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Symmetrical Components: Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman
Symmetrical Components: Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman
Symmetrical Components: Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman
ia Ia
ia ib ic I a Ib Ic
R R1
ia ib ic 0
R R2 R3
R Ib
ib
ic Ic
For balanced faults |Ia|= |Ib|= |Ic|. So, analysis can be made for one phase only
and total real and reactive powers are simply 3 times the corresponding phase
values.
Fortescue's theorem
Vc1 Va2
Va1
Vb2
Va0
V
Vc0 b0
Vc2
Vb1
Fig. 3-1 Three sets of balanced phasors which are the symmetrical
components of three unbalanced phasors
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
Symmetrical Components…Fortescue’s theorem
Va0
Va Va2
Va2
Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0
Vc2 Vb2
Vb
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Va Va2
Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0
Vc2
Vb
Vb0 Vb1
Vb2
Va Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ........................(3.1)
Vb Vb 0 Vb1 Vb 2 ........................(3.2)
Vc Vc 0 Vc1 Vc 2 .........................(3.3)
-1, -a3 1, a3
a2 -a
Vc1 Va2
Va1
Vb2 V
Vb0a0
Vc0
Vc2
Vb1
Va Va 0 Va1 Va 2 ...................(3.5)
Vb Va 0 a 2Va1 aVa 2 ..................(3.6)
Vc Va 0 aVa1 a 2Va 2 ..................(3.7)
In matrix form
Va 1 1 1 Va 0
V 1 a 2 a V ...............(3.8)
b a1
Vc 1 a a 2 Va 2
1 1 1
1
A -1 1 a a 2 .............................( 3.10)
3
1 a 2 a
Va 0 1 1 1 Va
V 1 1 a a 2 V ...............(3.11)
a1 3 b
Va 2 1 a 2 a Vc
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
1
Va 0 Va Vb Vc ........................(3.12)
3
1
Va1 Va aVb a 2Vc ..................(3.13)
3
1
Va 2 Va a 2Vb aVc ..................(3.14)
3
If required, the components Vb0, Vb1, Vb2, Vc0, Vc1 and Vc2 can also be found.
1
Va 0 Va Vb Vc ........................(3.12)
3
Eq. (3.12) shows that no zero sequence components exist if the sum of the
unbalanced phasors is zero. Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors
in a three-phase system is always zero, zero-sequence components are
never present in the line voltages, regardless of the amount of unbalance.
The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero,
and voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components.
I a I a 0 I a1 I a 2 ...................(3.15)
I b I a 0 a 2 I a1 aI a 2 ...................(3.16)
I c I a 0 aI a1 a 2 I a 2 ...................(3.17)
1
I a0 I a I b I c ........................(3.18)
3
1
I a1 I a aI b a 2 I c ...................(3.19)
3
1
I a 2 I a a 2 I b aI c ..................(3.20)
3
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
In a three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current
In is the sum of the line currents:
I a I b I c I n .........................(3.21)
1
Comparing eqs. (3.18) and (3.21) gives I a0 I a I b I c ..............(3.18)
3
I n 3I a 0 ...................................(3.22)
Solution:
Va = 1000 Vb = 35-90 Vc = 40180
a 1120 a 2 1 120 1240
1
Va1 Va aVb a Vc
3
2
1
1000 35 90120 40180 120
3
1
1000 3530 4060
3
1
100 j 0 30.31 j17.5 20 j14.641
3
50.1 j17.38
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Example:
The line to ground voltages on the high voltage side of a step up
transformer are 100 kV, 35 kV & 40 kV on phases a, b and c respectively.
The voltage of phase a leads b 90 and lags that of phase c by 180.
Determine the symmetrical components of voltage.
Solution:
Solution:
1
Va 0 Va Vb Vc
3
1
100 j 0 0 j15 40 j 0
3
20 j11.67
S P jQ Va I a* Vb I b* Vc I c*
* T *
I a Va I a
Va Vb Vc I b Vb I b
I c Vc I c
V pT I *p
Va 1 1 1 Va 0 I a 1 1 1 I a 0
Now, Vb 1 a 2 a Va1 and I b 1 a 2 a I a1
Vc 1 a a 2 Va 2 I c 1 a a 2 I a 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
V A A I
T T * *
s s
AT A* 1 a 2 a 1 a a 2
1 a a 2 1 a 2 a
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 a a2 1 a2 a
A 1 a 2 a
2
1 a a 2 1 a a 1 a a 1 a a
2 3 3 4
1 a a 2 1 a 2 a 4 1 a 3 a 3
S 3VsT UI s* 3VsT I s* 3 0 0 1 0 0
I a0
*
0 3 0 30 1 0 3U
3 Va 0 Va1 Va 2 I a1 0 0 3 0 0 1
I a 2
3Va 0 I a*0 3Va1 I a*1 3Va 2 I a*2
3V0 I 0* 3V1 I1* 3V2 I 2*
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman
Thank You