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Electric Power Systems Research: C. Lazaro, J.P. Marques, G. Marchesan, G. Cardoso
Electric Power Systems Research: C. Lazaro, J.P. Marques, G. Marchesan, G. Cardoso
Electric Power Systems Research: C. Lazaro, J.P. Marques, G. Marchesan, G. Cardoso
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: This paper proposes a methodology for detection of short-circuit during power swing with easy adjust-
Received 21 July 2017 ment, in order to unblock the distance relay and allow its operation. If a fault occurs during power swing,
Received in revised form 22 October 2017 it must be immediately detected and removed. One of the major challenges in these detectors is to dis-
Accepted 5 November 2017
tinguish power swing from symmetrical fault near to the electrical center (ı = 180◦ ), as both are balanced
phenomena. This work aims to propose a detector of fault which is reliable and capable of detecting a
Keywords:
short-circuit occurring in the moment that apparent impedance crosses near to electrical center. The
Fault detection during power swing
methodology proposed presents as main advantages, beside the ability to identify the three-phase faults
Power swing blocking
Unblock distance protection relay
during power swing near to the electrical center up to ı ≤ 120◦ , to work in low sampling frequency and
Transmission line protection obtain the shortest response time compared to other techniques. In order to unblock the relay in the case
of a short-circuit during power swing, the asymmetry coefficient of the current signal is calculated in
a window of 1 cycle (60 Hz). If the asymmetry coefficient surpasses the predefined threshold, the relay
is unblocked (reset of PSB function – Power Swing Blocking), allowing its operation. The methodology
uses predefined thresholds through the analysis of signals of different power swing frequencies. In this
work, the defined threshold is able to cover a great number of faults and to be tolerant to power swing
frequencies lower than 6 Hz. The predefined threshold avoids the need for extensive studies on stability
which estimate the behavior of power electrical system.
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.11.005
0378-7796/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
C. Lazaro et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 155 (2018) 340–349 341
Fig. 3. (a) Voltages waveform during power swing; (b) current signals for symmetrical three-phase fault during power swing; (c) asymmetry filter response.
Table 1
Maximum values of FAC registered for different frequencies.
60 0 0.0047
60 0.5 0.0065
60 1 0.0673
60 2 0.1866
60 3 0.3059
60 4 0.4125
60 5 0.4791
60 6 0.5497
60 7 0.6671
60 8 0.6876
60 9 0.7215
Fig. 4. (a) Measured current by distance relay; (b) asymmetry filter response.
Start
IA Sampling
IB @ 1
IC 64apc
N
Is PSB active? 2
Y
Proposed Methodology
Compute asymmetry
3 Fig. 7. Western Systems Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9-bus test system.
filter for IA, IB and IC
N
FACA or FACB or 4
FACC > FAC_set
Y
Fault detected 5
Keep PSB reset for a
defined time
End
Fig. 8. Stable power swing – asymmetry filter response.
Fig. 12. Short-circuit during stable power swing – asymmetry filter response.
Fig. 14. (a) Instantaneous current signal; (b) asymmetry filter response for symmetrical three-phase fault.
346 C. Lazaro et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 155 (2018) 340–349
Fig. 15. (a) Instantaneous current signal; (b) asymmetry filter response for symmetrical three-phase fault.
Fig. 16. (a) Instantaneous current signal; (b) asymmetry filter response for symmetrical three-phase fault.
Fig. 17. (a) Instantaneous current signal; (b) asymmetry filter response for symmetrical three-phase fault.
Fig. 18. (a) Instantaneous current signal; (b) asymmetry filter response for symmetrical three-phase fault.
detection times on the range of tenth of millisecond. The minimum the other hand, the maximum time employed on the detection was
time employed on the detection was 3.18 ms, as the case study 1 of 22.75 ms as the case study 22 presents, where the fault is applied
presents, where the fault was applied in 1.9 s to 5% of the length of in 1.41 s with duration of 1 s. This case study is part of the critical
line 6–9. For case study 5, where the fault was applied to 95% of the scenarios studied in this work (fault occurs near to electrical cen-
length of line 6–9, the time detection was of 4.91 ms. ter). The times of detection result to be satisfactory for the objective
For the mentioned cases it is possible to observe a difference proposed. The methodology proposed may be employed as an algo-
of 1.73 ms in its times of detection, showing a minimum effect on rithm which helps to PSB function in allowing the operation or not
the detection time of any distance of fault on the line. As for the of the protection.
cases covered, this difference of time was lower than 2.6 ms. On
C. Lazaro et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 155 (2018) 340–349 347
Table 2
Study cases.
Study case Line 4–5 fault Line 6–9 fault Fault type Fault resistance () Fault start time Fault final time Method detection Fault detected
duration (ms) location (%) (s) (s) time (ms) (Yes/No)
Table 3
Study cases analyzed for different sampling rate.
Study case Line 4–5 fault Line 6–9 fault Fault type Fault resistance () Fault start Fault final Fault detected Method detection time (ms)
duration (ms) location (%) time (s) time (s) (Yes/No)
Table 4 References
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