Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research
Differences of Quantitative Research from
Qualitative Research
Examples of Research in Areas of Interest

Types of Informational Text

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
Practical Research 1– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research;
Differences Between Quantitative Research and Qualitative Research;
and Examples of Research in Areas of Interest.

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Dr. Judith C. Mustaham

Baliwasan Senior High school stand-Alone
Zamboanga City
Editor/QA: Jocelyn E. Yu
Reviewers: Florenda H. Quinte, P.D.
Valeria Fides G. Corteza, PhD
EPS-English
Layout Artist: Jovie R. Cruz, MAEd
Management Team:
Roy C. Tuballa, EMD.JD.CESO VI
Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Norma T. Francisco, DM
Mildred D. Dayao, Ed.D.
Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph.D.
Aida Coyme, Ed.D.

Printed
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Office Address: ____________________________________________
Office Address: Pres. Corazon C. Aquino Regional Government
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E-mail Address:
Telefax: ____________________________________________
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E-mail Address: region9@deped.gov.ph
 What I Need to Know

It is important to know the characteristics, processes, ethics of research, and research across
fields like quantitative and qualitative research. By knowing these lessons, you will be able to use
appropriate kinds of research in making decisions.

This module is done for you to understand the complexities in conducting research, which is
indeed very challenging but self-fulfilling and rewarding

In this module, you are expected to:

a. Identify the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research;

b. Differentiate quantitative research from qualitative research; and
c. Provide examples of research across disciplines.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which among the characteristics of research emphasizes valid procedures in conducting

research?
a. Empirical
b. Controlled
c. Systematic
d. Analytical

2. When you repeat research design and procedures to arrive at valid and conclusive results,
what characteristics of research are reflected?
a. Original work
b. Replicability
c. Analytical
d. Objective

3. What is the first step when doing research?

a. Analyze data
b. Gather data
c. Interpret data
d. Define the research problem

4. When you avoid errors and negligence in conducting research, what ethical principle is it?
a. Honesty
b. Integrity
c. Openness
d. Carefulness

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 5. What type of research is reflected in the title: "Experiences of Senior High School
Students in On-line Learning"?

a. Phenomenological Research
b. Historical Research
c. Correlational Research
d. Ethnographic Research

6. If the research title is: "Problems Encountered by Students in Blended classroom,"

w what type of research is reflected?

a. Phenomenological Research
b. Experimental Research
c. Exploratory Research
d. Correlational Research

7. "EDSA Revolution: A Documentary" is a title suitable for which type of research

below?

a. Exploratory Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Historical Research
d. Action Research

TRUE or FALSE
Directions: Read each item carefully and determine if it is true or false. Write the word
TRUE if the statement is true and write FALSE if it is false on another sheet of paper.

______8. Qualitative research generally uses smaller pools of participants than quantitative
research.
______9. Qualitative research uses statistical analysis to prove or disprove a particular
hypothesis based on theory or previous studies.
______10. Both qualitative and quantitative research relies on analyzing data, but qualitative
research relies more on the researcher's interpretation.

2
Lesson Describes the characteristics, processes, and ethics

1 of research

We have talked about the importance of research in daily life, and it helps us realize the
role of research in daily life.

Now we will describe the characteristics, processes, and ethics of research.

What's In

Directions: Put a checkmark at the appropriate column that corresponds to your response.
Write your answer on another sheet of paper.

Research is important in our daily life because it: Yes No

1. describes what is happening
2. explains why things happen in certain ways
3. predicts what will happen
4. evaluates what happens in our lives
5. helps us solve our problems

What's New

Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters to form a word. Write your answer on your Practical
Research notebook.

1. EOBICJETV ________________
2. CISYSETAMT- ________________
3. RCONLTODLE- _________________
4. TALNIALYICA _________________
5. YALIEGLT _________________
6. TINYETGRIY _________________
7. TEYHONS _________________
8. TIYFCODNIENTALI _____________
9. SECTHI _________________
10. SOPNENES. _________________

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 What Is It
Research has characteristics.

The following are the characteristics of research.

• Empirical – Your research must be based on observations and experimentations of

theories. This involves your direct experiences in conducting research. As a researcher, you
cannot just do any magic in coming up with data; you need to experience doing it.
• Systematic- Your research follows orderly and sequential procedures; it must be based on
valid procedures and principles. You cannot just jump to a conclusion without undergoing
the steps.
• Controlled- In research, all variables, except those tested/experimented on, are kept
constant.
• Analytical – The data you have gathered must be analyzed critically so that there is no
error in coming up with interpretations.
• Objective – As a researcher, your research must be unbiased and logical. All findings
must be logically
based on empirical data, which are based on real-life situations.
• Original Work-This implies that the research requires effort to get at the researcher's
investigation and produce the data needed to complete the study.
• Replicability – The research findings, research design, and procedures can be repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

Research also has stages of undergoing, which require your patience and perseverance. It
would be best if you exerted efforts to have quality output. Below is a diagrammatic
presentation of the steps when doing research (Prieto et al., 2017).
DEFINE FORMULATE
REVIEW THE DESIGN COLLECT
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
LITERATURE RESEARCH DATA
PROBLEM

DEFINE
INTERPRET ANALYZE
RESEARCH
AND REPORT DATA
PROBLEM

Doing research requires ethical principles. This means that you need to prepare an informed
consent form to be signed by your informants participating in individual or group interviews.
This is important as it promotes essential values such as trust, accountability, mutual respect,
and fairness. The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that
various codes address.

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Important Ethics (moral issues) in research
• Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent
data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public
• Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other research aspects
where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
• Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.
• Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own
work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities,
• Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Share your findings, especially with
your informants/respondents.
• Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do
not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper
acknowledgment or credit for all research contributions. Never plagiarize.
• Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
• Responsible Publication. Publish to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just
your career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication
• Social Responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms
through research, public education, and advocacy.
• Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
• Non-Discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students based on sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.
• Human Subjects Protection. When researching human subjects, minimize harm and risks,
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions
with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research
fairly.

Lesson Differentiates Quantitative Research from Qualitative

2
Research

Hello, senior high school learners; welcome to our new lesson. We have described the
characteristics, processes, and ethics of research,
It's exciting to learn the differences between Quantitative & Qualitative Research. By knowing
the differences between the two research methods, you will decide which one you will use for your
research output.
Now we will identify the features of quantitative research and qualitative research.

5
 What's In
Directions: Fill out the empty columns below. Let's see if you can still remember the
previous lesson. Just provide 5 points for each column.

Characteristics of Research Stages in Research Ethics in Research

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What's New

Directions: Fill out the KW chart below. What do you know and what do you want to know
about qualitative and quantitative research.

K W
Qualitative
research

Quantitative
research

What Is It
Differences between Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research

• Qualitative research is primarily investigative. It is used to gain an understanding of people's

reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the existing problem/issue or
phenomena. It dives deeper into the problem.
• Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques.
The methods in gathering the data include focus groups (group discussions), individual
interviews, participation/observations, field notes and reflections, ethnography, and literature
review.
• The most common research objectives are to explore, discover, and construct.
• The type of data collected include words, images, or subjects.
• In doing the data analysis, you need to identify patterns, features, and themes.
• The sample size is typically small, and participants are chosen to provide the necessary data.
• The presentation of data is in narrative-style extracts and direct quotations from research
participants.

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Quantitative Research

• Quantitative research is used to quantify the problem. It is used to quantify attitudes,

opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables.
• This can be done by generating numerical data using statistical tools to analyze and interpret
the data.
• It has a larger sample population who will answer the questionnaires based on multiple,
numeric answers.
• The most common research objectives are to describe, explain, and predict.
• Quantitative research uses measurable data to formulate facts. It is much more structured than
Qualitative data collection methods. It uses a structured and validated data collections
instrument
• Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys – online surveys,
paper-surveys, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic
observations.
• Presentation of data is in tables and graphs, statistics, analysis, and comparison with data
obtained.
• The final report consists of a statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, and
statistical significance of findings.

Lesson

3 Provides Examples of Research in Areas of Interest

We have identified the features of quantitative research and qualitative research, and we have
learned that quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals
with words and meanings
Now we will provide examples of research across disciplines.
What's In

Directions: Using the Venn diagram below, differentiate between

quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

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 What's New
Directions: Below are examples of research titles in areas of interest.
Identify the type of research reflected in each title. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.
__________________1. Problems Encountered by Students in Blended classroom.
__________________2. War in Marawi: A Documentary
__________________3. Students’ Absenteeism and their Academic Performance
__________________4. Depression Among Unemployed Men and Women
__________________5. Research Capability of Senior High School Research Teachers
in the Division of Zamboanga City

What Is It
Types of Research and their Examples

Applied Research is designed to solve everyday problems existing in this modern world.
Its purpose is not to gain new knowledge but to improve the human condition. It is used to find
solutions to everyday problems, current illnesses, and develop technologies.
Example: Bullying in Senior High Schools: Basis for Intervention Program

Basic Research or fundamental research is designed to answer a scientific question out of

the scientist's curiosity or interest. Its purpose is to encompass man's knowledge and to create
or invent things. It does not necessarily produce results of practical value.
Example: Possible Cure for COVID-19

Correlational Research is designed to establish a relation or association between two or

more variables through experimental manipulation. It involves a systematic investigation or
statistical study of relationships among two or more variables.
Example: The Effectiveness of Modular Instruction to Students' Academic
Performance

Descriptive research refers to the research that provides an accurate portrayal of a

particular situation or group. It is also known as statistical research. It involves describing what
exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information.
Example: Extent of Therapeutic Intervention among COVID 19 Patients

Ethnographic Research refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study

of the culture members. It involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data
to develop theories of cultural behavior. It studies people-ethnic group in their settings.
Example: Oral Traditions of Tausug People in Jolo

Experimental Research is a type of research method in which you manipulate one or more
variables. It involves objective, systematic, controlled investigations of phenomena. Its purpose
is to predict and control phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected
variables. It best establishes a cause-effect relationship.
Example: An Experimental Study on the Effects of Vaccine on COVID Patients
Exploratory research is a type of research conducted for a problem that has not been
clearly defined. It serves as preliminary research to clarify the nature of the problem to be
solved. It addresses research questions of all types (what, why, how).
Example: Plastic Use and its Impact on the Environment

8
 Historical research is one involving analysis of events that occurred in the past. It can
show patterns that occurred in the past and over time, which can help see where we came from
and what kind of solution we have used in the past.
Example: Zamboanga Siege: A Historical Account

Phenomenological research is inductive descriptive research developed from

phenomenological philosophy. It aims to describe an experience as the person lives it. It is
concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individuals. It emphasizes
the importance of a personal perspective and interpretation.
Example: Lived Experiences of Teachers in Island Schools

Action Research involves the application of the steps of the scientific method in the
classroom problems. This type of research is done on a very limited scope. This type of research
is helpful for beginning researchers.
Example: Teaching Strategies of Senior High School Teachers in Mathematics

What's More

Activity 1 Concept Mapping

Directions: Use any graphic organizer to describe the characteristics of the research.

Activity 2. Multiple Choice

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Experiences of Senior High School Students in On-line Learning.

a. Phenomenological Research
b. Historical Research
c. Correlational Research
d. Ethnographic Research
2. Problems Encountered by Students in Blended classroom.
a. Phenomenological Research
b. Experimental Research
c. Exploratory Research
d. Correlational Research
3. EDSA Revolution: A Documentary
a. Exploratory Research
b. Correlational Research
c. Historical Research
d. Action Research
4. The Effectiveness of Learning Modalities to Students' Learning
a. Phenomenological Research
b. Experimental Research
c. Exploratory Research
d. Correlational Research

9
 5. Oral Literature of the Yakans in Basilan: A Cultural Heritage
a. Historical Research
b. Action Research
c. Phenomenological Research
d. Ethnographic Research

What I Have Learned

• Research has characteristics, processes, and ethics. Characteristics of research include empirical,
systematic, controlled, analytical, objective, original work, replicability.
• Research processes are the activities undertaken to carry out the research. Processes of research
cover the following: define the research problem, review the literature, formulate a hypothesis,
design research, collect data, analyze data, and interpret and report.
• Ethical principles on which actions are exhibited while researching are anchored on honesty,
responsible publication, objectivity, social responsibility, integrity, no-discrimination,
carefulness, openness, confidentiality, respect for intellectual property, legality, and human
subjects protection.
• Qualitative research is primarily exploratory research. Qualitative research is expressed in
words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences. This type of research enables
you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood. Qualitative data collection
methods are interviews, focus groups, ethnography.
• The research types include Applied Research, Basic Research or fundamental research,
correlational research, Descriptive Research, Ethnographic Research, Experimental Research,
Exploratory Research, Historical Research, Phenomenological Research, and Action Research.

What I Can Do
A. Read Me!

Directions: Read the sample Research Ethics below and answer the question that
follows.
In compliance with Research Ethics Protocol, the researchers have obtained informed consent
from the survey respondents specifying their awareness of the purpose of the study, their agreement to
participate as survey respondents, their freedom to disclose or not to disclose information, their freedom
to stop their participation anytime if they do not feel comfortable, their right to be informed of the results
of the study, the benefits they will get if there will be any as a result of the study, and their right to the
confidentiality of information and anonymity of their identity. In the interview, no pictures showing
their faces are taken, nor does identifying features of their houses and location unless allowed by the
participants.

Question: Does the sample Research Ethics contain fundamental ethical principles? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

10
B. Concept Mapping

Directions: Create a Concept map. You need at least six words to associate for the word
quantitative and another six words for qualitative research.

Quantitative Qualitative
Research Research

C. Dream Up!

Directions: Choose three (3) types of research and provide your examples of topics for
research titles.

1.

2;

3.

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 Assessment
Directions: Read each item below and Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:

a. Everyone has access to digital media
b. Respondents may fake their identities
c. Researchers may fake their identities
d. Internet research has to be covert
2. Which of the following characterizes qualitative research?
a. It is a sequential process beginning with the review of the literature and ending with a report.
b. It is a sequential process in which each step is completed before moving to the next step.
c. It is an emerging process beginning with the identification of a topic and moving back and forth across
steps as the phenomena under study become understood.
d. It is a haphazard, undisciplined process with no true beginning or end.
3. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans?
a. Maintaining participants' anonymity
b. Gaining informed consent
c. Informing participants that they are free to withdraw at any time
d. Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed
4. The researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking
behaviors. The main purpose of the study is:
a. Description b. Prediction c. Exploration d. Explanation
5. A qualitative research design seeking to describe and analyze all or part of the culture of a community is
known as a(n)
a. Historical study b. Action research c. Ethnographic study d. Grounded theory
6. In "phenomenology," a well-written report will be highly descriptive of the participants' experiences. It will
often elicit in the reader a feeling that they feel as though they are experiencing the phenomenon themselves.
This experience is called _____
a. A phenomenal experience c. A significant experience
b. A vicarious experience d. A dream
7. Which of the following does not apply to qualitative research?
a. Data are often words and pictures
b. Uses the inductive scientific method
c. Ends with a statistical report
d. Involves direct and personal contact with participants
8. It relies on a large sample size to make it more valid.
a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative c. Mixed method d. None of the above
9. It uses tables and graphs, statistics, analysis and comparison with data obtained in the presentation
of data.
a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative c. Mixed method d. None of the above
10. This can be done by way of generating numerical data using statistics tools to analyze and interpret
the data.
a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative c. Mixed method d. None of the above

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 Answer Key

False 9.
10. B true 8.
9. B C 7.
8. A 5. D A 6.
7. B 4. D A 5.
6. A 3. C D 4.
5. A 2. A D 3.
4. A 1. A B 2.
3. D
C 1.
2. C Activity 2
1. B
What's More What I Know
Assessment

References
Book

Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Ph.D., Victoria C. Naval, DEM, Teresita G. Carey, DALL. Practical
Research 1 Qualitative. Lorimar Publishing Inc. Philippines, 2017, 11-14.

For further reading, please follow these links:

Source: "What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important?" David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.
last Modified, 2015,
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm
Source: "Characteristics of Qualitative Research Practice Test" Pearson Education Inc.
last Modified, 2010,
https://wps.prenhall.com/chet_airasian_edresearch_7/5/1489/381267.cw/index.htm
Source: "Qualitative vs. quantitative research" Raimo Streefkerk , 2019, accessed
July 5, 2020. Source: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-
quantitative-research/
Source: "Overview of Qualitative Research", accessed July 1, 2020. Source:
https://www.sjsu.edu/people/fred.prochaska/courses/ScWk242Spring2013/s2/Overview-of-
Qualitative-Research-MC-Questions_242-Session-2.pdf

13
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Dr. Judith C. Mustaham

Baliwasan Senior High school stand-Alone
Zamboanga City

Editor/QA: Jocelyn E. Yu

Reviewers: Florenda H. Quinte, P.D.

Valeria Fides G. Corteza, PhD
EPS-English

Layout Artist: Jovie R. Cruz, MAEd

Management Team:
Roy C. Tuballa, EMD.JD.CESO VI
Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Norma T. Francisco, DM
Mildred D. Dayao, Ed.D.
Valeria Fides G. Corteza, Ph.D.
Aida Coyme, Ed.D.

14