• Course name: Biology (BTBT20IU21)

• Instructor: N.H. Lan

• Group number:
• Group member:
1/ Nguyễn Minh Hân - BTFTIU20082
2/ Lưu Khương Yến Nhi - BTBTWE20012
3/ Trần Khang Huy - BTBTUN18016
4/ Phan Minh Trần Tuấn Kiệt - BTBCIU19047

REPORT 1

I/ PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS OBSERVATION:

1/ Introduction:
Observation of Plant Cell:
An onion is a multicellular (consisting of many cells) plant organism. As in all
plant cells, the cell of an onion peel consists of a cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of
the cytoplasm. The vacuole is prominent and present at the centre of the cell. It is
surrounded by cytoplasm. The presence of a cell wall and a large vacuole are
indicators that help identify plant cells, such as seen in the onion peel.
Observation of Animal Cell:
As in all animal cells, the cells of the human cheek do not possess a cell wall. A
cell membrane that is semi-permeable surrounds the cytoplasm. Unlike plant cells,
the cytoplasm in an animal cell is denser, granular and occupies a larger space. The
vacuole in an an animal cell is smaller in size, or absent. The nucleus is present at
the centre of the cytoplasm. The absence of a cell wall and a prominent vacuole
are indicators that help identify animal cells, such as cells seen in the human cheek.
2/ Procedure:
To observe plant cells under a microscope:
1. Remove a piece of an onion leaf from a section of an onion bulb.
2. Break the piece of onion leaf into half. So that, the outer epidermis layer
should be easy to separate from the rest of the leaf.
3. Place the epidermis layer flat on a slide. Wrinkles will trap air bubbles
and obscure your observations.
4. Add a drop of water/Lugol solution and cover with a coverslip.
5. Observe your slide with your microscope.

To observe animal cells under a microscope:

1. Gently scrape the inside of your cheek with the broad end of a toothpick.
2. Smear your cheek scrapings on a clean slide. Wrap your toothpick in a
dry paper towel and immediately dispose it into the waste-container
provided.
3. Make a wet mount of your cheek cells by adding a drop of water/Lugol
solution to the slide.
4. Add a coverslip and observe the slide at very low light intensity.
5. When you locate some cheek cells, at 4x objective lense center them in
the field of view and move to the next power level (10x) for observation.
Re-focus and center your cheek cells and then view them with the high
power (40x and 100x) objective lens.

3/ Result:
Plant cells:
 There are a large number of regularly shaped cells lying side by side and
each cell has a distinct cell wall.
 A distinct nucleus is present on the periphery of each cell.
 A large vacuole is present at the centre of each cell, and is surrounded by the
cytoplasm.

Animal cells:
 The cells do not have a cell wall. However, each cell has a thin cell
membrane.
 A deeply stained nucleus is observed at the centre of each cell.
 No prominent vacuoles are observed in the cells.

Sample of plant cell Sample of animal cell

4/ Discusion:
a) What is the function of Lugol solution in these experiments?
- We know in nucleuos contain genetic information is chromatin
matter. The word “chromatin” means cable to catch color, so we use
Lugol to dye nucleus of cell for observing the nucleus.
b) What is the difference between plant cells and animal cells?
1. Cell wall: Plant cells have cell wall is cellulose, while animal cells do not
have cell wall
 Plant cells have identical morphology(rectangle), while animal cells
do not(most time is round).
2. Plant cells have plastids while animal cells do not have. However, plant
cells have small number of mitochondria, while animal have large
number of mitochondria(in muscle cell)
3. Centrioles: Plant cells do not have, while animal cells have.
4. Nucleus position: In plant cells, nucleus in one side, while animal cells in
the center.
5. Vacuole: In plant cells, there is one large vacuole, while animal cells
have many vacoule.

II/ OSMOSIS IN PLANT CELLS:

1/ Introduction:
- Osmosis is a type of diffusion that, in biology, is usually related to cells.

Osmosis of plant cells:

Plant cells will not burst in a hypotonic solution due to their thick cell walls;
hypotonic solutions are ideal for plant cells. The optimal condition for an animal
cell is to be in an isotonic solution, with an equal amount of water and solutes both
inside and outside. When a plant cell is in an isotonic solution, its cells are no
longer turgid and full of water, and the leaves of the plant will droop.

Osmosis of animal cells:

The cell membrane of erythrocytes is permeable to water but relatively

impermeable to salts. If red blood cells are placed in an isotonic saline solution
(0.85% NaCI), the cells will retain their shape and size. If the red blood cells are in
a hypotonic saline solution, water will enter the cells more rapidly than it leaves.
As a consequence, the red blood cells swell and ultimately bust, releasing
hemoglobin. Red blood cells if placed in a hypertonic saline solution will shrink
and appear to have a bumpy, irregular outline.

2/ Procedure:

1. Use a scalpel to peel 3 thin epidermis layers (purple side) of the Zebrina
Pendula leaf.
2. Place 3 peeled layers in turn onto the center of 3 glass slides A, B and C.
3. Place a drop of distilled water, 5% sodium chloride solutions, 0.85% sodium
chloride solutions onto the center of slide A, B and C respectively.
4. Place coverslips on each slide carefully.
5. Observe each slide under the microscope.
6. Examine the plant cells with the lowest power lens (4x), then increase its
power lens bit by bit to the highest (40x).

3/ Result:

- Hypotonic: Distilled water

 Water moves in and out equally.
 Purple is evenly distributed and is also the lightest color of these
observations.
- Isotonic: 0.85% NaCl
 Water moves out of the cell.
 These cells had a lighter purple than ones with distilled water and a darker
purple than ones with 5% NaCl.

- Hypertonic: 5% NaCl
 Water moves into the cell.
 The purple pigmentation of the leaves was scattered and this was the darkest
color of these observations.

→
0.85% NaCl 5% Nacl

→
0.85% NaCl Water

4/ Discussion:
a) Explain the phenomenon.
- 0.85% NaCl  5% NaCl: We know that NaCl 0.85% is isotonic solution
and NaCl 5% is hypertonic solution so water wil move out from cell The
purple color is darker and smaller.
- 0.85% NaCl  Disttute water: We know that distute water is hypotonic
solution so water will move in to the cell  The purple color is lighter.
b) When putting plant cells in concentrated NaCl, plasmolysis happened. When
putting animal cells in water, hemolysis occurred. What makes the phenomenon in
plant cells different from in animal cells?
- Because the plant cells have cell wall is cellulose so it hard to change the
form of plant cells than the animal cells. The animal cells will be exposed
because it does not have the cell wall. Therefore, we have to use a leaf of
Zebrina pendula which have color purple to observe the osmosis on plant
cells.