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Lecture06 P1
Lecture06 P1
134-137)
49. In the figure below, a car is driven at constant speed over a
circular hill and then into a circular valley with the same radius. At
the top of the hill, the normal force on the driver from the car seat
is 0. The driver’s mass is 80.0 kg. What is the magnitude of the
normal on the driver from the seat when the car passes through the
bottom of the valley?
FN FN
At the top of the hill:
v2
Fcentripeta l Fg FN m
R
2
v
FN 0 Fg m
R Fg Fg
At the bottom of the valley:
v2 v2
Fcentripetal FN Fg m FN m Fg
R R
FN 2Fg 2mg 2 80 9.8 1568 (N)
51. An airplane is flying in a horizontal circle at a speed of 600 km/h.
If its wings are tilted at angle =400 to the horizontal, what is the
radius of the circle in which the plane is flying? Assume that the
required force is provided entirely by an “aerodynamic lift” that is
perpendicular to the wing surface.
Animation
•According to the Bernoulli’s principle,
the aerodynamic lift appears due to the Fl,y Fl
air-stream velocity over the top of the
airplane greater than that at the bottom.
Fl,x
Fl,y Fg
Fg
Fl cos mg (1)
2
v
Fl,x is the centripetal force: Fl,x m
2 R
v
Fl sin m (2)
R
v 600 km/h 166 .7 m/s
v2 166 .7 2
(1) and (2) R 33 79 (m) or 3.38 (km)
g tan 9.8 tan(40 )
70. The figure below shows a conical pendulum, in which the bob (the
small object at the lower end of the cord) moves in a horizontal circle
at constant speed. The cord sweeps out a cone as the bob rotates.
The bob has a mass of 0.050 kg, the string has length L=0.90 m and
negligible mass, and the bob follows a circular path of circumference
0.94 m. What are (a) the tension in the string and (b) the period of
the motion?
Animation
Ty - Fg 0 Tsin mg
Tx: the centripetal force
: the angle between the cord and the
horizontal circle. Ty T
2 2
v v
Tx m T cos m
R R
R C 0.94 (m) Tx
cos ; R 0.15 m
L 2π 2 3.14 Fg
R
arccos 80.40
mg L T Rcosθ C
(a) T 0.5 (N) (b) v 0.5 (m/s); P 1.88 (s)
sin m v
Part B Laws of Conservation
Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical Energy
3.1. Kinetic Energy and Work. Power
3.2. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
3.3. Work and Potential Energy
3.4. Conservative and Non-conservative Forces. Conservative Forces
and Potential Energy
3.5. Conservation of Mechanical Energy
3.6. Work Done on a System by an External Force. Conservation of
Energy
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity of a system to do work.
2
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg. m2/s2
Unit: joule
3.1.2. Work done by a force
A. Work done by a constant force:
•To establish an expression
for work, we consider a constant force
F that accelerates a bead along a wire:
Fx ma x
v 2 v 02 2a x d
1 1
mv mv 0 Fx d
2 2
2 2
Therefore, the work W done on the bead by F is:
W Fx d Fd cos
W F d (work done by a constant force)
B. Work done by a general variable force:
One-dimensional analysis:
•Choose x small enough, work done by the
force in the jth interval:
ΔWj Fj,avg x
•The total work:
W Wj Fj,avgx
W lim
x 0
F
j,avg x
xf
W F(x)dx (work done by a variable force)
xi
Three-dimensional analysis:
dW Fdr Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz
rf xf yf zf
W dW Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz
ri xi yi zi
3.1.3. Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.
W
Average power: Pavg
t
dW
Instantaneous power: P
dt
Unit: watt (W) 1 watt 1 W 1J/s
1 horsepower 1 hp 550 ft.lb/s 746 W
1 kilowatt - hour 1kW.h (10 W)(3600s) 3.6 10 J 3.6 MJ
3 6
F=constant: dW Fcosdx dx
P Fcos
dt dt dt
P Fvcos
Instantaneous power:
P Fv
3.2. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
ΔK K f Ki W
This can be read as follows:
W Fx d Fd cos
For a rising object, =1800:
W mgd
For a falling object, =00: Kf Ki 0
W mgd
Work done in lifting and lowering an object
Gravity and an applied force acting on the
object:
ΔK K f K i Wa Wg
where Wa is the work done by the
applied force; Wg is the work done by the
gravitational force. If initial and final velocities
are zero: K K 0
f i ΔK 0 Wa Wg
Wa mgd cos
E2. Work done by a spring force:
1 2 1 2
Ws kx i kx f
2 2
1 2
If x i 0, x f x : Ws kx
2
Work done by an applied force:
ΔK K f K i Wa Ws
If the block is stationary before and after the displacement, K=0:
Wa Ws
Homework: 1, 2, 8, 15, 24, 26, 29, 36, 43 (p. 159-163)
Review
(All sections of Chapter 1, 2)
Chapter 1:
Motion in one dimension:
To describe motion, we need to measure:
+ Displacement: x = xt – x0 (measured in m or cm)
+ Time interval: t = t – t0 (measured in s)
Average velocity:
total distance
Average speed: s avg
Δt
Δx(t) dx(t)
Instantaneous velocity: v(t) lim
Δt 0 Δt dt
Δv v 2 v1
Average acceleration: a avg
Δt t 2 t1
dv(t) d 2 x
Instantaneous acceleration: a(t) 2
dt dt
Two basic equations for constant acceleration:
v x v 0cosθ 0 constant
x x 0 v 0 cosθ 0 t
v y v 0sinθ 0 - gt
1 2
y y 0 v 0 sinθ 0 t - gt
2
•Horizontal range:
2
v
R sin2θ 0
0
g
Uniform Circular Motion:
The particle is accelerating with a
centripetal acceleration: 2
v
a
r
Where r is the radius of the circle
v the speed of the particle
2r
T (T: period)
v
Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration:
v PA v PB v BA
v PA v PB v BA
Chapter 2: n
Newton’s Laws F 0 or Fi 0
i 1
Fnet ma
FBC FCB
Some particular forces: gravitational, normal, tension and
frictional forces
Friction and Properties of Friction:
f s,max μ s FN μ s is the coefficient of static friction