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The Essence of Hagakure
The Essence of Hagakure
by
HOWARD KEVIN ALEXANDER
B.A., U n i v e r s i t y o f L e t h b r i d g e , 1972
in
THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Department o f A s i a n S t u d i e s
We accept t h i s t h e s i s as conforming
to the r e q u i r e d standard
written permission.
The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia
2075 Wesbrook P l a c e
Vancouver, Canada
V 6 T 1W5
i
ABSTRACT
t h a t year. In c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h a younger a s s o c i a t e , T a s h i r o
t i s t i c p u r s u i t s , s t a t i n g t h a t they o f t e n became e x c e s s i v e l y
proud and l o s t t h e i r a b i l i t y to c a r r y out t h e i r d u t i e s e f f e c -
tively.
He d i d not c l e a r l y c o n c e p t u a l i z e h i s b e l i e f s as b e i n g C o n f u c i a n ,
PREFACE'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I .
1. Introduction p. 1
2. H i s t o r i c a l Background p. 8
3. Yamamoto Tsunetomo p. 17
Chapter I I .
1. I n t e r n a l Aspects p. 34
2. Training p. 44
3. Loyalty p. 51
4. A t t i t u d e Toward Death p. 55
5. P e r s o n a l Appearance p. 6 3
Chapter I I I .
1. Conduct i n S o c i e t y p. 66
2. Rectitude p. 71*
3. Compassion p. 76
5. Etiquette p. 82
Chapter IV.
1. Conclusion p. 85
1
Chapter I .
1. Introduction
Hagakure ^ ,8
known a l s o as Hagakure rongo ^$f[*g^Nffiv
opment of S a g a ^ p r e f e c t u r e . ^ To s c h o l a r s o f l o c a l h i s t o r y
i n t e n t on c a r e f u l l y d e t a i l i n g the p a s t o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p a r t
12
of Kyushu, Hagakure has long been a source o f v a l u a b l e d e t a i l s .
S o c i a l h i s t o r i a n s , too, have d i s c o v e r e d a great d e a l o f m a t e r i a l
13
For i n s t a n c e , the n o t i f i c a t i o n o f a r a i s e i n s t i p e n d a r r i v e d by
14
means of an o f f i c i a l l e t t e r from the l o r d . Another paragraph
15
deals w i t h methods by which a new group member was s e l e c t e d .
The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y attached to duty i s c l e a r l y d e p i c t e d i n a
statement e x p l a i n i n g the p r e c a u t i o n s r e q u i r e d when d e l i v e r i n g a
16
message and i n the a l l u s i o n to the r o l e o f an o f f i c i a l witness
17
at the r i t u a l o f seppuku j f l j f f . Furthermore, h i s t o r i a n s i n t e r -
3
At p r e s e n t , models o f g r e a t r e t a i n e r s have
disappeared. T h e r e f o r e i t i s probably b e s t
to make one's own model and i m i t a t e t h a t .
The way t o c r e a t e t h i s model i s t o take the
decorum o f one person, the courage o f another
and a t h i r d ' s way o f u s i n g words. Add some-
one's proper b e h a v i o r and the f i r m o b l i g a t i o n
of someone e l s e . Study y e t another man's way
of q u i c k l y and f i r m l y making good d e c i s i o n s .
I f from among people one s e l e c t s men who each
have an o u t s t a n d i n g q u a l i t y , and s e l e c t s o n l y
the b e s t o f these q u a l i t i e s , he can make a
model.20
f u l , c o n s t a n t l y r e t u r n to the e x p o s i t i o n o f p r i n c i p l e s meant to
was to f u l f i l l h i s r o l e i n l i f e .
there have been no bad men and no s t u p i d men. Nor have there
No a c t i o n c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d insane o r i l l o g i c a l i f i t were
way of life.
demonstrate i t .
favorable results.
Hagakure's concept o f d e v o t i o n to s e r v i c e i n c o r p o r a t e s an
become i n t r i n s i c p a r t s o f the t e x t , f u r t h e r a t t e n t i o n w i l l be
given them
2. H ias
s t othey
r i c a lr e lBackground
a t e to the contents o f t h i s paper.
l o c a l i z e d u p r i s i n g s , c o n s t i t u t e d only minor s k i r m i s h e s , w i t h
the e x c e p t i o n of the C h r i s t i a n u p r i s i n g a t Shimabara in
42
to f o l l o w .
extremely harsh and b r u t a l , such as, " A l l the work o f men used
times.
t i o n o f Hagakure,
...the c h a r a c t e r o f the world changed. When the
young samurai get t o g e t h e r , t h e i r c o n v e r s a t i o n
c o n s i s t s e n t i r e l y of such t h i n g s as c h a t t e r about
money, accounts o f p r o f i t and l o s s , t a l k o f the
private a f f a i r s of families, styles of clothing,
and g o s s i p r e l a t e d to l u s t . I f the c o n v e r s a t i o n
does not turn to t h i s k i n d o f t h i n g , they are a l l
bored. T h i s t r u l y has become a custom devoid of
a sense o f r i g h t and wrong. In the o l d days,
u n t i l the age of twenty or t h i r t y young men d i d
not t a l k o f such t h i n g s because they d i d not have
such d e s p i c a b l e t h i n g s i n t h e i r minds i n the
f i r s t p l a c e . The o l d e r men, too, i f they s a i d
something i n a d v e r t e n t l y , r e c o g n i z e d i t as an
error. I t must be because the world has become
g a r i s h and o n l y the way to get r i c h e r i s seen
to be important.^5
Instead o f d e v o t i n g themselves completely t o p r e p a r a t i o n f o r
46
proper s e r v i c e , they show much more i n t e r e s t i n the m a t e r i a l
47
goods which may be found on the s h e l v e s o f merchant's s t o r e s
48
of s o c i e t y . 5 0
A few years e a r l i e r Kaibara Ekken ^ ^ l ^ j ] ^ ( 1 6 30-
Tokugawa p e r i o d . 5 5
The memorandum o f Tokugawa Mitsukuni )'|
temporary to H a g a k u r e . 56
Only s l i g h t l y l a t e r D a i d o j i Yuzan
ideas o v e r l a p w i t h Tsunetomo s. 1
12
I h a r a Saikaku 4 $ (1642-1693) 6 4
i s celebrated mainly f o r h i s
w i t h i n the fief.
of the han.
70
movement on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n routes prompted economic expansion,
provinces i s f a l l a c i o u s . "
c l a s s , which i n p r a c t i s e s u p p l i e d v i r t u a l l y a l l o f the a d m i n i s t r a -
j e o p a r d i z e i t s a b i l i t y to r u l e e f f e c t i v e l y . Tsunetomo laments,
doubt, to emphasize h i s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t a l l l e a r n i n g i s v a l i d
3. Yamamoto Tsunetomo
pages o f Hagakure, e i t h e r as d i r e c t q u o t a t i o n s o r as s p e c i f i c
p r.
i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f Tsunetomo s standards.
1
Kiyoaki f v
(1555-16 20) , was the n i n t h generation de-
Shigezumi
i /^JLtf^.%t^ ] ^l<a
s
r f
(1639-1687) whose b l o o d r e l a t i o n s h i p to Tsune-
;
88
Both Shigezumi and Tsuneharu were among those who resisted the
^ ^ ^ ^ t l ^ ) ^ he s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d Tsunetomo s t h i n k i n g
1
"You must become a s t r o n g man and serve the l o r d , " i n t o the ears
In a d d i t i o n t o these f a m i l i a l i n f l u e n c e s , Tsunetomo's
way. When he was nine years o l d , Tsunetomo was given the name
mate 9 7
o f Tsunashige^Kjj^ (1652-1706) , the son o f the second head
p o e t r y books. N e v e r t h e l e s s , M i t s u s h i g e maintained h i s a c t i v e
Tsunetomo s t u d i e d h i s f a c i a l e x p r e s s i o n i n a m i r r o r w i t h the
i n t e n t i o n of a l t e r i n g i t s appearance. He was s u c c e s s f u l i n t h i s
apparently, was p r e f e r a b l e . 1 0 1
He r e l a t e s the i n t e n s i t y o f h i s
t e s t o f a d e c i s i o n t o punish a f e l l o w monk. He r e t i r e d t o
p a s s i o n i s a f a u l t i f found i n a general."^"'"
ethics.
s t e a d f a s t to h i s c o n v i c t i o n s , I t t e i r e f u s e d to compromise h i s
i l l u s t r a t e s I t t e i ' s d a i l y r e s o l u t i o n to s e r v i c e . To Naoshige's
cause there are so many unimportant thoughts, one has the tend-
p e r s o n a l d i s p o s i t i o n , t h a t centered around h i s t r a i n i n g i n l i t -
warrior.
2' i S f l Iffffll< i L ^ A* 3 ^
Shukun no goyo n i t a t s u b e k i koto.
3. Jfr-
ancestors.
mono n a r i .
w h i l e e x h i b i t i n g outward courage, he w i l l n o t be s u c c e s s -
f u l i n h i s occupation.
123
c o n v i c t i o n t h a t h i s duty t o h i s l o r d remained u n f u l f i l l e d . He
128
death." Because o f f i c i a l s who had been important men under
129
of r e t i r e m e n t so i s o l a t e d t h a t he had no v i s i t o r s . In f a c t , he
him and about the kindness they showed him. He s a i d , "The kind
the f o l l o w i n g h a i k u fy>Q . 1 3 7
— mountain c h e r r y blossoms.
cherry blossoms.
Kizui (Tsuramoto)
w r i t i n g p o e t r y , i n the f i r s t h a i k u i s n o t the p h y s i c a l d i s t a n c e
vffe-*) '0i't> ( 1 7 1 1
) ' Sembetsu o r Tsunetomo sembetsu sho tfjp ^
^L^l^t ( 1 7 1 5 )
' Yamamoto Jinuemon K i y o a k i nempu ^ %ffl%$T\f \ e
'^^h
J^$fc i and Yamamoto Jinuemon Shigezumi nempu
ht 139
i n s t r u c t i o n s mentioned e a r l i e r , Tsunetomo s p e r s o n a l
1
qualifica-
144
gard t o the Edo regime. He i n s t r u c t e d Tsuramoto t h a t , as
T h i s regrettable d e f i c i e n c y i s , i n p a r t , compensated f o r by a
the Yamamoto hon )L\Jf jfc*., the Furukawa hon $C > }jf> , the Go jo hon {
Chapter I I .
1. I n t e r n a l Aspects
and m i l i t a r y s t r a t e g y , i f r e f e r r e d to a t a l l , i s d e a l t w i t h only
found h i s reason f o r e x i s t e n c e .
be v a l i d only w i t h i n the l a r g e r c i r c l e o f s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .
to the i n d i v i d u a l s to i n t e n s i f y t h e i r i n n e r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . Each
there are few persons who have even cut o f f the heads o f con-
G e n e r a l l y t h i s may be a t t r i b u t e d t o p e r s o n a l
selfishness. By g i v i n g a i r s of c l e v e r n e s s ,
they appear t o be at ease w i t h themselves, but
t h i s i s n o t h i n g more than a b l u f f i n f r o n t o f
people. When one does not f a s t e n one's eyes
upon the s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f the foundations of
the p r o v i n c e , attend to one's d u t i e s and r e -
p o r t to the l o r d , c o n s i d e r the l o r d ' s w e l f a r e
s e r i o u s l y a l l day and n i g h t , and o f f e r o n e s e l f
to the l o r d , w h i l e b e i n g r e s i g n e d t o death, one
cannot be s a i d to be a r e a l r e t a i n e r . 8 x 7
p l e t e d e v o t i o n to s e r v i c e i n which he advances b l i n d l y w i t h no
manner.
A s t r o n g l y s t a t e d d i s r e g a r d f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e and logic,
is lost." 2 0 0
"To become confused w i t h excess ideas cannot be
201
s a i d to be the Way." A bushi i s able to serve much b e t t e r ,
t h e r e f o r e , i f he avoids t h i n k i n g about too many i r r e l e v a n t
things. " I t i s not good to be confused over one t h i n g and another.
It i s b e s t i f one d i s c a r d s e v e r y t h i n g and s e t s h i s mind only on
20 2
service." T h i s i s a p p l i c a b l e whether one i s a b u s h i o f a
low o r a high rank. When one i s a country b u s h i , f o r example,
from o n e s e l f . " 2 0 4
The head monk o f S o r y u j i ^ C ^ 2
-
0 5
temple,
of m a t u r i t y a p p r o p r i a t e to h i m s e l f , and i s no l o n g e r i n doubt
211
regime o f t r a i n i n g .
2. Training
authorities. Yet each time the code was reissued, the emphasis
215 . .
is a v a l i d one. Furthermore, as success i n m i l i t a r y opera-
t i o n s had come, to jdspehd.almost s o l e l y on firearms and group t a c -
tics, the o l d e r a r t s of archery, swordsmanship, and r i d i n g be-
came p r i m a r i l y methods o f s p i r i t u a l t r a i n i n g . Teachers o f the
m a r t i a l a r t s were expected not only to i n s t r u c t the students i n
the p h y s i c a l aspects o f a technique, but a l s o to guide them i n
the proper mental a t t i t u d e and instill i n them the w i l l for
perpetual s e l f improvement. The e t h i c s of r e c t i t u d e , l o y a l t y ,
courage, honour, e t i q u e t t e , r e s p e c t f o r s u p e r i o r s , compassion,
and r e s o l u t i o n to s e r v i c e , were c o n s t a n t l y being s u b s t a n t i a t e d
216
w i t h i n the framework o f the t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n . Because Yamaga
Soko recorded h i s thoughts on the r o l e o f moral s e l f - c u l t i v a t i o n
217
of s e l f c u l t i v a t i o n s i m i l a r t o Zen-oriented p r a c t i s e s such as
a b i l i t y to serve one's l o r d .
the r e s o l u t i o n t h a t , i f , on a b a t t l e f i e d ,
...one leads the charge and i s determined to
destroy the enemy ranks, he w i l l not f a l l be-
h i n d o t h e r s , h i s h e a r t w i l l become brave, and
he w i l l be able to make a g l o r i o u s d i s p l a y o f
m a r t i a l courage. One must have, as a usual
p r a c t i s e , the r e s o l u t i o n t h a t when he d i e s
i n a b a t t l e , he w i l l f a l l f a c i n g i n the d i r e c -
t i o n of the e n e m y . 222
w i t h what he has.
E x e r t your mind t o the utmost. F i r s t of a l l ,
grasp the seeds f i r m l y and c u l t i v a t e your conduct,
a l l your l i f e , i n such a way t h a t these seeds
r i p e n . Whatever you may have found, do not t h i n k
i t i s sufficient. Think only t h a t i t i s wrong
and t h a t i t i s n o t enough. In a l i f e l o n g quest
one must s e a r c h f o r the way i n which the t r u t h
can be f o l l o w e d . Herein l i e s the r e a l W a y . 224
on t h i s matter. 2 2 6
Yagyu Munenori <#p£,£££-.(1571-1646) , the
he c o n s i d e r e d i t s main f u n c t i o n t o be an instrument of t r a i n i n g .
f i l i a l p i e t y because c h i l d r e n i m i t a t e t h e i r p a r e n t s . "Even
and hear and thus determine their characters." The mother should
father-in-law.
50
to s e r v e .
d i d , i n f a c t , c o n s i s t e s s e n t i a l l y o f d i l i g e n c e i n the duty o f
but a f i g u r e h e a d , but t h i s f a c t i s e i t h e r d e l i b e r a t e l y n e g l e c t e d
cerned w i t h d e v o t i o n t o s e r v i c e .
Because l o y a l t y c o u l d n o t be ensured by a w r i t t e n c o n t r a c t
250
f o r i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d s of time. In s p i t e o f t h i s , outward
f o r l a c k o f d e d i c a t i o n and f o r d i s o b e d i e n c e f u n c t i o n e d i n Japan
54
254
also, and there i s no doubt t h a t i t had a g r e a t deal o f i n -
not i n keeping w i t h h i s b e l i e f s .
requirements o f a r e t a i n e r admirably.
be used i n a l l t h i n g s . " 2 6 4
4. A t t i t u d e Toward Death
stand firm." 2 6 8
Sonshi kuto V$ a n d
Sonshi k o g i 3$ }- B-|^ •
but i t i s h i g h l y l i k e l y t h a t , due to h i s i n t e r e s t i n l i t e r a -
are,
58
shios u beki n a r i .
not to get wet some people ran q u i c k l y down the road and o t h e r s
of c o n s c i o u s n e s s , there a r i s e s something i n i t , o r , r a t h e r ,
achieved.
out o f t h e i r l a c k a d a i s i c a l a t t i t u d e toward s e r v i c e . He r e a l -
and unworthy o f a b u s h i .
t h a t i t w i l l be o v e r l o o k e d . I f there i s an i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
of Tsunetomo's s c o r n .
5. P e r s o n a l Appearance
f e s t a t i o n of the i n t e r n a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n , as expressed on a
personal appearance.
good." 3 0 0
As i n w r i t i n g Chinese logographs, one must be d i s -
301
Chapter III
1. Conduct i n S o c i e t y
319
p o s s i b l e l e s t i t appear to be begging. Furthermore, the
w i l l never again o f f e r i t .
he w i l l be b e t t e r equipped t o serve h i s l o r d .
superiors. I f one's p o s i t i o n i s n o t o f s u f f i c i e n t s t a t u s to
o b v i o u s l y r e q u i r e s c o r r e c t i o n must be p o i n t e d o u t immediately,
s i n c e r e i n h i s d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o s t a t e h i s p o i n t o f view, the
337
lord w i l l listen. On the o t h e r hand, i f he i s a l o r d who
i s e x c e l l e n t i n a l l t h i n g s , advice on very p e t t y matters can
33 8
do naught b u t harm. A l l advice and admonition must be meted
out f o r the s o l e end o f l o y a l t y . When t h i s i s n o t the case,
and i t i s done only t o e x h i b i t one's own power, i t i s s e l f i s h
339
and shameful.
One f u r t h e r type o f s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p i s d e a l t w i t h
to homosexuality. This i s n o t a p a r t i c u l a r l y s u r p r i s i n g r e -
2. Rectitude
c i p l e e x p l a i n s the r e a l i t y and u n i v e r s a l i t y o f t h i n g s w h i l e
at t h i s p o i n t needs to be e x p l a i n e d i n terms o f i t s r e l a t i o n -
c o g n i z a b l e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of g i r i .
be disgraceful.
The way o f revenge i s to f l y i n t o a c t i o n immediately,
u n t i l one i s cut and k i l l e d . I f one does t h i s there
w i l l be no shame. When one t h i n k s t h a t he must de-
f e a t the enemy, he misses h i s chance.... Even i f
the enemy i s s e v e r a l thousand, i f one proceeds w i t h
the enthusiasm t h a t he w i l l k i l l many w i t h each
sweep o f h i s sword, a l l he has to do to succeed i s
stand up and face them.... N e i t h e r wisdom nor a r t
i s necessary. Those people who are s t r o n g men do
not t h i n k about v i c t o r y o r d e f e a t ; without second
thoughts they are madly i n t e n t upon death.^60
While r e c o g n i z i n g the p o p u l a r i t y o f the two most famous cases
_ 3 62
examination o f budo, I am mentioning i t .
he expends on h i s d u t i e s .
3. Compassion
r i o r t o be k i n d t o an i n f e r i o r i s an a c t worthy o f p r a i s e .
held." ^ 3 4
A group l e a d e r who p r a i s e s h i s men l a v i s h l y whenever
a f t e r commit t h e i r l i v e s to him w i t h o u t r e g r e t . In s p i t e
as a g u i d i n g d o c t r i n e .
to be e x h i b i t e d i n ways o t h e r than b a t t l e .
"In a p e r i o d o f
3 88
peace the way to d i s p l a y bravery i s by words." "This i s
the way one wants to be, n o t only a t the time o f a r e a l b a t t l e ,
389 . .
but a l s o i n normal times." Sentences such as these i n d i c a t e
t h a t Tsunetomo was attempting t o t r a n s f e r the courage r e q u i r e d
393
must be determined to become completely singleminded."
by o t h e r s . " I t i s important, n a t u r a l l y , t h a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n
not an i n d i s p e n s a b l e requirement. To a p r o p e r l y t r a i n e d b u s h i ,
,,404
w i l l move me.
5. Etiquette
d i c t a t e s t h a t an accepted s e t o f r u l e s o f e t i q u e t t e be i n s t i -
t u t e d and f o l l o w e d . T h i s was p a r t i c u l a r l y v i t a l i n a f e u d a l
even the s l i g h t e s t d i f f e r e n c e o f s o c i a l p o s i t i o n n e c e s s i t a t e d
titution of 604, 4 0 6
much o f Hagakure i s devoted to i n d i c a t i n g ,
considered d i s g r a c e f u l .
413
r i o r s was "discourteous and bad mannered." Even more care
fuse to d r i n k .
People who r e l y on n a t u r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e w i l l make many
421 . .
mistakes i n e t i q u e t t e . S u r e l y , a t times a quick w i t i s
Chapter IV
1. Conclusion
moral e x i s t e n c e , Hagakure p r o v i d e s an a d d i t i o n a l b e n e f i t .
as f o r e x c e s s i v e emphasis on a r t i s t i c p u r s u i t s , i s o f t e n v o i c e d .
s c h o o l of Neo-Confucianism.
selflessness." 4 3 0
Although he uses the word makoto fifa ,
437
efforts. By t h i s time no doubt remained as to the o b j e c t
89
tion of i t s influence.
A f t e r Japan's c r u s h i n g d e f e a t , a l l m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g was
b l e i n a s m a l l segment of the p o p u l a t i o n , s i g n s r e v e a l t h a t
91
o f t h i s l i n e of thought. The p o p u l a r i t y of i t s r e c e n t p u b l i c a -
and as a n a t i o n a l l e a d e r . In a s h o r t a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d "Hagakure
t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n , o r an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f i t s c o n t e n t s . Daisetz
FOOTNOTES
1
The bakufu was the h e a d q u ^ e r s o f the m i l i t a r y govern-
K o j i e n , p. 1831.
f o r m i l i t a r y obedience. K o j i e n , p. 1776.
p. 1935.
came from a poem by the monk Saigyo *5> i'f (1118-1190). See
3 (1939), p. 34.
11
ly d i f f e r e n t order. T h e r e f o r e , a l l t e x t u a l notes i n t h i s
only.
13
14
I b i d . , p. 75 (#88).
15
I b i d . , pp. 62-63 (#63).
16
I b i d . , p. 66 (#66).
17
18
f o r o t h e r examples o f the d u t i e s o f o f f i c i a l s .
19
21
A c c o r d i n g t o the author o f Hagakure, a l l o t h e r regions
22
I b i d . , p. 88 (# 114). See a l s o Suzuki, p. 70.
23
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, pp. 83-84 (#105).
24
kei % ' e d
« G o t
° Tanji^j^fblWd Kamada K i -
See M o r r i s , p. 386.
25
26
27
28
29
I b i d . , I , 455-57.
30
Sansom, Japan,: A Short C u l t u r a l H i s t o r y , pp. 49 3-96.
31
I, 342-43.
32
L t d . , 1956), p. 1.
33
De Bary, Sources o f Chinese T r a d i t i o n , I , 26 8.
34
Tsunoda, Sources o f Japanese T r a d i t i o n , I . 135.
35
I b i d . , I , 226.
36
This aspect .is a t t e s t e d to even by the o r i g i n myths i n
I , 14-15.
37
I, 5.
38
39
H. P a u l V a r l e y , The Ohin War (New York: Columbia
University P r e s s , 1967).
40
Sekigahara^fj4YV|t xn
1600. The events l e a d i n g to t h i s decisive
Koronsha, 1966) .
311-12.
42
T s u j i , Edo k a i f u , pp. 392-418.
43
Tsunoda, Sources o f Japanese T r a d i t i o n , I , 385-86.
44
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 41 (# "37) .
45
I b i d . , pp. 64-65 (# 64).
46
I b i d . , p. 17 (# 2)
47
I b i d . , p. 24 (# 11).
48
I b i d . , p. 40 (# 36).
101
49
"Seidan," i n Ogyu S o r a i mjL^iJUfc Nihon no s h i s o taikei
^ %&?v^XJfw e d
« T s u j i Tatsuya (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1973),
Japanese T r a d i t i o n , I , 420-21.
50
I , 431-33.
51 o > , ,
52
A H i s t o r y o f Japan, I I I / 15.5-66.
53
A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s and t r a n s l a t i o n of t h i s document
24.
55
Steenstrup, p. 296.
57
Shoten, 1971).
58
59
p e r s o n a l c h o i c e c o u l d l e a v e a samurai i n a p o s i t i o n i n which
1971).
61
I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 1965),.
62
p l a y u s u a l l y i n v o l v e d h i s t o r i c a l events o r s o c i a l situations
63
64
65
>&5tfc/fe4\ ' ed. Ohashi Taro Tv^jS (Tokyo: Teikoku Bunko np7)£)
66
d i s c u s s i o n o f b u s h i p r o p r i e t y i n S a i k a k u s works see S a k u r a i ,
1
67
68
For
I b i d .examples see
, p. 2 (# 1)Ku
.r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 1 (# 1 ) ,
p. 39 (# 35), p. 51 (# 52), and pp. 65-66 (# 65).
69
105
70
Japan ; A S h o r t C u l t u r a l H i s t o r y , p. 505.
71
72
73
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 50 (# 50).
74
I b i d . , p. 125 (#' 198) .
75
I b i d . , p. 3 (# 1)
76
l i s h e r s , 1967), p. 120.
77
J u n s h i : H i g e k i no i s e k i ^ SJ^_ >
/
J *) (T° Y° k :
Jimbutsu
78
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 87 (# 113).
79
pp. 106-42.
8 1
. >.
82
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 2 (# 1 ) .
83
May a l s o be pronounced Yamamoto Jinuemon Jocho.
84
85
86
88
Naramoto, Hagakure, p. 20.
89 _.. _
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 93 (# 129).
90
I b i d . , p. 95 (# 132) .
91
I b i d . , p. 541 (#.742).
92
I b i d . , pp. 59-60 (# 61) .
93
I b i d . , p. 101 (# 146) .
94
as e x c e l l e n t swordsmanship.
95
96
Naramoto, Hagakure, p. 20.
97
Saga ken s h i , I I , 187, and Naramoto, Hagakure, p. 21.
98
I b i d . , p. 21.
99
I b i d . , p. 22 .
100
(# 195).
101
I b i d . , p. 85 (# 108) .
102
I b i d . , p. 123 (# 195).
109
103
Saga ken shi-, I I , 187.
;
104
105
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 107 (# 166).
106 _ J* -
108
Saga ken s h i , I I , 187.
109
a l a t e r p o i n t i n t h i s paper.
110
110
These passages w i l l be presented l a t e r i n t h i s paper.
Ill
See G r i f f i t h , p. 115.
112
Saga gun s h i , pp. 469-71; Dai Nihon jlmmel j i s h o T\)b%*kjb. £ f " ^ '
ed. Dai Nihon Jimmei J i s h o Kanko K a i j\0 Jfc J\fa. (Tokyo :
113
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 108 (# 168).
114
I b i d . , p. 83 (# 103). See a l s o i b i d . , p. 100 (# 144).
115
i b i d . , p. 1023.
116
117
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 99 (# 140).
118
I b i d . , p. 89 (# 117).
119
p. 24.
120
our duty:
2. We w i l l make o u r s e l v e s u s e f u l to our l o r d :
3. We w i l l be d u t i f u l t o our p a r e n t s :
4. We w i l l a t t a i n greatness i n c h a r i t y .
A more r e c e n t t r a n s l a t i o n i s as f o l l o w s :
your l o r d .
i n o r d e r to devote y o u r s e l f to the s e r v i c e o f
others.
121
122
I b i d . , p. 474 (# 654).
12 3
Naramoto, Hagakure, p. 24.
124
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 26 (# 13).
112
125
This book, one o f many o f the same t i t l e , had been
(# 107).
126
Naramoto, Hagakure, p. 24.
127
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure , p. 93 (# 129) .
128
I b i d . , p. 24 (# 13). See a l s o i b i d . , p. 87 (# 113).
129
I b i d . , p. 23 (# 10).
130
I b i d . , p. 24 (# 13), and p. 123 (# 195).
131
I b i d . , p. 41 (# 38).
132
133
A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s area, as i t i s today, i s given
134
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 108
:
(# 168) .
135
I b i d . , p. 122 (# 195) .
136
I b i d . , p. 41 (# 38).
137
I b i d . , p. 1. O r i g i n a l l y a haiku ^ ^ w a s the f i r s t
138
139
140
141
Kochu hagakure, p. 3.
144
Furukawa, K i n s e i Nihon s h i s 5 no kenkyu, pp. 255-57.
145
Saga ken s h i , I I , 190-91.
146
147
148
The reasons f o r t h i s s e l e c t i o n may be found i n K u r i h a r a ,
149
150
151
purpose o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a d i f f e r e n t s t y l e of m i l i t a r y tactics.
152
Nakamura, Ways o f T h i n k i n g o f E a s t e r n Peoples, p. 409.
153
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 34 (# 27).
154
I b i d . , p. 92 (# 125) .
155
I b i d . , p. 31 (# 20).
156 '
I b i d . , pp. 105-06 (# 161).
157
De Bary, Sources o f Chinese T r a d i t i o n , I , 271.
116
158
I t w i l l be r e c a l l e d t h a t three o f the Four Vows con-
t a i n the i d e a o f unselfishness.
159 _
Kurihara, Kochu hagakure, pp. 121-22 (# 193).
160
I b i d . , p. 75 (# 88).
161
162
163
I b i d . , p. 25 (# 12).
164
165
166 _ . .
167 _ _
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, pp. 85-86 (# 110) mentions
the metsuke system of i n s p e c t i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e to i t s opera-
t i o n i n Saga.
168
f o l l o w the a c t i o n s of neighbours.
169
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, pp. 40-41 (# 37).
170
" S e t t l e one's b e l l y , " i s only an approximate transla-
1962) .
171
As i n d e l i n e a t i n g d r i n k i n g h a b i t s . See K u r i h a r a ,
172
173
174
He gives medical p r o o f t h a t the bodies of men have
175
I b i d . , p. 72 (# 84).
176
I b i d . , p. 125 (# 197).
177
p. 91 (# 133) .
178
179
I b i d . , p. 78 (# 91) .
180
I b i d . , p. 120 (# 190).
181
I b i d . , pp. 124-25 (# 196).
182
I b i d . , p. 67 (# 68) .
183
i o r
undetermined o r i g i n , may be understood to mean
184
I b i d . , p. 36 (# 30).
185
G r i f f i t h , p. 114.
186
I b i d . , p. 136.
187
I b i d . , p. 41.
188
Suzuki, p. 61.
189
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 18 (# 4) .
190
I b i d . , p. 18 (# 4% t
191
I b i d . , p. 69 (# 73).
192
I b i d . , p. 71 (# 81).
193
I b i d . , pp. 91-92 (# 123).
194
I b i d . , pp. 124-25 (# 196).
195
I b i d . , pp. 75-76 (# 89).
196
I b i d . , p. 125 (# 196).
197
See Tsukamoto, ed., Ekken jukun, I , 67. These ideas
198
s h o r t poems c o n s i s t i n g o f 5 - 7 - 5 - 7 - 7 s y l l a b l e s ; sedoka
199
200
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 125 (# 198).
201
I b i d . , p. 99 (# 140) .
202
l b i d . , p. 125 (# 196) .
203
I b i d . , p. 40 (# 36) .
204
I b i d . , p. 201 (# 200).
205
p. 48.
206
Almost n o t h i n g i s known about t h i s monk o t h e r than
121
207
I b i d . , p. 47 (# 48).
208
I b i d . , p. 87 (# 112).
209
I b i d . , p. 113 (# 180).
210
"At f i f t e e n , I s e t my h e a r t on l e a r n i n g . At t h i r t y , I was
211
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, pp. 109-110 (# 171).
212
See Dore, pp. 16-17.
213
Society 1
and E d u c a t i o n i n Japan (New York: Teacher's C o l l e g e ,
214 _ . .
Tsukamoto, ed., Ekkeh jukun, I , 8-12.
215 _ .
Draeger, C l a s s i c a l Budo/ pp. 33-36.
216
I b i d . , pp. 24-30, and 41-65.
217
His d i s c o u r s e e n t i t l e d Shindo has been p r e v i o u s l y noted.
218
d h i s t s e r v i c e s are h e l d , i n t h i s context i t r e f e r s to a p l a c e
219
pp. 366-67.
220
221
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 90 (# 120).
222
I b i d . , p. 106 (# 163).
223
I b i d . , p. 89 (# 117).
224
I b i d . , p. 59 (# 60).
225
227
P a r t o f t h i s t e x t has a p p a r e n t l y been o m i t t e d i n K u r i -
228
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 46 (# 46).
229
I b i d . , pp. 107-08 (# 167) .
230
I b i d . , p. 75 (# 87).
231
384.
232
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 100 (# 144).
125
233
Suzuki, pp. 62-63.
234
235
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 74 (# 86) .
2 36
I b i d . , p. 93 (# 127) .
237
I b i d . , p. 87 (# 113) .
238
239
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 96 (# 135).
240
I b i d . , p. 76 (# 90) .
241
B e l l a h , p. 81.
242
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 18 (# 4 ) .
243
See, f o r example, i b i d . , p. 119 (# 187).
244
245
G r i f f i t h , p. 12 8.
246
De Bary, Sources o f Chinese T r a d i t i o n , I , 25.
247
Nakamura, Ways o f T h i n k i n g o f E a s t e r n Peoples, p. 429.
248
Nitobe, p. 86.
249
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 36 (# 32) .
250
251 _ ._
Tsunetomo c a l l s t h i s c u r t a i l m e n t denial k y u s o k u ^ ^ l b f c f ^ • • T n e
253
G r i f f i t h , p. 122.
254
at a l a t e r p o i n t . I f demoted to r o n i n s t a t u s o r f o r c e d to
hagakure, p. 75 (# 88) .
255
256
Ibid pp. 23-24 (# 10) .
257
A discussion o f Yamaga's views on l o y a l t y may be found
258
II
Tamba Yosaku," i n Chikamatsu joruri shu
v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1961).
259
See Z o l b r o d , p. 65.
260
Bellah, p. 93.
261
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 36 (# 32).
262
263
De Bary, Sources i n Chinese T r a d i t i o n , p. 169.
264
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 61 (# 62).
265
G r i f f i t h , p. 109.
266
I b i d . , p. 110.
129
267
I b i d . , p. 133.
268
269
G r i f f i t h , p. 169.
270
If/ftkj^ ' k e f o u n d i n
Tsukamoto, ed. , Yamaga Soko bunshu,
pp. 39-43.
271
Tanaka, p. 22.
pp. 72-73.
272
G r i f f i t h , p. 135.
273
thing.
t i o n , I , 428.
274
275
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 120 (# 190).
276
Griffith, p. 114.
277
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 71 (# 80).
278
Nakamura, Ways o f T h i n k i n g o f E a s t e r n Peoples, p. 49 4.
279
S u z u k i , p. 197.
280
281
I b i d . , p. 110 .(# 172). See a l s o McCullough, p. 20.
282
283
De Bary, Sources o f Chinese T r a d i t i o n , I , 246.
284
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 18 (# 3) .
285
286
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 105
(# 160).
287 _ ,
The account o f the s u i c i d e o f Sato Tadanobu ^ jffe. flj.
288
289
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 82 (# 101).
290
I b i d . , p. 84 (# 107).
291
I b i d . , p. 86 (# 111).
292
I b i d . , p. 86 (# 111).
132
293
Kazuma was a house e l d e r d u r i n g the time t h a t Nabeshima
294
I b i d . , pp. 97-98 (# 137).
295
296
I b i d . , pp. 80-81 (# 98).
297
I b i d . , pp. 28-29 (# 17).
298
M i t f o r d , p. 330.
299
VIII, 646.
300
Kurihara, Kochu hagakure, p. 85 (# 108).
301
I b i d . , p. 79 (# 92) .
302
See Tsukamoto, ed., Ekken jukun, I, 178.
303
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 100 (# 142).
304
I b i d . , p. 90 (# 120).
305
I b i d . , p. 76 (# 90).
306
I b i d . , p. 68 (# 72).
307
I b i d . , p. 68 (# 72).
308
Mm%> ' -
i936) p 24
•
309
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 62 (# 63).
310
I b i d . , p. 92 (# 126).
311
I b i d . , pp. 106-07 (# 164).
312
I b i d . , p. 94 (# 130).
313
-07.
314
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 96 (# 135).
315
I b i d . , p. 90 (# 119).
316
I b i d . , pp. 73-74 (# 86).
317
I b i d . , p. I l l (# 175).
318
I b i d . , p. 102 (# 151).
319
I b i d . , p. 71 (# 79).
320
321
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 19 (# 6 ) .
322
I b i d . , p. 102 (# 148).
323
I b i d . , pp. 19-20 (# 7 ) .
324
I b i d . , pp. 129-30 (# 203).
135
325
I b i d . , p. 99 (# 138) .
326
I b i d . , pp. 45-46. Naoshige s a i d t h a t a s u p e r i o r man
327
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 122 (# 194).
328
I b i d . , p. 85 (# 109) .
329
I b i d . , p. 103 (# 152) .
330
I b i d . , p. 27 (# 15).
331
I b i d . , p. 103 (# 154).
332
I b i d . , p. 27 (# 15).
333
I b i d . , p. 103 (# 154).
334
I b i d . , p. 92 (# 124).
335
I b i d . , pp. 44-45 (# 44).
336
I b i d . , pp. 44-45 (# 44), and p. 92 (# 124).
337
Ibid. pp. 97-98 (# 137). Tsunetomo h i m s e l f turned
338
I b i d . , p. 103 (# 153).
339
I b i d . , p. 86 (# 111)
136
340 .
c o l l e c t i o n s o f Japanese p o e t r y . I n d i c a t i o n s of i t s r e f e r e n c e
343
I b i d . , p. 114 (# 181) .
344
I b i d . , pp. 116-17 (# 183).
345
I b i d . , p. 115 (# 182).
346
347
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 19 (# 6 ) .
348
I b i d . , p. 18 (# 4 ) .
349
and K o j i e n , p. 589.
350
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 68 (# 70).
351
I b i d . , p. 121 (# 192).
352
I b i d . , p. 31 (# 20). The i d e a t h a t a statesman was bound
Chinese T r a d i t i o n , I , 92-9 3.
353
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 33 (# 25).
354
I b i d . , pp. 112-13 (# 179).
355
I b i d . , pp. 112-13 (# 179).
356
See i b i d . , p. 39 (# 35).
357
I b i d . , p. 103 (# 153) .
358
been c a r r i e d o u t p r o p e r l y w i t h the r e s u l t t h a t a d i s t u r b a n c e
broke out over the proper way to beat the drums. A fight
d i e d by a c c i d e n t o r by e x e c u t i o n . See i b i d . , p. 37 (# 34).
359
Although the f o r t y seven r o n i n were ordered t o commit
138
360
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 54 (# 56).
361 >j.
363
N i t o b e , p. 23.
364
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 118 (# 184).
365
See Maruyama, pp. 35-36.
366
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 66 (# 67).
367
I b i d . , p. 83 (# 104).
368
I b i d . , p. 51 (# 51).
369
I b i d . , p. 120 (# 190).
370
E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s of the views o f Confucius r e g a r d -
i n g j e n are found i n De Bary, Sources o f Chinese T r a d i t i o n , I ,
593-97.
371
Nakamura, Ways o f T h i n k i n g o f E a s t e r n Peoples, pp.
381-83.
372
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 112 (# 179) .
373
I b i d . , p. 119 (# 187) .
374
I b i d . , p. 95 (# 132).
375
I b i d . , p. 95 (# 132).
376
I b i d . , p. 80 (# 97).
377
I b i d . , p. 69 (# 74).
378
I b i d . , pp. 31-32 (# 21).
379
I b i d . , pp. 97-98 (# 137).
380
I b i d . , p. 51 (# 52).
381
I b i d . , p. 112 (# 179).
3 82
I b i d . , p. 121 (# 192). See a l s o i b i d . , p. 112 (# 179).
383
I b i d . , p. 80 (# 95).
384
John K. F a i r b a n k , " I n t r o d u c t i o n : V a r i e t i e s of the
140
385
Nitobe, p. 29.
387
Nakamura, Ways o f T h i n k i n g o f E a s t e r n Peoples, p. 492.
388
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 100 (# 142).
389
Ibid. p. 72 (# 84) .
390
Ibid. p. 31 (# 20).
391
Ibid. pp. 89-90 (# 118).
392
Ibid. p. 36 (# 31).
393
Ibid. p. 99 (#139).
394
Ibid. p. 106 (# 162).
395
Ibid. p. 79 (# 93).
396
Ibid. p. 93 (# 12 8). A search has f a i l e d to unearth
397
I b i d . , p. 79 (# 93). T h i s a t t i t u d e i s very s i m i l a r to
141
398
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 79 (# 94).
399
I b i d . , pp. 18-19 (# 5 ) .
400
401
402
I b i d . , p. 90 (# 119) .
403
I b i d . , p. 126 (# 199) .
404
I b i d . , p. 81 (# 99).
405
406
A r t i c l e Four o f t h i s document i n c i t e s o f f i c i a l s t o
142
407
K u r i h a r a , Kochu hagakure, p. 30 (# 19).
408
I b i d . , p. 42 (# 39).
409
I b i d . , p. 78 (# 91).
410
I b i d . , p. 32 (# 21), and p. 34 (# 26).
411
I b i d . , p. 90 (# 120).
412
I b i d . , p. 118 (# 185).
413
I b i d . , p. 34 (# 27).
414
I b i d . , pp. 70-71 (# 78).
415
I b i d . , p. 100 (# 145).
416
I b i d . , p. 42 (# 38).
417
I b i d . , p. 42 (# 38).
418
I b i d . , p. 67 (# 69).
419
I b i d . , p. 33 (# 24).
420
I b i d . , p. 30 (# 19).
421
I b i d . , p. 110 (# 173).
422
I b i d . , p. 70 (# 76).
423
I b i d . , p. 110 (# 173).
143
424
I b i d . , p. 57 (# 58) .
425
I b i d . , p. I l l (# 174) .
426
I b i d . , pp. 29-30 (# 18) .
427 . . .
Saga ken s h i , I I , 191.
; :
428
See Tsunoda, Sources o f Japanese T r a d i t i o n , I , 369-83;
429
H a l l , p. 268.
430
M o r r i s , p. 235.
431
I b i d . , pp. 243-47.
432
433
See Sagara Toru, N i h o n j i n no d e n t o t e k i r i n r i kan $
435
F u j i , p. 246-47.
436
o f T h i n k i n g o f E a s t e r n P e o p l e s , p. 467.
437
F u j i , p. 221.
144
438
Some o f the books p u b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d were:
!t\%ftJt'i-' 1 9 3 4
) Nakamura Y u i c h i /^}>-—, Nabeshima rohgo
fUj^t' H a
g a k u r e
zensho - ^ ^ ^ " ( T o k y o : Kyozaisha /$^$t^>
1936) ; O k i Yodo/ Hagakure kowa: Nabeshima rongo '^^^^•^ >
f >ti}> H a
g a k u r e
^ i s h i n t o kyoiku % fa \
(Tokyo: D a i i c h i Shuppan Kyokai £\^j#r>^ , 1939); Nakamura
439
Yamagami, p. 6 .
440
I b i d . , p. 8.
441
M o r r i s , p. 3 1 5 .
442
See, f o r example, F u j i , p. 2 4 6 ; and M o r r i s , pp. 315-16
443
Morris, p. 285.
444
be found i n M o r r i s , pp. 2 7 6 - 3 3 4 .
445
M o r r i s , p. 320. The o r i g i n a l t e x t o f these words may
145
446 _ _
447
By October, 1 9 7 5 , Hagakure riyumon had been reprinted
62 times.
449
450
Mishima "'Hagakure' to w a t a s h i , " p. 4 36.
451
I b i d . , p. 4 3 9 .
452
by Iwado i n 1939 and Tanaka i n 1 9 7 5 .
146
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ffeffi-r£l973.
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Oki Yodo X ^ j ^ ^ - 1
Hagakure jj^j^;• 2 vols. Tokyo: Kyozaisha
147
f PI % ' 2- # j l P % f&Jk T o k Y
° : c h i k u i n a S h o b
° % ,
1969.
Oraisha A^fl&ft* 1 9 6 8
•
^jfffe-
3
vols. Tokyo: Iwanami S h o t e n ^ jfe, , 1965 .
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4, 57-78.
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85-109.
148
Sogensha, 1965.
sha, 1966.
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I s h i i S h i r o /£ . K i n s e i buke' s h i s o j f i j l L % Nihon
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• ^fc-if' i 9 6 9
-
Katsube Mitake f$;f j>%Jfr^ • Bushido: Bunbu ryodo no s h i s o ^\-ti^_l
^f\^Af)\V% • Tokyo: Kadokawa Sensho i t f , 1971.
1967.
1975.
Koronsha, 1969.
1973.
fy'Mft* 1 9 7 3
* PP' 5 1 1
" 6 5
-
pp. 221-241.
Koronsha, 1973.
S h u n j u l ^ 4 * 4 ^ • 1972.
0 ^ *) ' v
° l * !• Tokyo: Tokuma Shoten, 1966.
pp. 183-92.
Shoin B f f i - f f f o , 1971.
Kimura E i i c h i j ^ ^ J ^ •— , e t a l . Tokyo: H e i b o n s h a ,
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• S a
g a :
Meicho Shuppan #j )f$, 1943.
fef #££|*>MM^ • S a g a : S a g aK e n
fe'SMft-' 1967
•
Saga ken s h i r y o s h u s e i komonjo hen {jj.1jf jjjJL ^ ^ f t ^ lT Ajjt ^• 1
ToshokantetRjft^'SHWf • 1 9 5 5
•
Sagara Toru. "'Hagakure 1
t o Bukkyo ift^j ." Bushido
l^T'KK'* 9 £i£ * T o k y o :
Yuzankaku Shuppan ^ j L l ^ ^ ^ , 1966.
Taiheiki • 3
vols. Nihon koten bungaku t a i k e i 0^^^
^L^^s^** ' E d
" G o t o
Tanji T ^ ^ a n d Kamada Kisaburo
-^"HN* E d
* T s u k a m o t o
Tetsuzo. Tokyo: Yuhodo Bunko,
Yamaga Soko shu: DaidO j i Yuzan shu: Miyamoto Musashi J_ N jpLJj^i^-^ '
'KM^' ^-$-<K$i' E d
- D a i N i h o n
Shiso Zenshu
1932.
Shoten, 1972.
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Unwin L t d . , 1956.
Chamberlain, B a s i l H a l l . K o j i k i or Records of A n c i e n t M a t t e r s.
N.J.: P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1969.
v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1964.
A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1965.
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(1938) , 221-58.
Claredon P r e s s , 1963.
(1939), 1, 23-35.
Columbia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1961.
I n d i a n a p o l i s : B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, 1965.
P r e s s , 1966.
1883.
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157
P r e s s , 19 31.
Heibonsha, 1972.
P r e s s , 1964.
Arco P u b l i c a t i o n s , 1966.
P r e s s , 1967.
P u b l i s h i n g I n s t i t u t e , 196 8.
1967.
1. In Japanese
20 v o l s .
159
tfh Y°
Tok : M
e i c h o
Kanko K a i fa % f'Jfjpl^, 1966.
Jimmei J i s h o Kanko K a i X 8
^ K^o- ^ f i f f K*J/i\ • 1886; r p t .
Tokyo: N a i g a i S h o s e k i ) ^ ^ ^ ^ , 19 37.
Shoten, 1969.
Shoten, 1969.
A\%4B* 1974-1976 .
Nihon r e k i s h i d a i j i t e n SyjT/KJs^**'' 1 2 v
°l *
s E d
- Nihon
Tokyo: Y u z a n k a k u l f ^ ,s 1969.
2. In E n g l i s h
Congress, 1972.
Association, 1966.
161
American L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , 1970.
3. I n Chinese
Hamano
fattt^H^, 1964 .
K u r i h a r a Koya (Arano). Hagakure ho kokoro S) C I J . Tokyo :
1966.
162
1956 .
feX^w-* 1 9 0 6
•
_______ Hagakure djjrj^. Tokyo: Hagakure Kinen Shuppan Kai^^^y
fc,&jy»& 1 9 1 6
•
#>'|-f/| , 1973.
Ogasawara A k i r a ^\ ^ • T e t t e i t e k i i k i k a t a - "Hagakure" n i
miru j i n s e i no kangae k a t a . _L 2 F
^ ^-<ILJ (z ^ \
A 1 ^ 1 ^ *" T o k
y° :
S h i n s e i Shuppansha fjj4*
1964.
^p^J"^.^^
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