
tuydt vgng, con ngudi chan chinh vdn cd the bang anh sang eiia tinh thuang
ddy lui bdng tdi ciia cudng quyen vd nhen nhdm niem tin vao tuang lai.

LUYEN TAP

1. Phdn tieh nghe thuat khac boa nhdn vat Phdng-tin : Trong tinh thi tuy$t vgng,
ngdn ngii vd hanh ddng cua Phdng-tin cd gi chiing td mdt siic m^inh khdc
thudng vd siic manh ay Id gi ?
2. Vai trd cua Phdng-tin trong dien biin cdt truyen ?
3. Su phdn tuyin nhdn vdt d day ed net gi gin gui vdi he thdng nhdn vat cda vdn
hgc ddn gian ?

80
LUYEN TAP THAO TAC UkP L U A N B I N H LUAN

K^TQUACANOAT-
• Cung cd vung chic hon nhdng h i i u biet v i
thao tdc lap ludn binh ludn.
• Viit dugc mdt vdi doan vdn binh ludn (hode
mgt van ban binh ludn ngin) v i mdt chu d i gin
gCJi vdi cudc sdng vd suy nghi eua hgc sinh.

1. Anh (chi) dugc giao viit mdt bdi vdn binh lu$n de tham gia diin dan do
Dodn Thanh nien nhd trudng td chuc vdi di tai : "Ldi dn tiing ndi cua mdt
hgc sinh van minh, thanh lich".
a) Hdy xdc dinh rd :
- Vi sao bdi vdn anh (chi) viit de tham gia diin dan nen la mdt bdi binh lu$n ?
- Anh (ehi) dinh chgn van di cu thi ndo cho bdi Viit cua minh: ban ve todn bd
hay chi di vdo mdt khia canh eua di tdi dd (vi dy: chdng ndi tyc; "lua ldi ma ndi
cho vira long nhau" ; biit ndi "cdm on" vd "xin ldi" ; dung cdch ndi nha nhdn ma
khdng ldm mat di su chdn thdnh ; v.v...) ?
- Bdi vdn ay nen viit theo dan y nhu the ndo ?
b) Hdy diin dat mdt ludn diim trong phin thdn bai cua ddn y viia ldp theo
trinh tu sau ddy:
- Xdy dung tiin trinh lap ludn.
"Anh (chi) ed dinh binh ludn theo dung cdc budc dd dugc neu ttong bai
Thao tdc lap ludn,binh ludn khdng ? Niu ed, anh (chi) phai:
+ Gidi thieu khia canh cin binh ludn cua hien tugng (vaii di) thi ndo cho vua
trung thuc, rd rdng, viia sinh ddng, hip din.
+ Diim lai nhiing y kiin dd ndi (viit) vi khia c^mh ay bing cdch ndo ?
(Chgn nhiirtg y kiin ndo di ndi dung vin diy du, 1^ khdng lan man ? Ndu hit
cdc y kiin rdi mdi nhan xdt hay neu y kien ndo thi kit hgp nhdn xdt, ddnh gia ludn
y kien dd ?)
-I- Niu vd bdo ve quan diim cua minh nhu thi nao de dat dugc cdc ydu ciu :
chdt che, sic sdo, cd sue thuyet phuc manh me ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe) ?

6.NGCfVAN H/2-A 81
 -t- Chgn phuang hudng hdo di ban rdng vd sdu thdm vi ndi dung binh ludn ?
(Neu cdch giai quyet, md rdng Unh vuc binh ludn, lien he vdi thuc ti,...)
- Tim each diin dat : Anh (chi) se hdnh vdn nhu thi ndo di the hien dugc
nhiet tinh thuyet phuc ?
- Kiem tra can than van ban viit di sua chua, bd sung nhung chd cin thiet.
e) De cdng viec luyen tap dat kit qua tdt, anh (chi) nen tham khao nhiing doan
ttich ed chu di tuong ttr, chang ban :
{...] M0t bd lao chdng gay qua dudng giua ddng xe c0 tdp nap. Mdt em hgc trd
phia bin kia dudng nhin thdy, nhdn ra su nguy hiem ddi.vdi bd lao liin v0i chgy
tdi: "Bd ai, bd dua tay chdu ddt bd qua". Bd Ido mdm mem nd m0t nu cudi thdn
thiin : "Cdm an chdu I Chdu that ngoan!" [...]
M0t ngudi dn xin khdn khd, ddi rdch, van b0 do qudn den nhudc, chdn tay run
len vi con ddi hdnh hg. Ngudi hdnh khdt budc chdn vdo m0t qudn cd phi, ngd
ndn xin tiin, mong dugc bd thi vdi trdm bgc le di mua chiic bdnh mi. Khdch
udng cd phi vdn thdn nhiin rit thudc, dnh mdt Ignh lung vd cdm. Ong Ido hdnh
khdt din bin ngudi bdn ve sd dang giao ve cho khdch, vd Igi chia chiic ndn ra.
Ngudi bdn ve sd vui tay vdo tui qudn, ldi ra mdy td bgc nhau ndt bi vo trdn, lay
ra m0t td, vudt phdng vd bd vdo ndn cua dng Ido. Ong gid cdm d0ng run run, dng
khdng ndi cdm an md cui mdi ddu xudng, dnh mdt 10 ra m0t su biit on vd cung.
Thi ra, dng gid dy bi cdm.
Trong CU0C sdng cd biit bao nhiiu su cdm an cd ldi vd khdng ldi nhu thi. Vdi
nhiing ngudi cd vdn hod, "cdm on" Id ldi ndi dugc su dung hdng ngdy, nhiing ldi
ludn dugc cdt len bdng tdt cd thdi d0 lich su vd tinh cdm chdn4huc nhdt. Nhung
tiic rdng, vdn cdn khdng it thanh niin chua nghi nhu vdy. Hg coi cdm an chi Id
nhiing ldi khdch sdo, vi thi, chdng cdn phdi ndi ra. Hinh nhu nhdng bgn dy vdn
nghl m0t cdch gidn dan rdng ndi ldi cdm an hay ldm nhiing cu chi biiu 10 su biit
on Id "ve chuyin", chi ldm mdt di su thdn tinh vd tdng thim xa cdch md thdi.
Thi nhung cu0c sdng hiin dgi vd yiu cdu vi quy tdc giao tiip gida ngudi vdi
ngudi ddi hdi chung ta phdi tap ldm quen vdi ldi "ldm an" vd sau dd Id "cdm on"
That hgnh phuc khi ta ldm dugc m0t viic cd y nghia, m0t diiu tdt dem lai niim vui,
hgnh phuc cho ngudi khdc, keo mgi ngudi Igi gdn nhau hon. Vd cung si hgnh phiic
khdng kem khi chung ta thdy minh dd khdng ddng dung, bgc beo vi dd biit tri dn
ngudi gidp dd minh bdng nhdng ldi ndi xudt phdt tu ddy ldng, chdn thdnh, lich
thiep: "Cdm an"
(Theo bai vidt tham gia didn dan Dem mgi ngudi din gdn nhau han,
bdo dien td Thanhnienonline, ngay 11 - 11 - 2006)

82 6.NGL(VAN n/2-B
 2. Anh (ehi) cin tiep tuc luydn viet mdt sd doan vdn binh ludn de :
a) Trinh bdy mdt ludn diim trong ddn y md anh (ehi) vua xay dung tten ldp.
b) Bdn vi mdt hien tucmg (van di) dang dugc xd hdi quan tdm (nhu: ve smh an
todn thuc phim, bao ve mdi ttudng, phdng chdng thien tai,...).
c) Ban vi mdt van di vdn bgc (nhu : tu tudng nhdn dao sdu sic, mdi me eua
Nam Cao qua truyen ngin ChiPheo; su cdng hudng rdng rai vd ldu bin trong tdm
hdn cdc thi he ban dgc ddi vdi bdi tha Ddy thdn ViDg eua Hdn Mae Tu;...).

a ooc TH£M • "

Tdi khdng thi cdm long khi chiing kiin cdnh nhung bd me, nhiing dng bd,
nhiing ngudi dng, ngudi bd,... dang ngdy dim gao khdc tgi bdn Chdm Ldm, Lgng
Khi, tinh Nghi An dugc truyin hinh cap nhdt hdng ngdy '^l
Chdng ta khdng thi khdng rung minh khi biit cd tinh Nghi An hiin cd 114 bin
dd nhu Chdm Ldm, nhiing bin dd ludn ttim dn nhiing thdm hog nhu vg ddm dd
ngdy 7 - 10 - 2006. Cd nudc ta chdc chdn cd tdi hdng vgn bin dd md hdng ngdy
cdc em hgc sinh nhd tudi phdi qua vi sdm tdi.
Bao gid thi cdc em khdng cdn phdi chen chuc trong nhiing chuyin dd dinh minh
nhu con dd d bdn Chdm Ldm ? Bao gid cdc em cd nhiing chiic cdu dicdc em cd thi
tung tdng cdp sdch din trudng ?
Trudc khi Nhd nudc cdn ddi dugc ngdn sdch, trudc khi hgn chi dugc nhiing cdng
trinh tiin ti vd ich vd qudc ngn rut ru0t cdc cdng trinh ddu tu, chung ta hdy quan
tdm tdi m0t viic (theo chdng tdi Id trong tdm tay ciia nhiiu gia dinh, nhd trudng,
cua cdc cdp ngdnh Gido due, ciia nhdng nhd hdo tdm,...) : Hdy ddu tu, quyin gdp
vd mua sdm, trang bi cho mdi em nhd hdng ngdy phdi qua sdng bdng dd m0t chiic
do phao, gid thi trudng hiin nay tic 30 000 din 40 000 ddng. Niu cd nhiing chiic do
phao ndy thi tdi tin 19 em nhd d Chdm Ldm vua qua chdc chdn khdng bi chit thdm.
Hdy trang bi do phao cho cdc chdu chiing ndo cdc chdu cdn chua dugc qua sdng
bdng cdu. Viic ldm thiit thuc ndy, theo chdng tdi, ngdnh Gido due nin chu tri triin
khai theo m0t chi dinh bdt buoc. Nhiing noi ndo cdc em qud ngheo thi Nhd nudc,
cdc nhd hdo tdm hdy xdn tay vdo gidp dd I
{Theo Pham Viet Dao, Ao phao - chuyin khdng nhd,
hao Lao dgng, ngay 12 - 10 - 2006)

(1) Ngay 7 - 10 - 2006 da xAy ra thdm hoa ddm dd d bdn Chdm Ldm, 3ca Lang Khe, huyen Con
Cudng, tinh Ngh$ An, lam chet 19 em hpe sinh nhd (thudc 16 gia dinh) dang trdn dudng tdi
tnrdng hpe.

83
VE L U A N LI X A H O I O N U O C T A PHAN CHAU TRINH
(Trich Dgo due vd ludn li Dong Tdy)

Kfr QUA CAN OAT -

• Cam nhan dugc tinh than yeu nudc, tu tudng
tien bg eua Phan Chdu Trinh khi keu ggi gdy
dung nen luan If xa hdi d nude ta.
• Hieu dugc nghd thudt viit van chinh luan. Cd
y niem ve phong cdch chfnh ludn cua mdt tdc
gia cu the.

TIEU D A N
Phan Chau Trinh (1872 -1926), tu Tu Can, hieu Tay Hd, bi$t hidu Hi Ma, que d lang Tay Ldc,
huydnTidn Phude, phu Tam Ki (nay la thdn Tay Hd, xa Tam Ldc, huydn Phu Ninh, tinh Quang Nam).
Ong dd Phd bdng nam Tan Suu (1901), lam quan mdt thdi gian ngdn rdi tir quan, di lam each
mang. Phan Chau Trinh chu truong cuu nudebang each Ipi dyng thuc dan Phap, cdi each ddi mdi
mpi mat (duy tan), lam cho dan giau, nudc manh, tren eo sd dd tao nen dpc l^p qudc gia. Tuy con
dudng ay cd phan do tudng nhung nhiet huyet ciiu nudc cua Phan Chau Trinh rat dang kham
phuc. Nam 1908, dng bi bat day di Cdn Dao. Ba nam sau, khi dupe tra tu do, Phan Chau Trinh xin
sang Phap tim each thiic ddy cai each ehinh tri d Ddng Duong nhung cdng vi?c khdng thanh. Nam
1925, dng ve sat Gdn, diin thuyet dupe vai lan, sau dd dm n^ng rdi mat. Dam tang Phan Chau
Trinh trd thanh mdt phong trao van ddng ai qudc rpng khdp ca nudc.
Phan Chau Trinh ludn'cd y thiic dung van chuong
de lam each mang. Nhiing ang van ehinh lu$n cua dng
dam tinh chat hung bien, lap luan chat che, danh
thep ; nhiing bai tho cua dng dat dao cdm xuc ve dat
nudc, ddng bao; tat cd deu tham nhudn tu tudng yeu
nude va tinh than dan chu.
Cac tac pham chinh : Ddu Phdp chinh phu thu
(1906), Tinh qudc hdn ca'I, II (1907,1922), Tdy Ho thi
tap (1904 -^ 1914), Xdng-ti thi tdp (1914 - 1915), Giai
nhdn ki ngd diin ca (1915), Thdt diiu trdn (1922),
Qudn tri chu. nghia vd Ddn tri chu nghia (1925), D^o
due vd ludn li Ddng Tdy (1925),...
Vi ludn li xd hdi d nudc ta la mdt d o ^ trich trong
phan ba cua bai Dgo ddc vd ludn li Ddng Tdy (gdm
nam phan ehinh, kd cd nhap de va ket luan), dupe
Phan Chau Trinh didn thuyet vao ddm 19 - 11 - 1925
tai nha Hdi Thanh nidn d Sai Gdn (nay la Thanh phd
Hd Chi Minh). Tdn bai ciing nhu cac sd thii tu trong
Phan Chau Trinh doan trich do ngudi bidn soan dat.

84
VAN BAN

1. Xa hdi luan U thdt trong nudc ta tuyet nhien khdng ai biit den, so vdi qudc
gia luan li thi ngudi minh cdn ddt ndt hon nhieu'^'. Mdt tiing be ban khdng thi
thay cho xd hdi luan U dugc, cho nen khdng cin eat nghia ldm gi^^'.
Tuy trong sdch Nho cd cdu : "Sua nhd tti nudc rdi mdi yen thien ha". Hai chii
thiin hg dd tiic la xd hdi. Ngdy nay nhiing ke hgc ra ldm quan cung vd ve nhie den
hai chii dd nhimg chi ldm trd cudi cho ke thiie gia'^' day thdi. Cai ehu y binh
thien ha mat di dd ttr ldu rdi'^'.
2. Cdi xd hdi ehu nghia'^^ ben Au chau rat thinh hdnh nhu the, dd phdng dai^^'
ra nhu thi, thi md ngudi ben ta thi diim nhien nhu ke ngu khdng biet gi Id ^ .
ITiuong bai thay! Ngirdi nirdc ta khdng hieu cdi nghia vu lodi ngirdi dn d vdi lodi
ngudi da ddnh, din cdi nghia vu mdi ngudi ttong nudc ciing chua hiiu gi cd.
Ben Phdp, mdi khi ngudi cd quyin the, hoac ehinh phd, liy siic manh md de nen
quyin Igi rieng cua mdt ngudi hay cua mgt hdi ndo, thi ngtrdi ta bode keu ndi,
bode chdng cu, hoac thi oai'^', vdn dung ki cho din dugc cdng binh mdi nghe.

(1) Thed Phan Chau Trinh, luan li phuong Tay da phat tridn qua ba giai doan, tii gia dinh, ldn qudc
gia, ddn xa hdi. Trong thdi Trung ed, luan li mdi ehi la luan li gia dinh, gia dinh nao bidt gia dinh
ndy; khi cae qudc gia hinh thanh (khodng thd ki XVI) thi ed luan li qudc gia, qudc gia nao lo
cdng ed, phat tridn qudc gia ndy; chi sau Chidn tranh thd gidi ldn thu nhat, cai tu tudng ve luan
li xa hdi mdi thuc su dupe dd xudng va xay dimg. Luan li xa hdi tiic la luan li cda chu nghia xa
hdi, coi trpng su binh ddng cda con ngudi, khdng chi quan tam den timg gia dinh, qudc gia ma
cdn ddn cd thd gidi. Cdng theo Phan Chau Trinh, trong xa hdi Viet Nam thdi dd, cd luan li gia
dinh ldn luan li qudc gia (ma phan cdt ldi Id y thiic nghia vu ddi vdi qudc gia) ddu da tidu vong.
Day la nguyen nhan ehinh ddn ddn tinh trang mat nudc. Rieng ve luan 11 xa hdi la thii luan li
dang dupe cd vii d cae nude phuong Tay thi ngudi dan ta chua cd y niem gi. {Luu y: Tiic gid da
dung khai niem theo cu phap cda Han ngii; d day, xd hgi ludn li hay qudc gia ludn li chinh la
ludn li xd hdi, ludn li qudc gia theo each ndi quen thudc hi$n nay.)
(2) Y cd eau : khdng thd hidu dom gidn rdng luan li xa hdi chdng qua chi la tinh cdm baui be giiia
ngudi nay vdi ngudi khac.
(3) Thuc gid: ngudi cd kidn thiic, hpe van sau rdng.
(4) Y cd doan : tu tudng "binh thien h?" cda Khdng - Manh ed diem tuong ddng vdi tu tudng vd
each mang thd gidi, vd vifie xay dung ndn luan If xa hdi dang dupe cd vil d eae nude phuong Tay
hidn thdi, tuy vay, khdng may kd thudng quen mdm ndi ddn ba chir binh thiin hd hieu dupe
dung bdn chat cua van de, t? hon, cd khi xuyen tac nguyen li cua Khdng - Manh.
(5) Xd hdi chd nghia: tiic chd nghia xd hdi, ndi theo cu phap Han ngii. Phan Chau Trinh hidu khai
ni$m nay khdng hodn toan gidng chdng ta ngay nay.
(6) Phdng ddi: phat trien rdng (nghia trong van cdnh).
(7) Thi oai: phd bay siic m?inh.

85
 Vi sao md ngudi ta lam dugc nhu thi ? Ld vi ngudi ta cd dodn the, cd cdng diic'^'
biet giii Igi chung vdy. Hg nghl ring neu nay di cho ngudi cd quyin luc de nen
ngirdi ndy thi mai it cung lay quyin luc ay di de nin minh, cho nen phai hiep
nhau lai phdng ngtra trudc. Ngudi ta cd dn bgc biet xdt kl thiy xa nhu thi, cdn
ngudi nude minh thi sao ? Ngudi minh thi phdi ai tai niy'^', ai chet mac ai! Di
dudng gap ngudi bi tai nan, gap ngudi yiu bi ke manh bit nat cung nga mit di
qua, hinh nhu ngudi bi nan khdn^^^ ay khdng can thiep^*' gi din minh.
Da biit sdng thi phai benh vuc nhau, dng cha minh ngdy xua cdng dd hiiu din.
Cho nen mdi ed cdu : "Khdng ai be dua ca nim" va "Nhiiu tay ldm ndn bdp^^'".
Thi thi dan tde Viet Nam ndy hdi cd so cung biit dodn thi, biit cdng ich^^', cdng
gdp gid ldm bdo, glum cdy lam rung, khdng din ndi tta trgi, la Ido, sg set, u li nhu
ngdy nay.
Ddn khdng biet dodn thi, khdng ttgng cdng ich la bdi ba bdn ttdm nam ttd vi
ddy, bgn bgc ttd trong nude mac^^' ham quyin tude, ham ba vinh hoa eua cdc
triiu vua md sinh ra gia ddi ninh hdt, chi biit ed vua md ching biit cd dan. Bgn
iy mudn giu tui tham minh dugc day mdi, dia vl cda minh dugc viing mdi, ben
kiim cdch thiit'^' phdp ludt, phd tan tdnh dodn thi cda qudc dan.
Ddu trdi ndi, diu cue khd thi nao mdc long, miin Id ed ke mang dai ddi mu'^'
ngat ngudng ngdi ttdn, ed ke do rdng khan denf^*" luc nhue lay dudi, ttdm nghin
ndm nhu thi cdng xong! Dan khdn md chi! Ddn ngu md chi! Dan Igi md chi! Ddn
hai md chi! Ddn cdng nd Id, ngdi vua cdng ldu ddi, bgn quan lai cdng phu quy!
Ching nhiing thi ma thdi, "mdt ngudi ldm quan mdt nhd ed phudc", diu tham,
dau nhung^ii^ diu va vet, diu rut tia cua ddn thi ndo cung khdng ai phim binh;
diu lay Ida cua ddn mua vudn sim rudng, xdy nhd lam cua cung khdng ai che bai.

(1) Cdng ddc: f thdc sdn sang lam vi?c chung, sdn sang giup do ldn nhau va tdn trpng quydn Ipi
cua ngudi khac (nghia trong van canh).
(2) Phdi ai tai ndy {tai: tai hoa) : ai bi tai hoa thi ngirdi dd chiu.
(3) Khdn: khd sd.
(4) Can thiep: ean h$, lifin quan.
(5) Bdp: tidng vd to.
(6) Cdng ich: vide Ipi chung.
(7) Mdc: ban.
(8) Thiet: lam ra, dimg n6n.
(9) Ke mang dai ddi mu: chi chung vua quan ngdi d ngdi cao.
(10) ATe do rdng khdn den: chi chung quan lai thupc ngach dudi.
(11) Nhiing: quay rdi.

86
Ngudi ngodi thi khen die thcA^^\ ngudi nhd thi dua hoi quan, khiin nhiing ke ham
mdi phu quy khdng dua chen vdo ddm quan trudng sao dugc. Quan lai ddi xua ddi
nay cua ta Id the day! Ludn U cua bgn thugng luu -tdi khdng ggi bgn ay la thuong
lim, tdi ehi mugn hai chti thugng luu ndi cho anh em di hiiu md thdi - d nude ta
Idtiiidiy!
Ngdy xua thi bgn ay Id bgn Nho hgc da dd dugc cdi bdng eii nhdn, tieh si, ngdy
nay thi bgn ay Id bgn Tdy hgc dd dugc cdi chiic ki luc'^) thdng ngdn(^'; cd khi bdi
bip dua vdo than thi eua ehu cung ra ldm quan nda. Nhiing bgn quan lai dd ndi
d tten nay chi cdn mdt tiing chi dung hon la lu dn cudp cd giay phep vay.
Nhiing ki d vudn thay quan sang, quan quyin cung ben mui lam quan.. Nao lo
cho quan, ndo Idt cho lai^^', ndo chay ngugc ndo chay xudi, dau cd'^' rudng dau
bdn ttdu cung vui ldng, ehi cin dugc lay mdt chiie xa trudng hoac cai tdng, ddng
ngdi tren, ddng dn trudc, ddng hdng hdch thi mdi thdi. Nhiing ke nhu thi md vdn
khdng ai khen che, khdng ai khinh bi, that cung la thay! Thuong di! Ldng cd mdt
tram dan md ngudi nay ddi vdi ke kia diu ngd theo sue manh, khdng cd mdt chut
^ ggi Id dao dire Id ludn U ea. Dd la ndi ngudi trong mdt ldng ddi vdi nhau, chl'^'
nhu ddi vdi ddn kieu cu ki ngu^^' thi lai cdng ha khic hgn niia. Oi! Mgt dan tde nhu
thi thi tu tudng cdch mang nay nd ttong dc chung ldm sao dugc! Xa hdi ehu nghia
trong nude Viet Nam ta khdng ed la •cung vi thi. ,
3. Nay mudn mdt ngdy kia nudc Viet Nam dugc tu do ddc lap thi ttudc hit ddn
Viet Nam phdi ed doan the dd. Md mudn cd dodn the thi cd chi hay hon Id truyin
bd xd hdi ehu nghia trong ddn Vidt Nam ndy. ,.,. -

(Theo NGUYfiN VAN DUONG (bien soan), Tuyin tap Phan Chdu Trinh,
NXB Da Ndng - Trung tam nghien ciiu Qudc hpe, 1995)

(1) Ddc thdi: dupe thdi.

(2) Ki luc: vidn chiic phu trach gidy td, sd sach d eae cdng sd.
(3) ThCr.s ngdn: ngudi lam vide phifin dieh.
(4) Lai: ehiic hd trp cdng vide noi eiia quan.
(5) Cd: giao tai sdn cho ngudi khac giii de vay tien ; den han neu khdng tra dupe thi tai sdu cua
minh se thudc v^ ngudi cho vay.
(6)CW:den.
(7) Ddn kiiu cu ki ngu: dan noi khac ddn d nhd.

87
HUdNGDANHOCBAl
1. Cau true doan trich gdm ba phin. Hdy neu y ehinh eua tung phin vd xdc lap
mdi Udn h$ giiia chdng. Chu di tu tudng cua doan trich Id ^ ?
2. Trong phin 1 cda dogn trich, tdc gid dd chgn cdch vdo di nhu the nao de tidnh
su hiiu lam cua ngudi nghe vi khdi niem ludn li xd h0i ?
3. Trong phin 2,6 hai doan diu, tdc gia da so sdnh "bdn Au chdu", "ben Phdp" vdi
"ben ta"ve diiu ^ ?
4. 6 cac d o ^ sau cda phin 2, tde gid chi ra nguyen nhdn cua tinh trang "ddn
khdng biet dodn thi, khdng trgng cdng leh" Id gi ? Tdc gia dd dd kich che do vua
quan chuydn chd ra sao ?

5. N h ^ xet ve cdch kit hgp yeu td biiu cam vdi yiu td nghl l u ^ trong doan trich.

, : GHI NHO .
Doan trfch VS luin lixS hgi a nudc ta toat Idn dung khf ciia mdt ngudi ydu
nudc : vach trin thuc trang den tdi cda xa hdi, d i cao tu tudng doan t h i vi su
t i i n bd, hudng v l mdt ngdy mai tuai sang ciia ddt nudc. Qua dd, cung thiy
dugc mgt phong each chfnh ludn dgc ddo : luc tu tdn, m i m mdng, liic kien
quyet, danh thdp ; luc mgnh me, luc nhe nKang md d i y sue thuyit phuc.

LUYiN TAP
1. Dgc lai Tidu ddn va hinh dung hodn cdnh sdng tdc, tdm trang cua tdc gia khi viit
doan trich.
2. Cd the cdm nhan dugc ^ ve tim ldng cda Phan Chdu Trinh cung nhu tam nhin
cua dng qua doan trich nay ?
3*. Chu truong gdy dung nen ludn U xd hdi d Viet Nam ,cua Phan Chau Trinh den
nay cdn cd y nghia thdi sir khdng ? Tgi sao ?

88
c
DOCTHEM, TIENG ME OE -
NGUON GIAI PHONG
CAC DAN Tdc Bi AP BUC
• NGUYEN AN NINH

TIEU BAN
Nguyin An Ninh (1900 - 1943) la mpt nha bao, mdt nha van va trudc hdt la mpt nha yeu nudc
tidn bd ndi tidng dau the ki XX. Ong sinh d qud me - xa Long Thupng, huyfin Can Giude, tinh Chp
Ldn (nay thudc tinh Long An) va ldn len d que cha - xa Mi Hoa, huyfin Hdc Mdn, tinh Gia Dinh
(nay thudc Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh). Than phu dng la nha tho y6u nudc Nguydn An Khuong.
Nguydn An Ninh la mdt tri thuc cd hpe van cao rdng, timg hpe dai hpe trong nudc rdi sang Phap
hpe oDai hpe Xode-bon (Pa-ri), dd Cd nhan Luat nam 1920. Ong timg tim hidu nhidu nudc chau
Au va cd mdi hdn he mat thiet vdi eae nha yeu nudc ndi tieng nhu Phan Chau Trinh, Phan Van
Trudng, Nguydn Ai Qudc. Trong sudt eude ddi hoat ddng cua minh, dng timg bi thue dan nhiiu
ldn khung bd, bdt bd, tii day, hanh ha va cudi cung da mat tai Cdn Ddo hai nam trudc ngay Cach
mang thang Tam thanh cdng.
Tu mdt nha tri thiic Tay hpe yeu nudc, dng da ddn dan ehuyen bidn vi ehinh kien, den vdi
tu tudng mac xit va nhiing ngudi cpng san. Su nghidp va tdn tudi cda dng gdn liin vdi nhiing budi
diin thuydt sdi ddng va nhiing bai bao ndi tieng da mdt thdi tiing cudn hut thanh nien va du luan
trong nude. Ong tung lam chu but td bao yeu nudc tien bp Tieng chudng re, dng dieh Khi udc xd
hdi cda Ru-xd va soan vd tudng Hai Bd Trung. Ong manh dan len an ehinh sach bdc Idt va ngu dan
cua thyc dan Phap. La mdt tri thiie tan tidn, dng phe phan manh me dao Khdng va di cao tinh than
hpe hdi van hoa chau Au dd xay dung mdt nin van hoa dac sde rifing eua nudc nha. Van phong cua
dng khue chidt, trong sang, viia cd dp sau vi tu duy van hoa viia tran day nhiet huyet cua mpt
ngudi yeu niide gan gui vdiddi sdng va ngudi lao dpng.
Tieng me de - nguon gidi phdng cdc ddn tdc bi dp bdc \a bai chinh luan xuat sdc cua Nguyin An
Ninh vdi but danh Nguyin Tinh dang trfin bao Tiing chudng re nam 1925.

VAN BAN
Nhiiii ngtrdi An Nam thich bap be nam ba tieng Tdy'^' hon Id diin ta y tirdng
cho mach lac bang tiing nudc minh. Hinh nhu ddi vdi hg, viec su dung Phdp ngii
la mdt dau hieu thudc giai cap quy tde, cung nhu su dung nudc sudi Pe-ri-e
(Perrier)(2) vd rugu khai vi biiu trung cho nin vdn minh chdu Au. Nhiiu ngudi An
Nam hi Tdy hod'^' hien nay tudng rang khi cdp nhdt nhiing cdi tini thudng cda
phong hod chau Auhg se lam cho ddng bdo cua minh tin la hg dd dugc ddo tao
theo kieu Tay phuong.

(!) Tiing Tdy: chi tidng Phap.

(2) Pe-ri-i (Perrier): ten eua mpt hang sdn xuat nude gidi khat hdi bay gid.'
(3) Tdy hod: y ndi hpe ddi lam theo Tay cho ra ngudi Tay (Phap).

89
 Thdi do mu tit vi vdn hod chdu Au nhu thi khdng ndn ldm chiing ta ngac nhien.
Vi ehi cd nhiing ngudi dd hiiu biet viing mdt nin vdn hod rdi mdi cd kha ndng
thudng thiie mdt nin vdn hod ngoai bang. Nhiing kiiu kiin tnie vd ttang tri lai cdng
cua nhiing ngdi nhd thudc vi nhiing ngudi An Neim dugc bun due theo cdi md
nhung ngudi d Ddng Duong ggi la vdn minh Phdp, chiing td rang nhiing ngudi An
Nam bi Tdy hod chang ed dugc mdt thii vdn minh ndo. Viec ttr bd vdn hod cha dng
vd tiing me de phdi ldm cho mgi ngtrdi An Nam tha thiit vdi gidng ndi lo ling.
Tiing ndi Id ngudi bdo ve quy bdu nhat nin ddc lap eua eae ddn tdc, la yeu td
quan ttgng nhat giup giai phdng cdc ddn tdc bi thdng tri. Niu ngirdi An Nam hdnh
dien giu gin tiing ndi cua minh va ra siic ldm cho tiing ndi ay phong phu bon di
cd kha ndng phd biin tai An Nam cdc hgc thuyet dao diic vd khoa hgc eua chdu
Au, viec gidi phdng dan tdc An Nam chi cdn Id van d i thdi gian. Bat eii ngudi An
Nam ndo viit be tiing ndi cua minh, thi cung duong nhien khudc ttr niim hi vgng
^di phdng gidng ndi. [...] Vi thi, ddi vdi ngirdi An Nam chung ta, chdi tii tieng me
de ddng nghia vdi tii chdi su tu do cua minh... [...]
Nhiiu ddng bdo chung ta, di bien minh viec tu bd tiing me de, dd than phiin
rang tiing nudc minh ngheo nan. Ldi ttdeh eii ndy khdng cd ca sd ndo ea. Hg ehi
biit nhiing ttr thdng dung cua ngdn ngii va cdn nghdo nhiing tu An Nam hon bat
cii ngudi phu nii vd ndng ddn An Nam nao. Ngdn ngii cua Nguyin Du ngheo
hay gidu ?-
Vi sao ngudi An Nam cd the dich nhiing tdc pham cua Trung Qudc sang nudc
minh, md lai khdng thi viit nhiing tde pham tuong tu ?
Phai quy ldi cho su ngheo nan cua ngdn ngii hay su bat tdi cua con ngudi ?
6 An Nam ciing nhu mgi noi khdc, diu cd the ung diing nguydn tie nay:
"Diiu ^ ngudi ta suy nghl ki se diin dat rd rdng, vd di ddng tim thay nhiing tu
di ndi ra". [...]
Chiing ta khdng the ttdnh ne chdu Au, vai ttd hudng dgo eua gidi tri thiic chiing
ta budc hg phdi biit it nhit la mdt ngdn ngu chdu Au de hiiu dugc chau Au. Nhung
nhiing kien thiic thu thap dugc, hg khdng dugc giii rieng cho minh. Ddng bdo cua
hg ciing phii dugc thdng phin niia. Tuy nhien, su cin thiet phai biet mdt ngdn ngii
chau Au hoan loan khdng keo theo chuyen ttr bd tiing me de. Ngtrgc Igi, thii tiing
nudc ngodi md minh bgc dugc phdi lam gidu cho ngdn ngir nudc minh. [...]

(Theo Vdn hgc Viet Nam thiki XX- Vdn nghi ludn ddu thiki,
Quyen nam, tap 1, NXB Van hpe. Ha Npi, 2003)

90
HUDNG DAN DOC THEM
1. Nguyin An Ninh phe phdn nhiing hdnh vi nao eua thdi hgc ddi "Tdy hod" ?
2. Theo tde gia, tieng ndi cd tim quan trgng nhu the ndo ddi- vdi van menh eua
ddn tdc ?
3. Cdn cu vdo ddu, tdc gid nhdn dinh tieng "nudc minh" khdng ngheo ndn ?
4. Tdc gid quan niem nhu thi ndo ve mdi quan he giiia ngdn ngii nude ngodi vdi
ngdn ngii "nudc minh" ?
5. Trong hodn cdnh nude nhd dang bi thue dan thdng tri thi cdu ndi sau ddy cua
tdc gid cd hodn todn dung khdng: "Niu ngudi An Nam hdnh dien giii gin tiing
ndi cua minh vd ra siic ldm cho tiing ndi iy phong phu hon de ed kha ndng
phd biin tgi An Nam cdc bgc thuyit dgo diic vd khoa hgc eua chdu Au, viec
gidi phdng ddn tdc An Nam ehi cdn la vin de thdi gian" ?

91
BACONG HIEN Vi OAI ANG-GHEN

CUA CAC MAC

cac Mac va Ang-ghen

K^T QUA CAN OAT
• Nhan thiic dugc nhirng ddng gdp quan trgng
cda Mac ddi vdi lich sd nhdn loai.
• Hieu dugc nghe thudt ldp luan cua Ang-ghen.
• Biet on va biit trdn trgng nhung thdnh qua
each mang md eae bdc tiin bdi da tao ra.
^

TI^U D A N
Phri-drich Ang-ghen (1820 -1895) la nha tridt hpe ngudi Ddc, ban than thidt cua Mac va la
nha hoat ddng cSch mang ndi tieng cua phong trao cdng nhan thd gidi va Qudc te cdng sdn. Di sdn
li luan eua dng la mdt phan quan trpng trong li ludn cda chu nghia Mae.
cae Mae (1818 -1883) la nha triet hoc va U lu|ui ehinh tri vi dai ngudi Due, lanh tu thidn tai cua
giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng tren toan thd gidi. Hpe thuydt vi chu nghia cdng sdn
khoa hpe cua Mac md dudng cho nhan loai budc vao ki nguydn xa hdi chu nghia va cdng sdn chd
nghia. Ong da kd thua va sang tao mdt each xuat sdc nhiing dinh cao cda tu tudng thd ki XIX :
triet hpe cd didn Diic, kinh te chinh tri cd didn Anh va chu nghia xa hdi khdng tudng Phap.
Ong sang tao ehu nghia duy vat bien chiing va chu nghia duy vat lich sd, xay d\mg hpe thuyet kinh
td mac xit vd ehd nghia xa hdi khoa hpe,... Hpe thuydt cua dng Id vO khi li luan vd hanh ddng ciia
giai cap cdng nhan trong cudc dau tranh chdng ach thdng tri tu sdn.
van bdn Ba cdng hiin viddi cua Cdc Mdc \a bai dieu van cua Ang-ghen dpc trudc md Mac, trong
dd dng da danh gia cao cdng hien to ldn cda Mac va bidu Id linh cdm tide thuong cda nhiing ngudi
cdng sdn trudc tdn thdt to ldn khdng bu ddp dupe nay. Tdn bai do ngudi bien sosm dat.

92
VAN BAN
Chiiu ngdy 14 thdng ba, vdo luc ba gid kem mudi ldm phut, nhd tu tudng vi dgi
nhat ttong sd nhung nhd tu tudng hi$n dgi dd ngtmg suy nghl. Di Mdc d Igi mdt
minh ven v?n ehi cd hai phut, thimd khi ttd vao phdng, chung tdi da thay dng ngu
thiip di thanh thdn tten chiic ghi bdnh -nhtmg la giac ngu nghin thu.
Con ngudi dd ra di la mgt tdn that khdng sao ludng hit dugc ddi vdi giai cap vd
san dang dau ttanh d chdu Au vd chdu MI, ddi vdi khoa hgc lich su. Rdi day, ngudi
ta se cdm thay ndi trdng ving do su qua ddi cua bdc vl nhdn ay gdy ra.
Gidng nhu Ddc-uyn^*' dd tim ra quy ludt phdt triin cda thi gidi hiiu ca, Mdc dd
tim ra quy ludt phdt triin cua lich su: lodi ngudi: cdi su that don gian nhung dd bi
tang ting ldp ldp cdc tu tudng phu kin cho din ngay nay, do Id con ngudi trudc hit
cin phai cd cdi dn cdi udng, quin do vd chd d, rdi sau dd mdi ed thi ldm chinh tri,
khoa hgc, nghe thugt, tdn gido v.v... ; vi vdy, viec sdn xuat ra nhiing tu lieu sinh
hogt vat chat true tiip, va mdi giai doan phdt triin kinh t i nhat dinh cua mdt ddn
tgc hay mdt thdi dgi tgo ra ca sd de ngirdi ta phdt triin cdc the che nhd nudc, cdc
quan diim phdp quyen, nghe thugt va ca tdn gido niia, cho nen phai xuit phdt tii
ca sd dd md gidi thich nhiing cdi kia, chii khdng phdi nguge Igi, nhu ttr tnrdc din
nay ngudi ta dd ldm.

Mp cua cac Mac t^i nghia trang Hai-ghdt d Luan Ddn

(trudc khi xdy difng Ddi tudng niem ndm 1956)

(1) Ddc-uyn (1809 -1882): nha t\r nhien hpe va sinh vat hoc ngirdi Anh, tac gid cua cudn sach ndi
tidng Vi ngudn gdc ciia cdc lodi trin con dudng chgn Igc tif nhien xuat bdn nam 1859 va la ngirdi
sang l(ip hpe thuydt Dac-uyn vi tidn hoa.

93
 Nhung khdng chi ed thi tl^i. Mdc cdng tim ra quy lugt van ddng rieng eua
phuong thiie san xuat tu ban enu nghia hien nay vd cua xd hdi tu san do phuong
thiic dd de ra. Vdi viec phdt hien ra gid tri thdng du'^' ttong Unh vuc ndy, lap tiic
mdt dnh sdng dd xuat hien, trong khi mgi cdng trinh nghien ciiu trudc day cua cdc
nha kinh te hgc tu san cung nhu cua cdc nhd phe binh xd hdi chu nghia diu md
mdm trong bdng tdi. [...]
Con ngudi khoa bgc Id nhu vdy dd. Nhung day hodn todn khdng phai la diiu
ehu yiu d Mdc. Khoa hgc ddi vdi Mdc la mdt dgng luc Uch su, mdt luc lugng cdch
mang. Mdi phdt kien mdi trong bit cu khoa hgc U ludn ndo, thdm chi ddi khi ngudi
ta chua thiy ngay dugc viec ling dung nd vdo thue te, dd ed thi dem din cho Mac
mgt niim vui thuc su, nhung niim vui eua dng cdn ldn hon niia khi phdt kiin dd
nhanh chdng ed tdc ddng each mgng din cdng nghiep, den su phdt triin lich su
ndi chung. [...]
Bdi le trudc hit Mdc la mdt nhd cdch mgng. Bdng cdch ndy hay each khdc, tham
gia vdo viec lat do xd hdi tu sdn vd cdc thiit chi nhd nudc do nd dung len, tham
gia vdo su nghiep giai phdng giai cap vd sdn hien dgi md dng Id ngudi diu tien
dem den cho giai cap ay y thiic vi dia vi va yeu ciu cua minh, y thiic vi diiu kien
de ttr gidi phdng, dd that su la sii menh thiit than eua cudc ddi dng. Diu ttanh Id
hdnh ddng tu nhien cua Mdc. Vd Mdc dd diu ttanh mdt cdch say sua, kien cudng
vd ed kit qua, [... ] din den sir xuat hien Hdi Uen hiep cdng nhdn qudc te vi dgi [... ],
day chinh la su nghiep md ai xdy dung ndn diu lay lam tu hdo, thdm ehi du cho
ngudi dd khdng lam gi them niia.
Dd Id 11 do vi sao Mdc la ngudi bi cdm ghdt nhiiu nhat vd bi vu khdng nhiiu
nhdt ttong thdi dgi dng. Cdc ehinh phu - ca chuyen chi ldn cdng hod - deu true
xuat dng, bgn tu sdn - ca bao thu ldn dan ehu cue dodn - diu thi nhau vu khdng
vd nguyin rua dng. Mae da ggt sang mdt ben tat cd nhiing thii dd, coi nhu cdi
mgng nhen vudng chdn, chang them dim xia, va ehi ddp Igi khi thay hit siic cin
thiit ma thdi. Vd dng da mat di, hdng trieu ngudi cdng su cdch mgng vdi dng d
khip chdu Au vd chdu MI, tii nhiing ham md Xi-bia^^) ^g'^ tan Ca-li-phodc-ni-a'^^
da tdn kinh, yeu min vd khdc thuong dng, va tdi cd thi manh dgn ndi rang dng ed
thi ed nhiiu ke ddi dich, nhung chua chac dd cd mdt ke thu rieng ndo cd.
Ten tudi vd su nghiep eua dng ddi ddi sdng mdi!
(Theo C. MAC VA PH. ANG-GHEN, Todn tap, tap 19,
NXB Chinh tii Qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1995)

(1) Gid tri thdng dw: gia tri do lao ddng sdng tao them ra ngoai gia tri siic lao ddng, la lao ddng
khdng cdng eua ngudi cdng nhan lam thue.
(2) Xi-bia (cdn dupe phien am la Xi-bi-ri): ten gpi miin dat Viin Ddng nudc Nga.
(3) Ca-li-phodc-ni-a: ten mdt bang cua nude Mi.

94
HUdNG D A N HOC BAI
1. Bdi dieu vdn nay cd thi chia ldm may phin ? Neu ndi dung eua tiing phin.
2. Neu nhiing ddng gdp to ldn eua Mdc khiin dng trd thdnh "nhd tu tudng vi dgi
nhit trong sd nhung nhd tu tudng hien dai".
3. Di ldm ndi bat tim vde vl dgi eua Mdc, Ang-ghen da su dung bien phdp so sdnh
ting bdc (cdn ggi id bien phdp tdng tiin). Bien phdp iy da dugc the hien nhu
thi ndo tiong bdi diiu vdn ?
4. Phdn tich thdi dd vd tinh cam cua Ang-ghen ddi vdi Mdc qua cdch lap ludn so
sdnh trong bdi diiu van.
5. Anh (chi) hiiu nhu the ndo vi y kien : "[...] Ong cd the cd nhiiu ke ddi dich,
nhung chua chic da eo mdt ke thu rieng nao cd" ?

^ GHI NHO ^
Bang lap ludn chat che, kit hgp vdi bien phap so sanh tang tiin, Ang-ghen
da giup chiing ta nhan thiic sdu sac nhCrng cdng hien vT dai cua Mae ddi vdi
nhan loai.

LUYEN TAP

1. Ndu cam nghl eua anh (ehi) vi nhiing ddng gdp cua Mdc ddi vdi nhdn logi.
2. Lgp ddn y eua bdi dieu van.

95
PHONG CACH NGON NGU CHINH LUAN
KlET QUA CAN OAT
Hiiu dugc khdi niem ngdn ngir chfnh luan,
cae loai van ban chfnh luan va dac diem cua
phong each ngdn ngCr chfnh ludn.
Biet phdn tfch vd viit bai van nghj ludn chfnh trj.

I - VAN BAN CHINH LUAN VA NGON NGUf CHINH LUAN

1. Tim hieu van ban chinh luan
Vdn ban chinh ludn thdi xua viit theo cac thi hich, cdo, thu, sdch, chieu,
bieu,... ehu yiu bdng chii Hdn. Sdch gido khoa Ngu vdn 11 chi xem xet vdn ban
chinh ludn hien dgi.
Van ban chinh ludn hien dgi bao gdm: cdc cuong linh; tuyen bd; tuyen ngdn,
ldi keu ggi, hieu trieu ; cdc bdi binh ludn, xa luan ; eae bdo cdo, tham ludn, phdt
biiu ttong cdc hdi thao, hdi nghi ehinh tri,,..
Dgc cdc doan trich trong cdc vdn ban chinh ludn sau vd tim hiiu vi :
- Thi logi cua vdn bdn
- Muc dich viit van ban
- Thdi do, quan diim cua ngudi viet ddi vdi nhdng vin de dugc di cap den.
a) Tuyen ngdn
TUYEN N G 6 N DOC LAP
"Tat ea mgi ngudi diu sinh ra cd quyen binh dang. Tgo hod cho hg nhiing
quyin khdng ai cd thi xdm phgm dugc ; ttong nhiing quyin ay, cd quyin dirge
sdng, quyin tu do vd quyen muu ciu hgnh phuc."
Ldi bat hu ay d ttong ban Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap nam 1776 cua nudc MI. Suy rdng
ra, cdu iy ed y nghia Id : tit cd cdc dan tdc tten the gidi diu sinh ra binh dqng,
dan tdc ndo cung ed quyin sdng, quyen sung sudng vd quyin tu do.
Ban Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyin vd Ddn quyen cua Cdch mgng Phdp nam 1791
ciing ndi:
"Ngudi ta sinh ra tu do vd binh dang vi quyin Igi, va phai ludn ludn dugc tu do
vd binh dang vi quyin Igi."
Dd la nhiing le phai khdng ai chdi cai dugc.

(Hd Chi Minh)

96
 b) Binh lugn tiidi su

CAO TRAO CHONG NHAT, CUU NUOC

Ngdy 9 - 3 - 1945, d Ddng Duong, phdt Xit Nhat quat thuc ddn Phdp xudng
chan ddi chinh tri. Khdng day hai mtroi bdn tieng ddng hd, trong eae thanh phd
ldn, thxfc ddn Phdp deu hg sung xin hang. Nhiiu ddi quan eua Phdp nham bien
gidi cim diu chay. Ridng d Cao Bdng vd Bic Cgn, mdt vdi ddi qudn cua Phdp dinh
thdng nhit hdnh ddng vdi Qudn Giai phdng Vidt Nam chdng Nhdt. 6 Bac Cgn, hg
dd cung ta td chiic "Uy ban Phdp - Viet chdng Nhgt". Nhung khdng bao ldu hg
cung bd ta chgy sang Trung Qudc. Cd the ndi Id qudn Phdp d Ddng Duong da
khdng khdng chiin va cdng cudc khdng chiin d Ddng Duong Id cdng cudc duy
nhit ciia nhan dan ta. [...]

(Trudng Chinh, Cdch mang ddn tgc ddn chii nhdn ddn Viet Nam, tap I,
NXB Su that, 1976)

> c) Xa lugn
VI^TNAMDITOI

Khip non sdng Vidt Nam dang bimg day mdt sinh khi mdi. Sinh khi iy dang
biiu hi$n ttdn khudn mdt tung ngudi ddn, trdng ttmg thdn ban, ngd phd, tren
tCrng cdnh ddng, cdng trudng, trong tttng vien nghien ciiu, trdn cdc chdt tiin tieu
diu sdng nggn gid,...
Rgo rue dat ttdi, rgo nic long ngirdi! [...]
Dit nudc dang cdng ttdn siic xuan trong y chi vd khdt vgng vuon tdi eua 80 trieu
ngudi con dat Viet. Ngudn sinh luc mdi dugc kit tu vd nhdn len trong xudn Gidp
Thdn dang hiia h?n tgo ra mdt siic bdng ludt mdi trdn con dudng ddi xay dung mdt
xa hdi cdng bing, dan chu, van minh.
Xudn mdi, the va luc mdi, chung ta tu tin di tdi!

(Theo bao Qudn ddi nhdn ddn, sd Tdt 2004)

7.NGtJ VAN 11/2-A 97

 2. Nhan xet chung ve vdn ban chfnh lugn va ngdn ngii chinh lugn
a) Ngoai nhiing thi logi vdn ban tren day, ngdn ngii chinh lugn cdn dugc dung
trong cdc logi tdi li^u ehinh tti khdc, trong nhiing tdc pham U lugn ed quy md khd
ldn, vi du: Trudng ki khdng chiin nhdt dinh thdng Igi (Trudng Chinh); Dudi Id cd
ve vang cua Ddng, vi d0c lap tg do, vi chu nghia xd hdi, tiin lin gidnh nhung thdng
Igi mdi (Le Duan),... Mgt khdc, ngdn ngii chinh ludn khdng chi tdn tgi d dgng viit
md ea d dgng ndi, chang hgn nhiing ldi phdt biiu d hdi nghi bode trong cdc cugc
thao ludn, tranh lugn,... mang tinh chat chinh tti. Nhung du phuong tien bleu dgt
cd khdc nhau thi ngdn ngu ehinh lugn ludn nham mdt muc dich Id trinh bdyy kiin
hode binh ludn, ddnh gid m0t sg kiin, m0t vdn di chinh tri, m0t chinh sdch, chu
truong vi vdn hod, xd h0i theo m0t quan diim chinh tri nhdt dinh.
b) Dieu ndi tten ed the ldm ca sd di phdn biet ngdn ngii chinh lugn vdi ngdn
ngii dung trong cdc van ban bode ttong cdc bdi thdo khoa hgc, binh lugn vdn
chuong hay thuong thuyit ngogi giao,... 6 cdc trudng hgp nay, du phdt biiu bing
vdn bdn viit hay bang ldi ndi mieiig, du cd muc dieh va ndi dung khac nhau, cdch
diin dgt bang ngdn ngii cung ed diem khdc nhau nhung diu su dung phuang
phdp nghi ludn. Do vgy, ta thudng ggi chung Id vdn nghi ludn '^^ hay nghi lugn vdn
chuong, nghi lugn xd h0i. Cdn cdc khdi niem "chinh ludn" hay "ngdn ngii chfnh
ludn", "phong each ngdn ngii chfnh lugn" thi dung ttong phgm vi ttinh bay quan
diim chinh tri ddi vdi mgt van di nao dd.
Do hodn cdnh diu ttanh gidi phdng ddn tdc, ttong thi Id trudc, d nude ta, chfnh
ludn rit phdt triin, vi vgy dd binh thdnh mdt phong each ngdn ngii ddc lap thi hien
d cdc the logi vdn ban nhu dd ndi ttdn. Ngdn ngu chfnh ludn cd dnh hirdng khd sdu
rdng ttong ngdn ngu hang ngdy vd ngdn ngii vdn hgc. Mdt sd cay but chfnh luan
ddng thdi Id nhiing nhd hogt ddng chfnh tri ndi tieng nhu : Ho Chf Minh,
Trudng Chinh, Ld Duan, Phgm Vdn Dong,... Cd khdng it tdc pham chfnh lugn tieu
biiu dugc dua vdo giang dgy ttong nhd trudng (chang ban : Tuyin ngdn D0c lgp,
Ldi keu ggi todn qudc khdng chiin cua Ho Chf Minh) ; hode dugc dtmg de trich
ddn ttong cdc bai viit, bdi ndi; hoac ttd thdnh khau hieu bdnh dgng cua phong
ttdo cdch mgng.

(1) Nghi luan la phuong phap tu duy va trinh bay nhiing y kidn, li le, l^p luan vd mdt van di ndo
dd. Trong nha trudng, hpe sinh dupe ren luy?n cac ki nang lap l u ^ , trinh bay y kidn vi mdt
van di. Theo tieu ehi ndi dung, ngudi ta phan biet : nghi luan van chuong, nghi lu$n xa hpi,
tridt hpe, su hpe,...
O nude ta va mpt sd nude, ehinh luan (nghi luan chinh tri) da hinh thanh mdt phong each ngdn
ngCt ddc lap cd dnh hudng den cac phong each ngdn ngu khac. Do vay, ehinh luan dupe dua
vao gidng d^y trong nha trudng.

98 7.NG0VAN 11/2-B
 GHINHO.
Ngdn ngu chfnh ludn Id ngdn ngu dugc dung trong eae van ban chfnh luan
hogc Idi ndi midng (khau ngCr) trong cdc budi hgi nghj, hgi thao, ndi chuydn
thdi sg,... nhim trinh bay, binh luan, ddnh gid nhung su kien, nhCrng van de ve
chfnh trj, xa hdi, vdn hod, tu tudng,... theo mgt quan diem chfnh tri nhat djnh.

LUYINTAP
1. Phdn bi$t khdi niem nghi lugn vd chinh ludn.
2. Vi sao cd thi khing dinh dogn van sau ddy thudc phong cdch chfnh ludn ?
Ddn ta cd m0t ldng ndng ndn yeu nudc. Dd la m0t truyin thdng quy bdu ciia
ta. Tic xua din nay, mdi khi Tdqudc bi xdm ldng, thi tinh thdn dy Igi sdi ndi, nd
kit thdnh m0t ldn sdng vd cung mgnh me, to ldn, nd ludt qua mgi su nguy hiim,
khd khdn, nd nhdn chim tdt cd Id bdn nudc vd lu cudp nudc.

(Ho Chi Minh, Tinh thdn yiu nudc ciia nhdn ddn ta)

3. Phdn tich bdi Ldi keu ggi todn qudc khdng chiin eua Chu tieh Ho Chf Minh
{Ngu vdn 10, t$p mgt, tr. 23) di chiing minh : ldi van trong van ban gidn di,
di hiiu, ngin ggn nhung diin dgt ngi dung phong phu, lap ludn viing chic.
{Ggiy: Phdn tfch mgt diin dgt cua vdn ban qua cdc ludn diem :
- Tinh the ndo huge chung ta phai chien dau ?
- Chiing ta chiin diu bing vu khi g^ ?
- Niem tin tat thing cda chung ta.)

99
MOT THOI DAI TRONG THI CA HOAl THANH
(Trich)

K^TQUACANOAT
• Hieu dugc quan nidm cua Hoai Thanh vi
''tinh than tha mdi" trong y nghia van chuang
va xa hdi.
• Thay rd nghe thudt nghj ludn van chuang
khoa hgc, chdt che, thau ddo vd cdch diin dgt
tdi hoa, tinh te, giau cam xuc eiia tac gid.

TI^U O A N
Hoai Thanh (1909 - 1982) ten khai sinh la Nguyin Diic Nguydn. Ong xudt than trong mdt gia
dinh nha nho ngheo y6u nude d xa Nghi Trung, huydn Nghi Ldc, tinh Ngh^ An. Trudc Cdch mang,
thdi cdn di hoc, dng tung tham gia phdng trao ydu nudc va bi thyc dan Phap bdt giam. 6ng vidt
van tu nhiing nam 30 eua the ki XX. Thang 8 nam 1945, dng tham gia khdi'nghia va lam Chu tjch
Hpi van hoa cuu qudc d Hue. Sau Cach mang thang Tam, dng hoat dpng chu ydu trong nganh Van
hoa - Ngh$ thuat va timg giu nhiiu chuc vu ^
quan trpng: Tdng thu ki Hdi Van hoa ciiu qudc
Viet Nam, Hdi Van nghd Vifit Nam, Vp trudng
Vu Nghe thu^t, Tdng thu ki Hdi Lien hiep van
hpe nghe thu^t Viet Nam, Chu nhiem tudn bao
Vdn nghe,...
Hoai Thanh la nha phe binh van hpe xuat
sdc nhat eua van hpe Viet Nam hidn dai. Ong la
tac gid cua nhiiu cdng trinh ed gia tri : Vdn
chuong vd hdnh ddng (1936), Thi nhdn Viet
Nam (1942), Cd mgt nin vdn hod Viit Nam
(1946), Quyin sdng ciia con ngudi trong "Truyin
Kieu" ciia Nguyin Du (1949), Ndi chuyin tha
khdng chien (1950), Phi binh vd tieu ludn
(3 tap - 1960, 1965, 1971). Trong dd Thi nhdn
Viet Nam la cdng trinh dupe danh gia xuat sdc
nhat. Nam 2000, dng dupe Nha nude t$ng Giai
thudng Ho Chi Minh vi van hpe nghe thu^t.

Mgt thdi dgi trong thi ca la tieu luan md ddu

cudn Thi nhdn Viit Nam, tdng kdt mpt each sau
sac phong trao Tho mdi. Doan trich dudi day • >,
thudc phan cudi cda bai tieu luan ndi trdn.
Hoai Thanh

100
VAN BAN
[...] Bdy gid hay di tim cdi diiu ta cho Id quan trgng hon: tinh thin tha mdi.
Gid cdc nhd tha mdi cu viit nhiing cau nhu hai cdu vtra trich trdn nay'^' thi tien
cho ta biet miy. Nhtmg chinh Xudn Dieu cdn viit:
Ngudi giai nhdn: bin dgi dudi cdy gid;
Tinh du khdch: thuyin qua khdng bu0c chgt.
Vd mdt nhd tha cu^^) ^^ cdnh thu lai cd nhiing cdu nhi nhanh vd la loi :
0 hay! Cdnh cung ua ngudi nhi!
Ai thdy ai md chdng ngdn ngo ?
Gid ttong tha cu chi cd nhiing ttin ngdn sdo ngii, nhiing bdi thg chdc tung,
nhiing bai tha vinh hit cdi ndy den cdi ng, md cdc nhd tha mdi Igi ehi ldm nhiing
bdi kldt tde thi cung tien cho ta biit miy. Khdn ndi, cdi tim thudng, cdi Id ldng
ching phdi cua rieng mdt thdi ndo vd mudn hiiu tinh thin tha cho dung din, phdi
sdnh bdi hay vdi bdi hay vdy.
Au Id ta ddnh phai nhdn ring ttdi dat khdng phdi dung len cung mdt lin vdi thi
h$ chdng ta. Hdm nay dd phdi thai ttr hdm qua vd ttong cdi mdi vin cdn rdt Igi it
nhiiu cdi cu. Cdc thdi dgi vdn lien tiep cung nhau vd mudn rd ddc sdc mdi thdi
phdi nhin vao dgi thi.
Cii dgi the thi tat cd tinh thin thdi xua - hay tha cu - vd thdi nay - hay tha mdi -
ed thi gdm Igi ttong hai chii tdi vd ta. Ngdy trudc Id thdi chii ia, bdy gid Id thdi chii
tdi. Ndi gidng nhau thi vin ed chd gidng nhau nhu chii tdi vin gidng chii ta.
Nhung chdng ta hdy tim nhiing chd khdc nhau.
Ngay thii nhat - ai biit dfch ngdy ndo - chii tdi xuit hien tten thi dan Viet Nam,
nd thuc bd ngd. Nd nhu Igc lodi noi dit khdch. Bdi nd mang theo mgt quan niem
chtra ttmg thay d xii ndy: quan niem cd nhdn. Xd hdi Vidt Nam ttr xua khdng cd ed
nhdn. Chi ed dodn the: ldn thi qudc gia, nhd thi gia dinh. Cdn cd nhdn, cdi bdn sic
cda cd nhan chim dim trong gia dinh, ttong qudc gia nhu gigt nudc ttong bien cd.
Cung cd nhiing bdc ki tdi xuit diu Id didn. Thdng bode hg cung ghi hinh dnh hg
trgng vdn tha. Vd thing hode ttong vdn tha hg cung dung den chti tdi de ndi
chuydn vdi ngudi khdc. Song diu tdo bao din dau hg cung khdng mdt lin nao

(1) Tiic la hai cau tho cda Xuan Didu:

Hdm nay tdi dd chit trong ngudi
Xua h?n nghin ndm yiu mdn tdi.
(2) Cd sach ndi Id cda Bd Huydn Thanh Quan, cd sach ndi la cua Hd Xudn Huong (ehu thich cda
Hoai Thanh).

101
ddm diing chti tdi de ndi chuyen vdi minh, bay - thi cdng thi - vdi tat ci mgi
ngudi. Mdi khi nhin vdo tdm hdn hg hay dung trudc loai ngudi menh mdng, bode
hg khdng tuxtmg'i', bode hg an minh sau chQto,mdt chii cd thi chi chung nhiiu
ngudi. Hg phdi ciu ciiu dodn the di ttdn cd don. Chang ttdeh ^ tdc pham hg vua
ra ddi, dodn the dd ddnh ldm eua chung, lam khi ciing ching them ghi tdn cua hg.
6 phuong Tdy, nhat la ttr khi cd dgo Thien Chua, khdng bao gid cd nhdn Igi bi re
rung den the.
Bdi vdy cho nen, khi chii tdi, vai cdi nghia tuyet ddi cda nd, xuat hien giiia thi
ddn Viet Nam, bao nhieu con mit nhin nd mdt cdch khd chiu. Nd cii ludn ludn
di theo nhiing chii anh, chii bdc, chii dng dd thay chirdng. Hudng bdy gid nd
din mdt minh!
Nhung, ngdy mdt ngdy hai, nd mat dan cdi ve bd ngd. Nd dirge vd sd ngudi
quen. Ngudi ta Igi cdn thay nd ddng thuong. Md that nd tdi nghiep qud!
Thi nhdn ta ca hd dd mit hit cdi cdt cdch hien ngang ngdy trudc. Chii ta vdihg
to rdng qud. Tdm hdn cua hg chi viia thu ttong khudn khd chii tdi. Dimg ed tim d
hg cdi khf phdch ngang tang cua mdt thi hdo ddi xua nhu Lf Thdi Bgch, ttong ttdi
dat ehi biit ed tha. Din chut Idrig ttr ttgng cin de khinh canh ca ban, hg cdng
khdng ed niia:
Ndi ddi cay cue dang gia vudt,
Cam do khdng dua vdi khdch tha.
Khdng biit ttong khi ren ri nhu thi Xudn Didu cd nghl den Nguyin Cdng Trii,
mdt ngudi ddng qudn, chang nhiing dd dua canh nghio md cdn lay canh nghdo
ldm vui(2)
Nhung ta trdch gi Xudn Dieu! Xudn Dieu, nha tha dgi biiu day dd nhit cho thdi
dgi, chi ndi cdi khd sd, cdi tham hgi eua bet thay chiing ta.
Ddi chiing ta dd nim ttong vdng chii tdi. Mat bi rdng ta di tim b i sdu. Nhtmg
cang di sdu cdng lanh. Ta thodt len tien cdng Thi Lu, ta phidu luu ttong tnrdng
tinh ciing Luu Trgng Lu, ta dien cudng vdi Hdn Mdc Tii, Chi Lan Vidn, ta dim say
cung Xudn Dieu. Nhtmg ddng tien dd khip, tinh yeu khdng bin, didn cudng rdi
tinh, say dim vdn ba va. Ta nga ngin budn ttd vi hdn ta cung Huy Can.

(1) Sudt trong "khue tu tinh" eua Cao Ba Nha dai 538 eau, ehu tdi khdng ed da ddnh, ma cflng
khdng ed lay mpt chii ta (ehu thich eua Hodi Thanh).
(2) Nguyin Cdng Tni viet trong Nhd nho vui cdnh ngheo (Han nho phong vi phu): Ngdy ba bOa vS
bung rau binh bich, ngudi qudn tu dn chdng cau no - Dim ndm canh an gidc ngdy kho kho,
ddi thdi binh cda thudng bd ngd.

102
 Ci ttdi thuc, ttdi mdng vin nao nad theo hdn ta.
Thuc chtra bao gid tha Vi^t Nam budn vd nhit Id xdn xao nhu thi. Cung ldng
ty tdn, ta mit ludn cd cdi binh yen thdi trudc.
Thai tnrdc, diu bi oan khuit nhu Cao Bd Nhg, dau bi khinh bd nhu cd phu'i'
tten bin Tim Duong, vin cdn cd thi nuong tua vdo mdt cdi ^ khdng di dich. Ngdy
nay ldp thdnh kien phu tren linh hdn dd tieu tan cung ldp hoa hoe phu tten thi tii.
Phuong Tay dd giao trd hdn ta Igi cho ta. Nhung ta bdng hodng vi nhin vdo dd ta
thay thiiu mdt diiu, mdt diiu cin hon ttdm nghin diiu khdc: mdt ldng tin day du.
Dd, tit ea cdi bi kich duong diin ngim ngim, dudi nhiing phu hi§u di ddi,
ttong hdn ngtrdi thanh nien.
Bi kich ay hg gui ed vdo tiing Vidt. Hg ydu vd cung thii tiing trong miy muoi
thi ki da chia si vui budn vdi cha dng. Hg ddn tinh ydu qud huong trong tinh
ydu tiing Viet. Tiing Vidt, hg nghl, la tam lua dd hiing vong hdn nhiing t h i hd
qua. Den lugt hg, hg cung mudn mugn tam hdn bgch'^^ chung di gdi ndi bdn
khodn ridng.
Nhung do dd ttong thit vgng se ndy mam hi vgng.
Chua bao gid nhu bdy gid hg hiiu cdu ndi ean ddm cua dng chu bdo Nam
phong: "Truyin Kiiu cdn, tiing ta cdn; tieng ta cdn, nirdc ta cdn".
Chua bao gid nhu bdy gid hg cdm thay tmh thin ndi gidng cung nhu cdc thi
tha xua chi bien thien chu khdng sao tieu didt.
Chtra bao gid nhu bdy gid hg thay cin phdi tim vi dl vang de vin vdo nhiing gi
bit di$t dd bdo dam cho ngdy mai.
Novembre^^) 1941
{Thi nhdn Viit Nam, Nguyin Ddc Phidn xuat bdn. Ha Npi, 1943)

(1) Y ndi ngudi ea nii trong Ti bd hdnh cua Bsich Cu Di.

(2) Hdn bqch: tam lya hay vdi dupe ket l?i thanh hinh ngudi ed ddu, cd chan tay ddp vao ngudi sdp
chdt. Hdn b^ch dupe coi nhu linh hdn ngudi chdt, dua ldn bdn thd vd rude theo quan tai khi
dua ma. ^
(3) Novembre (tidng Phap): thang 11.

103
HU^G DAN HOC BAI
1. Theo tde gid, cdi khd trong viec tim ra tinh than cua tha mdi Id gi ? Va tdc gid da
neu ra cdch nhdn dien nhu the ndo ?
2. Diiu cdt ldi md tho mdi dua den cho thi ddn Vidt Nam biy gid Id gi ?
3. Vi sao tde gia ndi "chii tdi, vai cdi nghia tuydt ddi cua nd" Igi "ddng thuong" va
..."tdi nghiep"?
4. Cdc nhd tha lang mgn cung nhu "ngudi thanh nidn" bay gid da giii toi bi kich
ddi minh bang cdch nao ?
5. M0t thdi dgi trong thi ca la mdt tiiu lugn phiic tgp, phong phu nhtmg vi sao
ngudi dgc vin thiy di hiiu va hap din ? (Chu y cdch ddt van de, din dit vin
di, ldi vdn gidu binh dnh vd chit tha,...)

, CHI NHO ,
Vdi mdt nghe thuat ldp luan khoa hgc, chat che, thau ddo vd mdt-vdn phong
tai hoa, tinh te, giau cam xuc, Mot thai dai trong thi ca da ndu rd ndi dung
cdt yeu ciia "tinh than tha mdi" : Lin d i u tidn "ehu tdi, vdi cdi nghia tuydt
ddi cua nd", xuat hien trong thi ca ddng thdi cQng ndi Idn "cai bi kjch ngim
ngam trong hdn ngudi thanh nidn" hdi biy gid.

LUYEN TAP
1. Theo quan niem cua Hodi Thanh, ehu tdi va to ttong tha mdi vd tha cu cd g^
khdc nhau ?
2. Ldng yeu nude eua cdc nhd tha mdi da dirge bieu Id nhu thi nao ?
3. Qua bai tieu ludn, anh (chi) hieu gi them vi tdm hdn cdc nha thor lang man vd
thi he thanh nien duong thdi ?

104
PHONG CACH NGdN NOV C H I N H LUAN
(Tiip tiieo)

II - CAC PHUDNG TIEN DllN DAT VA DAC TRUNG CUA PHONG CACH N G 6 N NGUT
CHiNH L U A N
1. Cdc phuong tien diin dat
Qua viec tim hiiu cdc trich dogn vdn ban chfnh ludn d tiit hgc tnrdc, cd the rut
ra mdt sd nhdn xet vi cdc phuang tien diin dgt cua phong cdch ngdn ngii chinh
lugn nhu sau:

a) v i ttr ngii
Vdn bdn chfnh ludn sd dung ngdn ngii thdng thudng nhung cd khd nhieu ttr
ngii chfnh tri: d0c ldp, ddng bdo, binh ddng, tg do, quyin Igi, phdt xit, thgc ddn,
khdng chiin, thdng nhdt, cdng bdng, ddn chu, da sd, thiiu so,...
Nhiiu tii ngii chfnh tri ed ngudn gdc ttr vdn bdn chinh ludn, nhung dugc dtmg
rdng khip ttong sinh hogt chfnh tri nen chiing dd tham vdo ldp ttr thdng dung, den
miic ngirdi ddn dung quen thudc, khdng cdn quan niem dd Id tii ngu U ludn niia.
Vf du: dia sd, thiiu sd, phdt xit, ddn chu, binh ddng, tudo,...

b) v i ngii phdp
Cdu vdn ttong vdn ban ehinh ludn thudng Id cdu ed kit ciu chuan muc, gin vdi
nhiing phdn dodn Idgfe trong mdt he thdng lap ludn, cdu trudc lien kit vdi cdu
sau, cdu sau ndi tiep cdu trudc trong mdt mgeh suy ludn. Vi du (xem thdm cdc
dogn ttich d tiet trudc):
-[...] Dd Id nhiing le phdi khdng ai chdi cdi dugc.
(Hd Chi Minh, Tuyin ngdn Ddc ldp)

- [...] Cd thi ndi Id qudn Phdp d Ddng Duong dd khdng khdng chiin vd cdng
cuoc khdng chiin d Ddng Duong Id cdng cu0c duy nhdt cua nhdn ddn ta.
(Trudng Chinh, Cao trdo chdng Nhdt, cdu nudc)

- [...] Xudn mdi, thivd Igc mdi, chung ta tg tin di tdi!

{Vi$t Nam di tdi, bao Qudn d0i nhdn ddn, sd Tdt 2004)

105
 Cdc vdn ban chinh ludn thudng diing nhtmg eau phiic hgp cd nhiing tii ngu
Uen kit nhu : do vdy, bdi thi, cho nin, vi le dd,... ; tuy... nhung; du... nhung,..'.
de phuc vu cho lap ludn dugc chat che.
c) v i bien phdp tu ttr
Ngdn ngii chinh ludn khdng phdi luc nao cung mang tinh cdng thiic, udc le,
khd khan. Nguge Igi, nd ed the rit sinh ddng do su dung khd nhiiu cdc bidn phdp
tutii.
Vfdu:
- Chdng tdm cue cu0c khdi nghia ciia ta trong nhdng bimdu.
(Hd Chi Minh, Tuyin ngdn Dgc lap)
- [...] Phdt xit Nhdt qudt thuc ddn Phdp xudng chdn ddi chinh tri.
(Trudng Chinh, Cao trdo chdng Nhdt, ciiu nudc)
- Khdp non sdng Viet Nam dang bimg day m0t sinh khi mdi. Sinh khi dy dang
biiu hien trin khudn mat timg ngudi ddn, trong timg thdn bdn, ngd phd, tren timg
cdnh ddng, cdng trudng, trong timg viin nghiin ciiu, trin cdc chdt tiin tiiu ddu
sdng nggn gid,...
{Viet Nam di tdi, theo bao Qudn ddi nhdn ddn, sd Tdt 2004)
- Ddt nudc dang cdng trdn sue xudn trong y chi vd khdt vgng vuon tdi cua 80
triiu ngudi con ddt Viit. Ngudn sinh luc mdi dugc kit tu vd nhdn len trong xudn
Gidp Thdn dang hica hen tgo ra m0t sue bdng ludt mdi trin con dudng ddi xdy
dgng m0txd h0i cdng bdng, ddn chu, vdn minh.
{ViitNam di tdi, theo bao Qudn dgi nhdn ddn, sd Tdt 2004)
Tuy vgy, vi$c dung cdc bien phdp tu tu chi giup cho U le, lap ludn them hap din,
vi dich cda vdn bdn chinh ludn Id thuyet phuc ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe bang U le vd
lap lugn.
6 dgng ndi (khau ngu), ngdn ngii chfnh luan ehu ttgng din cdch phdt dm,
ngudi ndi phdi diin dgt sao cho khue chiit, rd rdng, mgeh Igc. Trong ttudng hgp
cin thiit (vf du : hd hdo, kdu ggi bode ttanh bien) thi ngii dieu ddng mdt vai ttd
quan ttgng di thu hut ngudi nghe. Nhiing diin gia tdi ndng sii dung gigng didu
nhu mdt phuong ti6n quan trgng de thuyet phuc thinh gia.
2. Dac tnmg cua phong each ngdn ngCr chinh luan
Tu nhiing nhdn xet vi ngdn ngii chfnh ludn ndi trdn, cd tiii khdi qudt nhiing
ddc trung ca ban cua phong cdch ngdn ngu chfnh ludn gdm :

106
 a) Tinh cdng khai ve quan diim chfnh tri
Tuy di tdi cua vdn ban chinh ludn Id nhiing van di thdi su ttong eude sdng,
nhung ngdTti tii chfnh ludn khdng chi cd chuc ndng thdng tin mdt cdch khdch quan
ma phai the hien dudng ldi, quan diim, thdi do chfnh tri cua ngudi viit (hay ndi)
mdt cdch cdng khai, ddt khoat, khdng che giiu, up md.
Chang hgn d bdi binh ludn thdi su Cao trdo chdng Nhdt, ciiu nudc, ngay tii
nhiing ddng dau tien, tde gia da khang dinh ke thu cua cdch mgng luc dd Id phdt
xit Nhdt, vd ta phdi phdt ddng cao trdo chdng Nhdt, khdng cdn hi vgng ma hd ring
ngirdi Phdp se Id ddng minh chdng Nhdt (luc dd thue ddn Phdp d Ddng Duong Id
luc lugng ddng minh chdng phdt xit). Thdi do chinh tri thi hien rd rdng qua ldi le
phe phdn nghidm khac : hg sung xin hdng, nhdm biin gidi cdm ddu chdy, bd ta
chgy,... vd ca ttong kit ludn : Cd thi ndi Id qudn Phdp d Ddng Duong dd khdng
khdng chiin vd cdng cu0c khdng chiin d Ddng Duong Id cdng cu0c duy nhdt cua
nhdn ddn ta.
Ttr ngii su dung ttong vdn ban chfnh ludn phdi dugc cdn nhie kl cdng, ddc biet
la nhiing tu ngii thi hien lap trudng, quan diem chfnh tri. (Xem Tuyin ngdn
Ddc lap, Ldi kiu ggi todn qudc khdng chiin,...). Ngudi viet trdnh dung nhiing ttr
ngii ma hd, khdng the hien thdi do chfnh tri rd rdng, diit khodt, ttdnh nhiing cdu
nhieu y ldm ngudi dgc ldn ldn quan diem, lap trudng, chfnh kiin.
b) Tinh chat che ttong diin dgt vd suy ludn
Ndi chUng, trii nhiing ldi phdt bieu don le, phong cdch ehinh ludn thi bien tinh
chat che cua he thdng lap ludn. Cd the thay cdch diin dgt ed gid tri lap ludn, thien
ve khang dinh ttong vdn ban Tuyin ngdn D0c ldp eua Chu tich Ho Chf Minh.
Tir nhiing ludn cu dirge mgi ngudi thCra nhdn, tdc gid khing dinh : "Dd Id nhiing
le phdi khdng ai chdi cdi dugc", tiep dd, tdc gid dua ra nhiing ludn chiing lich sir
de di den ludn diim khang dinh quyin ddc lap eua nudc Viet Nam. Dd Id mdt he
thdng liidn diim chat che, ttong dd ttmg y, timg cdu, ttmg dogn dugc phdi hop vdi
nhau mdt each hdi hod, mgeh Igc. Ta hiiu vi sao vdn chinh ludn thudng dung
nhiiu tii ngii Uen kit nhu: di, md, vdi, vd, tuy, nhung, do do md, bdi vdy,...

e) Tfnh truyin cam, thuyet phuc

Ngdn ngii chfnh ludn Id cdng cu di ttinh bdy, thuyet phuc, tgo nen siic hip
ddn, ldi cudn ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe).
Ngodi gid tri lap ludn, vdn bdn chfnh ludn cdn thi hien gid tti d gigng vdn hung
hdn, tha thiit, bdc Id nhiet tinh cua ngudi viit. Dgc biit, ttong nhiing cugc ttanh
ludn, diin thuyet thi ngii dieu, gigng ndi dugc coi Id phuang tidn quan trgng hd
ttg cho U le, ngdn tir.

107
 Viit vdn ehinh ludn cung nhu trinh bdy, diin thuyit trudc cdng chung la cd mdt
nghe thudt -nghe thudt hung bien - thi hien ed tinh sdng tgo eua ngudi trinh bay.
Vi vdy, trong cdc tde pham chfnh ludn dd hinh thdnh nhurig phong cdch khdc
nhau. Cd the thiy van chinh ludn eua Chd tich Ho Chf Minh gidn di, di hieu ma
thim thia sdu sdc, mdc mge md khue chiit, hung hdn; vdn chinh ludn eua Phgm
Vdn Ddng gay ggn, danh thep ; vdn chinh ludn cda Trudng Chinh nhieu ting bdc
md sdng rd, mach Igc,...
Tdm Igi, ngdn ngii chinh ludn d nudc ta rat phdt triin vd dd hinh thdnh mdt
phong cdch ngdn ngii ddc lap vdi ba ddc trung ehu yeu : tfnh cdng khai vi
quan diem chinh tti; tfnh chat che trong diin dgt vd suy ludn ; tfnh truyin cdm,
thuyit phuc.

GHINHO-
Phong each ngdn ngu chinh ludn cd ba dac trung ca ban : tinh cdng khai ve
quan diem chinh trj ; tinh chat ch6 trong d i i n dat va suy ludn ; tinh truyin
cam, thuyet phuc. Cdc ddc trung dd dugc t h i hidn d nhCrng phuang tidn d i i n
dat nhIm dat muc dich trinh bay y kiin hode bJnh ludn, danh gia van de theo
mdt quan diim ehinh tri nhat djnh.

LUYEN TAP

1. Chi ra bidn phdp tu ttr trong dogn vdn chfnh ludn sau:
Ai cd sung dung sung. Ai cd guam dung guam, khdng cd guom thi dung cudc,
thudng, gdyg0c. Ai cung phdi ra sue chdng thuc ddn Phdp cuu nudc.
(Hd Chi Minh, Ldi kiu ggi todn qudc khdng chiin)

2. Viit mdt di cuong bdi ndi di chiing minh cho cdu ndi cua Chu tich
Hd Chf Minh:
Ndn sdng Viet Nam cd trd nin tuai dep hay khdng, ddn t0c Viet Nam cd budc tdi
ddi vinh quang disdnh vai vdi cdc cudng qudc ndm chdu dugc hay khdng, chinh
Id nhd m0t phdn ldn d cdng hgc tap cda cdc em.
(Hd Chi Minh, Thu gdi cdc hgc sinh)
3. Viit mdt dogn van de chdng minh nhdn dinh sau: Ldng yiu nudc bdt ngudn tii
tinh yiu nhiing ngudi thdn, yiu nai chdn nhau cdt rdn vdi nhiing ki niim tudi^
tho khdng bao gid quin.

108
MOT SO THE LOAI VAN HQC : KICH, NGHI LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT-

• H i i u khdi quat ddc d i i m eua mgt sd t h i loai

van hgc : kich, nghj ludn.
• Van dung nhirng hieu biet dd vao viec doc van.
V

I-KICH
1. Khai lirgc ve kich
Kich Id mdt logi hinh nghe thugt tdng hgp. Trong phgm vi vdn hgc, logi vdn ban
kich dugc neu ra thuc chit Id phin vdn ban eua tdc pham kich (kich ban vdn hgc).
Do kich thudng dugc viit ra de diin (ttong san khau va dien dnh) nen tdc phim
kich khdng thi chiia dtmg mdt dung lugng hien thuc rdng ldn nhu truyen, cflng
khdng thi lang lai ttong nhiing mgeh chim eua cam xuc, suy nghi nhu tha ea, md
kich lua chgn nhiing xung d0t trong ddi sdng ldm ddi tugng md td. Trong xung dot
kich, nhiing van di thudc bdn chit cua hien thuc dugc ddn nen, quy ty, ndi bat.
Xung d0t kich dugc cu thi hod bing hdnh d0ng kich, dd Id su td chuc cdt truydn
vdi cdc tinh tiit, su kien, biin cd theo mgt diin biin Idgie, chat che, nhat qudn.
Hanh ddng kich dugc thuc hien bdi cdc nhdn vdt kich, chfnh ttong qud ttinh dd
nhan vdt bdc Id dgc diim, tinh cdch cua minh.
Trong kich, cdc nhdn vdt dugc xdy dung bing chinh ngdn ngii (ldi thogi) cda
ho. Ngdn ngii kich cd ba loai: ddi thogi (ldi cua cdc nhdn vdt ndi vdi nhau), ddc
thogi (ldi nhdn vdt tu bdc Id tam tu, tinh cdm eua minh), bdng thogi (ldi nhdn vgt
ndiriengvdi ngudi xem). Qua ldi thogi, tfnh cdch nhdn vdt, nhiing van di, nhiing
mdu thuin cflng nhu cudc sdng xd hdi hien dan ldn. Ngdn ngu kich mang tinh
hanh ddng vd tinh khau ngu cao.
Xet theo ndi dung, y nghia cud xung dot, ngudi ta phdn ra ba logi kich: bi kich,
hai kich, chinh kich. Bi kich phdn dnh xung dot giua nhiing nhdn vdt cao thugng,
tdt dep vdi nhiing the luc den tdi, ddc de ; su thdm bgi hay cdi chit cua nhiing
nhdn vdt ay ggi len ndi xdt xa, thuong cam - nhu Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et eua
Sich-xpia. Hdi kich khai thdc nhiing tinh hudng khdi hdi, su ddi lap giiia ve ngodi
dep de vdi cdi ben ttong xau xa nhim ldm bat len tieng cudi chi giiu, mia mai -
nhu Lao hd tiin cua Md-U-e. Chfnh kich, ciing ggi Id kich, phdn dnh mdu thudn,
xung ddt ttong cudc sdng bing ngdy vdi bi hdi, vui budn ldn ldn - nhu Hdn Truang
Ba,,da hdng thit eua Luu Quang Vfl. Xet theo hinh thiie ngdn ngu trinh diin lai ed
kich tha (ldi thogi bdng tha), kich ndi (ldi thogi bing ngdn ngii ddi thirdng), ca kich
(ldi thoai bang hdt, nhu tudng, eheo, cdi luong).

109
 2. Yeu cau ve dgc kich ban van hgc
- Dgc kl ldi gidi thieu, tieu din di ed hieu biit chung vi tde gid, tdc pham, thqi
dai ma tdc pham ra ddi, vj tri cua dogn tticb trong todn bd tdc phim.
- Tap tnmg ehu y vdo ldi thogi eua cdc nhdn vdt. Ngdn ngu kich ngodi chiic
ndng bieu dgt tu tudng, tinh cam nhu ldi ndi thdng thudng cdn mang tinh hanh
ddng. Dd Id nhiing ldi tranh ludn, bien bdc ldm thay ddi tinh thi, khic sdu mdu
thudn, thuc day sii tien triin cua xung dot. Qua ldi thogi, xdc dinh quan be eua cdc
nhdn vgt, tim hiiu ddc diem, tinh each cua tiing nhdn vat.
- Phdn tich hdnh ddng kich. Tii ldi thogi, ddc diem, tfnh cdch vd mdi quan he
tdc ddng lin nhau cua cdc nhdn vdt, tim hiiu cdc tinh tiit, su kien, bien ed tgo nen
diin biin cua cdt truyen. Xdc dinh rd ddu la xung dot ehu yeu, ddu Id xung dot thii
yiu, phdn tich diin tiin vd kit qud cua tiing xung dot dd.
- Qua diin tiin cdng thing cua xung dot vd thdi do, hdnh ddng, $d phdn cua
cdc nhan vat tiong xung dot, cin neu rd chu di tu tudng, y nghia xa hdi eua tac
pham. Mgi gid tri eua tde pham kich diu khdi ngudn ttr xung ddt vd nghd thudt thi
hien xung dot. "Xung ddt Id ea sd eua kich'' (Pha-de-ep).

II - NGHj LUAN
1. Khai luge vi van nghi luan
Nghi ludn Id mdt thi logi vdn bgc ddc biet, dung 11 le, phdn dodn, chiing cii di
bdn ludn ve mgt van di ndo dd (chinh tri, xd hdi, vdn bgc nghe thuat, triit hgc, dgo
diic,...). Vin di dugc neu ra nhu mdt cdu hdi cin gidi ddp, ldm sdng td. Ludn Id
bdn vi diing, sai, phai, trdi, khang dinh dieu ndy, bdc bd diiu kia, di ngudi ta nhdn
ra chan U, ddng tinh vdi minh, chia se quan diim vd niem tin cua minh. Siic mgnh
cua van nghi ludn Id d su sdu sic cua tu tudng, tinh cam, tfnh mgeh Igc, chat che
cua suy nghl vd trinh bdy, su thuyit phuc cua lap ludn. Van dung cdc thao tde nhu
gidi thfeh, phdn tieh, chiing minh, bdc bd, so sdnh,... vdn nghi ludn tdc ddng vdo
U tri, nhdn thue vd ea tdm hdn ngudi dgc, giup hg hieu rd van di dd neu ra.
Vdn nghi ludn ngodi yiu td trinh bdy, diin giai, ft hode nhiiu, true tiep bode
gidn tiep cdn cd yiu tdttcinhludn. Do dd ngdn ngu trong van nghi ludn cflng gidu
hinh anh vd sac thdi biiu cdm, nhung quan trgng nhit la "phdi dung ttr vdi mdt
su chinh xdc nghiet nga" (M. Go-ra-ki). Ngdn ngu vdn nghi ludn mang tinh xa hdi
vd tinh hgc thudt cao.
Xet theo ndi dung ludn ban, dgudi ta phdn vdn nghi ludn ldm hai thi : vdn
chinh lugn (ludn ban ve cdc van di ehinh tti, xa hgi, triet hgc, dgo due), vdn phi
binh vdn hgc (ludn bdn vi cdc van di vdn bgc nghe thudt). Vdn nghi ludn thai
trung dgi ed cdc bdi chiiu, cdo, hich, binh su, diiu trdn, bdi ludn,... [Chiiu ddi dd
eua Li Cdng Uan, Hich tudng si cua Trin 'Qudc Tuan, Dgi cdo binh Ngd cua

110
Nguyin Trdi, Chiiu cdu hiin cua Ngd Thi Nhdm,...). Vdn nghi ludn hien dgi gdm
cdc bdi tuyin ngdn, ldi kiu ggi, bdi binh ludn, phi binh, tranh ludn, but chiin,
xd ludn, ngdn lugn,... {Tuyin ngdn D0c lap vd Ldi kiu ggi todn qudc khdng chiin
cua Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh, Dgo due vd ludn li Ddng Tdy cua Phan Chau Trinh,
Mdt thdi dgi trong thi ca eua Hodi Thanh,...).
2. Yeu cau ve dgc van nghi luan
- Tim hiiu thdn thi tde gid vd hodn canh ra ddi eua tde pham nghi ludn. Ttr dd
nhdn xet: Van di neu len trong tdc pham xua't phdt tii nhu ciu ndo cua thuc ti, ed
tim quan trgng nhu thi ndo vdi eude sdng, vdi Unh vuc dugc ludn bdn ?
- Vdn nghi ludn trudc bet thi hien nhiing tu tudng, li tudng cua con ngudi (tu
tudng chfnh tri, xd hdi, quan diim, tu tudng vdn hgc nghe thudt,...). Phdi nam bit
mgeh suy nghl, su van ddng eua tu tudng theo tiin trinh diin giai, trinh bdy vin
di. Chu y tdm luge cdc lugn diim vd xdc dinh mdi quan he giiia chung vdi nhau.
- Cam nhdn tdm tu, tinh cam nhu mdt mach chim ttong ddng chdy cua tde
pham nghi ludn. Cdc sic thdi cua cam xuc, nhiing cung bdc cua tinh cam thi hien
ttong su ludn bdn lam tdng siic thuyet phuc eua tdc pham nghi ludn.
- Phdntiehnghe thudt lap ludn, cdch neu chiing cu, su dung ngdn ngii, tdc dung
cua cdc bien phdp dd vditiingvfo de dugc trinh bay ttong ndi dung tde pham.
- Neu khdi qudt gid tri cua tdc phim nghi lugn vi ea hai phuong dien : nghe
thudt bieu hien vd ngi dung tu tudng. Cd thi nit ra nhiing bdi hgc sdu sic ttr tdc
phim nghi ludn dugc hgc.

vAm DAN HOC BAI

1. Hay ndu ddc tnmg cua kich, cdc kiiu logi kich vd yeu ciu vi dgc kich ban vdn bgc.
2. Tdm luge ddc trung eua vdn nghi ludn, cdc kiiu logi vdn nghi ludn vd ydu ciu vi
dgc vdn nghi ludn.
, GHI NHO .
• Kich tai hien nhCrng xung dot trong eude sdng qua diin ! i i n ciia cdt truydn
kjch, qua Idi thoai va hanh dgng eua cac nhan vat kjch.
• Van nghi luSn trinh bay true tiep tu tudng, quan diem, tinh cam v i nhung
van d i ma xa hdi quan tam bang li Je, chung cu cd sue thuyet phuc.

LUYEN TAP
1. Phdn tieh xung dot kich tiong dogn trich Tinh yiu vd thu hdn (trich kich
Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et cua Sich-xpia).
2. Phdn tich nghe thugt lap ludn ttong van bdn Ba cdng hiin vi dgi cua Cdc Mdc
(Ang-ghen).

Ill
LUYiN TAP VAN DUNG KET HOP
CAC THAO TAC LAP LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAI -

• Cung cd nhirng kien thuc va kT nang ca ban ve
cac thao tac ldp ludn da hgc.
• Vdn dung cdc thao tdc lap luan da hgc de viet
dugc mgt van ban nghj ludn ngdn v i mdt hidn
tugng (van de) gan gui, quen thugc trong ddi
sdng hoac trong van hoc.
< '.

1. Dgc dogn trich sau vd tra ldi cdc cdu hdi.

Ngudi ddu tiin chiu dnh hudng Phdp rdt ddm dd Id ThiLu. [...]
Nhung den ndm 1936, dnh hudng Phdp Igi thdm thia thim m0t tdng nda. Trong
tha ThiLu ta chi thdy dn hiin ddi nhd tha Phdp ve thdi ldng mgn. Xudn Diiu, nhd
tha ra ddi hdi bdy gid, mdi m0t cdch rd rit. Vdi ThiLu thi nhdn ta cdn nudi gidc
m0ng lin tiin, m0tgidc m.0ng rdt xua. Xudn Diiu dot cdnh Bong Lai vd xua ai ndy
vi hg gidi. Vdi m0t nghi thugt tinh vi dd hgc dugc cda Bd-da-le, Xudn Diiu diiti td
ldng ham sdng bdng b0t trong tha Da Nd-ai vd trong vdn Gi-do. [...}
Anh hudng Phdp trong tha Viet din Xudn Diiu Id cue diim. Qua ndm 1938,
Huy Cdn ra ddi, nd dd bdt ddu xudng, mdc ddu Huy Can cung chiu dnh hudng tha
Phdp gdn day, nhdt Id dnh hudng Vec-len. [...]
Trdi hdn vdi ldi tha td chdn cd ldi tha Hdn Mac Tu - Chi Lan Viin. Cd hai diu
chiu rdt ndng dnh hudng Bd~do-le vd qua Bd-da-le, dnh hudng nhd vdn MiEt-gaPd,
tdc gid tap "Chuyin Ig". Cd khdc chdng Id Chi Lan Viindddi tit Bd-da-le, Et-ga Pd
din tha Dudng md Hdn Mac Tu dd di ngugc ItJii tic tho Dudng tdi Bd-da-le, Et-ga Pd
vd di thim mdt dogn niia cho gap Thdnh Kinh cua dgo Thiin Chua. [...}
Viit xong dogn trin ndy dgc Igi tdi thdy khd chiu. Mdi nhd tha Viet hinh nhu
mang ndng trM ddu ndm bdy nhd tho Phdp. Ay chi vi tdi tim dnh hudng dichia
xu hudng. Su thuc ddu cd the. Tiing Viet, tiing Phdp khdc nhau xa. Hdn tha Phdp
hi chuyin dugc vdo tho Viet Id dd Viit hod hodn todn. Sg thuc thi khi tdi xem tha
Xudn Diiu, tdi khdng nghi din Da Nd-ai... Thi vdn Phdp khdng ldm mdt bdn sdc
Viet Nam. Nhiing su md phdng ngu mu0i ldp tdc bi ddo thdi
{Theo Hoai Thanh - Hoai Chan,
Thi nhdn Viet Nam, Sdd)

112
 Cdu hdi:
a) Dogn trich viet # vin di ^ ? Quan diim cua cdc tdc gia ddi vdi van di dd
nhu thi nao ?
b) Cdc tdc gid dd sd dung thao tde lap lugn ndo Id chu yeu ? Ngodi ra, trong dogn
trich cdn ed thao tdc lap lugn ndo khdc niia khdng ?
c) Cd thi quan niem mdt bdi (dogn) vdn cdng su dung dugc nhiiu thao tde lap
ludn thi cdng cd siic hip din khdng ? Phai xuit phdt tii ddu de ed thi chgn chlrib
xdc cdc thao tdc lap ludn vd vdn dung tdng hgp cdc thao tde dd trong mdt bdi
(dogn) vdn cu thi ? Vd phdi dua vdo ddu di ddnh gid miic do thdnh cdng cua vide
van dung tdng hgp nhiiu thao tdc lap ludn khdc nhau ?

2. Gid su anh (chi) phai trinh bdy mdt ludn diim ttong bdi vdn nghi ludn bdn
vi mdt trong nhiing pham chit md ngudi thanh nien ngdy nay cin cd, anh (chi)
cd thi tiin hanh luydn tap theo cdc budc sau :
a) Budc thu nhdt
- Xdc dinh ehu de eua bdi van: Anh (chi) se bdn vi pham chit cu thi ndo ?
- Xdy dung cho bdi ldm mgt dan y rdnh mgeh, hgp li di ldm rd chu di.
b) Budc thu hai
Tim cdch trinh bdy mdt ludn diim ttong phin than bdi eua ddn y vira xdy dung:
- Chgn lugn diim ndo di trinh bdy ? Ludn diim iy ndm d vi tri ndottongbdi vdn ?
- Viit cdu md diu thi nao di vua gidi thieu dugc ludn diim, vira Uen kit dugc
vdi dogn tren ?
- cin dua ra nhiing ludn cu ndo di lam sdng td ludn diim ? Cdc ludn cii iy
dung thao tdc lap ludn ndo Id chu yeu : phdn tfch, so sdnh, bdc bd hay binh lugn ?
Visao?
- Nen su d\ing cdc thao tdc lgp ludn ndo khdc nua ngodi thao tdc lap luan ehu
yiu ndi tren ? Vi sao ?
- Kit hgp thao tdc lap lugn chu yiu vdi cdc thao tdc lap ludn bd trg thi ndo de
dogn vdn cd thi ttd thdnh mdt khdi hiiu ca, thdng nhat ?
e) Budc thu ba
- Diin dgt cdc y da tim dugc thdnh mdt (bode mdt sd) dogn vdn cd Uen kit chat
che va thi hien rd phong cdch ngdn ngu .chinh lugn.
- Dgc dogn vdn da viit trudc nhdm hgc tap (hay trudc ldp), sua chua Igi theo
gdp y cua tap thi nham ndng cao chit lugng cua vdn ban.
3. Sau tiit bgc, can tiip tuc luydn tap de:
a) Viet dogn vdn triin khai mdt ludn diim khdc eua ddn y ma anh (chi) da xdy
dung tren ldp. ,

S.NGCTVAN n/2-A 113

 b) Theo quy trmh luyen tap tten ldp, hdy viet mdt vdn bdn nghi ludn ngdn, cd
su dung kit hgp ft nhat hai thao tdc lap lugn, nhim thuyit phiie ddc gid theo quan
diim cua anh (chi) vi mdt hien tugng (veti di) dang dugc quan tdm ttong ldp,
ttong nhd trudng bode ttong xd hdi. Chdng ban :
- Mdt bai tha (bdi hdt, bd phim,...) dang gay nhiiu ttanh cdi;
- Van di tiip thu nhiing tinh hoa eua vdn hod nhdn logi ttong bdi canh the gidi
dang cd xu hudng ttd thdnh mgt ngdi nhd chung;
- Nen hay khdng nen bdn vi nhiing nhugc diim eua ngudi Viet Nam ?
c) Suu tim nhiing bdi ,(dogn) van hay, ttong dd tdc gia dd su dung kit hgp
thdnh cdng cdc thao tdc lap ludn khdc nhau.

a DOC THEM

MAO HIEM
Dudng di khd, khdng khd vi ngdn sdng cdch nui md khd vi ldng ngudi nggi ndi
e sdng. Xua nay nhiing ddng anh hung ldm nin nhdng viic gian nan khdng ai ldm
ndi, cung Id nhd cdi gan mgo hiim, d ddi khdng biit cdi khd Id cdi gi. [...]
Cdn nhiing ke ru ru nhu gidn ngdy, ldm viic gi cung chd trdi dgi sd, chi mong
cho dugc m0t ddi an nhdn vd su, sdng ldu gidu bin, cdn viic nudc viic ddi khdng
quan higidin minh cd. Nhu thi ggi Id sdng thica, cdn mongcd ngdy vung vdy trong
trudng cgnh tranh ndy thi ndo dugc nda. Hdy trdng nhdng bgn thiiu niin con nhd
kiiu dudn^^K cd ddi khdng ddm di ddu xa nhd, khdng ddm ldm quen vdi m0t
ngudi khdch Ig; di thuyin thi sgsdng, treo cao thi sgrun chdn, cudo budng chung
qudn ddnggdt, tudng thi Id nho nhd, tudng thi Id tu vdn^^^; md thuc ra khdng cd
luc lugng khdng cd khi phdch ;.hi ra khdi tay bdo h0 cua cha me hay ke cd thi luc
ndo thi khdng cd thimd tu lap dugc.
Vdy hgc trd ngdy nay phdi tdp xdng pha, phdi biit nhdn nhiup^; mua ndng
cung khong lay ldm nhgc nhdn, ddi ret cung khdng lay ldm khdsd. Phdi biit rdng:
hay dn miing ngon, hay mdc cua tdt, hi ra khdi nhd thi nhdy lin cdi xe, hi ngdi qud
gid thi dd kiu chdng mat,... dy Id nhiing cdch ldm minh yiu dudi nhdt nhdt, mdt
hdn cdi tinh thdn mgo hiim cua minh di.
(Nguydn Ba Hoe, Mao hiim, ddn theo Duong Qudng Ham,
trong Qudc vdn trich diim, ^JXB Tre, TP. Hd Chi Minh, 2005)

(1) Con nhd kiiu duang: con nha giau sang, duoc cha me chieu chudng.
(2) Tu vdn : van nha, ed van hoa.
(3) Nhdn nhue: d day y ndi la chiu dung gian khd.

114 8,NG0VAN 11/2-B

6 N TAP PHAN VAN HOC

KETQUACANOAT-
• Nim vijng va hd thdng hod dugc nhijng tri
thuc ca ban ve van hgc Viet Nam hien dai va
van hgc nudc ngoai da bgc trong chuang trinh
NgCr van Idp 11, hgc ki II tren hai phuang di$n
Ijch su va the loai. Biet vdn dung linh hoat,
sang tao nhdng tri thuc dd.
• Cd nang luc phdn tieh van hgc theo tung cap
do : su kien, tdc pham, hinh tugng, ngdn ngu
van hgc,...

I - NOI DUNG

Sdch gido khoa Ngu vdn ii, tap hai, phan vdn hgc Vidt Nam gdm nhung tde
phim vdn hgc hien dgi thdi ki tir diu thi ki XX din Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm'
1945 thudc cdc thi logi thoca va nghi ludn.
Vi tho, chuang ttinh gdm cdc tdc pham : Luu biit khi xudt duang (Phan Bdi
Chdu), Hdu Trdi (Tan Dd), i^divdng (Xudn Dieu), Trdng giang (Huy Can), Ddy thdn
ViDg (Hdn Mae Td), Chiiu tdi (Hd Chf Minh), Ticdy (Td Huu); cdc bdi dgc tiiem :
Lai Tdn (Hd Chf Minh), Nhd ddng (TdHiiu), Tuang tu (Nguyin Binh), Chiiu xudn
(Anh Tha).
Khi dn tap cdc tdc phim ndy, can nim dugc If thuyet vi thi logi tha di van
dyng vdo viec phdn tich cdc tdc pham. Cin nim viing nhiing vin di vi ndi dung
va nghe thugt; nhdn ra dugc ndi dung cam hiing, hinh tugng nhdn vdt trir tinh,
phdt hien ra cdc chi tiit nghd thudt ddc sac cua mdi bdi tha.
Vi vdn nghi ludn, sdch gido khoa cd trich tuyin di hgc cdc trfch dogn :
Vi ludn li xd h0i d nudc ta (Phan Chdu Trinh), Mgt thdi dgi trong thi ca (Hodi
Thanh); bdi dgc them : Tiing me de - ngudn gidi phdng cdc ddn t0c bi dp bdc
(Nguyin Ari Ninh).
Khi dn tap cdc tdc pham ndy, can hieu dugc su khdc nhau giua vdn hinh tugng
vdi vdn nghi ludn. Van hinh tugng Id sdn pham cda tu duy ngh$ thudt, sdng tgo ra
nhiing hinh tugng sinh ddng, dep de, tnrdc hit vd ehd yiu di chuyin tdi tinh cam,
cdm xuc tham ml. Cdn vdn nghi ludn Id sdn pham cda tu duy Idgic, tdc ddng tnrdc
hit din nhgn thiie U tri cua ngirdi dgc. Siic mgnh cua vdn nghi ludn Id d ldp ludn
chit che, U le sic ben, ludn cii xdc ddng, diy thuyet phuc.
Tim hiiu cdc tdc pham nghi ludn ndi tren qua dogn trich, cin nim chic ndi
dung tu tudng vd ddc sac nghd thudt eua cdc van ban, cdch ttiin khai ldp ludn vd
ngdn ngu biiu dat cua mdi tdc gid.
 Phin vdn hgc nudc ngodi gdm : bdi tha Tdi yiu em (Pu-skin), truyen ngin
Ngudi trong bao (Sd-khdp), dogn trich Ngudi cdm quyin khdi phgc uy quyin (trich
tiiu thuyit Nhiing ngudi khdn khd-Huy-go), tdc phim nghi ludn Ba cdng hiin vi
dgi cua Cdc Mdc (Ang-ghen); bdi dgc th^m : Bdi thasd28 (Ta-go).
Khi dn tdp cdc tde phim ndy, ngodi ddc trung cda mdt tde phim nudc ngodi
hgc qua ban dich, can nim dugc nhiing kiin thiie ca bdn vi tdc gid, vi ndi dtmg
vd nghe thudt cua tiing tgc pham.

II - PHUDNG PHAP

Hgc sinh cd thi van dung nhiing binh thiic dn tap sau :
- Lap di cuong
- Ldm bdi tap tgi ldp
- Thuyit trinh
- Thdo ludn d ldp (cd thi theo timg nhdm)
- Viit bdo
Cd«thi lap di cuong dn tdp theo hd thdng cdc vin di vd cdu hdi sau:
1. Tha mdi khdc vdi tho trung dgi nhu thi nao ?
2. Nhiing ndi dung ca ban vd ddc diem nghe thugt chu yiu cua cdc bdi tha
Luu biit khi xudt duong cua Phan Bdi Chdu, Hau Trdi cda Tan Dd ? Lam rd tfnh
chit giao thdi (giiia vdn hgc trung dgi vd hidn dgi) vi nghd thudt cua cdc tde pham
ndi ttdri.
3. Qua vide phdntich,so sdnh eae bdi tha Li/ufoieffcftiJCM^fduong cua Phan Bgi Chdu,
Hdu Trdi eua Tan Dd, V0i vdng cua Xudn Dieu, hay ldm rd qud trinh hidn dgi
hod tha ca thdi ki ttr diu tiie ki XX den Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945.
4. Ndi dung tu tudng vd ddc sic nghe thudt eua cdc bdi tha V0i vdng cua Xudn
Dieu, Trdng giang cua Huy Can, Ddy thdn ViDg cda Han Mae Tu, Tuang tu cua
Nguyin Binh, Chiiu xudn cua Anh Tha ?
5. Tu tudng vd ddc sac nghe thugt cua cdc bdi tha Chiiu tdi, Lai Tdn cua Ho Chf Mmh;
Tic dy, Nhd ddng eua Td Hiiu ?
6. Cdi dep, cdi hay, sue hip dan cda bdi tha Tdi yiu em (Pu-skin) ?
7. Phdn tieh hinh tugng nhdn vgt Be-U-cdp trong truydn ngin Ngudi trong bao
(Se-khdp).
8. Phdn tich hinh tugng nhdn vdt Gidng Van-gidng ttong dogn trich Ngudi cdm
quyin khdi phuc uy quyin (Huy-gd).
*Luu y: Nhiing tdc phim khic, anh (chi) dya vdo Hudng ddn hgc bdi va Hudng
ddn dgc thim di dn tgp.

116
TOM TAT V A N BAN NGHl LUAN

K ^ QUA CAN OAT-

• Hieu dugc mye dich, yeu elu cua vide tdm t i t

van ban nghj ludn.
• Biit cdch tdm t i t van ban nghj ludn.
^••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••IHMBHiHHHHHHHiBHaHIIHiHHHaHMI

I - MUC DiCH, Yiu cAu CUA VlIC TdlH TAT VAN BAN NGHj LUAN
1. Muc dfch
Tdm tit vdn ban nghi ludn la trinh bdy Igi mdt cdch ngin ggn ngi dung cua vdn
ban nghi ludn gdc theo mdt muc dich dd dinh trudc. Viec lua chgn thdng tin dtra
vdo vdn bdn tdm tit bao gid cflng phu thudc vdo muc dich cua cdng vide tdm tit.
Trudc tidn, viec tdm tit giup ngudi dgc hieu dugc ban chat eua vdn bdn. Vdn biri
tdm tit cdn Id ngudn tdi lidu tien dung trong nhiiu trudng hgp khdc nhau. Ngodi
ra, thdng qua vide tdm tit, ngudi dgc nim chic cdc thao tde dgc vdn ban, cd dip
r6n luy§n tu duy vd cdch diin dgt.
2. Yeu cau
Cd the ndi, nhdn td hang dau chi phdi todn bd vide tdm tit vdn bdn Id muc dieh
giao tiip. Tuy nhien, vdn ban tdm tit vdn phdi phdn dnh trung thgc vdn bin gdc.
De dgt dugc ydu eau ndy, khi tdm tit* cin chu y cae diim sau:
- Vdn bdn tdm tit phdi phdn dnh trung thdnh cdc tu tudng, ludn diem cua vdn
bin gdc, khdng dugc xuydn tgc bode tu y them nhiing diim khdng cd trong vdn
bdn gdc.
- Diin dgt ngin ggn, sue tfch, logi bd nhiing thdng tin khdng phu hgp vdi muc
dich tdm tit.

II - CACH T 6 M TAT VAN BAN NGHj LUAN

Dgc vdn bdn Vi ludn li xd h0i d nudc ta eua Phan Chdu Trinh {Ngu vdn 11, tap
hai) vd trd ldi cdc cdu hdi sau :
1. Vin di dugc dem ra bdn bgc (nghi lugn) la gi ? Dua vdo dau md anh (chi) biit
dugc diiu dd ?

117
2. MIIC dich viet vdn ban ndy eua nhd ehi si Phan Chdu Trinh Id gi ? Phan ndo trong
van ban the hien rd nhdt diiu ndy ?
3. Di din ngudi dgc din muc dfch iy, tdc gia dd trinh bdy nhiing ludn diim ndo ?
Hdy tim cdc cdu the hien rd nhd't nhung ludn diim ay.
4. Hdy tim cdc ludn cii Idm sdng td cho tung ludn diim ttong bai viet eua tdc gid.
5. Trinh bdy cdc ludn diim, ludn eii bdng Idi van cda minh.
6. Ddi chieu vdi vdn ban gdc va muc dfch, ydu cau tdm tit di kiim tta, hodn ehinh
bdn tdm tit.

GHI NHO-
• Tdm tdt van ban nghi ludn la trinh bay ngan ggn ndi dung eua vdn bdn gdc
theo mdt muc dich djnh trudc.
• De tdm tat dugc tdt, c i n :
- Dgc kT vdn ban gdc. Dua vao nhan d i , phin md d i u vd kit thue d i lua chgn
nhCrng y, nhirng chi tiet phu hgp vdi muc dfch tdm tit. Dgc tCmgdoan trong
phin triin khai d i nam dugc cac luan diem va luan cu lam sdrig td
cho chung.
- Tim each diin dat lai cdc ludn d i i m , ludn cu mdt each mach lac.
• Van ban tdm tat ein phan anh trung thue ndi dung van ban gdc.

LUYEN TAP
1. Can cu vdo nhan di vd phin md diu dd cho dudi day, hay xdc dinh chd de
nghi ludn eua vdn ban :
a) Cd li trin thi gidi hiim cd m0t ddt nudc ndo vua that da dgng md cdng vita
that thdng nhdt nhuln-dd-ni-xi-a. Su da dgng vd thdng rihdtdy dugc thi hiin tren
nhiiu yiu td: tit dia hinh, khi hdu tdi thdnh phdn ddn t0c, tic ddi sdng con ngudi
tdi lich su vdn hod.

{Theo Ngd Van Doanh, Tdm li hudng tdi sg thdng nhdt

trong da d4}ng cua ngudi In-dd-ni-xi-a)

b) Bin cgnh m0tXudn Diiu - nhd tho, m0tXudn Diiu - vdn xu0i, cdn cdm0t
Xudn Diiu - nghiin ciiu, phi binh vdn hgc. Cd vi mat ndy, thdnh tuu ong'dgt dugc
cung khdng kem phdn bi thi, thdm chi phong phd vd cd chdt hon sunghiip cua
nhiiu cdy but nghiin cdu, phi binh chuyin nghiip.

(Nguydn Dang Manh, Kinh nghiim viit m^t bdi vdn, NXB Giao due, 2006)

118
 2. Dgc vdn ban sau vd thgc hidn cdc yeu ciu neu d dudi.

XIN DUNG LANG PHI NUOC

Trong ddi sdng chung ta, thii tdi sin thudng bi buy hoai, lang phi nhieu nhat
Id nude. Trong y thiic nhiiu ngudi, nudc Id thii trdi sinh, ed thi su dung "vd tu",
"xa ldng", khdng can gifl gin gi hit! Nhung do Id nhim Ian ldn eua mdt tim mat
hgn hep.
Cdc nhd khoa hgc da cho biit nude nggt tren trdi dd't nay Id cd hgn. Tdng sd
nude nggt trdn trdi dat udc tfnh ehi cd chua din mdt ti ki-Id-met khdi. Sd nude
do dugc coi Id du cho ndm 1990 khi nhdn logi ed ba ti ngudi. Du kiin din ndm
2025 nhdn logi se thdm ba ti ngudi nua, thdnh sdu ti ngudi thi ngudn nude lay
ddu cho du ?
Tren the gidi khdng phai nude ndo cflng may min dugc trdi cho du nudc nggt
de dung. Nude Xinh-ga-po hodn todn khdng cd nude nggt, phai mua nudc cua
Ma-lai-xi-a vi ehi biin. Mdt sd nudc d Can Ddng cflng xdy ra tranh chap vi ngudn
nude. Trong khi dd, cdng nghiep cdng phdt trien thi lugng nudc dung trong cdng
nghiep cdng nhiiu, nude thai cdng nghiep cdng Idm cho sdng ngdi, ao hd bi d
nhiim, Idm giam lugng nude dn, chdn nudi vd trdng trgt.
Lien hop qudc da ra Idi keu ggi bao ve ngudn nude nggt, chdng d nhiim,...
Chung ta hdy tiit kidm nudc, giu gin nudc cho chung ta vd cho mai sau.

{Theo Thanh Ba, bao Nhdn ddn Chii nhdt)

Y§u eau:
a) Xdc dinh van di yd muc dfch nghi ludn.
b) Tim cdc lugn diim trong vdn ban.
c) Tdm tat van ban bang ba cdu.

119
6 N TAP P H A N T I I N G VliT

K^TQUACANOAT-
• Cling cd, he thdng hod nhirng kiin thiie ve
tieng Viet da hgc tu d i u nam hgc.
• Cd kl nang thue hanh tiing Viet d nhung
van de dugc de cap d i n trong chuang trinh
Ngu van Idp 11.

1. Vi sao ndi ngdn ngu Id tdi san chung cua xd hdi cdn ldi ndi la san pham eua
cdnhdn?
2. Phdn tich mdi quan hd hai chiiu gifla ngdn ngfl chung vd ldi ndi cd nhdn the
hien qua viec su dung ngdn ngu di sdng tgo nen hinh tugng bd Tu ttong bdi
tha Thuong vg eua Tu Xuong.
3. Ddnh diu vdo ldi giai thich diing khdi niem ngu cdnh.
I I Ngu canh Id nhiing cdu vdn di trudc vd nhiing cau vdn di sau mdt cdu vdn
ndo dd.
I I Ngu canh Id bdi cdnh ngdn ngu Idm ca sd cho vide su dung tii ngu vd tgo lap
ldi ndi, ddng thdi ldm cdn eii de Unh hdi dugc ndi dung y nghia cua ldi ndi.
I I Ngu cdnh Id hodn canh khdch quan dugc ndi din trong cdu.
I I Ngu cdnh Id hodn canh ngdn ngu vdo mdt thdi ki nhd't dinh.
4. Bdi Vdn ti nghia si Cdn Giu0c dugc sdng tde ttong bdi cdnh nhu the ndo ? Phdn
tfch mdt sd ehi tiit cho thay su ehi phdi eua ngu cdnh ddi vdi ndi dung vd hinh
thirc cua cdu vdn trong bdi van ti.
5. Ghi nhiing ndi dung ein thiet (khdi niem, biiu hien thudng gap,...) vi hai thdnh
phin nghia cua cdu vao bang theo mdu sau :
Nghia su viec Nghia tinh thdi

120
6. Phdntt'chhai thdnh phin nghia cua cdu thii hai trong Idi ndi eua nhdn vat bac
Sidu d dogn trich sau:
Bdc Siiu ddp vdn va:
- Hdm nay trong dng gido cung cd td tdm. Di hg khdng phdi di ggi ddu.
(Thach Lam, Hai dda tre)

7. Tim VI dii di minh hog cho nhiing ddc diim logi hinh cua tiing Viet vd ghi vdo
bang theo mdu sau :
Ddc diim logi hinh eua tiing Viet Vfdu minh boa

1.
. i\
2.
3.

8. Lap bdng ddi chieu nhiing dgc trung ea ban eua phong cdch ngdn ngu bdo chf
vd phong cdch ngdn ngfl chfnh ludn theo mdu sau:

Phong cdch ngdn ngu bdo chf Phong each ngdn ngfl chfnh ludn

1.
2.
3.

9.NeOVAN 11/2-A 121

LUYEN TAP TOM TAT V A N B A N N G H I LUAN

KET QUA CAN OAT -

• Ndm vung han each tdm tat vdn ban.

• Tdm tat dugc van ban nghj ludn cd dd ddi
khoang 1000 chu.

1. Dgc vdn ban sau :

MAY NET VE THO MOI TRONG CACH NHIN LAI HOM NAY

[...] Tha mdi khdng ndi den diu ttanh cdch mgng, dd Id nhugc diim Idn, vd
tha mdi ndi chung budn. Dd Id ndi budn cua cd mdt thi he ngudi trong xd hdi
thue dan, nua phong kiin; nd thdnh ra ndi budn vi sd kiip eon ngudi, cdi budn
tudng nhu Id ban chat cua cudc ddi. Cflng cd nhiing bai tha vui, nhiing van tha
vui, ed ea vdi nhd tha md tdm hdn thien vi cam xuc vui, nhung bao trum tha mdi
ed thi ndi Id ndi budn day diit, ndi budn eua the he. Nhtmg cdi budn eua tha
mdi ddu cd phdi diu Id uy mi. Ndi budn eua "eon hd nhd riing'' Id chan chua
hodi niem vi giang san, dat nudc chii ! Ndi budn trong bdi Trdng giang khdng
phai Id Idng yeu que huong dd sao ? [...] Nhugc diim cua tha mdi Id thieu khi
phdch cdch mgng, nhtmg tha mdi Id phong trdo vdn hgc phong phu, mdt phong
trao sang tgo ddi dao, cd nhiiu yeu td tfch cue : ldng yeu que huong dd't nude
dam dd ; Idng yeu su sdng, yeu eon ngudi ; ben cgnh cdi budn lai cd chu nghia
Igc quan nhu Id mgeh nudc ngam trong mdt; Idng trdn ttgng yeu min cha dng,
yeu min qud khu dep cua dat nudc, gidng ndi. Lgi cd nhiing nhd tha ed cam
quan vfl tru sdu sic md van ngng Idng ddi. Vd tat cd cdc nhd tha mdi diu chung
mdt tinh yeu : yeu tiing Viet, yeu tha thiit, da diit. Chinh long yeu tieng Viet dd
Id mdt biiu hien eua ldng yeu nude.
Phong ttdo Tha mdi da ddng gdp nhiiu vi nghe thudt tha, da ddi mdi su biiu
hidn cam xuc mgnh, nghia Id cam xuc sdu tham vi cugc ddi, vi con ngudi, vi dat
nudc, vi thien nhien, vi vgn vdt. Tha mdi dd ttau ddi tiing Viet, ldm cho ngdn ngu
tha Vidt Nam uyin chuyin vd hien dgi, bieu hien dugc tit cd cdc mdu sdc tdm hdn
cua ngudi Viet Nam d thi ki nay. Niu khdng cd phong trdo Tha mdi thi cflng
khdng cd ngdn ngu tha mdi vtra sue tich, sic ben, vira uyin chuyin mugt ma,
chiia dimg nhiiu ndng lugng trft tinh cho nhiing nhd tha cdc thi he ra ddi sau
Cdch mgng thdng Tdm de biiu hien tu tudng va tinh cam eua minh.

122 9.NGQ VAN 11/2-B

 Vdi nhiing tm diim vd nhugc diim cua nd, tiia mdi xiing ddng dugc mdnh
danh Id "mgt thdi dgi trong till ca" nhu Hodi Thanh dd ndi, mdt thdi dgi phong
phu, ddi ddo sue sdng tgo cua hdn tha dan tdc.
{Theo Huy Can, Nhin nhdn lai mdt sd hiin tugng vdn hgc,
bao Ngudi gido vien nhdn ddn, 1989)

Mdt bgn du dinh tdm tat vdn ban tten vdi mgt sd ndi dung sau :
- Cdi budn cua tha mdi khdng uy mi md chiia nhiiu yiu td tieh cue.
- Tha mdi Id phong ttdo vdn hgc phong phu, mdt phong trdo sdng tgo ddi ddo,
cd nhiiu yiu td tich eye.
- Phong trdo Tha mdi cd nhiiu ddng gdp vi nghe thudt tho.
- Tha mdi xiing ddng dugc mdnh danh Id "mdt thdi dgi trong thi ea'' nhu Hoai
Thanh dd ndi.
Theo anh (chi), nhiing ndi dung tren dd bao qudt dung vd du ndi dung eua van
bdn gdc chua ? Nen bd y ndo, bd sung y ngo ?

2. Dgc Igi bdi Mdt thdi dgi trong thi eg cua Hodi Thanh {Ngu vdn 11, tap hai) vd
thuc hien cdc yeu ciu sau :
- Xdc dinh chu di vd muc dich eua van bdn.
- Tim bd eiic eua vdn ban.
- Tdm tat y tiing phin vd viet thdnh vdn bdn tdm tit.

123
ON TAP PHAN LAM VAN
KfrQUACANOAT-
• Nam dugc ndi dung chu yeu cua chuang trinh
Lam van Idp 11.
• Biet each ldp ludn va van dung cdc thao tac lgp
luan : phdn tich, so sdnh, bdc bd, binh ludn
trong bdi nghj ludn.
• Biet each tdm t i t mgt vdn ban nghj ludn, viit
tieu su tdm tat va ban tin.

I - NHONG NOI DUNG KIEN THUnC CAN dN TAP

1. Thdng ke, phdn logi vd hd thdng hod eae bai bgc phan Ldm vdn trong SGK
Ngd vdn 11.
2. Trinh bdy quan niem, yeu ciu vd cdch thiie tien hanh eae thao tde lap ludn :
phdn tfch, so sdnh, bdc bd vd binh ludn.
3. Yeu ciu vd each thiie tdm tit vdn bdn nghi ludn.
4. Yeu ciu vd cdch,thiic viit tiiu su tdm tit vd ban tin.
II - LUYEN TAP
1. Trong vdn ban Ve ludn li xd h0i d nudc ta, Phan Chau Trinh van diing ehu
yeu cdc thao tdc lap ludn ndo ? Hay phdn tich vd ddnh gid hieu qua euaj/iec van
dung cdc thao tde lap ludn ay.
2. Khi phan tieh ndi dung cau each ngdn "That bgi Id me thdnh cdng", anh (chi)
bit diu phdn tich tii ddu, dua tten nhiing ca sd ndo vd su dtmg nhiing vi du cd that
ndo de Idm sdng td ?
3. Phdn tich tdc dung eua viec van dung thao tdc lap ludn bdc bd trong dogn
vdn sau vd thu viit mdt dogn vdn bdc bd vdi ehu di tu chgn.
/...] Thu nghi md xem, con ngudi khdng biit sg cdi gi trin ddi ndy cd, liiu cd phdi
Id con ngudi khdng ? Cdi gi cung "vd uy", cung td thdi d0 sdt thep, nghia Id khdng
biit mim long trudc bdt cu m0t cdi gi, day Id lodi quysu chd ddu phdi Id ngudi I
"Chu ngudi tu tu" cua Nguyin Tudn dgy cho ngudi ta hiiu rdng, mudn nin ngudi,
phdi biit kinh sg ba diiu ndy: cdi tdi, cdi dep vd cdi thiin tinh tdt cua con ngudi
(thiin luong). Vdy, ke ndo khdng biit sg cdi gi hit, dd la lodi quy su. Logi ngudi ndy,
thuc ra rdt hiim hoi, hay ndi dung han, khdng thicd dugc. Nhung logi ngudi sau
ddy thi chdc khdng it: sg rdt nhiiu thu, nhdt Id quyin thivd ddng tiin, nhung ddi
vdi cdi tdi, cdi dep, cdi thiin luang thi lgi khdng biit sg, thdm chi sdn sdng ldng mg,
gidyxeo. Ddy la hgng ngudi hen hg nhdt, thd binhdt, ddi bgi nhdt.
(Nguyin Dang M^nh, Con dudng di vdo.
thi gidi nghe thudt cda nhd vdn, NXB Giao due, Ha Ndi, 2006)

124
KliM TRA T 6 N G HOP CUOI NAM

KET QUA CAN OAT

• Trdn ca sd nam vdng cac kien thuc va kT ndng

da hgc trong chuang trinh Ngd van Idp 11,
trd Idi chinh xdc cae cau hdi trie nghiem.
• Viit dugc mgt bdi van nghi ludn cd luan diem,
ludn cu xdc thue ; van dung hgp li nhieu thao
tac lap ludn ; gigng dieu chan thanh, nhiet
tinh ; the hien dugc nhCrng y kiin rieng eiia
ban thdn ve mgt hien tugng (van de) gin gQi,
quen thudc trong ddi sdng hoac trong van hgc.

I-HUlorNG D A N CHUNG
Ngodi nhiing ndi dung dd di cap d bdi *iem tra tdng hgp cudi hgc ki /, anh (ehi) ein
chdy:
1. Bdi Kiem tra tdng hgp cudi ndm chinh Id bdi lam phdn dnh khd trung thue, day
dd kit qud hgc tap Ngu vdn cua anh (chi) trong nam hgc Idp 11.
De Idm tdt bdi kiim tta cd y nglda quan trgng nhu the', anh (chi) cin dn luyen
cdc kiin thiic vd kl ndng dd hgc khdng ehi ttong bgc ki II ma trong ed chuong trinh
Ngu vdn ldp 11.
2. So vdi thdi diim cudi bgc ki 1, anh (ehi) da trudng thdnh nhiiu cd vi vdn
sdng, vdn kinh nghidm vd khd ndng suy nghl. Vi the, anh (chi) ein tiep tuc quan
sdt, tim hiiu, suy nghi sdu rdng hon ve ddi sdng di cd them nhdng y kien rieng cua
ban thdn vi cdc hien tugng (vin de) xd bdi, ddc biet Id nhdng vin di cd y nghia
quan ttgng vd dang tdn tgi nhiiu y kiin khdc nhau. Ddy cflng Id mdt trong nhiing
muc dfch quan ttgng cua viec hgc tap d nhd trudng.
3. Bdi Kiim tra tdng hgp cudi ndm cd ca ciu di bdi gidng vdi bdi Kiim tra tdng hgp
cudi hgc ki /, nghia Id cflng gdm 12 cdu hdi ttie nghiem vd mgt bdi Idm van. Vi thi,
trudc khi ldm bdi, anh (chi) cin xem Igi bdi Kiim tra tdng hgp cudi hgc kilde cd the
rut ra nhiing kinh nghidm cin thiit cho bdi lam ndy dgt kit qua td't hon.

II-GOIYD£BAI
Phan ttic nghiem (3 diim)
1. Sip xip cdc bdi tha sau theo trinh ttr thdi gian sang tdc :
A - Luu biit khi xudt duang
B-Tddy
C - Chiiu tdi
D - Nhd rimg

125
2. Trong cdc tdc pham dudi ddy, bdi tha ndo thi hien mdi siu nhdn t h i cda mdt
Unh hdn nhd trudc vfl tru bao la ?
A-Hdu Trdi
B - Trdng giang
C-Nhd ddng
D - Luu biit khi xudt duang
3. Trong cdc bdi tha sau, cd mgt bdi tha thit ngdn viit vi budi chiiu, nhung trong
eae ddng tha khdng he ed mdt chu chiiu. Dd Id bdi tha ndo ?
A - Chiiu xudn
B-Nhd ddng
C - Lai Tdn
D - Chiiu tdi
4. Hai cdu t h o :
Ldi yiu mdng mdnh nhu mdu khdi
Ai biit ldng anhcd ddi thay ?
(Xuan Quynh, Hoa cd may)
phdng phit tinh than vd cdu ehfl trong hai eau kit eua bdi tha ndo ?
A - V0ivdng
B - Day thdn Vi Dg
C - Trdng giang
D - Tuongtu
5. Vao nhiing ndm d i u cua the kiXX, ai Id ngudi phe phdn "bgnrhgc trd trong nudc
ham quyin thi, ham bd vinh hoa [...] md chdng biit cd ddn"!
A - Phan Chdu Trinh
B - Phan Bdi Chdu
C - Nguyin An Ninh
D-TdnDd
6. Tit dy trong tdi bung ndng hg
Mat trdi chdn li chdi qua tim
Hdn tdi Id m0t vudn hoa Id
Rdt dam huong vd r0n tiing chirri...
(ToHuu, Tiiray)
Khd tha tren the hien chinh xdc tdm trgng ndo cua nhd tha ?
A - Niim ban hoan, phan khdi chdo ddn mua ha
B - Niem hgnh phuc cua mdt tdm hdn hod hgp vdi thien nhidn
C - Niim vui sudng, say me khi b i t gap 11 tirdng cdng san
D - Niem vui sudng khi lin diu din vdi thi ca

126
7. Van hgc hien dgi Viet Nam diu the ki XX din Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945
ed ndi dung (tinh chit) ndo md vdn hgc trung dai chua cd ?
A - Tinh thin yeu nirdc
B - Tfnh nhdn dgo
C - Tfnh hien thuc
D - Su thiie tinh, trdi day mgnh me eua cdi tdi ed nhdn
8. Mdt bgn mudn xep that chinh xdc cae tdc pham : (1) M0t thdi dgi trong thi ca;
(2) Hai dua tre ; (3) Tdi yiu em ; (4) Rd-mi-d vd Giu-li-et vdo cdc thi logi :
truyin, tha, kich, nghi ludn.
Hdy chgn cdch sip xep dung:
A - Truyen-1, tha-2, kieh-3, nghi ludn-4
B - Truyen-2, tha-3, kich-4, nghi luan-1
C - Truyen-3, tha-4, kieh-1, nghi ludn-2
D - Truydn-4, tha-1, kich-2, nghi ludn-3
9. Chgn cdu tta Idi chfnh xdc vi cdc thdnh phin nghia eua cau.
A - Nghia su viec vd nghia hdm in
B - Nghia su viec vd nghia tinh thdi
C - Nghia tinh thdi va nghia hdm an
D - Nghia tudng minh vd nghia su vide
10. Ddng ndo dudi day neu diy dd vd chinh xdc cdc yeu td eua ngu cdnh ?
A - Nhdn vdt giao tiip, bdi cdnh rdng vd hep, hien thue dugc de cap tdi
B - Nhdn vdt giao tiep, bdi cdnh rdng vd hep, vdn canh
C - Nhdn vat giao tiip, bdi cdnh rdng vd hep, hidn thuc dugc di cap tdi va vdn canh
D - Nhdn vat giao tiip, hidn thuc dugc de cap tdi vd vdn cdnh
11. Chgn cdu ttd ldi diy du vd chfnh xdc vi rjpi dung cua nghia tinh thdi ttong cdu.
A - Thdi do, su ddnh gid cua ngtrdi ndi dugc bdc Ig rieng qua cdc ttr ngu tinh
thdi ttong cdu
B - Thdi do, su ddnh gid cua ngirdi ndi ddi vdi su viec dugc di cap den
ttong cdu
C - Thdi do, su. ddnh gid cda ngtrdi ndi ddi vdi su viec dugc de cap din ttong
cdu bode ddi vdi ngudi nghe
D - Thdi do, su ddnh gid cda ngirdi ndi ddi vdi ngudi nghe

127
12. Ddng ndo dudi ddy neu day dd vd chfnh xdc cdc ddc diem vi ngdn ngu cua
phong cdch ngdn ngu chfnh ludn ?
A - Nhieu tii ngu chfnh tri; cdu vdn chuin myx:, gin vdi phin dodn vd suy ludn
logic ; su dung cdc bien phdp tu tu di giup cho U le, lap lu|Ln them hap din.
B - Nhieu tir ngu ehinh tri; ngu dieu Unh hogt; su dung cdc bien phdp tu ttr di
giup cho li le, lap luan them hap din.
C - Cdu van chuan muc, gin vdi phdn dodn vd suy ludn Idgic; sd dung cdc bien
phdp tu tu de giup cho If le, lap ludn them hip dan; ngu didu Unh hogt.
D - Nhiiu tii ngu chfnh tri ; su dung cdc bien phdp tu tii di giup cho If le,
lap ludn thdm hap din.

Phan tu ludn (7 diem) (Chgn mdt trong hai di):

1. Neu nhiing suy nghl vd cdm xucridngcua anh (ehi) vi mdt bdi tha (hoac mdt
truydn ngan) da hgc.
2. Trinh bdy quan niem cua anh (chi) vi viec chgn nghi trong tuong lai.
(Chgn nghi phu hgp vdi ndng luc thue te eua minh ; chgn nghi dang dugc tra
chudng trong xd hdi hay nhit quyet theo dudi nghi ma minh yeu thich nhat ?)

Ill - GUI t CACH LAM BAI

Ngodi nhiing ndi dung dd neu d muc Ggi y cdch ldm bdi trong bdi Kiim tra tdng
hgp cudi hgc ki I, anh (chi) can ehu y them nhiing diim sau :
1. Di bdi trie nghiem trong bdi Kiim tra tdng hgp cudi ndm dugc ra ehu yiu
tren ea sd ndi dung chuong trinh hgc ki II, mdn Ngu vdn Idp 11. Tuy nhidn, vi
ddy Id bdi kiim tra cudi ndm hgc nen van bao gdm kiin thuc cua chuong trinh
hgc ki 1. Vi the', de trd Idi tdt cdc cdu hdi trie nghiem, anh (chi) cin dn lgi cdc
kiin thiic vd kl ndng da hgc trong todn bd ndm hgc Idp 11 di bdo dam sir tiip
ndi vd tinh he thdng eua chuong trinh.
2. Anh (chi) viet bdi Kiim tra tdn^hgp cudi ndm sau khi dd hgc cdc thao tdc
lap ludn phdn tieh, so sdnh, bdc bd, binh ludn. Vi the, anh (ehi) ein ehu y van
dung kit hgp nhiiu thao tde lap ludn de bdi Idm phong phu, chat che, cd siic
thuyit phuc hon.

TRA BAI KIEM TRA T 6 N G HOP CU6I NAM

Tham khao tiet Trd bdi ldm vdn sd 1 va Trd bdi kiim tra tdng hgp cudi hgc ki I
trong Ngu vdn ii, tap mdt.

128
 B A N G TRA CUU T U H A N VIET
1. Tu ttong bdng tta ciiu chu yiu Id nhung tir Han Viet xuat hien trong SGK
Ngu vdn 11 va mdt sd tdi lieu tham khdo khdc. Khudn khd eua bang tra eun ed
hgn nen ehi lua chgn mdt sd tir thudng xuit hien trong cdc vdn ban cd de tgo
diiu kien cho viec Unh hdi van bdn vd su dung khi ein thiet.
2. Nhin chung, mdi ttt se dugc trinh bdy theo quy cdch dudi ddy:
- Ttr cin giai thfeh.
- Nghia eua tii cin gidi thich. Niu tii cd nhiiu nghia se ghi rd 1, 2,...
- Nghia cua tung yiu td ttong ttr (niu cin).
- Md rdng vdn ttr (theo cdc yiu td). Nghia eua nhirng tir khd hiiu ddt ttong dau
ngode don.
- Hi?n tugng ddng dm (dugc ddnh dau bing d i u * ; n i u cd nhiiu ttr ddng am
thi se ghi rd 1,2,... sau dau *).

am bong ram, bdng mat dudi vdm cay tan Id (nghia gdc); tuoc vi cua cha dng
de lai, con chdu dugc ke thira (nghia chuyen): dm sinh (con trai quan lai cao
cap thdi phong kien dugc dac cdch cho vao hoc tai Qudc Td Giam hoac bd
nhi$m mpt chuc vi nhat dinh), tap dm (dugc huong nhimg quyen lgi nhu da
ndi d tten).
an dien on hue Idri (chuc tudc, quyen lgi dac bidt,...) do nha vua ban cho quan than,
dugc tuyen cao va tiep nhan qua nhiing nghi thirc long trong.
aw = an, on hue : dn nhdn, dn tinh, dn tu (vua ban on, ban thudng).
dn tu vinh quy: ngdy xua, thi dd tien si, dugc vua ban ao mQ, cd, bien, cho
ve tham que, dugc dan dia phuong ddn rude rat long ttong.
diin = quy tac ; thi che, li nghi.
an sung on hud va su quy ttong, men yeu cua nha vua doi vdi be toi.
sung=ydu men: sungdi, sung thdn (be tdi dugc vua chua tin yeu), thdt sung
(khdng dugc be trdn ydu men, tin ddng nhu trudc niia).
autri ttfi tha, cdn non ndt, thieu hieu biet, kinh nghiem: du tri vien (vudrt tte).
bien thien 1. thay ddi ldn lao; 2. thay doi gid tri (toan hoc).
bien = thay ddi, ddi khac: biin hod, biin dgng (thay doi hinh dang vdn c6),
bien chdt (thay doi tinh chat, pham chat vdn co ; mat pham chit dao due,
mat tu each), biin the, biin dp, bien sdc (thay doi mau sac, phai mau ; sic
mat thay ddi do ngac nhidn, lo sg, cdu gian,...).
thien = di chuyin, chuyen ddi: thien di (di chuyen di noi khac), thien do
(ddi kinh d6 din mot noi chdn khac).
thien ^ = 1000: thiin bien vgn hod (bien hod, thay doi vo cung vo tan, khong
sao biet trudc, biet het dugc), thien cd (nghin xua ; qua khu xa xoi), thiin
niin ki (1000 nam).
thien ^ = lech, khong cdn bang : thien vi (ddi xu khdng cong bdng), thien
kien (y kien, nhdn xdt thien lech, khdng khach quan, phien dien,...).

129
 thien*^ = dng Trdi (theo tin ngudng dan gian); tu nhien: thien nhiin, thiin
tgo (nhu do Trdi lam ra), thien dudng (noi sung sudng, hanh phiic tuyet
dinh, theo tin ngudng dan gian), thien cdu (vdm trdi), thiin hg (mpi mien
dat dai dudi vdm trdi; ngudi ddi, ngudi ttong xa hpi,...), thien tu (phim chat
vdn CO tir khi sinh ra, nhu dugc Trdi ban cho).
binh sinh | trong cuoc ddi, sud't ca cuoc doi; ttong cuoc sdng hang ngay; thudng ngdy.
can khdn ten hai que trong 64 que cua Kinh Dich: Trdi, Dat.
cdn = tugng tnmg trdi, vua, cha, chong, nam,...
khdn - tugng trung dat, be toi, me, vg, nu,...
cao khiet cao thugng, trong sach.
cao = cao ; vugt muc binh thudng : cao dgo (thanh cao, khdng mang danh
lgi), cao hdng (cd hiing thu, xuc cam manh me vugt miic binh thudng), cao
sdn (san lugng vugt muc binh thudng), cao kien (y kien xdc ddng, sang sudt
khac thudng), cao vong (udc vpng cao xa), cao dp, cao the, cao tdn.
khiet = sach se, trong sach : thudn khiet (hoan toan ttong sach, khdng pha
tap), tinh khiit. Hem khiet (ttong sach, khdng tham nhiing).
che khoa khoa thi dac biet, ngoai cac khoa thi md theo dinh ki hoac theo Id thirdng
(trong xa hpi phong kien ngay trudc).
CO lieu hoang vang, quanh que, le loi.
c6 = don chiic, le loi: cd dan, cd doc, co ldp (tro trpi mpt minh), cd nhi (tre
md coi), CO thdn (thdn xom le loi, heo lanh).
lieu = vang ve, trdng trai, quanh hiu.
lieu' = quan : dong lieu (cung lam quan vdi nhau) ; liiu thuoc (chiic quan
nhd dudi quyen vi quan to).
du ba ggn sdng con lan tod sau dgt sdng ldn (nghia gdc); tdc dung, anh hudng cdn
roi rdt lai cua mdt su Iden quan trpng (nghia chuyiri).
du = cdfi thira, cdn roi rdt lai: du dm, du vi, du huang, du dgt (thira thai),
nghiep du (nhiing hoat ddng ngoai cdng viec chinh, boat dpng khdng
chuyen mon), tdn du.
du" = san xe chd ngudi, dd vat... (nghia gdc); mat dit (dugc vi nhu san chiec
xe cue ldn, chd dugc muon ngudi, muon vat...); cUc )d ddng due, nhieu vd
ke (nghia chuyin) : du dia (dat nudc), rfi; dd (ban dd dat nudc), dia du, du
lugn (y kien luan ban cua cdng chiing dong dao).
dan tri bac them mau do trudc cung dien, cung vua.
dan = 1. mau do ; do nhu son: dan tdm (tam long son), dan thanh (mau dd
va mau xanh ; tranh ve ; hpi hoa "Net dan thanh bac chi chdng Vuong" -
Cungodn ngdm khue); 2. vien thudc (Dongy): linh dan (vien thudc cd cdng
hieu dac biet), tien dan (thudc tien), cao dan hodn tdn (cdc dang thudc hot,
thudc vien, thudc nau co dac,... cua Dong y).
fri = san thim.
d i khuyet cung vua, hoang thanh.
de = vua: de vuong, de che {the che chinh tri co vua diing dau), dekinh (kinh
do), devi (ngdi vua).
khuyit = cdng, cda ngd cua hoang thanh.

130
dich khdi long cam gian quan thu.
khdi = cam xuc manh me : cdm khdi, khdng khdi (chf khi cung coi,
kien cudng; rdng rai, vo tu, khong vu Ipi).
khdi' = torn gpn nhiing diem chung cdt yeu nhat : khdi qudt, khdi ludn,
khdi niim, dgi khdi, khdi luoc.
dieu linh tinh canh long dong khd cue.
diiu = hdo tan, heo ua: diiu tdn.
dieu^ = cham trd : dieu khdc, phii dieu.
dieu'^ = gian trd, khong that tha, khong trung thuc : dieu ngoa, diiu bgc,
dieu xao, dieu trd.
dieu xdt thuong, tham hoi, an ui: diiu ddn phgt tdi (thuang xot dan lanh, danh
dep ke co toi), ai diiu (buon rau thuang tiec ngudi qua ddi), diiu tang (tham
vieng chia buon voi gia dinh, than nhan ngudi qua ddi), diiu phung (tham
viing, bay td long thuang tiec ngirdi qua ddi), dieu vdn (bai van tudng niem
ngudi qua ddi dugc viet de dpc ttong 1§ truy dieu, tudng niem).
dinh ninh 1. tin chac ("Cii dinh ninh la nd da lam xong rdi")
2. khdng thay doi; mpt long mpt da, trudc sau nhu mpt ("Da mdn nhung da
ching mdn, Nhiing loi hen udc vdn cdn dinh ninh" -Ca dao).
3. nhie di nhac lai ("Dinh ninh hai mat mpt ldi song song" - Truyen Kieu).

ddc ddng chuc quan hang dau d dinh trin bidn gidi thdi Le, xd cac vu kien cao, tri an,
binh luong,...
hao li nhiing nguoi co vai ve, cd qUyen the ttong lang, xa dudi thdi phong kien.
hu truyin loan truyen nhiing dieu khong co thuc.
' hu- trdng rdng; khdng co thuc, gia ddi: hu truong thanh the {tieng tam the
luc vdn khong co gi dang ke nhung tim mpi each tu de cao, tu quang cao,
bay dat gia ddi de lira bip), hu danh (danh tieng hao ; khong cd thuc chat,
thirc luc), hu vdn (van chuang phu phiem, khong co gia tti thiet thuc), hu vd
(trdng rdng, khong cd thuc, khdng tdn tai...), hu khdng (trdng khdng, khdng
cd ^ ca), hudo (khdng co thuc).
khdi su bat dau tien hanh cdng viec.
kh&i - dung len (nghia gdc) ; day len ; bat dau, md dau : khdi nghia, khdi
binh, khdi cdng, khdi hdnh, khdi hdn (gay mdi ban thii), khdi xudng (neu len
trudc hit, ndu len dau tien de keu gpi, dpng vien nhirng nguoi khac lam
theo), khdi diim (diem xuat phat, diem md dau), khdi thdo (soan thao lan
dau, chua that hoan chinh, cdn tiip tuc bd sung, sua chua,...), khdi sdc (tuoi
tan, tdt dep hon so vdi trudc dd).
ki hdo ngudi gia ca c6 uy tin trong lang xa ; nhiing ngudi co quydn, co the, co dia
vi trong lang xa thdi phong kien.
ki = gia ca : ki lao (ngudi gia ca), kl muc (ngudi c6 chiic tudc, vai ve ttong
lang xa thud xua), ki cuu (gia dan, lau nam trong nganh, ttong nghe, cd
nhidu kinh nghidm).

131
 fci'i = khac la, la lung: ki tdi (tai nang dac biet khac thudng), ki cong, ki tich
(thanh tich dac biet), kl quan (canh tupng la ki; cong trinh kiin tnie,... dac
biet, thu hut su chii y chiem ngudng).
fci'^ = thdi han; trdng dpi, mong dpi: kl hgn, ki vong (hi vpng, trdng mong).
ki*^ = cd: quoc ki, ki ddi.
ki** = cd (mpt trd choi) : ki thu (ngudi gidi choi cd), kl phimg dich thd :
nhiing tay cao cd gap nhau (nghia gdc) ; ngang sue ngang tai (nghia
chuyin).

phong dang dugc mua.

phong = doi dao ; nhieu, ldn, day dan : phong phu.
ddng= thanh thuc; hoan thanh.
{phong ddng dugc hieu voi nghia : ket thuc, hoan thanh mpt vu lam mong
CO thu hoach doi dao.) ,
phong'^ = gid : 1. phongba (sdng gid), phong vdn (gid may; van may, cohpi
tdt dep), phong suong (gio suong), phong nguyit (gid ttang ; caiih dep,
thanh nhan), phong trdn (gio bui ; va't va, gian kho), phong trdo ; 2. canh
vat, dang ve, thai dd, dac diem bieu hien ra ben ngoai: phong cdnh, phong
cdch, phong do, phong thdi, tdc phong, vdn phong, oai phong; 3. le thdi:
phong tuc, thudn phong ml tuc (phong tuc, tap quan tdt dep) ; 4. mpt bp
phan trong Kinh Thi: qudc phong, phong tao {phong; qudc phong ; tao :
Li tao, mpt tdc pham tho ca noi tieng cua Trung Hoa cd dai - chuyin nghia
thanh : ve thanh nha, lich su), phong nhd {phong : qudc phong ; nhd :
mpt bp phan trong Kinh Thi - chuyen nghia thanh : Uch su, nha nhan,
thanh cao).
phong ^ - 1. ddng kin, gdi kin : phong be {ddng kin, ngan chdn), phong tod,
phong bi; 2. ban tang - vua ban cho quan than chiic tudc, dat dai...: phong
tuoc, phong vuong, phong tdng, phong kiin.
phong^ = mui nhpn: giao phong, xung phong, tien phong (luc lugng di dau,
ddn dau: quan tien phong,...).
phdi thai mam mdng moi hinh thanh, cdn non ndt, yeu dt.
phon hoa (noi chdn, cuoc sdng) ddng due, nao nhiet, giau sang, xa hoa.
phdn = nhieu, dong due, doi dao : phdn vinh, phdn thinh.
phu van may ndi (nghia gdc); khong viing ben (nghia chuyen).
phu = 1. npi: phii diiu (hinh cham khac ndi len tren be mat), phu sa (dat cat
min troi noi cudn theo dong nudc) ; 2. khong cd thuc chat; khdng viing
ben : phu, hoa (dep de, sang ttpng be ngoai, thuc chat trdng rdng, khdng
vdng ben), phii phiim (khdng thiit thuc).
phu*^ = 1. biia (theo tin ngudng dan gian): phii phep, phii chu, phii thuy;
2. ghep lai vua khit: phii hgp; 3. dau hidu (de thdng tin, lam tin): phii hiiu.
phu*^ = giup dd: phu ho, phu trg.
quy cu CO nen nep, dung khudn phep.
quy = dung cu de ve vdng ttdn (nhu cai com-pa) (nghia gdc) ; khudn khd ;
theo dung phdp tac, khdng ra ngoai khudn mdu (nghia chuyin) : quy tdc.

132
 quy che, quy ludt, quy md, noi quy, chinh quy, trudng quy (quy che thi cu).
cu = dung cu de ve gdc vuong (nhu cai e-ke).
tao khang cam ba (nghia gdc) ; nhiing thu ma ngudi ngheo kho bat dac dl phai an de
khoi doi (nghia chuyen), canh ngheo kho {nghia too khang: tinh nghia vg
chong lay nhau tir thud cdn ngheo kho).

thao luge phep dung binh; tai dung binh, tai cam quan danh giac.
thao = luc thao (sau each thiic to chuc, dieu khien quan dpi de danh thing).
luge - tam luoc (ba tap sdch co ndi ve viec ddng muu ke trong chien tran)
deu la binh phap cua Trung Hoa cd dai.

thao da dong CO (nghia gdc); noi que mua hoang so (nghia chuyen).

than si ngudi cd tai due, co uy tin, dia vi ttong xa hpi.

tiet che 1. vo quan cao cap, tong chi huy luc lugng vu trang trong ca nudc, co tir
) thdi Tran.
2. kim nen, ban che.
tiit = giong tte, giong tnie ; dot tre, dd't tnie (nghia gdc) - chuyen nghia
thanh : 1. deu dan ; co muc dp ; co gidi han nhat dinh : tiet do (cd chiing
' mgc, dieu dp), tiet gidm (giam bdt), tiet kiem, tiet muc, tiet tdu, tiet udc (tiet
kiem, khong xa hoa lang phQ, dieu tiet, thdi tiet, tinh tiet, chi tiet; 2. pham
chat viing vang, cao thugng, tdt dep : tiet hgnh, trinh tiet, tiet thdo, tiet
nghia, danh tiet.
tiet' = ro ri, de 16 : tiet 16, bdi tiet.
che= 1. (nhiing quy dinh, khudn mdu, the le) dugc dat ra, can phai tuan
theo : che do, bien che, binh che, quan chi, phdp che, quy che, the che, thiet
che, phien che; 2. (dua theo nhiing dieu quy dinh, khudn mdu, the le,...) de
rang bupc, ep bupc,... (phai tuan theo) : cudng che, dp che, kiem chi, hgn
che, uc che, qudn che.
che* = lam ra, tao ra: che tgo, che biin, dieu che, sdng che, phuc che (\a.m lai
dixng lai theo kieu dang cii), so che, tinh che, bdo che (pha che, che bien
thudc chua benh).
ttam anh cai kim gai toe va dai mu (nghia gdc); giai tang quyen quy cao sang (nghia
chuyen). Thud xua, nam gidi thupc giai tang quyen quy cao sang dung cai
tram de gai tdc (vi ciing de tdc dai) rdi dpi mu, md c6 tua dai tha ve phia sau
("Nguyen ngudi quanh quat dau xa - Hp Kim ten Trpng vdn nha ttdm
anh" - Truyen Kieu).

tuvan thupc ve van chuong chu nghia {hoi tu vdn : mpt to chuc thau nap nhiing
nho si ttong dia phuang d thdi trudc)'.

133
 MUC LUC

Tuan Npi dung Trang

19 • Lieu biet khi xudt duang (Xua't duang luu biet) 3

• Nghia cua cau 6
• Vie't bai lam van sd 5 : Nghi luan van hpe 10
20 •Hdu Trdi 12
- Nghia cua cau (tiep theo) 18
21 • Vgi vdng 21
• Thao tac lap luan bac bo 24
22 • Trdng giang 28
- Luyen tap thao tac lap luan bac bo 31
- Tra bai lam van sd 5 33
- Viet bai lam van sd 6 : Nghi luan xa hpi (bai lam d nha) 35
23 •Day than ViDg 38
• Chieu tdi (Mp) 41
24 •Tiedy : ....43
• Dpc thdm : Lai Tdn , 45
• Dpc them: Nha dong. 46
• Dpc them : Tuong tu 49
• Dpc them : Chieu xudn 51
- Tieu su torn tat , 53
25 • Dac diem loai hinh cua tieng Viet 56
- Tra bai lam van sd 6 : 58
26 • Toi yiu em 59
• Dpc them : Bdi thosd28 (trong tap Ngudi ldm vudn) 61
• Luyen tap viet tieu su torn .tat 63

134
Tuan Npi dung Trang

27 • Ngudi trong bao 65

- Thao tac lap luan binh luan 71
28 • Ngudi cdm quyen khoi phuc uy quyen
(ttich Nhirng ngudi khdn khd) 75
• Luyen tap thao tac lap luan binh luan 81
29 • Ve ludn li xd hoi d nudc ta (trich Dgo due vd ludn li Ddng Tdy) 84
• Dpc them: Tieng me de - nguon gidi phdng
cdc ddn toe bi dp biic 89
30 • Ba cdng hiin vi dgi cda Cdc Mdc 92
• Phong each ngdn ngu chinh luan 96
31 • Mot thdi dgi trong thi ca (trich) , 100
• Phong each ngdn ngd chinh lugn (tiep theo) 105
32 • Mpt sd the loai van hpe : kich, nghi luan 109
• Luyen tap van dung ket hpp cac thao tac lap luan 112
33 • On tap phan Van hpe 115
• Tdm tat van ban nghi luan 117
34 • On tap phan Tieng Viet 120
• Luyen tdp tdm tat vdn ban nghi lugn 122
• 6n tap phan Lam van 124
35 • Kiem tra tdng hpp cudi nam 125
• Tra bai kiim tra tong hpp cudi nam 128
• Bang tra cVhl tu Han Viet 129

135
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Trinh bdy bia : NGUYfiN BICH LA
Siia bdn in : LE THI H 6 N G NHUNG - NGUYEN THI HOA DUNG
Che bdn : C O N G TY CP THI^T K £ VA PHAT HANH SACH GIAO DUG

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