SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN BANDAR BARU UDA

CHEMISTRY
MODULE : SET 1
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM
FORM 4 .

NAME :…………………………………………………….

CLASS :…………………………………………………….

TEACHER : …………………………………………………
OBJECTIVES OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Chapter 2 T.2.0

1. Define matter. 1. List the scientist who takes part in

2. State ‘Particles Theory of Matter’ producing atomic model.
3. State ‘Kinetic Theory of Matter’. 2. What is mean by proton number?
4. List 3 types of particles of matter. 3. What is mean by nucleon number?

Analysing matter Synthesising

atomic structure

2.1 2.2
Appreciate the THE STRUCTURE OF
orderliness and THE ATOMIC
2.5
uniqueness of the
atomic structure 2.3
2.4

Understanding the Understanding isotopes and

1. Describe the electronic structure of assessing their importance
contribution of scientist an atom
toward understanding of
the atomic structure.
1. Define isotope.
1. Name all the shells of a 2. Name the isotopes of
magnesium atom. iodine.
2. Proton Number of an atom X is
19. Write the electronic
arrangement of the atom X.
3. What is another name for
outermost shell?

Hakcipta Terpelihara.
 T.2.1

Experiment: Matter consists of very small Proof: The

To estimate the molecular
size of an oil molecule
Matter is substances having
mass and volume.
Definition of
matter
and discrete particles. The diffusion in solid,
Collision of particles is liquid and gas.
elastics.
Examples:
Particle Theory and 1. Diffusion of bromine
Kinetic Theory of matter in air.
2. Diffusion of copper
sulphate in water.
3.

Experiment: Type of matter 1.

Heating MATTER particles 2.
Naphthalene 3.
State of matter and
comparison between the
States of matter states of matter
The changing of
states of matter Character Solid Liquid Gas
1.Particles
GAS arrangement
2.Particles vibrating, moving moving
Movement rotating randomly, randomly
Melting vibrating, vibrating,
SOLID LIQUID
Freezing rotating. rotating.
3.Particles
energy Low moderate high
4.Attractive
force Strong moderate Weak

Hakcipta Terpelihara.
 T.2.2

E. Rutherford

Neils Bohr
J.J. Thompson

J. Chadwick
J. Dalton

History of
atomic model
Element symbol:
Example: H, He, Subatomic
N, Na, Ne etc. ATOMIC particles
STRUCTURE
Symbol
Subatmic Symbol Relative Relative
particle mass charge
Atomic symbol: Proton P 1 +1
Example:
A Neutron n 1 0
X Electron e 1/1837 -1
X
Proton number (Z) = Num. Of proton in an
Proton number & atom
Example: Nucleon number
Calculation:
n = A-Z Nucleon number;
A = Number of proton+ Number of neutron.

Hakcipta Terpelihara.
 T.2.3

Element Isotope Number of Number of Proton Nucleon Atomic symbol

proton neutron number Z number A
Oxygen Oxygen-16
Oxygen-17
Oxygen-18
carbon Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Chlorine Chlorine-35 17 18 17 35 37
Chlorine-37 17 20 17 37 Cl
17

What is
isotope? Exercise

An atomic of an element that What are uses of the

consist of the same proton isotopes in our daily
ISOTOPES AND THEIR
number but different life?
IMPORTANCE
number of neutron

Medical sector:
E.g.: Isotope of hydrogen
Industrial sector:
1
Protium H Science field:
0
Deuterium Archeology field:

Tritium
Hakcipta Terpelihara.
 T.2.4

Shell 3; Shell 2 ;
Maximum: 8 electrons Maximum; 8 electrons
Shell 4;
Shell 1;
Maximum: 8 electrons.
Maximum; 2 electrons

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN
ATOM (for the 1 st 20 elements) Example

Element No. of proton, Z No. of electron Electronic Figure of electronic

arrangement arrangement

Hydrogen 1

Helium 2

Lithium 3
x x
x
Beryllium 4 2.2

Boron 5

Carbon 6

Nitrogen 2.5

Sodium 11

A. Matter
Hakcipta Terpelihara.
 1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter exists in three states – solid, liquid and gas.
2. Matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles.
3. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical
reaction.
4. An ion is a positively-charged or negatively-charged particle.
5. Particles in matter are in motion.
6. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move in between the particles of
another subtance.
7. Diffusion of matter occurs most rapidly in gases, slower in liquids and slowest
in solids, due to the different arrangement and movement of particles in the three
states of matter.
8. The kinetic theory of matter.

State of
Matter solid liquid gas
Characteristic
Arrangement are packed are packed closely Very far apart and
of particles closely together together but not in in a random
in an orderly orderly manner motion
manner
Forces of Strong forces Strong forces but Weak forces
attraction weaker than the forces
in a solid
Movement of Particles vibrate Particles vibrate, rotate
Particles vibrate,
particles and rotate about and move throughout rotate and move
their fixed positon the liquid. They collide
freely. The rate of
against each other collision is greater
than in liquid
Shape / volume - has a fixed - has a fixed volume Does not have a
volume and shape and follows the shape of fixed shape of
the container volume
compressibility Cannot be Cannot be compressed Can be
compressed easily compressed easily

9. When a substance is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster.
10. When a substance is cooled, the particles loss their kinetic energy and move
slower.
B. The Atomic Structure
1. The historical development of atomic models.

Scientist Atomic Models

1. John Dalton

- imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to a

very tiny ball

2.J.J. Thomson

-described the atom as a sphere of positive charge which

contains a few negatively-charged particles called
electrons.

3. Ernest Rutherford

- discovered proton
- the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom
are concentrated in a small, central region called the
nuclues
- electrons move in a space that is larger than the space
occupied by the nucleus

4.Neils Bohr

- proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells

around the nucleus

5.James Chadwick

- proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles

in the nucleus. Neutrons contribute approximately to
half the mass of an atom.

1. Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles of an atom.

 Subatomic Relative mass Relative Position in the
particle charge atom
Proton, p 1 +1 Nucleus
Neutron, n 1 0 Nucleus
Electron, e 0 -1 shells

2. Atoms are electrically neutral. The number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons.
3. The proton number of an element is the number of protons in its atom.
4. The nucleon number of an element is the total number of protons and neutrons in
its atom. Therefore,

Nucleon number = proton number + number of neutrons

5. Each element has its own proton number.

6. Each element is given a name and a symbol

Proton Element symbol Proton element symbol

number number
1 Hydrogen H 11 Sodium Na
2 Helium He 12 Magnesium Mg
3 Lithium Li 13 Aluminium Al
4 Beryllium Be 14 Silicon Si
5 Boron B 15 Phosphorus P
6 Carbon C 16 Sulphur S
7 Nitrogen N 17 Chlorine Cl
8 Oxygen O 18 Argon Ar
9 Flourine F 19 Potassium K
10 Neon Ne 20 Calcium Ca
7. An atom of an element can be written as A

X
Z

Where A is the nucleon number,

X is the symbol of an element,
Z is the proton number.
REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES

Types of particles in a substances

Complete the chart below about the types of particles in materials. Then,classify the matter
given according to the types of particles.
Water, H2O Iodine, I2 Bromine, Br2 Sodium chloride, NaCl

Copper, Cu Naphthalene, C10H8 Iron, Fe Lead(II) iodide, PbI

Zinc, Zn Aluminium, Al Oxygen, O2 Magnesium oxide, MgO

Types
of
particles

Atoms Molecules Ions

* Points to remember
☺ The three types of particles are atoms, molecules and ions.

Kinetic theory of matter

Draw the arrangement of the particles in the three states of matter in the spaces provided below.

State Characteristic of particles

1. Solid Particles are :

- closely packed together in orderly manner
- vibrate at their fixed positions
- strong forces of attraction between particles
 - low energy content as the movement is restricted
(particles that are difficult to move has low energy content)
- fixed volume and shape
- cannot be compressed

2. Liquid Particles are :

- closely packed together but not in orderly arrangement
- collide against each other
- strong forces of attraction but weaker than the forces in
solid
- higher energy content as the particles can move easily
- fixed volume
- does not have fixed shape as it takes the shape of the
container
- cannot be compressed easily

3. Gas Particles are :

- very far apart from each other and in random arrangement
- collide more often with each other as it can move more
freely
- weak forces between the particles
- highest energy content as it move randomly
- does not have fixed volume and shape
- can be compressed easily

* Points to remember
☺ How to draw the arrangement of particles in each state with each of the following
characteristics.

Changes in the state of matter

Draw the arrangement of particles for the three states of matter in the box provided below.

→ →
 ← ←

Solid Liquid Gas

Change of state Process Change in energy

solid→liquid Melting Heat energy is

liquid→gas Heat energy is
solid→gas Sublimation Heat energy is
gas→liquid Heat energy is
liquid→solid Heat energy is
gas→solid Heat energy is

What is it meant by…

1. Melting point

- Melting point is………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. Boiling point

- Boiling point is………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………......

3. Freezing point

- Freezing point is…………………………………………………………………….......

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

* Points to remember
☺ The arrows that shows ‘→ ’ indicates the heat energy is absorbed
☺ The arrows that shows ‘ ← ’ indicates the heat energy is released
☺ Examples of substances that undergoes sublimation are iodine, ammonium chloride and
dry ice ( solid carbon dioxide )
☺ The meaning for each term that is melting point, boiling point and freezing point
1. The figure shows the graph of temperature against time for the heating of solid naphthalene.

Temperature/ oC

T2
 X Y

Time/min
(a) What is the physical state of naphthalene at the region:

XY : ...........................................................................................................................................

YZ : ........................................................................................................................................... [2 marks]

(b) Draw the arrangement of particles at the region WX.

[1 mark]

(c) T2 is the melting point of naphthalene.

Explain why there is no change in temperature from X to Y.

.........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................[2 marks]

(d) At which point has naphthalene completed the process of melting?

....................................................................................................................................................... [1 mark]

(e) The liquid naphthalene is cooled at room temperature. Predict the freezing point of naphthalene.

..........................................................................................................................................................[1 mark]

(f) Draw the set up of the apparatus used to determine the melting point of naphthalene in the
laboratory.

[2 marks]

2. The diagram shows a graph of temperature against time when vapour X is cooled until it completely
changes to solid state.

Temperature (°C)

T1

T2
T3
 Time (minutes)
(a) Name the process of change in the state of matter that occurs when vapour X is cooled. [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) At what temperature does vapour X begin to change to solid state? [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Draw the arrangement of particles of X at

i. temperature T1 ii. temperature T3

[2marks]

(d) Why does the temperature remain constant at T2? [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Draw a graph of temperature against time that you will obtain if you heat X from T 3 to T1.

[2 marks]

3. Table 2.1 shows the melting points and boiling points of four substances represented by letters
D, E, F and G.

Substance Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C)

Table 2.1
D -112 -62
(a) What do E 2470 4530 you mean by
“melting point”.
F 890 1324
G -45 159
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) State the physical state of D, E, F and G at room temperature.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(c) Name the process of change of the state of substance G when it is heated from room
temperature to 190°C.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1
mark]

(d) State the substances that exist in the gaseous state at 180°C.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(e) Draw the arrangement of particle of E at room temperature.

[1 mark]

(f) The particles of which substance have the highest kinetic energy at room temperature?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(g) Sketch the graph of temperature against time when molten F at a temperature of 950°C is
being cooled to a temperature of 700°C. Then mark the freezing point on your graph.

[3 marks]

4. The figure shows the chemical symbols which represent four particles, W, X, Y and Z.

31 32 32 60

W X Y Z
15 16 15 27

(a) i. What is the nucleon number of W? [1 mark]

ii. State the number of neutrons in an atom of W. [1 mark]

 (b) i. State the number of electrons in an atom of X.

ii. Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom of X. [2 marks]

(c) What is the number of valence electrons in an atom of Y? [1 mark]

(d) i. State a pair of isotopes from the particles in the figure.

ii. State the reasons for your answer in (d)i. [2 marks]

(e) i. Z is found to be the element cobalt. Atoms of Z are radioisotopes.

60
27
Give one medical use of the radioisotopes. [1 mark]

ii. State the number of protons in an atom of Z. [1 mark]

iii. An isotope of Z has 32 neutrons. Write a symbol for the isotope. [1 mark]

2.1 Matter

1. The following equation shows a physical change of a substances M when heat is applied to it.

Substance M Substance N
(solid) (gas)

Which of the following subtances is N?

A Iodine
B Sulphur
 C Sodium chloride
D Lead (II) bromide

2. The following information shows the melting and boiling points of substance P.

Melting point : 2500C

Boiling point : 4000C

Which of the following shows the arrangement of particles of substance P at 320oC?

A C

B D

3. Which of the following situations occur when water evaporates?

A The forces of attraction between water molecules stronger.

B The water molecules are far apart wih small energy spaces.
C The water molecules are compact.
D The kinetic energy of water molecules is high.

4. Diagram show the cooling curves for gas X.

Temperature / 0C

T2

T1

T0
t1 t2 t3 t4 time / min
 DIAGRAM1

Which of the diagram following statements is correct?

A From t0 to t1, the force between particles become stronger.
B From t1 to t2, the heat energy is absorbed.
C From t2 to t3, the kinetic energy of the particles decreases.
D From t3 to t4, no heat energy absorbed.

5. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to study the particles theory of matter.

Bromine gas

Bromine gas
+ Air
Gas jar

Air

DIAGRAM 2

Which of the following is the best explanation of the observation in the experiment?

A Bromine particles move faster that air particles in the gas jar.
B Air particles react with bromine particles in the gas jar.
C Both of the bromine and air particles are tiny and discrete.
D The attractive force between both particles becomes stronger.

6. Sodium chloride, magnesium, and carbon dioxide are three different types of substances.
Which of the following gives the correct type of classification for each substance?

Sodium Chloride Magnesium Carbon dioxide

A Ion Atom Molecule
B Atom Ion Molecule
C Molecule Atom Ion
 D Ion Molecule Atom

7. Diagram 3 show the particles arrangement for the change state of matter.

DIAGRAM 3

Which of the following is process X?

A Evaporation
B Sublimation
C Condensation
D Boiling

8. Which of the following shows the correct type of particles for each substances?

Atom Molecule Ion

A Iron Helium Sodium
B Argon Ammonia Chromium
C Mercury Benzene Sodium chloride
D Benzene Chromium Ammonia

Atomic structure

The three subatomic particles found in an atom are __________, __________ and ________

Proton number and nucleon number

1.What is it meant by proton number?

2.What is it meant by nucleon number?

3.Complete the following relationships

(a) Proton number = number of __________________

(b) Nucleon number = proton number + number of _________________

(c) Nucleon number = number of ________________ + number of ______________

(d) In a neutral atom, the number of equal to the number of ____________

4.Complete the table below

Atom of the Number of Number of Number of Proton Nucleon

element protons electrons neutrons number number
Lithium 3 7
Carbon 6 6
Nitrogen 7 7
Oxygen 8 8
Fluorine 9 9 19
Sodium 11 11 12
Magnesium 12 12
Aluminium 13 27

*Points to remember
☺ protons are positive
neutrons are neutral
so, electrons must be negative
☺ proton number = number of proton
☺ nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutron
☺ number of proton = number of electron (only for neutral atoms)

EXERCISE 1

Table below gives an incomplete information of five atoms.

Atom Proton Number of Nucleon Electron

number neutrons number arrangement
 A 3 6
B 7 2.3
C 9 15
D 6 16
E 10 2.6

(a) Complete the table above.

(b) What is meant by nucleon number?

_________________________________________________________________________

(c) State the number of valence electrons in atom A.

__________________________________________________________________________

(d) Which atoms are isotopes of the same element?

__________________________________________________________________________

(e) Why do isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?

__________________________________________________________________________

Symbol of elements

The first letter for the symbols is written in capital letters. The second letter (if any) is
written in small letters.

Example : Hydrogen – H Copper – Cu

 1. Answer the following questions regarding the symbol of elements.

Element Symbol Element Symbol

Hydrogen H Sodium
Helium Magnesium
Lithium Aluminium
Beryllium Be Silicon
Boron Phosphorus P
Carbon Sulphur
Nitrogen Chlorine
Oxygen Argon
Fluorine F Potassium
Neon Calcium Ca

2. Complete the symbol of the atom for element X below.

Nucleon number A
X
Z

3. Based on the symbol of the atom for the chlorine element, fill in the blanks below.

Proton number =
35
Cl Nucleon number =
Number of protons =
17
Isotopes Number of neutrons =
Number
1. Study in detail the table below and answer the of electrons
following =
questions.

Atom of Proton Nucleon Number of Number of

element number number protons neutrons
P 8 8
Q 9 19
R 8 9

(a) Complete the table above.

(b) What is meant by isotopes?

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have

(c) Determine a pair of isotopes for the elements in the table above and give your
reasons.

2. Isotopes of an element have the same :

(i) proton number

(ii) number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
(iii) number of ______________________
(iv) ____________________________
(v) chemical properties because ________________________

3. Isotopes of an element have different :

(i) nucleon numbers

(ii)
(iii) physical properties

4. Table below shows the isotopes and their uses in daily life. Complete the table below.

Field Isotopes Purpose

Medicine Cobalt-60
Industry It is used to control the thickness of plastic sheets.
Agriculture Phosphorus-32
Archaeology

* Points to remember
☺ The meaning of isotopes
☺ Uses of isotopes
The electronic structure of an atom

1. What is it meant by valence electron?

2. Draw the structure of electron (electronic configuration) for the atoms in the table.

(i) A magnesium atom has 12 protons (ii) An oxygen atom has 8 electrons and
and 16 neutrons.
12 neutrons
The electron arrangement :
 The electron arrangement : Number of valence electrons :
Number of valence electrons :

(i) A calcium atom has 20 protons and
20 neutrons
The electron arrangement :
Number of valence electrons :
(ii) An aluminium atom has 13 electrons
and 14 neutrons.
The electron arrangement :
Number of valence electrons :

* Points to remember
☺ The meaning of valence electron
☺ How to draw electron arrangement

Section A

1. Which of the following processes will occur if iodine is heated at room temperature and pressure?
A Evaporation
B Melting
C Sublimation
D Condensation

2. Substance P exists as a liquid at a temperature of 200°C. Which of the following is the possible
melting point and boiling point for P?

Melting point Boiling point(°C)

 (°C)
A 250 750
B -50 100
C 115 668
D 35 185

3. Which of the following pairs the type of particles with the substances correctly?

Atom Molecule Ion

A Iron Hydrogen Mercury
B Aluminium Chlorine Sodium
C Sodium Bromine Lithium oxide
D Ammonia Carbon Sulphur
dioxide dioxide

4. Which of the following processes is correctly matched with its change in physical state and
change in energy?

Process Change in physical Change in energy

state
A Freezing Liquid to solid Heat energy is absorbed
B Boiling Liquid to gas Heat energy is absorbed
C Condensation Gas to liquid Heat energy is absorbed
D Sublimation Solid to gas Heat energy is given out

5. Diagram below shows the changes in the states of matter for substance X.

Q
Solid → Liquid → Gas → Solid

What is process Q?
A Freezing
B Sublimation
C Melting
6. Which of the following substances sublimes when heated?
A. Iodine pellets
B. Carbon dioxide gas
C. Sodium chloride crystals
D. Methanol liquid

7. The proton number and nucleon number of a sodium atom are 11 and 23 respectively.
Therefore, its nucleus contains
A. 12 protons and 11 neutrons
B. 11 protons and 12 neutrons
C. 12 protons and 23 neutrons
D. 23 protons and 11 neutrons
8. Table below shows the particle composition of elements X and Y.

Element Electron Neutron Proton

X 10 8 10
Y 9 10 9

Which of the following statements is true?

A. X and Y are both positively charged
B. X and Y have the same proton number
C. X and Y have different elements
D. X has a nucleon number of 20

9. Which of the following statements is true about isotopes?

A. They have different chemical properties
B. They have same physical properties
C. They have different numbers of electrons
D. They have the same number of protons

10. Which of the following radioisotopes is used to detect leaks in underground petroleum piping?
A. Sodium-24
B. Phosphorus-32
C. Carbon-14
D. Cobalt-60

11. Table below shows the proton numbers of elements P, Q, R and S.

Element P Q R S
Proton 10 11 15 19
number

Which of the following elements have one valence electron?

A. P and Q
B. Q and S
C. P and S
D. Q and R

12. The proton number of aluminium is 13. Which of the following gives the correct electron
arrangement for an aluminium atom?
A. 2.8
B. 8.5
C. 2.8.3
D. 2.8.5

13. A fluorine atom has a proton number of 9 and a nucleon number of 19. What is the number of
valence electrons in a fluorine atom?
A. 2
B. 7
C. 9
 D. 10

14. Diagram below shows the symbol of a fluorine atom.

19
F
9

Which of the following is true about the symbol in the diagram?

Proton Nucleon Number of

number number electrons
A 9 19 9
B 9 19 10
C 10 9 19
D 19 10 9

15. Diagram below shows the symbol of a lithium atom.

7
Li
3
What is the arrangement of electrons and the valence electrons for the lithium element?

Electrons Valence electrons

arrangement
A 2.1 3
B 2.1 1
C 2.1 5
D 2.5 3

16. The information shows the sub-atoms particles of atom W. [2004]

a. Electron configuration 2.1
b. Number of protons 3
c. Number of neutrons 4

Which of the following diagrams shows an atom W?

A B
3p + 4n 3p + 4n
 C D
3p + 3e 3P + 3e

17. The figure shows a portion of cooling curve of a liquid substance, X. Melting occurs at the stage of

A PQ
B QR
C RS
D ST

18. At which stage does X exist as liquid and solid?

A PQ
B QR
C RS
D ST

19. The diagram below shows the graph of temperature against time for the heating of naphthalene.
 What is the process of change in the state of matter, which occurs at temperature T oC, and the
state of the substance at time t?

Process at temperature T State of the substance at time t

A Melting Solid and liquid
B Freezing Solid and liquid
C Condensation Liquid and gas
D Boiling Liquid and gas

20. Figure 1 shows the electronic arrangement of atom X.

Figure 1

What is the number of valence electrons and proton number of atom X ?

Number of valence electrons Proton number

A 2 8
B 8 8
C 8 18
D 18 18

21. S and T have same chemical properties. If the proton number of S is 11, What is the
electronic structure of atom T ?

A 2.8.1
B 2.8.9
C 2.8.8.1
D 2.8.8.5

“There is no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hardwork and

learning from failure. Always keep telling yourself that Chemistry is fun!”