7.

inovaciebi kolxeTis materialur gacvla-gaziareba, Tavisi gavlena

kulturaSi Zv.w. IV-III ss-Si moaxdina kolxeTzec, romelic
amieridan Sedis mWidro kontaqtebSi
kidev ufro vrcel da mravalferovan
Zv.w. IV s-is ukanasknel meoTxedSi berZnul samyarosTan, vidre es iyo
xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da wina winamorbed xanaSi. amieridan antikuri
aziaSi daiwyo didi politikuri civilizaciis impulsebi, romelnic
Zvrebi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi
aleqsandre makedonelis mosaxleobis kulturaze,
laSqrobebTanaa dakavSirebuli. momdinareoben sxvadasxva teri-
aleqsandre makedonelisa da misi
toriuli da eTnokulturuli centre-
memkvidreebis laSqrobani kolxeTs ar
bidan. amasTan unda isic gaviTva-
Sexebia. amitomac mas ar ganucdia ber-
liswinoT, rom im dros berZnebi
Zen-makedonelTa eqspansia da koloni-
aqtiur rols asrulebdnen sakuTriv
zacia, ramac, rogorc cnobilia,
elinisturi samyaros (politikuri
saTave daudo Zveli samyaros
gagebiT) gareT. berZnebi akon-
istoriaSi Tvisebrivad axal etaps,
trolebdnen vaWrobas siria-
romelsac Cveulebriv elinizmis
palestinisa da SavizRvispireTis
epoqas uwodeben da mis qronologiur
navsadgurebSi. arsebobs mravali
CarCoebs pirobiTad Zv.w. IV s-is meore
monacemi imis Sesaxeb, rom berZnebis
naxevridan da Zv.w. I s-is 30-iani
did kulturul gavlenas ganicdida
wlebiT gansazRvraven.227
im qveynebis mosaxleoba, sadac
berZen-makedonelTa eqspansiam aRmo- regularulad mimdinareobda sazRvao
savleTis qveynebSi arsebiTad Secvala vaWroba, an sadac cxovrobdnen
Zveli aRmosavleTis politikuri mowveuli berZeni xelosnebi da
situacia, magram kolxeTs im dros xelovanni, romlebzedac mudam didi
didi qartexilebi ar ganucdia: moTxovnileba iyo TiTqmis yvelgan,
politikuri TvalsazrisiT igi im gansakuTrebiT sasaxleebis, taZrebisa
samyaros farglebs gareT darCa, da sxva amgvar mSeneblobaTa dros. im
romelsac `elinisturs~ uwodeben. miT dros berZnebs qiraobdnen
ufro did interess iwvevs Zv.w. IV-I ss- molaSqreebad da zogjer
is kolxeTis kulturis struqtura, adgilobrivi didkacni maT TavianT
rogorc erT-erTi magaliTi sabrZanebelSi mudmiv sacxovrebladac
elinisturi civilizaciis gavlenisa iwvevdnen... SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
iseT qveynebze, romelnic elinisturi elinizmis epoqaSi msgavsi ram
saxelmwifoebis SemadgenlobaSi ar kolxeTSic xdeboda, Tumc amis
Sesulan da arsebiTad elinisturi Sesaxeb pirdapiri miTiTeba
samyaros periferiaze imyofebodnen. werilobiT wyaroebSi ar mogvepoveba.
magram im epoqaSi farTod gaSlilma
berZnul-romaul mwerlobas ar
savaWro-ekonomikurma urTierTobebma,
Semounaxavs agreTve raime cnoba
romelTac Tan sdevda kulturuli
kolxeTis politikuri istoriis
miRwevebisa da faseulobaTa urTierT
Sesaxeb Zv.w. IV s-dan TiTqmis Zv.w. II s-
227
is dasasrulamde. cnobilia mxolod
terminebis `elinizmi~ da `elinisturi
kultura~ definiciis siZneleebis, maTi
ramdenime piris saxeli, magram Cven
arsis, geografiuli arealis, qronologi- faqtobrivad araferi viciT maTi
uri CarCoebis da sxv. maTTan saqmianobis Sesaxeb. ase mag., saxeli
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb dawvr. `dedatos~ aRniSnulia vanis Zv.w. IV s-
ix. [1200].
is meore naxevris erT-erT mdidrul damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
samarxSi (e.w. `warCinebuli kolxi TvalnaTlivaa asaxuli dakrZalvis
meomris~) aRmoCenil oqros uflebriv wesebsa da materialuri kulturis
sabeWdavze [1189, gv. 284-288]. zogierT elementSi.
SemorCenilia TiTqos Zv.w. III s-is zo-
gierTi mefis saxelic: aki – zRvispira kolxeTSi Zv.w. IV s-is
lizimaqes oqros stateris meore naxevarsa da III s-Si
adgilobriv minabaZze [1379] da kvlavindeburad ZiriTadad
savlaki – vercxlis monetebze [1360].228 ormosamarxebia gavrcelebuli, magram
samarxeul inventarSi kargad SeiniS-
Cveni ZiriTadi wyaro mainc arqeo- neba materialuri kulturis zogierT
logiuri masalaa, romelic saxeobaSi (gansakuTrebiT keramikasa
metnaklebad zustad asaxavs da samkaulebSi) axali tipologiuri
adgilobrivi kulturis ganviTarebis
niSnebis gaCena. am TvalsazrisiT
umTavres tendenciebs Zv.w. IV-I ss-Si.
zemoT Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom Zv.w. sainteresoa qobuleT-fiWvnaris
VII-IV ss-is pirvel naxevarSi kolxuri samarovani. samarxebi qviSovan grunt-
kultura mkacrad erTiania mTel dRe- Sia gamarTuli da ZiriTadad aR-
vandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosavleTisakenaa (zogjer – Crdilo-
farglebSi da zustad Seesatyviseba eTisaken) orientirebuli. samarxi or-
kolxeTis samefos politikur- mos sigrZe 2 m-ia, xolo sigane
teritoriul sazRvrebs. magram Zv.w. IV meryeobs 1,05-0,75 m-s Soris. qviSnar
s-is Suaxanebidan erT dros Zlieri niadagSi adamianis Zvlebi cudad
kolxeTis saxelmwifo TandaTanobiT inaxeba da amitom dakrZalvis wesis
sustdeba, misi aRmosavleTi olqebi calkeuli detalebis aRdgena sakmaod
aRmosavlurqarTuli samefos – rTulia. samarxeuli nivTebis
iberiis gavlenis qveS eqceva da mis ganlagebis mixedviT dgindeba
eTnokulturul gavlenasac ganicdis micvalebulis rogorc mokrunCxul
(dawvr. ix. [1416]). es garemoeba TiTqos (gverdze), aseve zurgze gaSotil po-
TvalsaCinodaa asaxuli arqeologiur zaSi dakrZalva. samarxeuli inventari
masalebSic. metwilad Carxze damzadebuli Tixis
WurWliTaa warmodgenili, Tumc
Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevridan kol- iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba xeliT
xeTis materialuri kulturis ganvi- naZerwic. tradiciul formebTan
TarebaSi SeimCneva mkveTri gardatexa erTad (rogoricaa mag., yurmiliani
da Tvisebrivad axali elementebis doqebi) Cndeba axalic. gansakuTrebiT
gaCena nivTieri da sulieri kulturis damaxasiaTebelia moyavisfrod an
struqturaSi. masTan erTad, Zveli mowiTalod gamomwvari sferultaniani
kolxeTis teritoriaze isaxeba samtuCa doqebi, romelnic erT-
erTmaneTisagan ramdenadme maneTisagan yuris moyvanilobiT ga-
gansxvavebuli ori areali: zRvispira nirCevian: brtyel an mrgvalganiv-
zoli da aRmosavleTi olqebi. kveTian yurebTan erTad, gvxvdeba or-
luliani yurebic (axali elementi!).
Zveli kolxeTis eTnokulturuli WurWlis tani metwilad araornamen-
ganviTarebis istoriaSi axali etapis tirebuli da sadazedapiriania, magram
gvxvdeba agreTve kanelurebiani an
228 Tumc unda aRiniSnos, rom am monetebis zogjer moxatuli doqebic ki.
kolxeTisadmi kuTvnilebas yvela samarxeul inventarSi warmodgenilia
mkvlevari ar iziarebs – Sdr. [1367, gv. 102- agreTve qoTnebi da jamebi, gutusis-
105].
magvari WurWeli, maTarebi, maRalfe- cxovrebis Sesaxeb berZnuli rwmena-
xiani larnakebi, kanTarosebi, warmodgenebis gavrcelebiT (esaa
luTeriumebi da sxv. am adgilobriv `safasuri~, romelic unda gaeRo
damzadebul WurWelTan erTad micvalebuls, rom moxuc menave
importuli keramikacaa: lekiTosebi, qarons misi suli hadesis samyaroSi
sanelsacxebleebi, aribalosis tipis gadaeyvana). berZnuli Cvevebis mibaZvas
WurWeli da sxv. sakmaod mraval- mowmobs vanis mdidrul samarxebSi
ferovania samkaulic – brinjaosa da Catanebuli (da maSasadame yovel-
rkinis xatisuRlebi, sasafeTqleebi, dRiur cxovrebaSic gamoyenebuli)
beWdebi, mravalferovani samajurebi brinjaos berZnuli knemidebi
(sworzurgianebi dagvirgvinebulia (fexsafari javSani), strigilebi
metwilad cxovelis Tavis, xolo (aTletebi rom xmarobdnen tanis
zurgSezneqilebi ki – gvelis Tavebis gasawmendad), oqros gvirgvini (berZ-
stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT). iSvi- nuli warmodgenebiT – micvalebulis
aTad, magram mainc, gvxvdeba agreTve heroizaciis simbolo). vanSi aRmo-
oqros samkaulic – sasafeTqleebi. Cenilia agreTve Zv.w. III-II ss-is oqros
SedarebiT mravalricxovania poliqromiuli balTebi – diademis
vercxlis rgoliseburi sakidebi. nawilebi (sur. 182), romelic
mravladaa qvis, gamWvirvale da oqro- morTulia e.w. herakles kvanZis
fenili minis mZivebi, agreTve minis gamosaxulebiT (berZnebi magiur Zalas
sakidebi (delfiniseburi, rom miawerdnen), granatis Tvlebiani,
amforiskiseburi da sxv.). samarxebSi minanqriani foTliseburi
gvxvdeba monetebic: kolxuri TeTri gamosaxulebebiT, oqros vardulebiT,
(Cveulebrivi triobolebi) da palmetebiT da marcvliseburi saki-
sinopuri draqmebi. samarovani Zv.w. IV- debiT. vrceldeba mona-msaxurTa
II ss-iT TariRdeba [1125], [1347], [1387]. msxverplSewirva da `ama qveynis Zli-
erTaTvis~ `im qveynad~
Zv.w. IV s-is Sua xanebidan kolxeTSi mosamsaxureblad gayoleba (sur. 183)
dawyebuli mniSvnelovani eTnokultu- da sxva siaxleni (dawvr. [8, I, gv. 202-
ruli Zvrebi gansakuTrebiT Tvalsa- 211], [8, II, gv. 20], [8, IV, gv. 147-150], [8,
Cinod qveynis centralursa da aRmo- V, gv. 284-288]).
savleT raionebSi mJRavndeba. axali
tendenciebi kargad aisaxa dakrZalvis
wesebSi, gansakuTrebiT vansa da mis
mimdebare teritoriaze – ase mag.,
mdidrul samarxebSi riyisa da
qviSaqvis qvebiT gadaxurul xis
sarkofagebTan erTad Cndeba kramitis
saxuraviani samarxi nagebobani [8, II,
gv. 68-79] da qvayuTebi [8, I, gv. 89]. mic-
valebuls atanen ukve berZnuli
yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tixis
WurWels – amforebs. iwyeba monetebis
Catanebac, 229 rac aixsneba imqveyniuri

229unikaluri faqtia fiqsirebuli vanis

erT, Zv.w. III s-is dasawyisiT daTariRebul, romelnic, rogorc Cans, toprakSi unda
mdidrul samarxSi: aRmoCenilia 80 debuliyo, micvalebuls rom ekava
vercxlis moneta – kolxuri triobolebi, xelebiT [1160, gv. 28].
 sur. 183. warCinebuli kolxi momris
samarxSi Sewiruli mona-
msaxurebi. vani. Zv.w. IV s-is
mesame meoTxedi [8, I]

Zv.w. IV s-is Suaxanebidan icvleba

rigiTi mosaxleobis dakrZalvis
wesic: kolxeTis aRmosavleT
raionebSi vrceldeba micvalebulis
qvevrebSi dakrZalva (sur. 184). esaa,
sur. 182. oqros poliqromiuli rogorc wesi, individualuri gansas-
balTebi. vani. Zv.w. III-II ss. venebeli, Tumc zogjer gvxvdeba
[1303] wyvilTa dakrZalvac. Cveulebriv,
samarxad gankuTvnili qvevri winaswar
SuaSia gadaxerxili da Sig
micvalebuli Zlier mokrunCxuladaa
Casvenebuli (TaviT dasavleTisaken).
samarxeuli inventari (sur. 186)
Seicavs Tixis WurWels, monetebs –
kolxur TeTrs da samkauls
(brinjaosa da vercxlis samajurebs,
brinjaos beWdebs, brinjaosa da
gamWvirvale minis mZivebs) (dawvr. ix.
[1126], [1133 da iqve dasax. lit.], [1330],
[1396]).
sur. 184. qvevrsamarxi. dablagomi. Zv.w.
IV-III ss. [1133]

qvevrsamarxebis gavrceleba
SesaZloa asaxavs garkveul eTnikur
Zvrebs, romelic Zveli kolxeTis
aRmosavleT olqebSi aRmosavlur-
qarTuli tomebis – mesxebis – aqtivi-
zaciasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli sur. 185. Zv.w. IV-III ss-is
[1415, gv. 211-215]. sainteresoa, rom qvevrsamarxebis inventari:
TiTqmis imavdroulad dakrZalvis es brinjaos samkauli
wesi (qvevrsamarxebi) aRmosavleT (samajurebi, sayureebi) da
saqarTveloSic vrceldeba (dawvr. ix. keramika [1133]
[1133], [1634]. amasTan yuradRebas iqcevs
garkveuli msgavseba kolxeTis aR-
mosavleTi olqebisa da aRmosavleT sagangebod unda aRiniSnos rkinisa
saqarTvelos qvevrsamarxebSi da brinjaosagan damzadebuli qalisa
mopovebul keramikasa da agreTve da mamakacis figurebis `dakrZalvis~
samarxeuli inventaris calkeul ele- rituali. es qandakebani morTulia
mentebs Soris [1133]. SeiZleba viva- oqros samkaulebiT: TavsaburaviT,
raudoT, rom qvevrebSi dakrZalvis sayureebiT, xatisuReliTa da sama-
wesi saqarTveloSi mcire aziidan ga- jurebiT (sur. 186-187). isini kldovan
vrcelda [1416, gv. 480-489]. dedaqanSi sagangebod amokveTil
ormoebSi iyo `Casvenebuli~: pirqve da,
rogorc Cans, oqromkediT moqargul
sudaraSi gaxveuli. axla Znelia
`dakrZalvis~ am ritualis simbolikis
Sesaxeb raimis gadaWriT Tqma.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom aq
SesaZloa `gardacvlili~ RvTaebis da-
tirebis misteriis erT-erT ele-
mentTan gvaqvs saqme [1405, gv. 123],
magram arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom
esaa qurumTa gamosaxulebani, `de-
damiwas~ – mTavar RvTaebas nayofier mkveTri cvlileba SeiniSneba
mosavals rom SesTxovdnen materialuri kulturis calkeuli
(gavixsenoT, rom qalisa da mamakacis komponentebis ganviTarebaSic: Tumc
brinjaos qandakebani pirqve – e.i. Zv.w. IV saukunis mesame meoTxedSi (da
mlocvelis pozaSi iyo Casvenebuli) iqneb ufro gvianac – am saukunis
[1157]. dasasrulamde) jer kidev SenarCune-
bulia Zv.w. VI-V saukunisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli keramikis zogierTi
forma (qvevrebi, yurmiliani doqebi,
iribkalTiani brtyelZira jamebi),
magram masTan erTad TandaTanobiT
Cndeba axali formebi: Zabriseburpiri-
ani, samtuCa da mrgvalpiriani
(zogjer maRalyeliani) sferosebur,
bikonusur Tu msxliseburtaniani
doqebi. maT morTulobaSi Warbobs
geometriuli motivebi, zigzagiseburi
xazebi, talRovani da badiseburi
ornamenti (sur. 185). Semodis agreTve
moxatuli keramika: moyviTalo feris
angobze wiTeli saRebaviT moxatuli
doqebi, romlebic gvxvdeba ara
sur. 186. mamakacis (RvTaebis?) rkinis mxolod samarxebSi, aramed
qandakeba oqros samkaulebiT kulturul fenebSic. analogiuri
(sayureebi, sakisre rgoli, moxatuli doqebi gvxvdeba
samajurebi). Zv.w. III s. vani aRmosavleT kolxeTis sxvadasxva
[1319] centrebSic (vani, saCxere, iTxvisi),
aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa (Tbi-
lisSi, kuSCisa da asureTis
samarovnebze) da somxeTSi. amasTan
erTad, unda vivaraudoT, rom
moxatuli keramikis es saxeoba
kolxeTis aRmosavleT olqebSi
mezobeli iberiidan vrceldeboda
[1415, gv. 184 da iq dasax. lit.]. unda
aRiniSnos, rom TviT WurWlis forma
(msxliseburtaniani pirgadaSlili
doqi) xdeba erT-erTi wamyvani tipi am
xanis keramikaSi (qvevrsamarxebSi
warmodgenili samarxeuli inventaris
mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT), rac
sur. 187. qalisa da mamakacis brinjaos TvalsaCino mowmobaa axali
qandakebani oqros samkaulebiT kulturuli impulsebisa (da iqneb
(sayureebi, sakisre rgoli, eTnikuri infiltraciisac).
samajurebi). Zv.w. III s. vani
aseTive siaxle Cndeba oqromWedlo-
[1157]
baSic: TandaTanobiT qreba Zv.w. VI-V
da IV ss-is pirveli naxevrisaTvis
agre tradiciuli da konservatiuli erTze misi saxeli – `dedatos~ – aris
formebi (grexilrkaliani rombisebur- amokveTili (dawvr. [1189, gv. 134-166]).
firfitiani diademebi, sxivana
sayureebi da sxv.). nacvlad Cndeba amave xanas ganekuTvneba berZnuli
tipologiurad axali saxeobani, urbanistuli elementebis, kerZod,
romelnic axla ukve aSkarad kramitis saxuravian nagebobaTa gavr-
ganicdian berZnul-elinisturi mxatv- celeba. ase, mag., vanis naqalaqaris
ruli kulturis gavlenas. aseTebia Zv.w. IV-III ss-iT daTariRebul
mag., `warCinebuli meomris~ samarxSi kulturul fenebSi ukve mravlad
aRmoCenili Tavsaburavi, romelic gvxvdeba kramitebi, ZiriTadad
mxedris, cxenisa da frinvelis sinopuri nawarmi [1335, gv. 6-7].
`JRarunebiani~ gamosaxulebebiTaa sainteresoa, rom imav dros kramits
Sedgenili. maTi pirdapiri analogiebi sasoflo TemebSic iyenebdnen, rasac
berZnul nakeTobaTa Soris CemTvis dablagomSi aRmoCenili sinopuri kra-
ucnobia (Sdr. [1204, gv. 22 da gv. 35, mitiT gadaxuruli mdidruli samar-
SeniSvna 86]). adgilobriv ostatTa xic mowmobs [1131].
naxelavad, magram berZnuli gavleniT Zv.w. IV-III ss-Si vrceldeba qvis
Seqmnilad, unda miviCnioT oqros arqiteqturac. am periods
gvirgvinis nawilebi – zeTisxilis ganekuTvneba, mag., vanSi aRmoCenili
rtoebis, foTlebisa da sxv. gamosa- sworkuTxa nageboba, romlis kedlebi
xulebani [1303, gv. 59-62]. oqros samka- TeTri kirqvis filebiTaa riyis qviT
ulisa da sxva nakeTobaTa adgilobriv nageb maRal saZirkvelze amoyvanili
damzadebas mowmobs vanSi Zv.w. IV-III [8, II, gv. 27-30]. vanSi aRmoCenilia Tav-
saukuneebis kulturul fenebSi dacviTi nagebobac. gansakuTrebiT
aRmoCenili oqros namzadi, agreTve STambeWdavia qvis masiuri kedlebi,
Zvlis nakeTobani, romelnic romelnic zogan 6 metris simaRlezea
oqromWedlis iaraRadaa miCneuli [1303, SemorCenili. am kedlebis qveda rigi
gv. 43 da Smd.]. adgilobriv nakeTo- qviSaqvis brtyeli filebiTaa Tixis
bebTan erTad gvxvdeba aSkarad impor- xsnarze amoyvanili. sakmaod
tirebuli berZnuli samkaulic, Taviseburia zeda nawilis
rogoricaa, mag., vanis erT-erTi konstruqcia. igi warmoadgenda, ro-
mdidruli (magram Zveladve gorc Cans, xis ZelebiTa da ficrebiT
gaZarculi) samarxis oqros yelsabami Sekrul karkass, romelic Semdeg
– wnuli Zewkvi, romelic serdolikis riyis qvebiT iyo Sevsebuli. Zlieri
mZivebiTa da rqosani lomis TavebiTaa xanZrisagan, aq rom gamZvinvarebula
damSvenebuli da sxv. [1303, gv. 72-73]. sadRac Zv.w. III s-Si, mTlianadaa
ganviTarebis axal safexurze adis damwvari xis nawilebi (Tumc maTi
kolxuri gliptikac, romelic naSTebi araerTgzis iqna fiqsirebuli
uZvelesi droidan xeTuri gaTxris procesSi), riyis qvebi da
(kapadokiuri) da asiriuli gavleniT qviSaqvis blokebi ki daxeTqilia da
viTardeboda. adgilobrivi ostatebi widismagvar amorful masadaa qceuli
amzadebdnen sagangebo daniSnulebis (sur. 188).
uflebriv sabeWdavebs. aseTi iyo, mag.,
`warCinebuli meomris~ oqrosa da
vercxlis oficialuri da piradi
sabeWdavi beWdebi, romelTagan erT-
 damwerlobasTan avlenen msgavsebas. 230
am TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom vanSi
aRmoCenili `warCinebuli kolxi meom-
ris saxelic `dedatos~ (romelic mis
pirad uflebriv oqros sabeWdav-beWed-
zea warwerili) axlo msgavsebas mci-
reaziul, kerZod, kapadokiur sakuTar
saxelTan poulobs [1416]. aq isicaa
aRsaniSnavi, rom kapadokiuri gavlena
aRiniSneba agreTve vanSive aRmoCenil
Zv.w. IV s-is gliptikur Zeglebzec
[1189, gv. 134-146].
sur. 188. qviT nagebi TavdacviTi arqeologiuri masalebi mowmoben
kedlis saZirkveli. Zv.w. IV-III kolxeTis cxovel savaWro-ekonomikur
ss. [1304] urTierTobas elinistur samyarosTan
(dawvr. [1195, gv. 117-137]; [1415, gv. 191-
195]). upirveles yovlisa unda
zemoaRwerili kedlis dasavleTiT aRiniSnos, rom amierkavkasiis
ki mdebareobs aseve Zv.w. IV-III ss-is qveynebze, da maT Soris kolxeTzec,
metad Taviseburi da, SeiZleba iTqvas gadioda `msoflio~ mniSvnelobis erT-
– unikaluri (ara mxolod vanisaTvis erTi savaWro-satranzito gza,
!) samsxverplo. esaa sakmaod farTo, romelic dasavleTs aRmosavleTis
mTlianad riyis qvebiT mokirwyluli qveynebTan akavSirebda. berZen-romael
samsxverplo, romelic aseve riyis avtorTa (patrokle, aristobule,
qvebiT nagebi kedlebiT iyo Semoz- straboni, varoni, pliniusi) cnobebis
Ruduli. mokirwylul moedanze mixedviT irkveva, rom es gza miemar-
kargad SeimCneva oTxi mcire zomis Teboda indoeTidan kaspiis zRvamde
ormo, romelic wminda siTxis dasxmis (sanaosno mdinaris oqsosis –
ritualisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili [1304]. awindeli amu-dariis meSveobiT), xolo
Semdeg amierkavkasiis teritoriaze
Zveli kolxeTis istoriaSi es gavliT – md. mtkvari, suramis uRel-
axali etapi, romelic agre mkafiod texili, md. fasisi (rion-yvirilis
iCens Tavs arqeologiur monapovarSi, magistrali) – aRwevda Savi zRvis
SesaZloa, dakavSirebulia im did sanapiroebs qalaq fasisTan da merme
politikur ZvrebTan, romlebic ukve sazRvao gziT ukavSirdeboda
mkveTrad aRiniSneba mTel maxlobel SavizRvispireTisa da mcire aziis
aRmosavleTSi da agreTve aRmosavleT qalaqebs [1193].
saqarTveloSi [1416, gv. 481-482], sadac
swored am droisaTvis Cven vxedavT elinistur xanaSi kolxeTidan,
namdvil `urbanistul afeTqebas,~ uTuod, igive gahqondaT, rac wina-
amasTan erTad `samxreTuli~ morbed xanaSi (e.i. ZiriTadad
warmoSobis aSkara elementebs, nedleuli: liToni, xe-tye, seli da
rogoricaa, magaliTad, brwyinvale sxv., ris Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT zemoT
moxatuli keramika an kidev adgilob- iyo ukve saubari). magram am
rivi warmoebis kramitebze berZnuli
asoebi, romlebic kapadokiis berZnul 230dawvr. ix. am wignis IV karSi: `kavkasiis
iberia~.
droisaTvis mkveTrad icvleba elinistur xanaSi grZeldeba
Semadgenloba im qveynebisa Tu calke- kolxeTis ekonomikuri
uli savaWro-saxelosno centrebisa, urTierTkavSirebi CrdiloeT
romelnic axorcielebdnen ekonomikur SavizRvispireTTanac, rasac mowmobs,
urTierTobebs kolxeTTan. SesamCnevad erTi mxriv, qersonesisa da bosforis
mcirdeba aTenis savaWro aqtivoba. sa- amforebis aRmoCena kolxeTSi, xolo
magierod Zv.w. IV s-is Sua xanebidan meore mxriv – kolxuri keramikisa
kolxeTTan urTierTobaSi (qvevrebis, amforebis) Crd.
TandaTanobiT wamyvan adgils ikaveben SavizRvispireTis sxvadasxva centreb-
samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Si (dawvr. [1415, gv. 191-195], [1216]).
berZnuli qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT ki
– sinope. Zv.w. IV-I ss-Si sinopis kolxeTis cxoveli savaWro-ekono-
imports kolxeTSi aSkarad mikuri urTierToba elinistur samya-
dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia: rosTan TvalsaCinoa dasavleT saqar-
sinopuri amforebis (zeiTunis zeTi TveloSi mravlad aRmoCenili
rom SemohqondaT), luTeriebisa da ucxouri monetebiTac. maT Sorisaa:
kramitis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia sirakuzis tiranis hieronis oqros
kolxeTSi TiTqmis yvelgan – rogorc stateri, filipe II, aleqsandre II da
zRvispira zolSi, aseve Sida filipe III makedonelebis oqros
olqebSic. sinopes garda kolxeTTan staterebi da tetradraqmebi,
savaWro urTierToba aqvs samxreT- lizimaqes oqrosa da vercxlis
aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis kidev monetebi, `axali stilis~ aTenuri
erT berZnul qalaqs – herakleas. tetradraqmebi, pontos samefos, kapa-
kolxeTSi napovnia qiosisa da dokiis, parTiis, agreTve SavizRvis-
Tazosis amforebi, agreTve ucnobi pireTis berZnuli qalaqebis (pantika-
sawarmoo centrebisac (e.w. soloxa I peionis, olbiis, qersonesisa da sxv.)
da II tipis amforebi). monetebi [1367, gv. 42-45].

Zv.w. III-I ss-Si kolxeTTan savaWro `kolxuri TeTris~ nacvlad, rome-

urTierToba aqvs kunZul rodoss, lic, rogorc Cans, Zv.w. IV-III ss-Sic
rasac mowmobs rodosis, kosisa da mimoiqceoda, kolxeTSi Zv.w. II-I ss-Si
knidis amforebis xSiri aRmoCenebi. iWreba da mimoqcevaSia lizimaqes
oqros staterebis adgilobrivi
Zv.w. III-I ss-Si kolxeTSi vrceldeba minabaZebi [1367, gv. 55-101].
Sav- da wiTellakiani keramika, `mega-
ruli Tasebi~ da sxva nawarmi mcire antikuri importis topografiis
aziisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis Seswavla cxadhyofs, rom
sxvadasxva centrebisa (pergamonis, saerTaSoriso savaWro urTierTobaSi
samosis, aleqsandriisa da sxv.). Cabmuli iyo kolxeTis rogorc baris,
mcireaziuri importi am dros gvxvde- aseve maRalmTiani olqebis mo-
ba kolxeTis zRvispira da Sida saxleobac. intensiuri savaWro-ekono-
raionebSi (gansakuTrebiT mravlad – mikuri kavSirebi uTuod xels
vanSi), md. enguris xeobiT ucxouri uwyobda adgilobrivi sasaqonlo
nawarmi aRwevs kolxeTis maRalmTian warmoebis aRmavlobas da mas didi
olqebsac (svaneTi), xolo rion- mniSvneloba hqonda qveynis socialur-
yvirilis savaWro-magistraliT ki – ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis (dawvr.
gzas ikvlevs agreTve aRmosavleT ix. [1195, gv. 117 da Smd.]; [1415, gv. 191 da
saqarTveloSi. Smd.]).
 WurWelTan). unda aRiniSnos agreTve
vanSi aRmoCenil amforebsa da
kolxur qvevrebze gamowvamde Sesru-
lebuli niSnebis msgavseba-erTianoba
([1195, gv. 137-138], [1447]). amforebis
damamzadebeli erT-erTi centri,
rogorc Cans, Crdilo-dasavleT
kolxeTSi (dRevandeli afxazeTis
teritoriaze) mdebareobda. am
TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso sameTuneo
sur. 189. vercxlis kovzi, saxelurze
saxelosnoebis naSTebi da agreTve
xarisa da ZaRlis
amforaTa yurebi, romelzedac aris
skulpturuli gamosa-
damRa berZnuli asoebiT: `diosku~ (ix.
xulebebiT. Zv.w. IV-III ss. vani
[1415, gv. 191 da iq dasax. lit.]).
[1134]

Zv.w. III s-is dasasrulisa da II-I ss-

is kolxeTSi TvalsaCinod SeiniSneba
berZnul-elinisturi civilizaciis
gavlena adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
materialur kulturasa da
xelovnebaSi, yofasa da ideologiaSi.
amis erT-erTi magaliTia kolxuri
keramikuli warmoeba (sur. 190): wminda
adgilobriv tradiciul kolxur
formebsa da ornamentul saxeebTan
erTad da maT gverdiT mzaddeba berZ-
nul-elinisturi keramikis gavleniT
Seqmnili WurWeli (saTevze langrebi,
kanTarosis tipis Tasebi, ungventari-
umis msgavsi sanelsacxebleebi, wi-
Tellakiani WurWlis minabaZebi [1216,
gv. 52-53]); farTod amzadeben berZnuli
tipis keramikul taras – amforebs. am
mxriv sainteresoa kolxeTSi ukve sur. 190. Zv.w. III-I ss. kolxuri
mravlad aRmoCenili e.w. keramikis ZiriTadi saxeobani
`yavisferkeciani~ amforebi, romelTac
Zv.w. IV-III ss-Si kolxuri amforebi
adre samxreT pontos sawarmoo cen-
sinopuri amforebis mibaZviT
trebis produqciad miiCnevdnen, mzaddeboda, magram Semdeg – Zv.w. III s-
amjerad ki aRiarebulia maTi is dasasrulsa da gansakuTrebiT Zv.w.
kolxeTSi adgilobrivad damzadeba. II-I ss-Si – adgilobriv amforebs
amas uciloblad mowmobs am tipis sakmaod originaluri forma aqvT,
rasac mowmoben vanSi Zv.w. II-I ss-is
amforebis Zalze mravalricxovani aR-
kompleqsebSi aRmoCenili e.w.
moCenebi mTel kolxeTSi da maTi
kecis mineraluri Semadgenlobis
identuroba kolxuri keramikis sxva
jgufebTan (qvevrebTan, sqelkedlian
welSezneqili amforebi 231 (sur. 190) borcvis CrdiloeT nawilSi gamar-
[1447]. Tulia karibWe, romelic Zv.w. III s-is
meore naxevarSia agebuli (sur. 192-194).
mTel kolxeTSi mravlad
aRmoCenili Tixis piramiduli karibWe da masTan dakavSirebuli
sawafebi miuTiTeben, rom kolxeTSic galavnis kedlebi (koSkebiT gamagre-
gavrcelebuli iyo elinistur buli) agebulia kldovan dedaqanze,
samyaroSi farTod xmarebuli romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
vertikaluri saqsovi dazga [1195, gv. Tirs uwodebs (sulxan-saba
141]. orbelianis ganmartebiT, `Tiri ars
klde lbili da advil saTleli~).
elinisturi epoqis kolxeTis kedlebis qveda rigi kldovan
qalaqebi da dasaxlebani jer kidev dedaqanSi sagangebod amokveTil
sustadaa Seswavlili. zRvispira sworkuTxa budeebSia Casmuli, rac
zolSi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa saimedod icavda nagebobebs Ziris ga-
eSeris vrceli naqalaqari. Zv.w. II-I ss- moTxrisagan, rasac im dros
iT TariRdeba misi TavdacviTi da sxva mimarTavda xolme momxduri mteri
nagebobani [1477]. TavdacviTi kedlebis dasangrevad.
ZiriTadi kedlis sisqe TiTqmis sam
elinisturi epoqis Zeglebi Seda- metrs aRwevs (ufro zustad – 2,76
rebiT ukeT vanSia gamovlenili. metria). safasado mxaris erTi nawili
(Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kuTxe) TeTri
feris didroni qvaTlilebiTaa amoyva-
8. taZrebis qalaqi nili. TiToeuli qvaTlilis napiri
sagangebodaa CamoTlili, xolo maT
Soris Seqmnili baliSi wvetiani iara-
RiTaa dakeWnili. amgvari qvaTli-
vanis naqalaqari mdebareobs dasav- lebiT amoyvanili kedlebi farTod
leT saqarTvelos centralur iyo gavrcelebuli mTel elinistur
nawilSi, mdinare suloris rionTan samyarosa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
SeerTebis maxloblad. Zv.w. III-I ss- mas berZnebi `rustebian~ qvaTlilebs
Si 232 qalaqi ganlagebuli iyo uwodebdnen. igi simagresTan erTad
samkuTxa moyvanilobis maRal gansakuTrebul silamazes aniWebda
borcvze, romlis farTobi daax- safasado kedlebs.
loebiT 6,5 heqtaria da 3 ZiriTad
terasadaa danawilebuli. Zv.w. III s-dan karibWis kedlis Sida da gare
es borcvi mZlavri TavdacviTi kedle- perangs Soris sivrce sxvadasxva
biTaa gamagrebuli, amasTan SesaniS- zomis qvebiTaa Sevsebuli, romlebic
navadaa gamoyenebuli bunebrivi pirobe-
bic – aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi erTmaneTTan TixiTaa dakavSirebuli.
mxridan arsebuli Rrma xevebi, romelTa amasTan, perangis SigniTac qvebi
napirebi miuval, cicabo kldeebs war- horizontaluradaa Cawyobili da sru-
moadgens (sur. 191). liad garkveuli cdaa Sida qvebis
dalagebisas maTi safasado wyobis
qvaTlilebTan nivelirebisa. savsebiT
aSkaraa, rom kedlis mTeli sisqe
231 am tipis amforebi farTodaa gavrcele-
erTdrouladaa naSeni, e.i. jer perangi
buli mTel antikur samyaroSi ax.w. I sau-
kunidan. gamoricxuli ar unda iyos maTi rodia amoyvanili, da amis Semdeg
warmoeba kolxuri amforebis gavleniT. Sida sivrce amovsebuli. amrigad,
232 vanis Zveli qalaqis istoriaSi, kedeli mTel mis siganeze erTdro-
rogorc cnobilia, ramdenime etapi
uladaa zustad horizontalur rige-
gamoiyofa (dawvr. ix. [1204], [1419], [1513]).
uZvelesi Zeglebis Sesaxeb wina TavebSi bad amoyvanili, xolo Sida da
iyo saubari. amJamad ki mxolod Zv.w. III-I safasado nawilSi Cadgmulia
ss-is Zeglebi iqneba ganxiluli (vanis sagangebod da kargad damuSavebuli
naqalaqaris Sesaxeb analitikuri biblio-
grafiisaTvis ix. [8], IX, 1996). sworkuTxa qvaTlilebi. Tlili qviT
nageb safuZvelze Semdeg aRmarTuli amokawrulia warwera, romelic
iyo aliziT (gamouwvavi an naxevrad profesorma TinaTin yauxCiSvilma ase
gamomwvari bzenarevi Tixis aguriT) gadmoTargmna: `gevedrebi (Sen) meufeo
amoyvanili kedlebi, romlebic mTlia- – (qalRmerTo)~ [292]. ase, rom qalaqSi
nadaa gadmongreuli da Zlieri cecx- SesasvlelTanve gareT idga qalaqis
lisagan amorful masad qceuli. mfarveli RvTaebis qandakeba. aqve
minda davsZino, rom qalaqis
gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavia karibWis SesasvlelTan, mis gareT, mfarveli
kompleqsis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili RvTaebis qandakebis aRmarTva uCveulo
(sur. 1931). kuTxidan 45 sm-is iyo berZnul-elinisturi samyarosa-
dacilebiT qviSaqvis baliSze Tvis. Zvel berZenTa ideologiuri kon-
aRmarTulia daaxloebiT 70 sm cefciiT qalaqis mfarveli mTavari
simaRlis sworkuTxa sveti, romelic RvTaebis qandakeba idga qalaqis Sida
uSualod kedlis wyobas ebjineba. am nawilSi, Cveulebriv yvelaze ufro
svetze devs TiTqmis kvadratuli SemaRlebul adgilze aRmarTul
moyvanilobis marmarilos kvarcxl- mTavar taZarSi. samagierod qalaqSi
beki. mis zeda nawilSi amokveTilia SesasvlelTan mfarveli RvTaebis
sworkuTxa foso, romlis napirebi qandakeba wesad iyo Zvel
tyviiTaa Sevsebuli, SigniT ki Semor- aRmosavleTSi. Cveni saukunis 50-ian
Cenilia tyviiTve Camagrebuli wvril- wlebSi cnobilma germanelma
marcvlovani marmarilos natexebi, ro- arqeologma kurt bitelma xeTuri
gorc Cans, odesRac am kvarcxlbekze naqalaqaris boRaz-qoes gaTxrebisas
mdgari marmarilos qandakebis ukanas- aRmoaCina Zv. w. VIII s-is karibWe,
kneli fragmentebi. iqve kedelze romlis win RvTaebaTa qandakebebi iyo
Zveli berZnuli asoebiT aRmarTuli.
(vertikalurad zemodan qvemoT)

sur. 191. vanis naqalaqari. gegma (elinisturi xanis nagebobani): 1. karibWis

arqiteqturuli kompleqsi; 2. Zv.w. II-I ss-is sataZro kompleqsi; 3. Zv.w. II-I
ss-is taZari da sazeimo sakurTxeveli; 4. `kontrforsebiani nageboba~; 5-6.
 Zv.w. II-I ss-is TavdacviTi kedlebi;, 7. sazeimo sakurTxeveli (Zv.w. III-II ss.);
8. Tormetsafexuriani sakurTxeveli (Zv.w. II-I ss.); 9. `absidiani nageboba~; 10.
`mrgvali taZari~ (Zv.w. III-II ss.); 11. Zv.w. I s-is TavdacviTi kedlebi

Semosevis saSiSroebis Jams CamouSveb-

dnen da miT saimedod Cahketavdnen
qalaqSi Sesasvlels. amas mosdevda
Sida kari, romelic arsebiTad
kutikars warmoadgenda. es
ukanaskneli Semdegnairad iyo
mowyobili: ZiriTadi kedeli, ro-
melzedac CamosaSvebi karisaTvis
gankuTvnili niSia amokveTili, erT
adgilas daaxloebiT 50 sm-Taa win
gamoweuli da qmnis Tavisebur burjs,
romelsac sruliad garkveuli
konstruqciuli daniSnuleba hqonda.
mis Sida kuTxesTan iatakis filaze
sur. 192. karibWis arqiteqturuli komp- amokveTilia oTxkuTxa foso (99 sm),
leqsi da TavdacviTi nagebobani
(Sdr. sur. 191, 1): 1. qalaqis mfar- romlis napiri tyviiTaa gamoyvanili
veli qalRvTaebis qandakebis da gankuTvnili iyo karis Casadgmeli
postamenti, 2. rkinis CamosaSvebi RerZisaTvis. ase rom `burji~ karis
kari (kataraqta), 3. kutikari, 4.
zurgis sayrdens warmoadgenda.
sakurTxeveli, 5. `Sida ezo~,
romlis dasavleT nawilSi aseTive burji aRmarTuli iqneboda
samlocveloa gamarTuli, 6. uTuod mopirdapire mxaresac, magram
samsxverplo, 7. riyis qviT samwuxarod, igi SemorCenili araa.
mokirwyluli `quCa~ – samlo-
TviTon kari, rogorc Cans, xisa iyo,
cvelos misasvleli, 8. naxevar-
wriuli koSki, 9. TavdacviTi magram rkinis furceli hqonda gar-
kedeli (I rigi), 11. iaraR- Semokruli (garsakravis nawilebi
saWurvelisa da sursaT- lursmnebiTurT iqve iqna napovni) da
sanovagisaTvis gankuTvnili
saTavsebi, 12. yazarma, 13.
iReboda garedan SigniT. amaze
rvakuTxa koSki miuTiTebs Tirze dagebul qvis
filaze SemorCenili rkaliseburi
vanis Zvel qalaqSi SesasvlelTan xazebi, romlebic swored karis
dagebulia qvis didroni brtyeli moZraobisganaa darCenili.
filebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan rkinis
samagrebiTaa dakavSirebuli. es samwuxarod, araa gadarCenili
filebi zed xSiri siarulisagan karibWis mopirdapire aRmosavleTi
SesamCnevadaa gacveTili. qandakebis nawili, magram misi warmodgena da
postamentidan 30-ode sm-is dacilebiT rekonstruqcia ukve araviTar
kedelSi gamokveTilia 10 sm siganis siZneles ar warmoadgens. naxevar-
sagangebo vertikaluri niSi, romelic wriuli koSkis konturis mixedviT
zemodan CamosaSvebi rkinis karisaTvis SesaZlebeli xdeba karibWis
iyo gankuTvnili. `kataraqtas~ aRmosavleTi nawilis konturis
uwodebdnen Zveli berZnebi aseT aRdgena (ix. sur. 192). irkveva, rom
rkinis kars, romelsac mtris kataraqta (e.i. CamosaSvebi rkinis kari)
da kutikari 2,4 metris siganisa iyo,
xolo TviT Sesasvleli 1,20 metri.
amas utyuarad mowmobs erTi
sagulisxmo detalic: SesasvlelSi
dagebuli qvis filebi Sua nawilSi
sagrZnobladaa SeTxelebuli (TiTqmis
4 sm-iT), masze xSiri siarulisagan.
gacveTili nawilis centri karis
sayrdeni zurgisagan 55-60 sm-Taa
dacilebuli. Sesabamisad Sesasvlelis
sigane 1,20 m unda yofiliyo.
qalaqs kidev hqonda (iqneb ramdenimec)
Sesasvleli, maT Soris `didi karic.~
karibWis Sida nawilSi, kataraqtasa
da kutikars rom gaivlida kaci, mas
xvdeboda e.w. sworkuTxa moyvanilobis
(73,20 m) `Sida ezo,~ romelsac
samxreTi mxridan Ria Semosasvleli
hqonda. aseTi `Sida ezo~ Cveulebriv
imisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, rom mteri,
romelic qalaqis kars Seangrevda,
axal marwuxebSi moeqciaT. magram
vanis Zveli qalaqis es `Sida ezo~
sakmaod Taviseburia da berZnuli
safortifikacio koncefciiT agebul
qalaqebTan SedarebiT sruliad (da
arsebiTad!) gansxvavebuli funqciis
matarebelia. magram amis Sesaxeb odnav
qvemoT. axla ki am nagebobis aRweras
Sevecdebi (sur. 192, 5; 1931-2).

sur. 1931. vanis naqalaqari: karibWis

Crdilo-dasavleTi kuTxe da
qalaqis mfarveli
qalRvTaebis qandakebis
postamenti (Sdr. sur. 1921)

karibWe, romelic Zveli qalaqis

CrdiloeT nawilSia ganlagebuli,
borbliani transportisaTvis ar iyo sur. 1932. vanis naqalaqari: `Sida
gankuTvnili. amas mowmobs ara ezos~ dasavleTi nawili,
mxolod SedarebiT viwro Sesasvleli romelic samlocvelod iyo
(rogorc ukve vTqviT – sul 1,20 m gamoyenebuli (Sdr. sur. 1924-5)
siganis), aramed isic, rom
SesasvlelSi filebi 2 safexuradaa
(kibiseburad) dalagebuli, rac
`Sida ezos~ mxolod dasavleTi
bunebrivia, gamoricxavs masze borbli-
nawilia gadarCenili. igi rusuli `П~-
ani transportis gamoyenebas. ase rom
s magvari moyvanilobisaa. mis
es kari mxolod qveiTad mosiaruleT
CrdiloeT kedlad karibWis ZiriTadi
emsaxureboda. Zveli qarTuli
kedelia gamoyenebuli. samxreTi
terminologiiT es iyo `cota kari~. es
kedelic amitom 3 metri siganisaa,
garemoeba ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom
Tumca CrdiloeTi kedlisagan
gansxvavebiT ufro viwroa (2,10 m savse aRmoCnda. fetvi ki, rogorc
siganisa) da agebulia qviSaqvis qva- cnobilia svanuri da megruli
TlilebiT, romelnic Zlieri cecxli- eTnografiuli masalebiT, did rols
saganaa gawiTlebuli da damskdari. asrulebda qarTvel tomebSi
dasavleTi kedeli faqtobrivad nayofierebis RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil
sworad CamoTlili kldovani ritualSi.
dedaqanis mopirkeTebaa. amitomacaa igi
mxolod 1,10 m siganis. kldovan amrigad, dadasturda `Sida ezos~
dedaqansa da mopirkeTebul kedels (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi dasavleTi
Soris sivrce fleTili qviT, riyis nawilis) gamoyeneba Tavisebur taZar-
qvebiTa da TixiTaa Sevsebuli. samlocvelod, rac sruliad
aRwerili nagebobis Sida nawilis (e.i. uCveuloa berZnuli modeliT aSe-
interieris) kedlebi sxvadasxva zomis nebuli safortifikacio
rustirebuli sworkuTxa qvaTli- nagebobisaTvis. kidev meti, vanis Zveli
lebiTaa amoyvanili ise, rom horizon- qalaqis `cota karis~ sakraluri
taluri rigebis wyobac sxvadasxva daniSnuleba kidev erTi uaRresad
zomisaa (aseT wyobas specialur sayuradRebo aRmoCeniT aris dadastu-
samecniero literaturaSi rebuli.
`fsevdoisodomurs~ uwodeben). karibWis taZar-samlocvelos gareT,
nagebobis dasavleT kedelTan aRmar- mis samxreT kedelTan (sur. 1926)
Tulia sakurTxeveli – qvis swor- gamarTulia monoliTSi amokveTili
kuTxa baliSze mdgari oTxwaxnaga rofi, romelic wina mxridan qvebiTaa
sveti, romelzedac or safexurad Semoraguli. cnobilma qarTvelma
devs kargad gaTlili brtyeli eTnografma, aw gansvenebulma vera
filebi. aq erT detalzea yuradReba bardaveliZem, ase ganmarta am rofis
misaqcevi: qvis sakurTxeveli (iseve daniSnuleba: igi msxverplad
rogorc RvTaebis qandakebis Sewiruli cxovelis sisxlis
postamenti) uSualod kedelzea CasaRvrelad iyo gankuTvnili da mas
midgmuli. es tradicia pirvel qar- analogiebi mTa-TuSeTis eTnografiul
Tul eklesiebSi qristianobis gavrce- yofaSi moepovebao.
lebis Semdegac iqna SenarCunebuli. aq
trapezi (warmarTuli xanis sakurTxev-
lis memkvidre) kedlis piras iyo
aRmarTuli, maSinac ki, rodesac
bizantiurma da rusulma
marTlmadideblurma eklesiebma
kedelTan midgmuli trapezi mkre-
xelobad miiCnies da am wess sastiki
brZola gamoucxades.

sakurTxevlis irgvliv aRmoCnda

Tixis 23 WurWeli: jamebi, qoTnebi,
wiTeli sartylebiT moxatuli oryura
qila da moxdenili samtuCa doqebi,
agreTve xuTi amfora. yvela isini
adgilobriv meTuneTa naxelavia da am
qalaqSi salocavad mosulT, RvTaebi-
saTvis SeuwiravT. ori amfora fetviT
 surul salocavSi (e.w. saRmrTo
gudanis jvari) `RvTis kari~ agreTve
sami mxridanaa SemozRuduli, xolo
mis SigniT qvis saZirkvelze mdgari
bomonia aRmarTuli [362]. aqve unda
SevniSnoT, rom vanis Zveli qalaqi me
sataZro qalaqad mimaCnia (amis Sesaxeb
qvemoT gveqneba dawvrilebiT saubari)
– uzenaesi RvTaebis salocavad
agebuli. ase rom karibWesTan
aRmarTul taZar-samlocvelos
marTlac SeiZleba ewodos `RvTis
kari~ (sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom es
termini – `RvTis kari~ – taZar-
samlocvelos mniSvnelobiT urartul
epigrafikul ZeglebSic ixsenieba,
magram misi realuri mniSvneloba
gaugebari iyo).

exla isev unda davubrundeT `Sida

sur. 194. riyis qviT mokirwyluli
ezos~, romlis gaTxram kidev
`quCa~ - samlocvelosTan
ramdenime sayuradRebo detali
misasvleli (Sdr. sur. 193, 7)
daazusta.

`taZar-samlocvelos~ Sida nawilSi

amgvarad, rogorc vxedavT, qalaqis amorful masad qceuli da xanZrisagan
SesasvlelSive sakulto Senoba – Zlier gawiTlebuli alizis kedlis
taZaria aRmarTuli, rac am Zveli nangrevebiT Seqmnili mZlavri fena
qarTuli qalaqis damaxasiaTebeli iqna aRebuli. magram yuradRebas
Taviseburebaa. aseTi ram sruliad iqcevs is, rom ar aRmoCenila arc
uCveuloa, magaliTad, berZnul- erTi fragmenti kramitisa, agre mrav-
elinisturi qalaqebisaTvis. lad romaa dadasturebuli nagebobis
samagierod, saintereso paralels gareTa farTobebis gaTxrebisas.
poulobs Zvel qarTul sakralur samagierod `taZar-samlocvelos~
tradiciebSi – saqarTvelos mTianeTis iatakis doneze TvalsaCinod
eTnografiul yofaSi romaa agre ux- gamovlinda danaxSirebuli xis Zelebi
vad Semonaxuli da eTnografebis mier da ficrebi. rogorc Cans, isini
aseve SesaniSnavad warmoCenili. zemodan iyo Camovardnili da qmnidnen
`RvTis kars~ uwodeben aseT taZar- saxuravs, romelic Tavis droze,
samlocvelos. prof. vera `taZar-samlocvelos~ zeda sarTulze
bardaveliZis ganmartebiT, `RvTis ka- gamarTuli saTavsis iataks
ri~ (anu `jvris kari~ Tu `xatis kari~) warmoadgenda. swored es saTavsi iyo
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis rkinis karis – kataraqtas –
samlocvelos (`xatis~) erT-erTi samoZraod gankuTvnili rTuli
Semadgeneli nawilia, sadac `didi~ meqanizmebis gansalageblad. amasTan
dResaswaulebi imarTeboda da naTelia, rom es saTavsi mTlianad
mosaxleobas Sewiruloba (!) mohqonda. faravda meore sarTulis saxiT e.w.
isicaa saintereso, rom saerTo xev- `Sida ezos~, romlis erTi nawili,
rogorc vnaxeT, Zveli `cota-karis~ misi aRmosavleTi nawilis saZirkveli.
taZar-samlocvelos warmoadgenda. magram maincaa SesaZlebeli misi
dagegmarebisa da samSeneblo teqnikis
exla ki isic unda gavixsenoT, rom aRdgena. 2,85 m siganis kedeli
msgavsi ram Suasaukuneebis qarTul kldovani dedaqanis ferdzea
cixe-simagreebSicaa dadasturebuli: aSenebuli. saZirkvlis qvaTlilebis
Sesasvlel karTan gamarTulia sul qveda rigi dedaqanSi amokveTil
eklesia (mag., aTonis iverTa sworkuTxa fosoebSia CaSenebuli.
monasterSi, TmogvSi da sxv.). zogjer wyoba perangulia. SesaniSnavad gaT-
wyaroebSi maT `karis eklesias~ lil-damuSavebuli rustebiani
uwodeben (Tumca am termins ZiriTadad qvaTlilebiT Sedgenil gare da Sida
sxva mniSvneloba hqonda da igi perangebs Soris sivrce TixiT, riyisa
romelime didi feodalis sagvareulo da fleTili qvebiTaa saguldagulod
eklesias aRniSnavda). es ki Zveli amovsebuli. koSkis Sida nawili
qarTuli, warmarTuli xanidan momdi- daaxloebiT 1 metris simaRleze Tixis
nare kulturuli tradiciis mimRe- da dafSvnili Tiris sakmaod mkvrivi
obiTi memkvidreobis kidev erTi Tval- masiTaa amovsebuli, rac koSks kedlis
saCino dasturia, rasac, rogorc mngreveli iaraRebisagan Tavis
qvemoT davinaxavT, vanSi kidev mraval- dasacavad gansakuTrebul simtkices
gzis SevxvdebiT. aniWebda.
amrigad, karibWis e.w. `Sida ezo~ ze- erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ucnauria
modan daxurul sivrces warmoadgenda. karibWis damcveli koSkis ageba aRmo-
Cven am sarTulis daaxloebiTi savleTi mxridan, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
simaRlis warmodgenis saSualebac Tavdacvis elementarul wess: Cveuleb-
gvaqvs, ramdenadac gadarCenili qvis riv karibWis damcavi koSki dasavleTi
kedlebis simaRle samxreT nawilSi mxridan igeboda, rom farebiT
2,55 metrs aRwevs da masTan erTad moieriSe mtris daucveli marjvena
kedlebSi ar Cans sarTulSorisi gada- mxar-mklavi qalaqis damcvel
xurvisaTvis aucilebeli xis meisarTaTvis advili samizne
konstruqciebisaTvis gankuTvnili yofiliyo. magram vanis Zveli qalaqis
fosoebis kvali. sruliad Tamamad CrdiloeT nawilSi karibWis damcavi
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `taZar- koSkis aRmosavleTi mxridan ageba
samlocvelos~ (da maSasadame bunebrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebam
gadaxuruli `Sida ezosi~) simaRle Seqmna. saqme isaa, rom TviTon karibWe
yovel SemTxvevaSi aRemateboda 2,55 miSenebulia kldis masivze, romelic
metrs. centraluri terasidan eSveba da iq
`Sida ezo~ samxreTi mxridan `Ria~ dasavleTi mxridan koSkis gamarTva
iyo da mas hqonda riyis wvrili qviT SeuZlebeli iyo. amis sanacvlod ki,
mokirwyluli 18 metri sigrZisa da 2 qalaqis mSeneblebma galavniT
metri siganis sagangebo misasvleli SemosazRvrul centralur terasaze
(sur. 1927, 194). aages kidev erTi koSki, romelsac
karibWis misadgomi da saieriSo
karibWes aRmosavleTi mxridan nawilis kontrolirebac daakisres.
icavs naxevarwriuli (ufro swored – ase rom qalaqis CrdiloeTi
naliseburi) moyvanilobis koSki (sur. Sesasvlelis dacvis yvela detali
1928), romelic, samwuxarod, Zalze gulmodginedaa gaazrebuli. amas Tav-
dangreulia: SemorCenilia mxolod dacviTi sistemis Semadgeneli
nawilebis arqeologiuri Seswavlac rom qvis satyorcni iaraRebi, rom-
TvalsaCinod adasturebs. lebic Cveulebriv koSkebSi idga,
vanis Zvel qalaqSi galavnis
naxevarwriuli koSki galavnis ke- kedlebzec yofila ganlagebuli.
delzea miSenebuli. galavnis kedeli marTlac, galavnis or paralelur
ki daaxloebiT 450-is mqone kedels Soris sivrce 6 metrs aRe-
daxrilobis ferds mihyveba. ase rom, mateba da, maSasadame, misi erTiani
kedelTan misadgomad iqmneba cicabo zeda sarTuli savsebiT sakmarisi iyo
SemaRleba, rac moieriSe mters qvis satyorcni meqanizmebis
Znelad gadasalaxav winaaRmdegobas gansalageblad.
uqmnida kedlis sangrevi meqanizmebisa
Tu borblebze Semdgari moZravi zemoaRwerili galavnis kedeli 15
saieriSo koSkebis warmatebiT metri sigrZisaa da igi or koSks
gamoyenebisaTvis. Sorisaa moqceuli (specialur
literaturaSi koSkebs Soris
galavnis kedlebic peranguli wyo- moqceul galavnis kedels kurtinas
biTaa nagebi da aqac saZirkvlis qveda uwodeben). is, erTi mxriv, karibWis
rigis qvebi kldovan dedaqanSi amo- damcav naxevarwriul koSks
kveTil fosoebSia CaSenebuli. ukavSirdeba, xolo meore mxriv –
safasado mxarec kargad damuSavebuli mravalkuTxa (e.w. poligonalur)
rustirebuli qvaTlilebiTaa agebuli. koSks, romelic jerjerobiT mxolod
es qvaTlilebi aseTi zomisaa: 505030 sanaxevrodaa gaTxrili (sur. 1929-11,13).
sm, 404030 sm. aseTi qvaTlilebiT isic imave wesiTaa agebuli, rogorc
kedlis ori an sami rigia amoyvanili, naxevarwriuli koSki da galavnis
zemoT ki kvadratuli formis (52x52 kedlebi, Tumca misi saZirkveli kidev
sm) 10 sm sisqis alizis aguriT nagebi ufro saguldagulodaa agebuli:
kedelia aRmarTuli. galavnis kedlis kldovan dedaqanSi CaSenebuli
sisqe 2,80 m-ia, magram es mxolod saZirkvlis wyoba garedan gamag-
kedlis pirveli wyebaa. Sida mxridan rebulia sagangebod dayrili ga-
2,80 m-is dacilebiT zustad parale- qvavebuli mkvrivi masiT, romelic Ti-
lurad kedlis meore rigia agebuli. xiT, danayili TiriTa da qvis anat-
am or kedels Soris sivrce kecebiTaa Seqmnili. saZirkvlis ase-Ti
datixrulia da miT mcire zomis saguldagulo gamagreba kedlebs
saTavsebia Seqmnili. am saTavsebSi aR- icavda Ziris gamoTxrisagan, xolo
moCnda Tixis WurWeli, metwilad koSkis SigniT sagangebod Cayrili
amforebi (Rvinis, wylis, marcvleulis daaxloebiT 70 sm simaRlis Tixis
Tu sxva produqtebisaTvis mkvrivi masa kedlis sangrevi
gankuTvnili Zirwvrili oryura manqanebis sawinaaRmdegod iyo
WurWeli) da rac sagangebodaa gankuTvnili. am Tixayrilis zedapirze
aRsaniSnavi da Zalze sayuradRebo – ki, romelic koSkis sardafuli
mrgvali qvis Wurvebi (umetesad 15 da nawilis iataks warmoadgenda,
20 sm diametrisa), romelic filakvnis aRmoCnda amforebi da qvis Wurvebi,
anu qvis satyorcni sagangebo romelTa satyorcni manqanebi koSkis
manqanebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. ase meore sarTulze unda yofiliyvnen
rom zemoaRniSnuli saTavsebi qalaqis ganlagebuli. aqve kidev ori uaRresad
damcveli garnizonis sakveb-sanovagisa saintereso monapovaria sagangebod
da iaraR-saWurvlis Sesanaxad iyo aRsaniSnavi. esaa brinjaos firfitebi,
gamiznuli; kidev meti, dadasturda, romlebzec wvrili brinjaosve
lursmnebia SemorCenili. es, rogorc daaxloebiT 100 m2 farTobi ekava (sur.
Cans, darabebis garsakravia. aseTi 195).
darabebi ki moisarTaTvis iyo
gankuTvnili da isini koSkebis mesame
sarTulisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
mravalkuTxa koSki, rom marTlac
samsarTuliani unda yofiliyo da-
adastura kidev erTma monapovarma.
esaa kirqvisagan gamokveTili
pilastris kapiteli. cnobilia, rom
arqiteqturul-dekoratiuli
gaformeba hqondaT swored koSkebis
mesame sarTuls (dawvr. [8, I, gv. 147-
151, II, gv. 7-16]; [1415, gv. 117-120]).

amrigad, vanis Zveli qalaqis Crdi-

loeTi nawilis sasimagro sistemis
Seswavlam TvalnaTliv gviCvena, rom
sur. 195. vanis naqalaqari – Zv.w. II-I
vanis Zveli qalaqis mSeneblebi
ss-is sataZro-sakulto
kargad icnobdnen da SemoqmedebiTad
kompleqsi (Sdr. sur. 192,2): 1.
iyenebdnen maSindeli epoqis (farTo
koSkiseburi nageboba, 2.
gagebiT, esaa elinisturi samyaro)
samsxverplo moedani, 3. qvis
safortifikacio koncefciebsa da
safexurebi, 4. `svetebiani
sistemebs, romelic Camoyalibebulia
darbazi~, 5. SewirulobaTa
Zv.w. III saukunis berZeni mecnieris
Sesanaxi darbazi [1217] [1202]
filon bizantionelis (zogjer mas
filon meqanikoss uwodeben) naSromSi.

amave dros, qalaqis karibWe erTiani arqiteqturuli kompleqsis

TvalsaCino magaliTia imisic, Tu Semadgeneli nawilebia koSkiseburi na-
raoden Zlieria adgilobrivi geboba, samsxverplo moedani, xuTsafe-
erovnuli sakraluri tradiciebi xuriani kibe (albaT, xis samsxverploze
(gavixsenoT qalaqis mfarveli amavali), e.w. `svetebiani darbazi~ da
qandakebis aRmarTva karibWis gareTa `SesawiravisaTvis gankuTvnili darba-
kedelTan, `Sida ezos~ qceva taZar- zi~.
samlocvelod da sxv., rac sruliad
ucxoa berZnuli da saerTod koSkiseburi nageboba, samwuxarod,
elinisturi safortifikacio normebi- Zalze dangreulia. mTlianad morRve-
saTvis).233 ulia misi CrdiloeTi nawili. samagie-
rod mTlianad SemorCenilia (TiTqmis
qalaqis SigniT ramdenime monumen- 2 metr simaRleze) samxreTi safasado
turi nageboba yofila aRmarTuli. ase qvis kedeli, romelzedac Semdeg
mag., qveda terasaze, karibWidan sam- alizis kedeli iqneboda aRmarTuli.
xreT-aRmosavleTiT daaxloebiT 100 m- safasado nawili mSvenivrad gaTlili
is dacilebiT, mdebareobda sakmaod damuSavebuli sworkuTxa qvaTlilebi-
vrceli sataZro kompleqsi, romelsac Taa amoyvanili da, rogorc vanis
Zveli qalaqis sxva nagebobani,
233 bibliografia vanis safortifikacio mSralad – e.i. yovelgvari
sistemaze ix. [8, IX, ## 243, 373].
damakavSirebeli xsnaris gareSea bazadaa yru kedliT gayofili. qvis
aSenebuli. koSkiseburi nagebobis saZirkveli kargad damuSavebuli rus-
daniSnulebis Sesaxeb Znelia raimes tirebuli sworkuTxa qvaTlilebiTaa
gadaWriT Tqma, Tumc zogierTi or da sam rigad amoyvanili. amasTan
varaudis gamoTqma maincaa rustirebuli qvaTlilebi interier-
SesaZlebeli (magram amis Sesaxeb Sicaa gamoyenebuli. qvis wyobaze
qvemoT). SemorCenilia bzenarevi aliziT (5252
sm; 5226 sm) agebuli kedlebic. rusti-
koSkiseburi nagebobis ZirSi Ria
rebuli qvaTlilebi, romlebic
moedanze samsxverploa gamarTuli. am
kedlis gare da Sida perangs qmnian,
moedanze mravlad aRmoCnda Senawiri
kldovan dedaqanSi amokveTil
WurWeli – metwilad kolxuri
budeebSia CaSenebuli, rac gansakuT-
qvevrebi da amforebi, doqebi, qoTnebi
rebul simtkices aniWebda nagebobis
da langrebi, agreTve (adgilobrivTan
saZirkvels. mTel SenobaSi,
SedarebiT ufro mcire raodenobiT)
gadmongreuli da amorful masad
berZnuli amforebi, mcireaziuli wi-
qceuli alizis qveS, yvelgan
Tellakiani langrebi, xmelTaSua-
dadasturebulia Caqceuli saxuravis
zRvispireTis sxvadasxva centrebSi
naSTebi: Zlieri cecxlisagan damwvari
damzadebuli reliefuri
xis koWebi da kramitebi.
gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli Tasebi. aqvea
napovni adgilobrivi Tixisagan damza- kramitisa da saxuravis naSTebi
debuli da gamomwvari qandakeba dasavleTi da samxreTi kedlebis
grZel samoselSi gamowyobili mama- gaswvriv gareTacaa aRmoCenili.
kacisa (iqneb qurumisa?), 234 romelsac yuradRebas iqcevs sxvadasxva zomis
xelSi siuxvis yanwi ukavia (qandakebas rkinis lursmnebis simravle, agreTve
Tavi motexili aqvs). sagangebod unda danaxSirebuli xis koWebi, hori-
aRiniSnos samsxverplo moedanze rqo- zontalurad rom yofila dalagebuli
sani da wvrilfexa saqonlis, agreTve qvis kedlebis paralelurad maTgan 2
frinvelis Zvlebis simravle. aq metris dacilebiT. es safuZvels
jixvis rqebicaa napovni. gaTxris gvaZlevs vivaraudoT aq kramitiT
procesSi dadginda, rom samsxverplo gadaxuruli koridoris arseboba,
moedanze Senawiravs drodadro TixiT taZris irgvliv saritualo msvle-
gadalesavdnen xolme da miT qmnidnen lobisaTvis rom iqneboda gankuTvni-
axal baqans msxverplSewirvis li. TviT sworkuTxa nageboba or
ritualisaTvis. rogor hgavs Cvens nawiladaa gayofili. pirvels pirobiT
mier aq dafiqsirebuli suraTi qar- `svetebian darbazs~ uwodeben, radgan
Tuli mTianeTis eTnografiul yofaSi mis SigniT ori, ratomRac
dadasturebul `xatobas~, romelic, asimetriulad ganlagebuli qvis
Tumc qristianuli epoqisaa, magram svetis Ziri – bazisi aRmoCnda,
warmarTuli kulturis araerTi TiToeuli 50 sm-is diametrisa. TviT
elementi aqvs mZlavrad Semonaxuli! svetebi gadarCenili araa (uTuod xis
iyo da imitom).
koSkiseburi nageboba ukavSirdeba
sworkuTxa Senobas, romelic or dar- `svetebiani darbazi~ sworkuTxaa
(9,2  8,5 m) da mas sami Sesasvleli
234 zogjer siuxvis yanwiT aqvs. dasavleTi Sesasvleli 3,8 m
gamoisaxebodnen personificirebuli siganisaa da didi zomis qviSaqvis
mdinare-RvTaebani (gansxvavebuli sworkuTxa qvaTliliTaa mogebuli.
mosazreba ix. [1093]).
CrdiloeTi Sesasvleli 2 m siganisaa, gadarCenili araa. gaTxrebis procesSi
xolo samxreT-aRmosavleTi – 3 m. aqac dafiqsirebuli danaxSirebuli xis
zRurbli kargad damuSavebuli qva- Zelebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom aq unda
TlilebiTaa mogebuli da misken gare yofiliyo aRmarTuli xis nageboba,
mxridan asasvlelad kibeebia romelic ritualuri msxverpl-
gamarTuli. SewirvisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. amasve
mowmobs Rari, romelic sagangebodaa
am darbazis iataki Tixatkepnilia; kibis safexurebze amokveTili. am
amasTan erTad kldovan dedaqanSi
RarSi uTuod msxverplad Sewiruli
sagangebod amokveTili `arxia~,
romelic qvis filebiTaa mogebuli. am cxovelis sisxli an sxva ram siTxe
arxis erTi nawili dasavleT moedineboda...
SesasvlelTan axlos kedelSi sa-
gangebod datanebul RioSi gamodis `svetebiani darbazi~ yru kedliTaa
da dasavleT kedlis gaswvriv gamijnuli meore, aseve sworkuTxa
miemarTeba xevisaken. arxis meore darbazisagan. aq, gadmongreuli
bolo ki mimarTulia aRmosavleT alizis kedlebisa da Caqceuli
kedlisken, sadac uSualod kedlis saxuravis kramitis fragmentebis qveS
Sida ZirTan kldovan dedaqanSi amo-
aRmoCnda 27 Tixis WurWeli: 8 didi
kveTilia 1,30 m siRrmis ormo,
romelic Tavis droze xis ficrebiT zomis qvevri, agreTve dergebi, am-
iqneboda gadaxuruli. am varaudis forebi da qoTnebi. yvela isini
safuZvels gaTxrebis procesSi wiTelkeciania, adgilobrivi war-
dafiqsirebuli xis Zelebis anabeWdebi moebisa. WurWeli sxvadasxva jiSis
iZleva. arxi aRmosavleT kedlis marcvleuliT iyo savse. cnobili
gareTac gamodis, magram es nawili paleobotanikosis zinaida ianuSeviCis
jer Seswavlili araa. Zneli
daskvniT, aq `warmodgenilia 5 jiSis
saTqmelia axla Tu ra rituali
sruldeboda am arxis meSveobiT? fetvi da xorbali, maTgan ori e.w.
`svetebiani darbazis~ sakulto italikuri jiSisaa, xolo danarCeni
xasiaTze ki savsebiT aSkarad Cveulebriv farTod gavrcelebul
miuTiTebs aq aRmoCenili qvis sakur- saxeobas ganekuTvneba. xorbleuli ki
Txevlebi. erTi maTgani adgilobrivi ramdenime saxeobis narevs
jiSis qviSaqvis monoliTidanaa gamo-
warmoadgens, ZiriTad qarTul endemur
kveTili da zeda nawilSi aqvs Tasi-
seburi CaRrmaveba, romelsac naTlad jiSs, romelic farTodaa warmodgeni-
etyoba aq odesRac danTebuli li saqarTveloSi sxva ufro adreuli
cecxlis kvali. sakurTxevlis xanis namosaxlarebzec~.
nawilebs warmoadgens agreTve ori
sworkuTxa fila, romelTac aseve nagebobis samxreTi kedlidan 6-ode
zeda nawilSi Tasiseburi CaRrmavebebi metris dacilebiT, TiTqmis xevis
aqvT. adgilobrivi qviSaqvisganaa piras, kldovan dedaqanSi amokveTilia
damzadebuli mesame sakurTxevelic, ormo (jer sxva saxeli ver
romelic garegnulad rodins mo- Segvirqmevia misTvis). misi zeda
gvagonebs. is orive mxridan Zabrise-
buradaa SeRrmavebuli. nawili ovaluri moyvanilobisaa,
`svetebian darbazs~ samxreT-dasav- daaxloebiT 6 m sigrZisa da 6,5 m
leTiT uSualod kedelze gare siganisa. kldovani dedaqanis
mxridan miSenebuli aqvs zedapiridan 4 m-is siRrmeze ormo
xuTsafexuriani kibe, romelic swor- ukve namdvili kvadratis formas iRebs
kuTxa qvaTlilebiTaa Sedgenili. (misi zomebia 22 m). es `ormo~
TiToeuli safexuris sigane 1,9 metria. jerjerobiT 22 m-is siRrmezea
baqani, romelzedac kibe adioda, Seswavlili da dasasruli jer ar
uCans. samwuxarod, verafers vityvi am mcenaris efedras totebis WurWelSi
ormos daniSnulebaze, 235 romlis danayviT da miiReboda
kldovan dedaqanSi amosakveTad im- alkoholoiduri eqstraqti efedrini.
droindeli teqnikis pirobebSi amasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalze sayurad-
kolosaluri Sromaa gaweuli. iqneb Reboa, rom Cveni arqiteqturuli kom-
bolomde gaTxram mogvces pasuxi am pleqsis erT-erT darbazSi aRmoCnda
saocari qmnilebis daniSnulebis ferflis grova, romelic, qarTveli
Sesaxeb. erTi ramaa mxolod cxadi: botanikosis prof. T. kezelis
`ormo~ funqcionirebda sataZro kom- gansazRvriT, `Seiqmna wiwvovani mcena-
pleqsTan erTad. amas uciloblad ris dawvis Sedegad~ (rogorc Cans,
mowmobs is faqti, rom `ormoSi~ SenobaSi gamZvinvarebuli xanZrisagan).
Cacvenilia taZris kedlis qvaTlilebi
da alizis fragmentebi. ase rom
`ormo~ am grandiozuli sataZro
kompleqsis organuli Semadgeneli na-
wilia.

gaTxrebi naqalaqaris am ubanze jer

araa dasrulebuli. amitomacaa
SeuZlebeli raime varaudis gadaWriT
gamoTqma. erTi ramaa ucilobeli: aq
saqme gvaqvs funqcionaluri
TvalsazrisiT uaRresad rTul
sakulto arqiteqturul kompleqsTan.
verafers vityvi gadaWriT imis
Sesaxebac ki, Tu romeli RvTaebis (Tu
RvTaebebis) saxelzea agebuli es
taZari. Tumc gavbedav da Zalze wina-
swarulad da hipoTeturad gamovTqvam
zogierT mosazrebas calkeuli arqeo-
logiuri monapovris Sesaxeb. ase maga-
liTad, did interess iwvevs rodini-
seburi qvis WurWeli, romelic
SeiZleba saritualo sakurTxevelad
miviCnioT. saqme isaa, rom msgavsi
nivTebi Zveli iranis dedaqalaqSi
persepolisSia aRmoCenili da masze
amokveTili arameuli warwerebi sur. 196. vanis naqalaqari – Zv.w. II-I
mowmoben, rom am tipis sakurTxevlebi ss-is sataZro kompleqsi (Sdr.
cecxlis kultTan iyo dakavSirebuli. sur. 192,3): 1. `taZari-marani~, 2.
kidev meti, varaudoben, rom safexurebiani sazeimo
rodinisebur WurWelSi mzaddeboda sakurTxeveli, 3. sakurTxe-
maTrobela sasmeli – xaoma, romelsac veliani darbazi, 4. saritualo
ritualuri mizniT iyenebdnen. es arxi, 5. saritualo ormoebi ([8,
sasmeli mzaddeboda wiwvovani I], [1263], [1202]

235 gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom es ormo

TiTqos hekates misteriebs ukavSirdeboda
[1501].
 cecxlis kultTan dakavSirebiT deg iqnes egeb SesaZlebeli (Sdr.
isicaa saintereso, rom `svetebian [1217]).236
darbazSi~ aRmoCenili monoliTuri
sakurTxevlis Tasisebur CaRrmavebas rTuli arqiteqturuli kompleqsi
aSkarad etyoba, rom masSi mdebareobda centraluri terasis da-
xangrZlivad enTo cecxli. rogorc savleT nawilSi (sur. 196). mTavari
mogaxseneT, am arqiteqturuli nageboba kompleqsis samxreT-aRmosav-
kompleqsis erT-erTi mTavari leT nawilSi iyo ganlagebuli. esaa
Semadgeneli nawilia koSkiseburi aRmosavleTisaken wagrZelebuli
nageboba, romelic Tavisi simaRliT martivi megaronis tipis sworkuTxa
uTuod sagrZnoblad aRemateboda da- nageboba, romlis paraleluri
narCen or darbazs. da ai, aq ar (CrdiloeTi da samxreTi) kedlebis
SemiZlia ar gavixseno Zvel aRmosav- sigrZe 13 metria, xolo dasavleTi
leTSi (kerZod, iranis teritoriaze) kedlisa – 5 metri (sur. 1961). taZris
gavrcelebuli koSkiseburi nagebobani, SigniT, mis dasavleT nawilSi
romelTac bevri specialisti (Tumc aRmarTulia sworkuTxa postamentze
ara yvela) wminda cecxlis Sesanax mdgari ovaluri monoliTuri sveti-
ritualur nagebobad miiCnevs. CvenTvis sakurTxeveli. taZars hqonia
saintereso sataZro kompleqsis aseT- mozaikuri iataki, romelic
save aspeqtSi ganxilvas ar unda ewina- kirxsnariT SekavSirebuli TeTri da
aRmdegebodes aq dadasturebuli Ria vardisferi riyis qvebiTaa
ritualic, Sesawiravis xasiaTi Sedgenili. es iataki mTlianadaa
(nairsaxovani marcvleuli) da saRvTo dangreuli, TiTqos sagangebod. taZris
cxovelis sisxlisaTvis da sazedaSe mozaikuri iatakis nangrevebSi
RvinisaTvis gankuTvnili arxi da sxv. aRmoCenilia mdidari Sewiruloba:
cnobilia, rom marcvleuli da Rvino kolxuri qvevri da 40-ze meti (!)
Zvel aRmosavleTSi did rols amfora, 120 spilenZis moneta. iqvea
asrulebda ritualSi, romelic napovni saritualo sagnebi: rkinis
sruldeboda miTras – mzisa da sasakmevle, romelic ori nawilisganaa
sinaTlis RvTaebis pativsacemad da Sedgenili: `jamisa~ da dafanjruli
Tavisi xasiaTiT, mWidrod iyo kedliani konusuri qudisagan (sur.
cecxlis kultTan dakavSirebuli. 197).
dabolos aqve unda davZinoT, rom iqvea napovni brinjaos saritualo
miTras kultis gadmonaSTebi saqar- WurWeli (Tu sxva sagani), romelic
TveloSic kargadaa fiqsirebuli. xanZrisaganaa Zlier deformirebuli
gavixsenoT Tundac gansvenebuli qar- da jerjerobiT mainc ver moxerxda
Tveli eTnografis sergi makalaTias misi formis aRdgena. gadarCenilia
naSromi jege-misarionis kultis natvifri ornamentiT (ovebi da
Sesaxeb [1220]. margalitebi, vardulebi, mcenaris
magram kidev erTxel minda dabeji- foTlovani Reroebi, frinvelis
TebiT gavimeoro, rom es mxolod gamosaxulebani) morTuli brinjaos
varaudia. ufro damajereblad saubari firfitebi. TiTqmis mTlianadaa
am sakiTxebze am uaRresad saintereso SemorCenili skulpturuli
da mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT morTuloba. WurWeli, rogorc Cans,
mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani kompleqsis idga frinvelis (arwivis)
srulad gaTxrisa da Seswavlis Sem-
236ix. agreTve [8, IX, ## 227, 334, 336, 464,
479].
brWyalebiani klanWebis naoWebi SesaniSnavadaa Sexamebuli qan-
gamosaxulebian sadgarze (aseTi dakebis saerTo ritmTan, dauokebelsa
`klanWi~ eqvsia napovni). amave da uswrafes moZraobas rom
WurWels amkobda brinjaosganve Camo- gamoxatavs. kvarTi gadaxsnilia da
sxmuli arwivis sami gamosaxuleba. moCans qalRmerTi natifi SiSveli
didebulia samive qandakeba: frTagaS- fexi (sur. 199).
lili arwivebi, romelTa TiToeuli
detali (niskarti da Tvalebi, gan-
sakuTrebiT bumbuli da Ronieri qveda
kidurebi) didi mxatvruli
ostatobiTaa damuSavebuli (sur. 198).

sur. 198. arwivis qandakeba. brinjao.

Zv.w. II s. vani [8, I]

sur. 197. rkinis sasakmevle. vani. Zv.w.

II-I ss. [8, I]

WurWlis mxatvruli gvirgvinia 18

sm simaRlis brinjaos qandakeba,
romelic gamarjvebis frTosan
qalRmerTs – nikes gamosaxavs. sruli
STabeWdilebaa, TiTqos qalRmerTi
swrafad eSveba zecidan gamarjvebis
macned da mauwyeblad. mas amayad
gadaugdia ukan Tavi, romelsac
lamazad varcxnili Tma umSvenebs.
qalRmerTi tans mosavs didebuli
kvarTi, xolo mis mosasxams qari
afrialebs. samoslis vertikaluri
sur. 199. gamarjvebis qalRmerTis
(nikes) qandakeba. brinjao. Zv.w.
II s. vani [1198]

mTeli rigi niSnebiT (tanis wagrZe-

lebuli proporciebi da SedarebiT
patara zomis Tavi, win gaSverili SiS-
veli fexi) vanis nike analogiebs
poulobs nikes im tipTan, romelic
Zv.w. II s. meore naxevarSi Seqmna mcire
aziis qalaqis mirinis koroplastikam.

WurWlis mosarTav nawils ekuTvnis

agreTve eqvsi horeliefuri gamosaxu-
leba, romelic meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis
RmerTi – dionises – wris RvTaebebs
gamoxatavs. maTgan erTi Zlier
sur. 200. panis gamosaxuleba. brinjao.
dazianebulia, Tumc SemorCenili
Zv.w. II s. vani [1198]
vazis foTlebisagan Sedgenili gvir-
gvini mowmobs, rom aq, iseve rogorc
danarCen SemTxvevebSi, dionises wris
gamosaxulebebTan gvaqvs saqme. meore stilisturad es gamosaxuleba
gamosaxuleba wverosani panisaa (berZ- mogvagonebs kargad cnobili
nuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, esaa tyis wverosani galis qandakebas im
RmerTi, mwyemsebisa da monadireebis jgufuri kompoziciidan, romelic Zv.w.
mfarveli RvTaeba). mas Txiseburi wve- II saukuneSi aRmarTes aTenSi per-
tiani yurebi aqvs, xolo meCxeri Tma gamonelma ostatebma (e.w. atalos I-is
cxovelis rqebiviTaa amoziduli. piri votivi). saerTod ki vanSi napovni
farTod aqvs gaRebuli da moCans gamosaxuleba erT-erTi saukeTeso
kbilebis qveda rigi. swored farTod nimuSia da, iqneb damakavSirebeli
gaRebuli piri da zemoTken rgolic gvianelinisturi xanis
momzirali Tvalebi, Rrma horizon- satirTa gamosaxulebebis im rigSi,
taluri naoWebiT daRaruli Subli romelmac brwyinvale gamoxatuleba
aZliereben saxis uaRresad paTetur hpova sayovelTaod cnobil `mocekvave
gamometyvelebas (sur. 200). iseTi STa- favnis~ qandakebaSi (pompeiSi romaa
beWdilebaa, rom moxuci pani axla gam- napovni da neapolis muzeumSi
Zvinvarebulia da Tavisi sazareli gamofenili).
yviriliT panikur SiSs gvris imaT,
mesame horeliefuri gamosaxuleba
vinc mas simSvides ufrTxobs.
dionises mudam mxiaruli
Tanamgzavris – satirisaa. mis Tavs
amkobs suros foTlebiTa da nayofiT
Sedgenili gvirgvini. ostats igi
TiTqos odnav SemTvrali gamousaxavs
da amitomac cbieri gamometyveleba
aqvs. stilisturad es gamosaxuleba
Zalian axlos dgas e.w. pergamonuli
stilis satirebis im jgufTan, skopasis SemoqmedebaSi iRebs. maTi
romlis saukeTeso nimuSebi kanzas - daTariReba eWvs ar iwvevs: Zalze
sitis (aSS) muzeumSia daculi da Zv.w. axlo msgavseba pergamonuli wris
II saukunis meore naxevriT TariRdeba. mxatvrul saxeebTan miuTiTebs
pergamonis sakurTxevlis e.w. mcire
meoTxe gamosaxuleba qalisaa da ga- frizis Seqmnis Semdgom xanaze, e.i.
moirCeva paTetikuri ieriT. aq ukve Zv.w. II saukunis 60-iani wlebis
Cven vxedavT klasikurad swor Semdgom periodze, magram ara ugvianes
nakvTebs. mas Tavs vazis foTlebiT 40-iani wlebisa.
Sekruli gvirgvini umkobs, xolo
yurebze yurZnis mtevnebi hkidia. sav- gacilebiT ufro rTulia sakiTxi
sebiT aSkaraa, rom esec dionises wris imis Sesaxeb, Tu sadaa es WurWeli da
RvTaebaa. vfiqrob, rom es unda iyos misi skulpturuli morTuloba damza-
ariadne, Tezevsisagan mitovebuli, debuli. vidre araa dasrulebuli
romelic miTis Tanaxmad dionises mxatvruli saxeebis kidev ufro
meuRle da misi qurumi gaxda. detaluri stilisturi analizi,
agreTve araa aRdgenili WurWlis
danarCeni ori horeliefuri gamosa- forma, da arc misi teqnologiuri
xuleba warmosaxavs dionises mudam Tvisebebia jerovnad Seswavlili,
mxiarulsa da momxiblav iZulebuli varT jerjerobiT Riad
Tanamgzavrebs – saxemSvenier menadebs. davtovoT es saintereso sakiTxi.
orives Tavs amkobs vazis foTlebis magram TviT faqtia am aRmoCenisa
gvirgvini. erT-erT maTgans farTo, CvenTvis amjerad Zalze saintereso da
ganieri saxe aqvs, mokle nikapi. am mniSvnelovani. igi mowmobs, rom vanis
niSnebiT igi uaxlovdeba pergamonis Zveli mosaxleobisaTvis cnobili iyo
sakurTxevlis didsa da mcire frizze dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli
warmodgenil WabukTa da ymawvil berZnuli miTologiuri religiuri
qalTa saxeebs. saxeebi (es xom Cven karibWis
pergamonuli wris mxatvrul gaTxrebis drosac vnaxeT). magram
plastikasTan didi msgavseba da pirvel rigSi yuradRebas iqcevs TviT
siaxlove kidev ufro mkafiod is garemo, romelSic aRmoCenilia
mJRavndeba meore menadis gamosaxu- dionises wris RvTaebaTa
lebaSi. Zalze damaxasiaTebelia da gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli saritualo
tipiuria, magaliTisaTvis, Tvalis WurWeli. taZarSi aRmoCenili mTeli
gadmocema, mSvildiviT morkaluli
kompleqsi – meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis
warbebi da nazad moxazuli
quTuToebi. saxis ovali, Tvalebi, mfarveli RvTaebis dionises wris
xorcsavse tuCebi da nazi Rimilic ki RvTaebaTa gamosaxulebebiT morTuli
TiTqos imeorebs berlinis muzeumSi saritualo WurWeli, saRvine qvevri
dacul cnobil pergamonul qalis da Sewiruli amforebi (40-mde) – eWvs
Tavs, romelsac pirobiTad afrodites ar unda iwvevdes, rom taZari swored
uwodeben da Zv.w. II s. 60-iani wlebiT meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis kultTan iyo
aTariReben.
dakavSirebuli. arqeologiuri
mTlianad es skulpturuli morTu-
aRmoCeniT dadasturebuli es sainte-
loba warmoadgens elinisturi xanis
reso viTareba Zalze hgavs qarTul
berZnuli xelovnebis SesaniSnav nimu-
eTnografiul yofaSi Semonaxul qar-
Sebs, romelTa agre damaxasiaTebeli
Tul sakulto marans. qarTvelma
mxatvruli saxeebis mravalferovneba
eTnografebma sakmaod damajereblad
saTaves Zv.w. IV s. udidesi berZeni
uCvenes vazis mosavlianobasTan
moqandakeebis praqsitelesa da
dakavSirebuli magiuri da religiuri berZnuli RvTaebis dionises wris
rwmena-warmodgenebis araCveulebrivi mxatvrul-religiuri saxeebiT aris
mravalferovneba, rac sruliad Semkuli da mowmobs dionises kultis
samarTlianad CvenSi meRvineoba- arsebobas vanSi.
mevenaxeobis kulturis siZveledaa
miCneuli. dadgenilia, rom qarTuli taZars Crdilo-dasavleTi mxridan
marani salocav adgils warmoadgenda miSenebuli hqonia ramdenime
da arsebobda sagangebo sakulto sworkuTxa darbazi, Tumc Cvenamde
marnebi, sadac marjvena kuTxeSi idga Zlier dangreuli saxiT moRweuli. aq
sazedaSe qvevrebi, e.i. RvTaebisaTvis napovnia fragmentebi dionises
Sesawiravad gamiznuli Rvinis terakotuli niRbisa da kandelabris
WurWeli (gavixsenoT, rom vanSi magvari brinjaos nivTisa. erT-erT
aRmoCenil zemoxsenebul taZarSi swo- darbazSi dasavleT kedelTan
red aRmosavleT nawilSi elaga Sewi- sakurTxeveli iyo miSenebuli...
ruloba – 40-mde amfora). yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom zogierT
saTavsSi kldovani dedaqani xelux-
qarTuli marani, sajvare, zedaSe – leblad iyo SemorCenili. miT kidev
sakulto nagebobaa, romelic erTxel dadasturda qarTvel tomebSi
salocavis xatis rols asrulebda. (da sxva Zvel xalxebSi) arsebuli
aqve sruldeboda locva-vedrebis da religiuri warmodgena, kldes
msxverplis Sewirvis rituali. Zalze RvTaebriv Zalas rom miawerda.
sainteresoa agreTve, rom vanSi
gaTxril, ai, am taZarSi, romlis Se- arqeologiurma gaTxrebma am komp-
saxebac Cven axla saubari gvaqvs, leqsis kidev erTi Semadgeneli
aRmoCenilia TirSi amokveTili nawili gamoavlina, Tumc mtris mier
ormoebic, romelnic, vfiqrobT, umowyalod dangreuli. taZar-maranis
msxverplad Sewiruli pirutyvisa Tu Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT masze
frinvelis sisxlis CasaRvrelad iyo miSenebuli didi kedelia aRmoCenili,
gankuTvnili. erTi sityviT, arqeolo- aseve mSvenivrad gaTlili
giuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadgenili rustirebuli qvaTlilebiT nagebi. mis
suraTis Sedareba qarTul ZirSi ki didi sworkuTxa filebi iyo
eTnografiul masalebTan uaRresad mimobneuli. dadginda, rom es filebi,
saintereso paralels avlens da am romelTa zedapiri ramdenadme gac-
mimarTebiT Semdgomi kvleva-Zieba, veTili iyo, or safexurad
albaT, kidev ufro perspeqtiuli iq- ganlagebul kibis filebs
neba. warmoadgenda. xolo iqve napovnia
svetis Ziri, e.w. atikuri tipis bazisi,
amJamad ki Cven mxolod imas aRv- svetis nawilebi da ori didebuli
niSnavT, rom zemoaRwerili nagebobis kapiteli, TeTri feris kirqvisagan
arqeologiuri SeswavliT dasturdeba gamokveTili. erT-erTi maTgani
qarTuli religiuri warmodgenebis SuagulSi akanTos foTlebs Soris
Rrma da adgilobrivi fesvebi. amave moqceuli qalRvTaebis Tavisa da
dros am warmodgenebs, garegnulad gulmkerdis skulpturuli gamosaxu-
mainc, imdroindeli modis Sesabamisad, lebebiTaa morTuli, xolo meore –
garkveuli elinuri ieric aqvT miRe- varduliTaa damSvenebuli. iqve sxva
buli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs swored is arqiteqturul detalebTan erTad
ritualuri WurWeli, romelic aRmoCenilia 3,10 m siganis arqitravi –
meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis mfarveli qvis koWi, romelic Tavis droze
svetis Tavebze iyo dadgmuli (sur. nagebobaTa mTeli wyebaa aRmoCenili
201). centralur terasaze, romelic Zveli
qalaqis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes na-
wils warmoadgenda. maTgan
sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi e.w. mrgvali
taZari (sur. 202).

sur. 201. Zv.w. II s-is qvis

moCuqurTmebuli svetisTavebi
vanis naqalaqaridan da
orderis rekonstruqcia [1274-
1275] sur. 202. `mrgvali taZris~ nangrevebi.
Zv.w. III-II ss. vanis naqalaqari
(Sdr. sur. 192, # 10)

es sazeimo Sesasvleli
orsafexurian monumentur
sakurTxevels ekuTvnoda. sakur- arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
Txevlisken ki miemarTeboda, kldovan dadginda, rom am adgilze ufro adre
dedaqanSi amokveTili 18 metri (Zv.w. IV s-is dasasrulsa da III s-is
sigrZis arxi. mis irgvliv aRmoCnda pirvel naxevarSi) idga sworkuTxa
kldovan dedaqanSive amokveTili Senoba, romelic Tavisi gegmiT
mrgvali da ovaluri moyvanilobis emsgavseboda karibWesTan agebul
ormoebi (sur. 1964-5). zogierT maTgans taZar-samlocvelos (`RvTis kari~).
gverdiT Rarebi hqonda da maSasadame Tavdapirveli, sworkuTxa Senobidan
warmoadgendnen samsxverplo ormoebs: amJamad SemorCenilia SesaniSnavad
aq saRvTo Rvino Tu sxva siTxe mi- gaTlili da damuSavebuli
erTmeodaT miwisqveSa RvTaebebs. sxva qvaTlilebiT amoyvanili dasavleTi
ormoebi marcvleulisaTvis iqneboda da CrdiloeTi kedlebis saZirkvlebi,
gankuTvnili. eTnografebis cnobiT, agreTve kldovan dedaqanSi (TirSi)
aseTi ritualuri arxebi saqarTvelos amokveTili budeebi, romelnic
mTianeTSicaa damowmebuli. mosavlis qvaTlilebis Casalageblad iyo
aRebasTan dakavSirebuli ritualisas gankuTvnili da romelTa meoxebiT
am arxebSi asxamen Rvinos da yrian gaxda SesaZlebeli nagebobis Tav-
sxvadasxva jiSis marcvleuls, rac dapirveli gegmis aRdgena. misi sigrZe
siuxvisa da nayofierebis gan- 11,4 metria, xolo sigane – 10, 4 metri.
saxierebadaa miCneuli [1415, gv. 202-206], kedlebis sisqe 3 metrs aRwevs.
[1263], [8, VIII, gv. 36]. mSeneblobis wesi analogiuria
karibWis kedlebis wyobisa da maT
Tanadroulobaze miuTiTebs. swored centralur terasaze napovni
sworkuTxa Senobis iataki sxvadasxva trapeciis formis 10-12 sm sisqis qvis
zomis Tiris qvaTlilebiTaa aTamde fila (saSualod 9095 sm),
mogebuli. romelTa napirebi sagangebodaa
amoWrili, rogorc Cans, qvis an xis
Zv.w. III s-is meore naxevarSi
Zelebze dasamagreblad. arqiteqtor
sworkuTxa Senobis saZirkvelze
giorgi leJavas azriT, es filebi
mrgvali Senoba augiaT. saamisod
warmoadgens kesonis ujredis
Zveli Senobis saZirkvelic ga-
saxuravebs da gankuTvnili iyo
mouyenebiaT. Senoba rom mTlianad
mrgvali formis, e.i. Tolosis tipis
mrgvali iyo (koSkiseburi), amas
SenobisaTvis. jerjerobiT Znelia
mowmobs mrgvali moyvanilobis
gadaWriT Tqma imisa, ekuTvnian Tu ara
budeebi aRmosavleT nawilSi (sadac
es filebi zemoaRweril mrgval
adre sworkuTxa Senobas saerTod ar
nagebobas. magram erTi ram mainc
hqonda kedeli da `Ria~ iyo karibWis
savsebiT cxadia: konstruqciulad
taZar-samlocvelos msgavsad) da
maTi gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia
agreTve samxreT nawilSic, sadac
elinisturi xuroTmoZRvrebis
Zveli Senobis sworkuTxa budeebis
samSeneblo teqnikis gavlenasTan.
nakvalevze momrgvalebuli budeebia
Weris plafonis gaformebis kesonuri
amoWrili. mrgvali Senobis gare
principi, rogorc cnobilia, damaxa-
diametri 10 metria, xolo Sida – 5,4
siaTebelia berZnuli mrgvali tipis
metri. ase rom Tavis droze igi
iseTi SenobebisaTvis, rogoricaa
sakmaod grandiozuli unda yofiliyo.
saberZneTSi Timele epidavrosSi,
taZris kedels amkobda dekoratiuli
filipeioni olimpiaSi (Zv.w. IV s.
WurWeli – hidriismagvari. saxuravis
dasasruli), da gansakuTrebiT
morTulobaSi gamoyenebuli iyo,
arsinoioni samoTrakis kunZulze (Zv.w.
rogorc Cans, adgilobrivi jiSis TeT-
III s.). yvela eseni sataZro-sakulto
ri feris kirqvisagan gamokveTili
nagebobebia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
lomis Tavebi, romelTagan erTi
elinizmis xanaSi es mrgvali formis
Senobis dekoratiuli mosarTavia
sakulto nagebobani xuroTmoZRvrebis
(sur. 209), xolo danarCeni ori – simis
zemodasaxelebuli Zeglebis gavleniT
nawilia – wvimis wylis sadinarad
Cndeba da vrceldeba maxlobelsa da
gankuTvnili (sur. 209a). samive TiTqmis
centralur aRmosavleTSi: `mrgvali
erTnairi zomisaa (sigrZe 70 sm,
taZari~ parTiis nisaSi, Caitis
simaRle – 45 sm, sigane – 36 sm). erT-
mrgvali darbazi guntupaleSi, absi-
erT maTgans SemorCenili aqvs
diani taZari taqsilaSi (indoeTi),
konstruqciuli detalebi, romliTac
sakulto nagebobaTa kompleqsi koi-
igi Senobis saTanado nawilTan iyo
krilgan-kaleSi. vanis mrgvali
dakavSirebuli.
Senobac sakulto unda yofiliyo. 237
jerjerobiT Zalze rTulia amas mowmobs iqve napovni Rariani
mrgvali taZris arqiteqturuli samsxverplo qva, Senobis gegma,
formebis aRdgena, magram aSkaraa, rom nagebobasTan dakavSirebuli
igi ar emorCileba berZnul- kulturuli fenebis xasiaTi... Zneli
elinisturi xuroTmoZRvrebis ZiriTad saTqmelia, romeli RvTaebis salocavs
principebs, Tumca zogierTi konstruq- warmoadgenda igi. am taZris gegma,
ciuli detalis gamoyeneba gamoricxu-
li araa. am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs 237 bibliografia vanis mrgval taZarze ix.
[8, IX, gv. 54, sur. 16, V-is ganmarteba].
romelic Cven koSkisebur daxurul
Senobad gvaqvs warmodgenili,
gvavaraudebinebs, rom igi saidumlo
ritualisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. max-
lobel aRmosavleTsa da xmelTaSua-
zRvispireTSi aseTi taZrebi miwisqveSa
RmerTebisaTvis, kerZod, kabirebisaT-
vis, mWedelTa mfarveli RvTaebebisaT-
vis iyo agebuli. gavixsenoT, rom
mrgval taZarTan Rariani samsxverplo
qvaa aRmoCenili. aseTi qvebi ki
zogierT qveyanaSi gankuTvnili iyo
msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelis
sisxlis CasaRvrelad, romelic miwaSi
miedineboda...
Rrmuls. aseTi filebi sam rigadaa
dalagebuli ise, rom Rrmulis
simaRle 60 sm-s aRwevs. TiTqmis
iseTive konstruqciisaa meore sams-
xverploc (misi zomebia 1,601,68 m),
mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom ormos
fskerze masiuri sagangebod damuSa-
vebuli ovaluri formis monoliTia,
romlis Suagulic mrgvaladaa amo-
kveTili.

`mrgval taZarTan~ iyo, rogorc

Cans, dakavSirebuli `xatis beReli~,
sadac inaxeboda xorbleuliTa da
fetviT savse amforebi. centralur
terasaze mdgara mcire zomis
absidiani taZari da sworkuTxa qva-
TlilebiT nagebi sakulto Tu sazoga-
doebrivi daniSnulebis Senobebi,
romelnic kramitiT yofila
gadaxuruli. dadgenilia gadaxurvis sur. 203. kramitebi da gadaxurvis
sakmaod originaluri wesic: swor- sistemis rekonstruqcia vanis
kuTxa kramitebi (5060, 5264 sm) naqalaqarze. Zv.w. II-I ss.
zemodan aseTive sworkuTxa kramitiT
am monoliTsac Tavis droze ori
ifareboda, xolo Rariseburi kramiti
fila (isic Sua nawilSi
(kalipteri) gamoiyeneboda Senobis
naxevarwriulad amoWrili) faravda.
napirebze, amasTan is zurgiT ideboda
magram erTi maTgani wvetiani
da Tavisebur wyalsadinars
iaraRiTaa gadmobrunebuli.
warmoadgenda (sur. 203).
orive samsxverplos RrmulebSi aR-
centraluri terasis dasavleT
moCnda damwvari riyis qvebi, romelic
nawilSic sakulto nagebobaTa mTeli
raRac ritualis dros iyo Sewiruli.
wyebaa gamovlenili, amasTan
aq bunebrivia gavixsenoT Cveni eTno-
sxvadasxva droisa [1261].
grafebis mier saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs ori
(kerZod, svaneTSi) aRwerili wesi
samsxverplo, TiTqmis erTi tipisa.
riyis qvebis Sewirvisa, romelTac
isini kldovan dedaqanSi amokveTil
samkurnalo magiur Tvisebas mi-
sworkuTxa Rrma ormoebSia
awerdnen.
gamarTuli. erT-erTi maTgani (zomiT
1,101,20 m) Semdegnairi konstruqciisaa: Zv.w. II saukunis meore naxevarSi
ori sworkuTxa fila, romelic Sua- amave farTobze axali nagebobebi
gulSi naxevarwriuladaa amokveTili, aRumarTavT. saamisod mTeli farTobi
erTmaneTTan SeerTebisas qmnis mousufTavebiaT, dangreuli (albaT
Semoseuli mtris mier)
samsxverploebi saguldagulod
SeuvsiaT qvebiT, Semdeg didi moedani
Tixis mkvrivi feniT daufaravT da ase
amgvarad moumzadebiaT samSeneblo
moedani, axali, amjerad ukve sruliad
gansxvavebuli tipis, sakurTxevlis
asaSeneblad (sur. 204).

es sakurTxevelic sakmaod origi-

naluria da SeiZleba iTqvas – unika-
luric, ramdenadac msgavsi arsad, arc sur. 2042. Tormetsafexurebiani
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, specia- sakurTxevlis rekonstruqcia
lur samecniero literaturaSi (g. yifiani) [1261]
aRwerili araa. igi ori nawilisagan
Sedgenili rTuli arqiteqturuli sakurTxevlis samxreTiT aRmoCeni-
kompleqsia, romelic agebulia lia nangrevebi xis Senobisa, romlis
kedlebi TixiT yofila Selesili da
SesaniSnavad gaTlili da ermaneTTan
merme gamomwvari. baTqaSebs naTlad
kargad mijrili qvis blokebiT. etyobaT xis wnulisa da ficris ana-
Tormet safexurs (maTgan qveda eqvsi beWdebi.
sworkuTxaa, xolo danarCeni eqvsi mobaTqaSebuli xis nageboba
naxevarwriuli) samxreTi mxridan av- sakurTxevlis ganZsacavi yofila.
yavarT naxevarwriul moedanze, ro- araCveulebrivad mravalricxovan
melsac sworkuTxa qvaTlilebiT monapovarSi yuradRebas iqcevs
agebuli baqani (4,453,90 m) aqvs gamomwvari Tixisagan damzadebuli pi-
miSenebuli. safexurebiani ramiduli moyvanilobis sawafebis
sakurTxevlis aRmosavleTi nawili simravle – 200-ze meti (!). es sawafebi
dangreulia, magram savsebiT vertikalur saqsov dazgaze Zafebis
SesaZlebelia misi rekonstruqcia dasaWimavad gamoiyeneboda. cnobilia,
(sur. 204, 2). rom TiToeul dazgas 10 sawafi
Wirdeboda, xolo aseTi raodenobiT
sawafebis aRmoCena erT kompleqsSi
sruliad gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa
!!!

ganZsacavSi uamravi raodenobiT aR-

moCnda Tixis WurWelic, sakurTxevli-
saTvis rom SeuwiravT aq mosul
mlocvelebs: qvevrebi, amforebi (sur.
205), wiTeli feris sartylebiT mor-
Tuli saritualo maRalgverdiani
langrebi da sxv. yuradRebas iqcevs
nairferovneba da simravle minisa da
qvis mZivebisa, romelTa Sorisaa
sur. 2041. Tormetsafexurebiani mozaikuri mZivebic.
sakurTxevlis nangrevebi. Zv.w.
SesawiravSi aRmoCnda rkinis
II-I ss. vanis naqalaqari (Sdr.
iaraRic – satevrebi, agreTve mcire
sur. 192, # 8) [1261]
zomis brinjaos farebi, e.w. umbonebi,
rogorc Cans, cxenis
akazmulobisaTvis an xis saomari
farebisaTvis rom iyo Cveulebriv
gankuTvnili.

sur. 206. vercxlis medalioni

qalRvTaebis gamosaxulebiT.
Zv.w. II-I ss. vanis naqalaqari
[1261]

sur. 205. kolxuri amforebi. Zv.w. II-I

ss. [1447]

gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavia
vercxlis nivTebi: medalioni,
romelzec qalRvTaebis Tavis da
gulmkerdis maRal reliefSi Se-
srulebuli gamosaxulebaa. qalRmerTi
usaxelo kvarTiTaa Semosili, xolo
yelze mooqruli minis mZivebi hqonda
SemorCenili. es medalioni, rogorc
Cans, xis nivTze dasaWedeblad iyo
gankuTvnili (sur. 206).

sur. 207. vercxlis qandakebebi: apoloni.

Zv.w. II-I ss. vanis naqalaqari [1261]

aseve maRali mxatvruli Rirsebisaa

ori vercxlisave qandakeba
tanSiSveli Wabukisa (erTi 8,5 sm
simaRlisa, meore – 7 sm) da
warmosaxavs RvTaeba apolons. erT-
erT Wabuks xelT fiala upyria da
maSasadame raRac ritualis Sesru-
lebisasaa gamoxatuli (sur. 207). es lebiT nagebi sworkuTxa moedani da
qandakebebi mcire aziis berZnul masTan axlos ki, or Tu sam iarusad
saxelosnoebSi unda iyos damzadebu- ganlagebuli wyalsawreti arxebi, ro-
li. figurebis agebis wessa da xazebis melnic Tiris qvisagan gamoTlili fi-
sinatifeSi TvalnaTliv igrZnoba lebiTaa Sedgenili. es wyalsawreti
didi berZeni moqandakis polikletis Zvel qalaqSi sanitarul-higienuri
skolis gavlena, agre didi roli rom wesebis dacvis sakmaod saintereso
Seasrula elinisturi epoqis organizaciaze miuTiTebs. meore
mxatvruli plastikis ganviTarebaSi. mxriv – erT-erTi, miwis zedapiridan
yvelaze Rrmad ganlagebuli
ganZsacavis monapovarSi mainc wyalsawreti uTuod raRac did
yvelaze did interess ori oqros nagebobas ukavSirdeboda.
firfita ipyrobs. orive xis nivTze
(iqneb kolofze) iyo, albaT, Tavis
droze daWedebuli. erTi maTgani
fragmentulia, Tumc SemorCenilia
qalis Tavis gamosaxuleba
crucvaraTi gawyobil CarCoSi
Casmuli. meore oqros sworkuTxa fir-
fitis Suaguli amoWmulia (albaT,
aqac raRac gamosaxuleba iyo
warmodgenili), magram SemorCenilia
arameuli asoebiT Sesrulebuli orna-
menti (dawvr. ix. [1261]).

sur. 208,2. sazeimo sakurTxevlis gegma

da qvis wyobis detalebi [1159]

borcvis wverze, Zveli qalaqis yve-

laze ufro SemaRlebul nawilSi
aRmarTuli yofila monumenturi
sakurTxeveli. is warmoadgens qvis
filebiT mogebul (16 m siganisa da 9
m sigrZis) sworkuTxa baqans,
romelzedac 8 safexuriani kibiT
adiodnen238 (sur. 208).

sur. 208,1. sazeimo sakurTxevlis qalaqis xuroTmoZRvruli gaforme-

nangrevebi: sakurTxevlis bisa da misi garegnuli brwyinvalebis
baqanze asasvleli TvalsaCino mowmobaa arqeologiuri
gaTxrebisas mravlad aRmoCenili
safexurebi. vanis naqalaqari
marmarilosa da kirqvis
(Sdr. sur. 192, # 7) [1159] arqiteqturuli detalebi: wvimis
wylis sadinarad gankuTvnili lomis
Tavebi (sur. 209), figuruli
svetisTavebi (sur. 210), reliefuri
centralur terasaze aRmoCenilia
agreTve Tlili, rustirebuli qvaTli-
238 dawvr. ix. [8, IV, gv. 21-23, 143-146].
frizi meetlis (eosis?) gamosa-
xulebiT (sur. 211), antefiqsebi, mcena-
reuli ornamentiTa da frinvelTa re- sur. 210. figuruli svetisTavi. kirqva.
liefurgamosaxulebiani akroteriumi Zv.w. II s. vanis naqalaqari [1275]
(sur. 212).

sur. 209. lomis Tavi (Senobis dekora-

tiuli mosarTavi). kirqva. Zv.w.
III-II ss. vanis naqalaqari [1644]

sur. 211. reliefis fragmenti eosis (?)

gamosaxulebiT. kirqva. Zv.w. II
s. vanis naqalaqari [1517]

sur. 209a. lomis Tavi (saxuravis mor-

Tuloba – simis nawili).
kirqva. Zv.w. III-II ss. vanis
naqalaqari [1644]

sur. 212. akroteriumi. kirqva. Zv.w. II-I

ss. vanis naqalaqari
 vanis naqalaqaris arqeologiuri saintereso aq aRmoCenili berZ-
kvleva jer kidev Sorsaa damTav- nulenovani warwera (samwuxarod,
rebisagan, magram mainc sadReisod mo- fragmentuli), sadac moxsenebuli
povebuli didZali da mraval-fero- arian Zvelkolxuri samyaros
vani masalis safuZvelze Cvens winaSe umTavresi RvTaebani – dedamiwa (gea),
dgeba mTeli wyeba uaRresad sain- mze (heliosi) da mTvare (meisi) [316].
tereso prob-lemebisa, romelTa saerTod ki sakmaod mkveTrad isaxeba
Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs kolxuri religiis poliTeisturi
Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis xasiaTi. gvaqvs safuZveli, vivaraudoT
calkeuli struqturebis warmoqmna- qToniuri RvTaebebis Tayvaniscema
ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, gansakuT- (`mrgvali taZari~, kldovan dedaqanSi
rebiT ki ZvelberZnul Tu eli-nistur amokveTili da `wminda sisxlisaTvis~
samyarosTan urTierTobis konteqstSi. Tu sxva SesawiravisaTvis gankuTvnili
samsxverploebi da sxv.), agreTve
arqeologiuri masalebi nayofierebis kulti (`RvTis kari~).
TvalsaCinod mowmoben, rogorc ukve amasTan isic xazgasmiT unda
vnaxeT, Zvel vanSi elinisturi aRiniSnos, rom arqeologiuri gaTxre-
kulturis calkeuli elementebis bisas dafiqsirebuli religiuri wesebi,
sakmaod mkvidrad gavrcelebas. ase msxverplSewirvis xasiaTi da masTan
mag., Zv.w. III-I ss-is vanis xu- dakavSirebuli ritualebi metwilad
roTmoZRvruli Zeglebi cxadyofen, pirdapir analogebs pouloben
rom aq momuSave xuroTmoZRvarni saqarTvelos eTnografiul masalebSi.
kargad icnobdnen da SesaniSnavadac erTdroulad SeiniSneba elinuri
iyenebdnen elinisturi arqiteqturisa rwmena-warmodgenebisa da kultebis
da qalaqTmSeneblobis miRwevebs, gavrcelebac. uTuod didi
romelnic imdroindeli kulturuli popularobiT sargeblobda
msoflios vrcel teritoriaze iyo meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis RvTaebis –
gavrcelebuli rogorc dionises Tayvaniscema, rac ukve Zv.w.
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi, aseve aRmo- IV s-dan mainc dasturdeba. am
savleTis qveynebSi (mcire azia, siria, TvalsazrisiTacaa saintereso
irani, Sua azia). xazgasmiT unda warCinebuli kolxi meomris de-
aRiniSnos, rom elinisturi xuroTmo- datosis erT-erTi oqros beWdis
ZRvrebis gavlena vanSi ZiriTadad sam- farakze gamosaxuli wveriani satiris
Seneblo teqnikasa da agreTve, niRabi, romelsac dionises ukav-
arqiteqturul dekorSi mJRavndeba, Sireben da SesaZloa TviT mis
maSin rodesac nagebobaTa dagegmareba gansaxierebasac warmoadgenda [1189, gv.
da funqcionaluri arsi principulad 147-152]. Zv.w. IV s-iT TariRdeba
gansxvavdeba berZnulisagan (aseTebia agreTve vanis erT-erTi brinjaos
mag., karibWis samlocvelo – `RvTis beWdis farakze warmodgenili
kari~, mozaikuriatakiani taZari da salamuriani silenis – dionises
masTan dakavSirebuli samsxverplo- Tanamgzavris gamosaxulebac [1189].
sakurTxevlebi da sxv.). ufro mravalricxovania Zv.w. III-I ss-is
vanis naqalaqarze mopovebuli masalebi – dionises gamosaxulebiani
arqeologiuri masala terakotuli niRabi [1245], dionises
umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa religiuri Tanamgzavrebis – ariadnes, panis,
rwmena-warmodgenebis istoriisaTvis. satirisa da menadebis brinjaos
am TvalsazrisiTacaa Zalze gamosaxulebani (sur. 200), silenis
Tavis Camosasxmeli yalibi (sur. 213)
da sxv.

sur. 213. Tixis yalibi silenis

gamosaxulebis dasamzadeblad
(Zv.w. II s. vanis naqalaqari) da
yalibidan miRebuli
gamosaxuleba
sur. 214. herakles gamosaxulebis
dasamzadebeli yalibi
sayanCiidan da yalibidan
dionises kulti elinistur xanaSi
miRebuli gamosaxuleba [1181],
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zveli aR-
[1512]
mosavleTis qveynebSi. miT ufro
gasagebia misi popularoba da farTod
gavrceleba saqarTveloSi, romelic
meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis qveyanas warmo- did interess iwvevs berZenTa erT-
adgenda. safiqrebelia, rom dionises erTi yvelaze ufro popularuli
saxiT Tayvans scemdnen meRvineoba- gmiris – herakles gamosaxulebaTa
mevenaxeobis adgilobriv RvTaebas, aRmoCena vanis naqalaqarze: oqros
romlis kulti uTuod uZvelesi dro- balTaze – nemeur lomTan
idan arsebobda da dionises kultis SebrZolebuli herakle [1303, gv. 81-82],
msgavs tipologiur elementebsac Sei- brinjaos WurWlis nawili –
cavda. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas medalioni, romelzedac hesperidebis
ipyrobs vanis maxloblad sof. mTis- baRidan dabrunebuli heraklea war-
ZirSi napovni Zv.w. V-IV ss-is verc- modgenili [1213]. TiTqos amave saxes
xlis yanwi (ritoni), romelzedac imeorebs gamomwvari Tixis satvifravi
warmodgenilia, rogorc fiqroben, [8, IV, gv. 45, # 35], rac miuTiTebs
Zveli qarTuli folkloris erT-erTi imaze, rom herakles gamosaxulebebs
personaJi – oCopintre. am `Txa-kacis~ vanSive amzadebdnen. amasve mowmobs
tipologiuri saxe sakmaod axlos vanis naqalaqaris maxloblad –
dgas dionises TanamgzavrTan – panTan sayanCiaSi aRmoCenili Tixis yalibi
[1091, gv. 72-81]. (sur. 214), romelic agreTve herakles
gamosaxulebaTa dasamzadeblad iyo
gankuTvnili [1181]. bunebrivia
vikiTxoT, riT aixsneba berZnuli
miTologiis personaJis amgvari popu- xulebebi sul sxvadasxva zomisaa da
laroba vanSi? pasuxs am kiTxvaze mowmobs, rom vanis Zvel qalaqSi idga
vpoulobT cnobili mwerlis durisis rogorc calkeuli qandakebani, aseve
(Zv.w. 340-275 ww.) erT, magram skulpturuli kompoziciebic. amasTan
mravalmxriv saintereso cnobaSi: brinjaos qandakebaTa fragmentebis
`kavkasiis mcxovrebni mxolod zevssa araCveulebrivi simravle, namzadebi,
da aTenas ar swiraven msxverpls, Camosxmis defeqtis Sesavsebad gankuT-
vinaidan isini iyvnen promeTes dasjis vnili sxvadasxva zomis mravalricxo-
mizezni, herakles ki gansakuTrebulad vani sworkuTxa firfitebi, naRvenTebi
scemdnen Tayvans imis gamo, rom isriT da warmoebis sxva naSTebi mowmoben,
gangmira arwivi, promeTes gul-RviZls rom brinjaos monumentur qandakebebs
rom ukortnida ...~ [332, gv. 343]. ase, vanSive amzadebdnen an mowveuli
rom kavkasiis mcxovrebni Tayvans berZeni moqandakeebi an adgilobrivi
scemdnen promeTes, romelmac ostatebi, romlebic kargad icnobdnen
RmerTebs adamianebisaTvis mostaca elinisturi qandakebis mxatvrul
cecxli da amisaTvis mkacrad daisaja. principebs da dauflebuli iyvnen
rogorc cnobilia, qarTul fol- qandakebis Camosxmis rTul teqnikas.240
klorSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli
Tqmuleba adgilobrivi gmiris ami-
ranis Sesaxeb, romelic promeTes ore-
ulia [1195, gv. 145-147 da iq dasax.
lit.], da gasagebia, rom berZeni gmiri
herakle, romelmac tanjva-wamebisagan
ixsna amirani//promeTe, gaxda
adgilobrivi xalxebis Tayvaniscemis
sagani (dawvr. [1512]).

elinisturi kulturis gavrcelebam

Tavisi asaxva hpova am qalaqis
brinjaos qandakebebiT morTvaSic.
samwuxarod, isini Cvenamde Zalze
fragmentuladaa moRweuli.
sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi tanSiSveli
Wabukis torsi (1,05 m), romelic e.w.
mkacr stilze aqcentirebul
elinizmis epoqis klasikuri
xelovnebis wres ganekuTvneba (sur.
215), (dawvr. [1204, gv. 27-29] 239 ).
naqalaqaris sxvadasxva ubnebze
mravladaa napovni brinjaos
qandakebaTa fragmentebi – adamianis
sxeulis nawilebi (xelis mtevnebi,
muxlis Tavi, kiseri, Tmis kululebi 240 vansa da mis midamoebSi brinjaos qan-
da wamwamebi) (sur. 216-217), agreTve dakebaTa adgilobriv damzadebas mowmobs
sayanCiaSi aRmoCenili brinjaos Camosas-
sxvadasxva cxovelTa gamosaxulebebis xmeli quris naSTebi da iq napovni
fragmentebi [1261, gv. 63]. gamosa- yalibebis fragmentebi [107, 1985 w. gv. 86],
xolo 1989 w. brinjaos qandakebis Ca-
mosasxmeli saxelosnos naSTebi aRmoCnda
239 ix. agreTve [8, IX, # 391, 392, 438, 468, 482]. TviT naqalaqarzec [1204, gv. 29].
 sur. 216. brinjaos qandakebis
fragmenti: mamakacis xelis
TiTebi. Zv.w. II-I s. vanis naqala-
qari (1261], [1418], [1204])

sur. 215. brinjaos qandakebis nawili:

Wabukis torsi. Zv.w. II-I ss.
vanis naqalaqari [1204], [1418]

aq Cvens winaSe dgeba rTuli da

sur. 217. qandakebis fragmenti: lomis
saintereso sakiTxi elinisturi
fafars CabRauWebuli xeli
kulturis gavrcelebis gzebis
(heraklesi?) ([1261], [1512]
Sesaxeb.

Zv.w. III-I ss-Si kolxeTi aqtiurad

iyo CarTuli saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi, romelmac Zv.w. III-I ss-Si
uaRresad farTo masStabebi miiRo.
ekonomikur urTierTobas elinistur
qveynebTan, bunebrivia, Tan moyveboda
kolxeTSi elinisturi kulturis
gavrcelebac, miT ufro, rom samefoSi) elinisturi kulturis
elinizmis xanaSi kolxeTze (da impulsebi erTi saerTo wyarodan –
amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebze) gadioda mcire aziidan momdinareobda [1415, gv.
msoflio mniSvnelobis didi savaWro- 211-214], Sdr. [1149].
satranzito magistrali, romelic
dasavleTs (berZnul-elinistur samya- erT-erTi urTulesi sakiTxTagani,
ros) aRmosavleTTan akavSirebda. Sesa- romelic dgeba vanis naqalaqaris Ses-
bamisad, SeiZleboda gvemtkicebina, wavlisas, esaa sakiTxi misi Zvel weri-
rom elinisturi kultura lobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebul
saqarTveloSi vrceldeboda punqtebTan identifikaciis Sesaxeb.
SavizRvispira olqebidan, sadac ukve gamoTqmulia mosazreba vanis
Zv.w. VI s. Sua xanebidan arsebobdnen naqalaqaris SesaZlo gaigivebis
e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizaciis Sesaxeb im qalaqTan, romelsac
xanaSi daarsebuli elinTa pliniusi (`bunebis istoria~ I, 13)
samosaxloebi. magram saqme isaa, rom uwodebs `surium~-s, xolo klavdios
zRvispira zolSi ar Cans elinisturi ptolemaiosi (V, 9, 5) – `surion~_s. am
kulturis zogierTi elementi, ro- mosazrebas, romelic pirvelad arqeo-
melic agre TvalsaCinoa mag., vanSi. es logma nino xoStariam gamoTqva, 241
garemoeba ukve iZleva TiTqos safu- TiTqos mxars uWers vanSi aRmoCenili
Zvels vivaraudoT, rom antikuri brinjaos fragmentuli firfita berZ-
civilizaciis impulsebi kolxeTSi nuli warweriT, romelic, akad. T.
mxolod zRvispira centrebidan ar yauxCiSvilis azriT, warmoadgens Zv.w.
momdinareobda. miT ufro, rom igive III saukunis sakralur dokuments –
kultura sakmaod mkafiod iCens Tavs sataZro sakanonmdeblo warweras [316].
Sida kolxeTis aRmosavleT raionebSi mis me-17 striqonSi naTqvamia: `...
da gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavleT aRimarTa surisSi~, rac TiTqos unda
saqarTveloSi (samadlo-nastakisi, iyos qalaqis saxelwodeba. warweraSi
sarkine, mcxeTa da misi midamoebi, `suri~-s xseneba (micemiT brunvaSi)
wunda). SeiZleba davinaxoT mTeli mxars uWers klavdios ptolemaiosTan
rigi msgavseba vanis samSeneblo da pliniusTan moxsenebul surion//
wesebsa da e.w. armazcixe I-is rigis surium-is vanTan identifikaciis
Zeglebs Soris, romelnic `didi SesaZleblobas. magram, mainc, war-
mcxeTis~ sxvadasxva ubnebzea weris fragmentulobis gamo, Znelia
(armazcixe, wiwamuri, sarkine) gadaWriT iTqvas, rom is, rac
aRmoCenili: iseTive samSeneblo we- `aRimarTa surisSi~ iyo swored vanSi
sebi, qvaTlilebi da arqiteqturuli aRmoCenili brinjaos warweriani
detalebi (bazebi, kapiteli, wnuli fila (Sdr. [312]). amas garda, pli-
CuqurTma), zogierTi Senobis gegma, niusTan daculi cnobiT, kolxeTis
agreTve aliz-aguris farTo qalaqTagan mis dros e.i. ax.w. I
gamoyeneba, rogoric vanSia dadas- saukuneSi `idga mxolod suriumi~.
turebuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas re-
241 saxelwodeba `vani~, rac Zvel qarTul
ligiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis
enaSi niSnavda `saxls~, `sadgurs~, `dabas~,
(kerZod, dionisuri kultebis) gavrce-
`sacxovrebels~, `monasters~, am mxaris
lebazec. amitomac SeiZleba vivarau- aRsaniSnavad jerjerobiT arc antikur
doT, rom Zveli kolxeTis aRmo- (berZnul-romaul) da arc saSualo
savleT olqebSi (kerZod – vansa da saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi da-
dasturebuli araa. vaxuSti bagrationis
mis midamoebSi) da aRmosavleT saqar-
cnobiT, am mxares Zvelad `saCino~ erqva
TveloSi (iberiis anu qarTlis [264, gv. 751, 772].
xolo cnobilia, rom vani Zir- didi xvedriTi wili da maTi TiTqos
fesvianadaa dangreuli jer kidev Zv.w. wamyvani rolic. aseve, naqalaqarze
I s-is Sua xanebSi. mravlad aRmoCenili mcire sa-
kurTxevlebi (sur. 218) da saritualo
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imis dad- sagnebi (sur. 197) mowmoben mis
genasac, Tu ra tipis qalaqTan gvaqvs sakulto xasiaTs. Cveni azriT, aq
aq saqme Zv.w. III-I ss-Si? saqme unda gvqondes elinisturi xanis
Zv.w. III-I ss-Si samkuTxa borcvze saqarTvelos did sataZro centrTan
ganlagebuli qalaqi qvisa da alizis anu sataZro qalaqTan. 242 es unda
mZlavri TavdacviTi kedlebiT iyo yofiliyo imave rigis qalaqi, ro-
gamagrebuli, mas hqonda didebuli goric iyo Zvel egvipteSi karnaki,
karibWe, romelic warmoadgens rTul xolo arqauli da klasikuri xanis
arqiteqturul kompleqss, saberZneTSi olimpia, delfo, dodona
safortifikacio mSeneblobis yvela da sxv., ufro ki elinisturi xanis
wesebis dacviT romaa agebuli. mcire aziis didi sataZro
qalaqSi idga mravalricxovani gaerTianebani: pontos komana da zela,
sakulto Tu sazogadoebrivi daniSnu- zevsisa da apolonis taZrebi kapado-
lebis kramitiT gadaxuruli nagebo- kiaSi, RmerTebis dedis taZari
bani, romelTagan zogierTi pesinuntSi, olbis sataZro
mdidrulad iyo morTuli: svetebi, saxelmwifo kilikiaSi, anaitis taZari
moCuqurTmebuli arqiteqturuli armeniaSi da sxv. kargadaa cnobili,
detalebi, wvimis wylis sadinarad rom es taZrebi mxolod sakulto-
gankuTvnili lomis Tavebi, marma- religiur centrebs ki ar warmo-
rilos qvisa Tu brinjaos qandakebebi, adgendnen, aramed imave dros iyvnen
riyis qviT mokirwyluli `quCebi~ msxvili politikuri da ekonomikuri
amSvenebdnen am odesRac didebulsa erTeulebi, romlebic flobdnen
da uTuod Zalian mdidar qalaqs. aq vrcel miwebsa da auracxel
Tavs iyrida kolxeTSi berZnul- simdidres.
elinisturi samyarodan Semotanili
fufunebisa da farTo moxmarebis sag-
nebi: sinopuri zeiTunis zeTi da
xmelTaSuazRvispira kunZulebis
(Tazosi, rodosi, kosi, knidi)
maRalxarisxovani Rvino, mTel
imdroindel msoflioSi saxelgan-
Tqmuli pergamonuli da
aleqsandriuli Tixis WurWeli (Savi 242Zalze niSandoblivia, rom qalaqis Zv.w.
da wiTeli lakiT dafaruli I s-Si ganadgurebis Semdeg, am adgilze
langrebi, reliefuri gamosa- aRaravin dasaxlebula TiTqmis XVIII
xulebebiT morTuli Tasebi), saukunemde, rodesac am borcvze
brinjaos maRalmxatvruli leCxumidan Camosaxlebuli axvledianebi
damkvidrdnen. gvianantikur xanaSi
nakeTobani... borcvze mxolod dakrZalvis SemTxvevaa
dadasturebuli, xolo SuasaukuneebSi ki
dRemde aRmoCenili arqeologiuri aq eklesia mdgara. sainteresoa sa-
Zeglebis mixedviT, vanis naqalaqari xelwodeba vanic, romelic uZveles ter-
TiTqos ar waagavs `namdvil~, `saero minadaa aRiarebuli, amasTan rogorc fiq-
roben, upiratesad samonastro da wminda
qalaqs.~ ukve sakmaod TvalsaCinoa am adgilebis aRmniSvnelia (ix. zemoT
qalaqSi sataZro-sakulto nagebobaTa SeniSvna 273).
 demetras saxelze rom imarTeboda.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, levkoTea iyo
dionises gamzrdelic da amitom mas
Tayvans scemdnen agreTve rogorc
meRvineobisa da mevenaxeobis
mfarvels. amasTan erTad, berZnul
miTologiaSi levkoTea mWedlebisa da
metalurgebis, agreTve avadmyofebisa
da fexmZime qalTa mfarvelic iyo.
saerTod levkoTeas kulti farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli da berZnul
miTologiaSi mravalsaxovnad
warmodgenili; magram CvenTvis
arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda hqondes im
faqts, rom levkoTea, Tavisi
garegnuli saxiT mainc, wylis
RvTaebaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, berZenTa
religiuri warmodgenebiT igi wylis
mcxovrebia (berZnuli saxviTi
xelovnebis Zeglebze levkoTea
gamosaxulia zRvis cxovelebiT
garSemortymuli an zRvis verZze
amxedrebuli, TmagaSlili qalis
saxiT) da misi religiur-
sur. 218. mcire zomis sakurTxevlebi miTologiuri saxec wyalTanaa
vanis naqalaqaridan. Zv.w. II-I dakavSirebuli ... bunebrivia
ss. [1178] vivaraudoT, rom levkoTeas saxeliT
straboni ixseniebs Zveli qarTuli
warmarTuli panTeonis erT-erT
uzenaes RvTaebas, ramdenadac mis
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom swored
saxelzea agebuli yvelaze ufro
vanSi aRmoCenil qalaqs unda gulis-
mdidari da cnobili samlocvelo. es
xmobdes berZeni geografosi straboni,
RvTaeba, rogorc Cans, iseve rogorc
rodesac kolxeTis aRwerisas (XI, 3,
berZnuli levkoTea, iyo nayofierebis
17) asaxelebs levkoTeas mdidar
RvTaeba, magram gaazrebuli iyo,
sataZro qalaqs (dawvr. [1412]). savsebiT
rogorc wylis qalRmerTi (xom araa
aSkaraa, rom levkoTeas saxeliT aq
am RvTaebis saxe vanis agre unikalur
ixsenieba adgilobrivi, Zveli qar-
kapitelebze warmodgenili? – Sdr.
Tuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaeba,
sur. 210).
romelic garegnuli niSnebiT
emsgavseba berZnul levkoTeas – vanSi aRmoCenili qalaqi rom
`TeTr qalRmerTs~, zRvis RvTaebas – swored qalRmerTi saxelzea agebuli,
elinuri miTologiis erT-erT Zalze dasturdeba arqeologiuri masaliT:
saintereso personaJs. mas Tayvans qalaqis karibWesTan, rogorc ukve
scemdnen rogorc nayofierebisa da vTqviT, aRmarTuli iyo mfarveli
mosavlianobis RvTaebas, rasac RvTaebis qandakeba. iqve kedelze
mowmobs msxverplSewirvis ritualebi, berZnuli asoebiT amokawrulia:
romelnic Zalze waagaven imaT, `gevedrebi, meufeo (qalRmerTo)~ [292].
es qalRmerTi rom nayofierebis modgenili [1176, gv. 259-260], [1219] (lev-
funqciis matarebeli iyo, SesaZloa koTea sityva-sityviT niSnavs `TeTr
amis mowmoba iyos karibWesTan ga- qalRmerTs~).
marTul taZarSi, sakurTxevelTan aR-
moCenili Sewirulobis xasiaTi: levkoTeas `mdidari~ sataZro
napovnia amforebi, romelTagan ori qalaqi, strabonis cnobiT, `jer
fetvis marcvlebiT iyo savse. fetvi farnakem, da cota mogvianebiT,
ki, megruli da svanuri eTnografiuli miTridate pergamonelma gaZarcves~
masalebis mixedviT, did rols (XI, 2, 17 = [334, gv. 124]). aq dasaxe-
asrulebda nayofierebis RvTaebebTan lebuli farnake, pontos mefis
dakavSirebul sakulto ritualSi. miTridate evpatoris vaJi, Zv.w. 63-47
misi gadmonaSTia, rogorc Cans, ww. ganagebda bosforis samefos. mis
samegreloSi axali wlis sadRe- mier kolxeTis dalaSqvris Sesaxeb
saswaulo ritualSi SemorCenili cnoba moepoveba dion kasiossac ([48,
wesi: `fetvian muWas mekvle wyalSi 45, 3] = [328, gv. 70]). es laSqroba,
samjer Cayofda da sinjavda, Tu fetvi rogorc fiqroben, Zv.w. 50 wlis Semdeg
mSrali iyo, weliwadi tarosiani unda momxdariyo. xolo Zv.w. 47 wels
iqnebao, Tu sveli – avdriani~ [1219]. farnake iRupeba ajanyebuli moxelis
mosavlianobis RvTaebisadmi fetvis asandres winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
Sewirva svaneTSicaa dadasturebuli: asandres dasjas da bosforis
`dideba mosvlodes ... fetvi blomad Semomtkicebas romaelebi avaleben
mogviyvane. dagvijvare yovelTvis pergamonis mmarTvels miTridate VII
fetvi, didebis Rirso, indome Cveni (anu rogorc mas uwodeben –
Senawiri~ [398]. miTridate pergamonels), romelmac
Zv.w. 47 wels gailaSqra bosforze da
magram es faqtebi, ra Tqma unda, iqve daiRupa. swored am dros,
srulebiTac araa sakmarisi vanis bosforSi mosvlamde, gaZarcva man
mfarveli qalRmerTi levkoTead (rogorc fiqroben, saomari
gaazrebisaTvis, ramdenadac es operaciebisaTvis aucilebeli mdidari
ukanaskneli ZiriTadad mainc wylis nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT) da
RvTaebaa. nayofierebis funqciis ma- umowyalod daangria kolxeTSi
tarebel wylis RvTaebaTa arseboba levkoTeas sataZro qalaqi.
Zvel kolxeTSi ara erTi monacemiT
dasturdeba da amas (wylis kultis Zv.w. I saukunis Sua xanebSi,
farTod gavrcelebas) geografiuli xanmokle drois manZilze qalaqis
garemos (kolxeTis dablobis orjer dangrevis kvalic sakmaod
wyaluxvianobiT) specifikurobiT xsni- naTlad Cans vanis naqalaqarze.
an. wylis RvTaebaTa kultis gadmo- pirveli Semoseva ganxorcielda
naSTebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi uTuod gazafxulis erT-erT dRes,
ukanasknel xanebamdea SemorCenili. rodesac karibWesTan mis gareT
aRsaniSnavia, magaliTad, samegreloSi religiuri dResaswauli iyo gamarTu-
cnobili dResaswauli `mesefoba.~ li. amas mowmobs erTi saintereso
xalxis warmodgeniT `mesefi iyo aRmoCena.
wylis deda, romelic am dros karibWis kedlis gareT, gadmongre-
zRvidan amodioda~. amas garda, uli alizis kedlebqveS aRmoCnda
gavrcelebuli iyo rwmena wylis danaxSirebuli xis Zeli, xolo iqve –
dedaze (`wyariS dida~), romelic Zalze damsxvreuli, Tixisagan
`TeTri qaliSvilis~ saxiT iyo war- gamoZerwili da merme gamomwvari
niRabi, romelic suros foTlebiTa levkoTeas sataZro qalaqis orjer
da vazis nayofiT damSvenebul gaZarcvis Sesaxeb (jer farnakes,
dionises Tavs gamosaxavs. iqve iqna xolo Semdeg miTridate pergamonelis
napovni Tixis asamde miniaturuli mier).
sferoseburmucliani qoTani. Turme
gazafxulze imarTeboda dionises
pativsacemad dResaswauli, romlis
drosac mis niRabs xis Zelze Camoki-
debdnen da irgvliv Tixis qoTnebs
Semoulagebdnen [1245].

pirveli Semosevis dros daingra qa-

laqis karibWe da samive terasis yvela
ZiriTadi nageboba. yvelgan
TvalnaTliv Cans Zlieri xanZrisa da
umowyalod ngrevis kvali:
saZirkvlamde moTxril-mongreuli
kedlebi, xanZrisagan gawiTlebuli
qvebi, gadamwvar-gadamdnari kramiti da
alizi, danaxSirebuli xis Zelebi.
yvelaferi es Zalian mogvagonebs
swored farnakes `xelweras~, ro-
melsac vicnobT Cven mis mier
CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi
ganadgurebuli qalaqebis magaliTze.

pirveli Semosevis Semdeg cxovreba

mxolod centralur terasaze
ganaxlebula. qalaqis cxovrebis sul
ukanaskneli etapi aq warmoadgenilia
qvisa da alizis TavdacviTi kedlebis
nangrevebiT. centraluri terasis
aRmosavleT ferdobze kargad Cans,
rom es galavnis kedlebi saswrafod,
yovelgvari winaswari momzadebisa da
saTanado saZirkvlis gareSea
daSenebuli Tixnar fenaze. xolo es
fena, romelic Seicavs sxvadasxva
arqiteqturul detalebs, Tavis mxriv
ramdenadme ufro adre, agreTve
Zlieri ngrevisaganaa warmoqmnili. am
fenaSic Zv.w. I s. pirveli naxevris
keramikuli fragmentebi da monetebi
gvxvdeba. ase rom sakmaod xanmokle
drois manZilze Zv.w. I s. Sua xanebSi
qalaqi orjeraa dangreuli. es
arqeologiuri monacemebic eTanxmeba
strabonis zemoT motanil cnobas