Nicros User Manual

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
Please read this user manual in its

entirety before you begin using your
new Nicros climbing wall.
Climbing is an inherently dangerous activity and serious injury or death may result from the physical
demands of, or falls sustained while climbing. Likewise, the installation of climbing walls, the use of the
equipment, Auto Belays and A.B.S.S.™ involves certain inherent risks. Extreme caution must be exercised
in order to help prevent injuries from occurring during the installation or from the use of the climbing wall
thereafter. Individuals and organizations are solely responsible for learning the proper techniques and safety
procedures for the installation and use of all Nicros, Inc. products. It is the responsibility of the end user to
provide proper training of staff and guidance on the correct use of all gear associated with climbing walls.
Nicros highly recommends following all manufactures’ guidelines for the appropriate use of all products. The
purchaser as well as the user assume all risks and accepts full responsibility for any injury, disfigurement
or death resulting from the installation, use and/or misuse of the products. If you are unfamiliar with any
aspect of installation, operation, use or maintenance of any climbing equipment or activity please seek
appropriate assistance or training. Nicros provides a full spectrum of training products and professional
services to help in the development of the end user climbing wall program. Call Nicros at 651.778.1975 for
details.
Please double check and climb safe! 

------------------------------
Climbing is an inherently dangerous and potentially hazardous activity and serious injury or death may result
from the physical demands of, or falls sustained while, climbing. Seemingly small and insignificant mistakes
may have catastrophic results. Individuals and organizations using products distributed by Nicros, Inc. bear
the responsibility of learning the proper techniques and safety procedures required for their safe use. You,
the purchaser, by accepting this package, have taken on all responsibilities of ownership and assume all
risks and full responsibility for all damages or injury, including death and disfigurement that may result from
the use or misuse of our product.
This Climbing Wall User Manual does not represent all of the operating procedures necessary to properly
and safely use/facilitate a climbing wall or a climbing wall program including lessons. It is important that
every climbing facility employee receives appropriate training, that there are risk management techniques in
place and that all equipment used for the facility is properly maintained.
The Climbing Wall Association (CWA) offers operating and training guidelines and standards known as
Industry Practices (I.P.’s) These standards offer fundamental operating guidelines for any climbing wall
program and is the starting point from which you should build your risk management procedures and your
operations manual. Please consider joining CWA and obtaining the I.P.’s.

Warning: Please read carefully.
• NEVER attempt to climb without first receiving proper training

• NEVER climb without using proper safety gear
• NEVER climb without using an appropriate landing surface
• For traverse/bouldering walls, NEVER climb without properly trained and experienced spotter
• For full-height climbing walls, NEVER climb without being belayed (either by and automatic belay
device or a properly trained and experienced belay partner
• Remember to always clip into the Auto Belay
• NEVER allow children to climb without adult supervision
• WARNING: Smaller handholds may be a choking hazard for children
• ALWAYS establish a risk management program for the climbing wall

• ALWAYS check the condition of the climbing wall, hardware and handholds prior to climbing
• Any damaged equipment or equipment showing signs of wear needs to be replaced prior to
climbing
• ALWAYS check handholds to ensure they are properly mounted, secure and undamaged prior to
climbing
• ALWAYS seek proper training and instruction before using products received from Nicros, Inc.
• ALWAYS “double check” everything (the attachment, anchors, locking biners, etc.)
• ALWAYS read and understand any and all manufacture hang tags and safety warnings
• DO NOT use carbon-steel or aluminum products in direct contact with pressure-treated wood
• DO NOT use or install any climbing products (handholds, etc.) without proper knowledge and
training on how the products are to be used
• Go to www.climbingwallindustry.org for more information
• INSTITUTIONS (such as schools, recreation centers, fitness centers, climbing gyms, etc.) are
responsible for the safety of their customers
• It is important that the information provided by the manufacturer is transferred to customers
including information about the appropriate use and applications of all products purchased from
Nicros
• Institutions are responsible for the training employees receive, the instruction of the end users
and the maintenance of their own equipment facilities 

CLIMBING WALL
USER MANUAL

Copyright © 2009
Nicros Climbing Wall User Manual
For more information on Nicros, Inc, contact:

Nicros
845 Phalen Blvd.
St. Paul, MN 55106
651.778.1975
800.699.1975
651.778.8080 (fax)
www.nicros.com
For updated information and safety concerns, visit www.nicros.com.
The product names used in this Nicros Climbing Wall User Manual are for identification purposes only. All trademarks and registered
trademarks are the property of their respective owners. The following are trademarks that may or may not be marked in this Nicros Climbing
Wall User Manual :
Grigri™ is a trademark of Petzl. Velcro® is a registered trademark of Velcro Industries B.V.. Super Shut™ is a trademark of Fixe.
A.B.S.S.™, Auto Belay Safety System™. A.R.T.Wall™, Nicros, Inc.™ Nicrolite™, Nicrolite-HandSculpted™, Nicros-SegWall™, Nicros-
EasyWall™, Nicros-GranitPanels™, WestCoast™ are trademarks of Nicros, Inc.
Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.
Notice of Rights
All rights reserved. No part of this user manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Nicros, Inc. For more information on getting permission, contact Nicros, Inc. at
651.778.1975.
Notice of Liability
This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to operate a climbing wall and climbing wall program or to properly
train your staff. Nicros does not take responsibility for the misuse or misinterpretation of the content contained herein. The following information
is a summary of certain maintenance and other miscellaneous safety items to help you in maintaining your climbing wall and climbing operation.
Nicros encourages the end users to seek additional ongoing instruction and guidance. Contact Nicros and/or the CWA with questions regarding the
operations of artificial climbing walls.
Always read and understand any and all manufacture hang tags and safety warnings.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Climbing Wall User Manual

SECTION 1 Climbing Wall Introduction & General Information
2 Climbing Wall Operations
3 Climbing Wall Maintenance
4 Project Details
5 Bulletins, Contacts, Forms & Logs, Glossary of Terms

DISCLAIMER: This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to operate a climbing wall and climbing wall program or to properly train your staff.. Nicros does not
take responsibility for the misuse or misinterpretation of the content contained herein. The following information is a summary of certain maintenance and other miscellaneous safety items
to help you in maintaining your climbing wall and climbing operation. Nicros encourages the end users to seek additional ongoing instruction and guidance. Contact Nicros and/or the CWA
with questions regarding the operations of artificial climbing walls.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 // Climbing Wall Introduction & General Information

1.1 Climbing Wall Introduction
1.2 Disclaimer
1.3 Summary List of Guidelines
1.4 A Brief History

Please read all information
carefully and thoroughly prior to using your
If you have any questions or uncertainties about any of the items contained in
this section, please call Nicros at 651.778.1975 for clarification.
The following is a brief overview of climbing wall management.
1.1 Climbing Wall Introduction

Congratulations on the purchase of your new Nicros climbing wall and welcome to the climbing industry. Nicros
is not only committed to providing its clients with the highest quality climbing wall systems available, but also
preparing you for the experience of operating and maintaining your new wall.
It is important to note that there are a variety of responsibilities and duties associated with the ownership and
operation of a climbing wall. This document is designed to help enable you to properly operate and maintain
your new climbing wall. In addition to the services and training that Nicros offers, there are also a number of
resources available to assist you in creating your own operating system, risk management system and training
of your staff; refer to Section 5 of this manual for more information. As always, if there is ever a question or
problem with your climbing wall, do not hesitate to call Nicros at 651.778.1975 or email at sales@nicros.com.
See Section 1.2 for a brief summary list of important considerations and warnings.
Purpose of the Manual

The purpose of this manual is to help provide a baseline of information that is needed to maintain and operate the
climbing wall and to reference a variety of resources that will further enhance your ability to run the climbing wall
as safely and efficiently as possible. Operations is covered in Section 2 and Maintenance is covered in Section
3 of this manual.
Owning and operating a climbing wall is an ongoing responsibility that requires a commitment to a high standard
of conduct and attention to detail on the part of everyone involved. It should be noted that this document will
provide only a basic overview of operations and maintenance and is not intended to be represented as a complete
training and/or operations guide. In order to run a safe program it is important to properly address maintenance
of the wall, training of the staff and general operations of the wall. It is not Nicros’ intent to have the climbing wall
client believe they are fully trained or completely knowledgeable about the sport of indoor climbing and climbing
wall operation from reading this manual and completing our training courses. Careful selection of qualified
personnel and ongoing staff and manager training are necessary components of a successful risk management
program. 

1.2 Disclaimer
This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to operate a climbing wall
and climbing wall program or to properly train your staff. Nicros does not take responsibility for the
misuse or misinterpretation of the content contained herein. The following information is a summary of
certain maintenance and other miscellaneous safety items to help you in maintaining your climbing wall
and climbing operation. Nicros encourages the end users to seek additional ongoing instruction and
guidance. Contact Nicros and/or the Climbing Wall Association (CWA) with questions regarding the
demands of, or falls sustained while climbing. Likewise, the installation of climbing walls, the use of
the equipment, Auto Belays and A.B.S.S.™ involves certain inherent risks. Extreme caution must be
exercised in order to help prevent injuries from occurring during the installation or from the use of the
climbing wall thereafter. Individuals and organizations are solely responsible for learning the proper
techniques and safety procedures for the installation and use of all Nicros, Inc. products. It is the
responsibility of the end user to provide proper training of staff and guidance on the correct use of all
gear associated with climbing walls. Nicros highly recommends following all manufactures’ guidelines for
the appropriate use of all products. The purchaser as well as the user assume all risks and accepts full
responsibility for any injury, disfigurement or death resulting from the installation, use and/or misuse
of the products. If you are unfamiliar with any aspect of installation, operation, use or maintenance of
any climbing equipment or activity please seek appropriate assistance or training. Nicros provides a
full spectrum of training products and professional services to help in the development of the end user
climbing wall program. Call Nicros at 651.778.1975 for details. Check the Nicros website for current
product recalls and other industry information and resources. Please double check and climb safe!
You must read the following information before using Nicros products.
demands of or falls sustained while climbing.
• NEVER attempt to climb without first receiving proper training

• NEVER climb without using proper safety gear
• NEVER climb without using an appropriate landing surface
• For traverse/bouldering walls, NEVER climb without a properly trained and experienced spotter
• For full-height climbing walls, NEVER climb without being belayed (either by an automatic belay
device or a properly trained and experienced belay partner)
• Remember to ALWAYS clip into the Auto Belay correctly
• NEVER allow children to climb without adult supervision
• WARNING: Smaller handholds may be a choking hazard for children
• ALWAYS check the condition of the wall, hardware and handholds prior to climbing
• Any damaged equipment or equipment showing signs of wear needs to be replaced prior to
climbing
• ALWAYS check handholds to ensure they are properly mounted, secure and undamaged prior
to climbing
• ALWAYS seek proper training and instruction before using products received from Nicros, Inc.
• ALWAYS “double check” everything (the attachment, anchors, locking biners, etc.)

(1.2 Disclaimer continued)
• ALWAYS read and understand any and all manufactures’ hang tags and safety warnings
• DO NOT use standard carbon-steel or aluminum products in direct contact with pressure-
treated wood
• For more information, please see the “Advisory on Fasteners and Connectors for Treated
Wood” on the Nicros website

DO NOT use or install any climbing products (handholds, etc.) without proper knowledge and training
of how the products are to be used. For handholds and training tools, see the enclosed Climb
Smart™ brochure, “Artificial Climbing Holds,” in Section 5.2. For ropes, harnesses and other climbing
equipment, refer to either the Climb Smart™ brochure or the manufacturer’s labels and warnings.
Contact the Climbing Wall Association (CWA) for additional information on Climb Smart™ literature
and also for climbing wall operational guidelines referred to as the Industry Practices (IPs), visit www.
climbingwallindustry.org or call CWA at 720.838.8284.
Institutions (such as climbing gyms, fitness centers, recreation centers, retail outlets, etc.) are
responsible for the safety of their customers. It is important that the information provided by the
manufacturers are transferred to customers including information about the appropriate use and
applications of all products purchased from Nicros. Institutions are responsible for the training
employees receive and the maintenance of their own equipment and facilities. 

1.3 Summary List of Guidelines:
• All participants should be warned of the inherent risks and dangers associated with the sport of climbing
• Follow the ”Duty to Notify” doctrine – see Section 2.3
• Establish rules and provide appropriate postings or signage (post warnings)
• Contact CWA to obtain the Climb Smart™ warning information − CWA information can be found in Section 5.7
• Supervise your climbing wall at all times when the wall is in use
• Make sure the climbing wall is properly closed when not in use – see Section 2.6
• Make sure access is denied – see Section 2.6.1
• Properly train your staff – see Section 2.5
• Do not ask or allow improperly trained staff to perform important safety tasks
• Perform all regular maintenance and maintenance checks as per the suggested schedule – see Section 3.1.1
• Log all maintenance and training activities – see Section 5.17 − 5.21 for example log forms
• Participants must always “DOUBLE CHECK” their climbing setup and belay partner setup
• All climbers that are allowed to climb on their own must test successfully on proper belay and tie-in techniques
appropriate to their skill level
• Climbers should NEVER climb into slack − inform participants of this principle
• Bouldering is dangerous and spotters should be considered

• Nicros, Inc. recommends the use of a spotter when bouldering. Bouldering may be dangerous for
the climber and for the spotter and may result in injuries including, but not limited to twists, strains,
sprains, and dislocations. The spotter’s job is to redirect the climber’s fall to try to help them to land
on their feet first and/or to assist in protecting the boulderer, and may not prevent an injury. Bouldering
and spotting are dangerous and the spotter may not prevent an injury resulting from a fall. In fact, the
spotter may even be injured.
• Rules for bouldering must be established
• Post the rules for bouldering in a prominent location
• Provide appropriate landing surfaces below all climbing/bouldering areas – see Section 3.1.2.4 for more
information
10
(1.3 Summary List of Guidelines continued)
• Remind participants to clip into the Auto Belay system
• Be sure to continue your CWA membership − see Section 2.12 or 5.7 
11
1.4 A Brief History
Nicros officially started business in 1992, primarily as a handhold manufacturing company, although they first
experimented with making handholds in 1988. Nicros also built, what was at the time, the largest climbing facility
in the nation − Vertical Endeavors. Vertical Endeavors, located in St. Paul, Minnesota, is a full service commercial
climbing facility with more than 18,200 square feet of climbing surface. Vertical Endeavors now has three full-
service locations, with more than 50,000 square feet of climbing surface in total: St. Paul, Chicago, and Duluth,
all of which were built by Nicros.
The company quickly gained a reputation of making some of the highest quality products in the industry, for both
holds and climbing walls. By taking a professional customer-service-oriented approach to the design, construction
and manufacturing of climbing wall products, Nicros has become an industry leader. Nicros’ experienced staff has
an impressive range of knowledge and skill that enables them to accompany the prospective wall owner through
their journey of building and operating a climbing wall. In addition to Nicros, the owners of the company also run
Vertical Endeavors. Through their experience in both the construction and operation of climbing walls, the owners
of Nicros and Vertical Endeavors bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise to your climbing wall project.
Climbing as a sport has grown and changed incredibly since the early nineties. With an explosion in popularity
and the availability of climbing structures in a variety of areas, many more people have tried climbing. Though
all forms of climbing have grown, indoor climbing in particular has progressed quickly. As the variety of people
participating in climbing has expanded, the number, size and design of climbing walls has also increased. Each
climbing facility, depending on the location and type of business in which the climbing wall is found, will experience
a different clientele; thus, the products and services offered may need to vary. This will also determine the skills
and training the management and/or staff will need in order to provide appropriate programming. 
12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 2 // Climbing Wall Operations

2.1 Climbing Wall Operations Introduction
2.2 List of Documents
2.3 Duty to Notify, Waiver of Liability and Assumption of Risk
2.3.1 Example Waiver/Release
2.3.2 Example Climbing Facility Rules Agreement
2.4 Assignment of Responsibility
2.5 Staffing and Staff Training
2.6 Access Control and Monitoring
2.6.1 Access
2.6.2 Monitoring
2.7 Qualifying User
2.7.1 User Orientation and Belay Test
2.7.2 Nicros User Orientation and Belay Test Outline
2.7.3 Basic Safety Lesson/Course
2.7.4 Basic Safety Course Outline
2.8 Programming
2.9 Route Setting
2.9.1 Route Setting Equipment
2.9.2 Route Setting Outline
2.10 Auto Belays
2.11 Incident Response
2.11.1 Incident Response Procedure
2.11.2 Level One Incident Response
2.11.3 Level Two Incident Response
2.12 Climbing Wall Association Industry Practices
13
The following is a brief overview of climbing wall operations.
2.1 Climbing Wall Operations Introduction

Maintaining and operating a climbing wall can be a challenging and rewarding experience, but for the uninitiated,
it can also represent a leap into the unknown. To assist those in need of direction, this section briefly outlines
the major topics of management concern. Although this is by no means a complete discussion of these topics,
it is a starting point and should give readers a point of reference to judge their position on the learning curve.
Nicros offers complete on-site training programs in all phases of climbing wall operations. Contact Nicros at
651.778.1975 for additional information regarding our Risk Management, Operations, Protocol, Evaluation, and
Safety™ training program − R.O.P.E.S.™. R.O.P.E.S.™ is an interactive training program that will address the
main topics related to the operation of a successful climbing program and the maintenance of a climbing wall at
any facility. One- and two-day on-site training programs are available. 
14
2.2 List of Documents
Below is a list of the basic forms, logs, checklists, items, etc., to operate a climbing wall. This is not a complete
list and will vary with the type of facility in which the climbing wall is located. All examples referenced below
are for example purposes only and all forms used by your facility should be reviewed by the appropriate
parties. Nicros does not take responsibility for the misuse or misinterpretation of the content
contained herein.
• Operations Manual, outlining the policies and procedures for all wall related activities
• A “release form,” “waiver,” or “assumption of risk” document − see Section 2.3.1 & 2.3.2 for example forms
• A bouldering warning/waiver for use with competitions or for all programs
• A “training checklist” for staff should be created for your program
• A “safety checklist” for belay and lead checks, or other method, documenting belay qualifications for the
individual − see Section 2.7
• A “maintenance log” for tracking wall, equipment, rope, etc. usage and care − see Section 5 for example logs
• An “equipment list” for all gear used for the wall, with specifications
• A “route setting log” for tracking the route setting process
• A “incident response form” and a “witness form” − see Section 5.15 & 5.16 for example forms
SIGNAGE
Below is a list of some common signs used in climbing wall operation.
• Climb Smart!™ posters and/or banner − we strongly suggest using a large Climb Smart!™ banner regardless
of what other signage is posted in the facility
• “Facility Rules” sign − often single points are made into separate signs, such as, “Lead Test Required,” etc., or
the “rules agreement” list can be made into a sign − see Section 2.3
• Climbing wall “Open” and “Closed” signs if the wall is in a multi-use facility
• Auto Belay “Open” and “Closed” signs
• Auto Belay “Double Check” and “Clip-In” signs
• Bouldering height signs and “Bouldering Is Dangerous” signs
• Any other signs that may be needed 
15
2.3 Duty to Notify, Waiver of Liability and Assumption of Risk
By operating what are generally regarded as high risk environments, climbing wall operators take on a level of
liability and responsibility beyond (and different) from many other businesses. With that territory comes the
“DUTY TO NOTIFY,” which simply means that you must inform people entering your climbing area that climbing
is an activity with inherent risk and that it is the participant’s responsibility to abide by the rules and plan their
conduct accordingly. This is accomplished both verbally upon entry to the facility and through the use of proper
signage throughout the climbing area and either posting the rules or having participants sign a “rules agreement”
form − see Section 2.3.2 for an example.
It is also important to provide a well-written release form that participants read and sign before they use the
facility. This is commonly referred to as a “waiver” or “waiver of liability” agreement − see Section 2.3.1 for
an example of a waiver/release form). Release forms should also include an “assumption of risk” section (also
referred to as an “assignment of risk”) and an Indemnification section. In conjunction with those items, the staff
should interact with the prospective users of the wall to qualify people. Their skills and knowledge of the specific
activity is used to determine the appropriate level of access to the climbing wall or climbing program.
You should document and file all waivers and forms and digitally store them for future reference.
Climb Smart!™ posters/banner and stickers are an excellent way to provide a touch point for your users, but
you should consider posting all rules that are pertinent to your operation or to your physical layout in addition to
the Climb Smart!™ poster. Contact CWA to obtain the Climb Smart!™ poster and the language to produce and
purchase your own Climb Smart!™” banner.
Establishing sensible rules and providing the appropriate signage will help protect your organization in the “Duty
to Notify” area.
In summary, the key elements to consider providing for your facility and users are:
• Use a waiver of release form signed by each participant or guardian
• Scan, file, and store waivers and forms in a safe location for an appropriate amount of time
• Post the rules in the facility or around the climbing wall and decide if your program is going to use a rules
agreement form signed by each participant or guardian
• Purchase and install a Climb Smart!™ banner
• Consider posting any and all other pertinent rules or notices
• Provide a “screening” and “orientation” that includes verbal notification that “climbing is dangerous” 
16
2.3.1 Example Waiver/Release
NOTE: Regulations may vary from state to state. This waiver/release form is only an example. Consult
with legal authority for the applicable regulations in your state.
In consideration of my being permitted by _______________________ Inc., to climb at its facilities, I agree to the following waiver and
release, and I make the following representations. _____ (initial)
I acknowledge the inherent extreme risks in rock climbing activities, including those that take place indoors. I realize that those risks include
falls, equipment failure, bad decision-making, inattentive belayers, and holds that have become loose or damaged by other climbers. I
understand that there are unforeseeable accidents, and I assume all risks associated with such accidents, even though I cannot foresee them.
I agree to pay attention to the state of the ropes in the gym and that of the anchors, and to advise gym staff if I do any damage or notice any
damage. I agree to abide by all gym rules, and if gym staff make a specific request of or instruction to me, I agree to comply. _____ (initial)

I am physically fit and know of no medical or health reason why I should not participate in the activities that take place at the _____________
_______________. _____ (initial)
I agree to assume all risk of personal injury, including paralysis and death, that may occur while I am in the gym or while I am climbing
anywhere, at any time. I hereby release the _____________________ Inc., its owners, officers, employees, wall builders, wall designers,
hold manufacturers, lessors, insurers, and agents from all liability for any such personal injury that I may incur. This release even extends to
injuries that may occur through the negligence of gym employees or other parties released. _____ (initial)
P LE U S E
I understand that indoor climbing is not the same as outdoor climbing, and that additional skills are necessary for outdoor climbing that
X A M FOR
cannot be acquired in the gym. I agree to seek qualified instruction before attempting to climb outdoors.
E D
This release applies to and binds my personal representative, heirs, and my family. If a member of my family under the age of 18
E
D
accompanies me to the gym, I make this release and these representations on his or her behalf as well as my own, and I agree to assume
E
responsibility for his or her safety.
T N
I
Parents and guardians take note!
T N
NO
If I am a parent or guardian of a minor climbing at the gym, whether or not I am a member myself, or am present when the minor is climbing,
I agree to indemnify and hold harmless ___________________, Inc., and the other parties released, in the event a minor member of my
family sues them or any one of them. I understand that this means I will pay all fees, costs, and charges incurred by the ________________
or any other party released, including attorney fees. _____ (initial) (See signature lines at bottom as well.)
Birthday party hosts, etc., take note!

If I am an adult who is in charge of a group of minors and is taking them to the gym, I agree to have a release like this one signed by a parent
of each minor in the group. I understand that if I fail to do so, the gym can refuse to let that minor climb or at it’s discretion, agree to let the
minor climb, but that it does so only because I hereby agree to assume full responsibility for the safety of that minor child, and to indemnify
and hold harmless ________________, Inc., and the other parties released, if that child is injured and an action is brought on account of
those injuries. ______________________ (sign)
This release is a binding legal contract.
I understand that this release is a contract. I sign it of my own free will. I also understand that this contract is severable; in other words, that
if any part of it is held by a court of law to be unenforceable, the rest of it shall survive. _____ (initial)
Signature of Climber: ________________________________________________________________________

Signature of Parent, if Climber is under 18: _______________________________________________________
Date: _________________________ Phone Number.: ________________________________
Address: __________________________________________________________________________________
City _________________________ State: _________________________ Zip Code: ____________________
Accepted by: __________________________________________________
On behalf of _____________________________, Inc.
17
2.3.2 Example Climbing Facility Rules Agreement
NOTE: Regulations may vary from state to state. This climbing facility rules agreement form is only an
example Consult with legal authority for the applicable regulations in your state.
Print Participant’s Name
First _________________ Middle Initial ________ Last _______________________
INITIAL (by initialing each of the lines below you indicate your awareness of these issues and agree to follow these important procedures)
_____ All belayers and climbers agree to utilize proper belaying technique and agree to DOUBLE CHECK their set-up before beginning the
climb. The belayer agrees to check the climber’s gear and knots, and the climber will check the belayer’s system and exchange confirmation
that the set-up is correct. This is an important step and must be performed at the start of each and every climb!
_____ Lead climbing (if available) is a privilege. Lead climbers that do not abide by the lead climbing rules will be warned and leading
privileges may be taken away. Practice lead falls are not allowed in the facility except in lessons supervised by appropriate staff. All lead
climbers must have the proper authorization to lead climb (i.e. stamp on hand, wristband, etc.)
_____ All customers using “in-situ” Grigri™ belay and Auto Belay systems (if they are provided) must be oriented to the proper use of
these systems. Orientation will only allow you to use these two systems until you have passed the regular top rope belay check-out. It is the
P LE U S E
climber’s responsibility to clip into the Auto Belay and to perform the proper double checks on themselves.
X A M FOR
_____ Bouldering is only allowed over padded areas. Do not boulder under roped climbers/ Bouldering is not allowed in...(fill this in if
needed)...It is recommended to have a minimum of one spotter per climber when bouldering. When bouldering, the boulder’s feet shall not
E D
pass above the height of the wall is at ... the program should establish the procedure to be followed for the maximum bouldering height...
E
D
for example: “equivalent to the height of the shoulders of the boulderer when standing on the floor.” A climber’s voluntary participation in
E N
bouldering indicates their acknowledgement that bouldering is dangerous and that a spotter may not prevent injuries. Spotters understand
T
that they may be injured by the boulderer if they should fall. The facility recommends the use of portable landing mats (crash pads) whether
I N
provided by the facility of by customers. Feel free to move the provided landing mats to the best position to protect you from a fall when
T
NO
bouldering.
• All climbers must have a signed “Waiver of Liability/Assumption of Risk” form on file
• All participants allowed past the “check-in” point (front counter) must check-in before entering the climbing area
• Members must show a counter employee their membership card and picture ID when entering
• If using a belay cards, all participants must show their belay card before they will be allowed to climb or they will have to
pass a belay test.
• Parents - children under the age of XX must be accompanied by an adult unless other arrangements or lessons are scheduled
• Parent or legal guardian must sign the facility “Waivers of Liability” for any child under 18 years old
• Children must be XX or older in order to belay
• Only authorized participants may climb or boulder on the walls
• Authorization must be obtained by demonstrating the appropriate skills (pass a belay/safety test, etc.) to an appointed
member of the staff on duty in the facility
• Children under XX years old must be accompanied by an adult to use...XXX...
• The belayer must pay close attention to their climber at all times
• All climbers must comply with the judgement and decisions of the staff on duty in the climbing facility
• Only climbing equipment approved by the facility (...except...) is to be used in the climbing facility
• Only appropriate climbing footwear will be permitted on climbing surfaces
• Rock climbing shoes or athletic shoes are recommended
• No bare feet or climbing in socks
• No bare feet allowed in any parts of the building...except...(in shower areas)
• No food or beverage (except bottled water) is allowed in the facility...except...
• Please use the designated areas for food and beverages
• Chalk balls only
• No loose (powdered or block) chalk allowed
• Any chalk bags found with loose chalk will be held at the front counter
• The facility is not responsible for Lost & Found or stolen items
• The teaching of rock climbing safety procedures is not allowed in the facility except by the staff
• No climbing or belaying is allowed while under the influence of intoxicating and/or controlled substances
18
(2.3.2 Example Climbing Facility Rules Agreement continued)
• The use of vulgar language or improper conduct will result in loss of climbing privileges
• Any infractions of the above rules will result in loss of privileges for that event/day
• Repeated infractions will result in loss of membership privileges if applicable
Do you know of, or have you been advised of, any medical conditions that you have that would prevent you from safely participating in the
activities of rock climbing and/or belaying?
(Circle One) YES / NO
If yes, please describe: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD THE ABOVE ITEMS AND BY SIGNING THIS FORM, INDICATED THAT I AGREE TO FOLLOW THE ABOVE
RULES.
Print Name: _______________________________________________________

Signature: _________________________________________________________
Address: __________________________________________________________
LE S E
City: _________________________ State:___________ Zip Code:____________
P U
X A M FOR
E E D
E N D
I N T
NO T
19
2.4 Assignment of Responsibility
The first important task to address for the operation of a climbing wall is to identify at least one key person on
your staff that will be properly informed/trained and responsible for the tasks and safety issues discussed in this
document. They would then be responsible for training staff regarding the content. If this staff member leaves
or is replaced, make the new assignment as soon as possible. It is in your best interest to select someone
who will be committed to working with your company long-term. It may not be necessary that they perform the
actual tasks but that they ensure someone does. This person should be an experienced climber if possible. A
climber may notice certain climbing related details that may be overlooked by a non-climber. If the assignee is
not a climber, proper training is absolutely essential along with appropriate record keeping. The details that are
lost in the process of handing down information from one person to another may expose you to costly liability
concerns. If the personnel selected does not already possess the appropriate background in risk management
and climbing wall operation, it is necessary they obtain this information or consider selecting another candidate.
Nicros’ R.O.P.E.S.™ training course is a comprehensive program that covers a variety of topics including the
following: Risk Management, Operations, Protocol, Evaluation, and Safety ™. Nicros follows all CWA guidelines
for providing this instruction. Call Nicros for details at 651.778.1975.
Once the safety management personnel is identified, it should be clear that they are responsible for being
properly administered and that new employees are properly trained. Please remember that attention to details
will help protect climbers from potential injury and protect you, your program and the organization from litigation
in the event of an injury. Anything that you can do to show diligence in risk management can only help protect your
customers and demonstrate awareness that you provide the necessary elements to run a safe program. Please
remember that CLIMBING IS AN INHERENTLY DANGEROUS ACTIVITY and all appropriate measures should be
taken in order to protect climbers from injury. 
20
2.5 Staffing and Staff Training
Beyond the main “point person”/climbing wall coordinator/manager assigned to the wall, it is also important to
have staff that are properly trained for the specific areas of wall operation such as front desk (access point),
route setting/maintenance and instructional and programming staff. An operations manual and a regimented
ongoing training program are important contributors to the performance of the facility’s operations. This will
result in a well-run facility. 
21
2.6 Access Control and Monitoring
Controlling access to your climbing wall, both when it is open and when it is closed, is one of the more important
areas to address in managing your climbing wall or climbing facility. Insuring that unqualified people are not using
the wall without proper supervision or a form of control over what they are allowed to access, and that qualified
users are properly screened and identified, is the cornerstone of your risk management. Monitoring the climbing
area is the ongoing responsibility to carry out the control that you have established. Many of the negative things
that can occur at a climbing facility can be averted by paying attention to these two concepts: access control and
monitoring. 
2.6.1 Access Control

A common problem exists with climbing walls that are “out in the open” or are accessible in some way, at times
when the wall is not open for use or when it is unsupervised. It is important that either proper signage is posted
indicating that the wall is “closed” or the wall is secured in some way so that unauthorized people cannot get on
the wall and climb.
There are a number of ways to control access to a climbing wall. The most obvious and simple way is to lock
the door to the area in which the wall is located; in many places this is not available. Another way is to provide
ongoing observation of the wall from a control point, i.e. counter or desk area of some kind. Many facilities will
locate their wall in the area across from the entry counter, the control point for the facility. Another option for
closing the wall would be to cover it in some way, preventing access to the wall. This can be done either with
a tarp, cover, or in some cases the landing mats can be tipped up against the wall and affixed to the climbing
surface. We even recommend posting “Closure” signage on the bottom side of the mat − the side that will be
facing out when the mats are in the up position. Handholds can also be removed on the lower portion of wall; this
can be laborious as it is a lot of work to restore and it may not necessarily keep people off the wall each time the
wall closes, especially in cases where the wall itself is highly featured. Another option would be to draw a rope
(caution tape, etc.) or stanchion across the area out in front of/around the wall. This is not entirely secure, as
people can slip under the rope or may even remove it leaving the area exposed for others.
These are just a few examples of the most common techniques for closing access to a climbing wall. Each has
their own advantages and disadvantages. Whichever closure method you choose for your facility, you should
select the best method for your particular situation. Regardless of the process it is important that you properly
address this important issue. 
2.6.2 Monitoring
Monitoring is generally accomplished in two ways. Either the wall is directly observed and supervised, or people
are tested for their skills and only those that have demonstrated the proper skills and knowledge of the activity
are allowed to climb unsupervised. In many situations both are provided and participants in both (skilled/tested
and unskilled) are allowed to climb. The participants are often even intermingled. There is no right or wrong way,
but regardless of the system it is important that proper risk management rules and policies are implemented.
This is particularly true with the use of either the Petzl Grigri or Auto Belays. The use of these devices may
require less background or knowledge of the sport and hence the barrier-to-entry to the activity is lowered, but
none-the-less these devices can be dangerous if not used properly. 
22
2.7 Qualifying Users
As mentioned earlier, it is important to properly “qualify” and “orient” climbing wall users. You qualify them to
determine what they already know about climbing and therefore determine what they may need to know. For
example, you may determine that the visitor has limited experience or knowledge about climbing and may suggest
that this individual take a lesson. Or you may limit the types of climbing activities in which they are allowed to
participate. Some facilities will allow climbers to climb but not belay; this is where Auto Belays are useful. You
orient users to make them aware of the facility rules and to remind them that climbing is dangerous. These items
are often combined into one event often referred to as a “Belay Test,” ”Belay Check” or “Safety Check”.
In addition to orienting and qualifying users, most climbing wall programs also offer a basic safety lesson. This
lesson should culminate in an awareness by the instructor of the students capabilities. Many programs will allow
the new student to stay after the lesson and climb but may require the use of a “back-up” belayer. You should
employ whatever means or rules you are comfortable with in an attempt to keep users safe. Most programs do
not provide a belay test at the end of the lesson. It is preferred to allow the newcomer time to practice the skills
and take the test later, with a different staff member; the instructor may wish to pass along information or take
notes about the student. It is important that the instructor assess the skills and limit participation if it appears
the student did not learn the required information and demonstrate the appropriate level of competence.
See Section 2.7.1, User Orientation, and Section 2.7.3, Basic Safety Lesson, for brief outlines. 
2.7.1 User Orientation and Belay Test

The following pages provide an outline for a user orientation and a belay test. Please note that this is only a basic
outline. It can be used as a starting point for your risk management program. Please review the outlines’ content
as they may be considered as you plan your own program according to your particular needs or situation. Also
please read the important disclaimer below.
DISCLAIMER
The document provided on the next following page(s) are not represented to be complete or all
encompassing. It is simply a “starting point” outline and Nicros Inc and any of their associates, agents,
or affiliates make no representations as to the accuracy or suitability of the contents and as such, take
no responsibility for the use of the material contained herein. The information provided is only intended
to be a short overview of the items that might be considered in developing your orientation and belay
test programs. 
23
2.7.2 Nicros User Orientation and Belay Test Outline
DISCLAIMER
This document is not represented to be complete or all encompassing and Nicros Inc and any of
their associates, agents, or affiliates make no representations as to the accuracy or suitability of the
contents and will not take responsibility for the use of the material contained herein. The information
provided is only intended to be a short overview of the items that might be considered in developing your
orientation and belay test programs.
FACILITY ORIENTATION
Duty to Notify
• Climbing is inherently dangerous
• Conduct and adherence to posted rules (no horseplay, running, jumping, etc.)
• Visual tour of facility
• Proper use of equipment
• Qualification process − climbing experience
• Last time climbed/belayed
• Indoor v.s. outdoor climbing
• Use of helmets
Auto Belay Orientation

• Explanation of Auto Belay system
• Explanation of “Double Check”
• Explanation of Auto Belay Safety System™ (A.B.S.S.™) and how it works
• Potential hazards
• Never climb into slack, stay in line with top anchor
• Never grab the quickdraws when climbing
• Harness, carabiner (locked) and attachment (strong) points
• Attachment of climber to two-clip (carabiner) Auto Belay system
• Personal double check
• Test fall approximately 10 feet off the ground
• Child use and rules (trail rope)
• Descending protocol, down climbing
• Re-attachment of system to wall
Bouldering Orientation
• Bouldering is only allowed over padded areas
• Use of pads or mats
• Move to where needed if portable mats are available
• Do not boulder under roped climbers
• It is recommended to have a minimum of one spotter when bouldering
• Climbers are only allowed to boulder to a height that they feel comfortable but not to exceed
(the climber’s) shoulder height
• Bouldering is dangerous and using a spotter may not prevent injuries
• Spotters may also be injured
• The spotter’s job is to assist in protecting the boulderer to the extent that is possible
Top Rope Qualification

CLIMBER
24
(2.7.2 Nicros User Orientation and Belay Test continued)
• Demonstrate proper harness fit/buckle doubled back
• Demonstrate figure 8/grapevine (strong points)
• Demonstrate “Double Check,” commands
• Test fall
• Demonstrate lowering position
BELAYER
• Demonstrate proper harness fit/doubled back
• Demonstrate belay tool set-up
• Carabiner locked (through two strong points or belay loop, not one of each)
• Demonstrate belay technique − brake hand never leaves the rope
• Catch a fall, lowering, weight differential, positioning

CLIMBER AND BELAYS
• Always “Double Check” your system before leaving the ground
Lead Climbing Qualification

CLIMBER
• Back clip/z-clip (describe each)
• Demonstrate control while climbing
• No skipping quickdraws
• Rope behind leg (it can flip you upside down, rope burns)
• Demonstrate practice lead fall (after 4th - 5th clip, no big whippers)
LEAD BELAYING
• Demonstrate spotting before first quickdraw
• Demonstrate feeding and taking slack, proper positioning of belayer
• Practice catching lead falls (after 4th - 5th clip, no big whippers)
• Always be attentive (moving around to keep climber in sight)
• Proper use of Grigri (follow Petzl’s recommended use guidelines)
• Always “Double Check” system before you climb 
25
2.7.3 Basic Safety Lesson/Course
DISCLAIMER
This document is not represented to be complete or all encompassing and Nicros Inc and any of
their associates, agents, or affiliates make no representations as to the accuracy or suitability of the
contents and will not take responsibility for the use of the material contained herein. The information
provided is only intended to be a short overview of the items that might be considered in developing your
orientation and belay test programs.
The following section provide an outline for an introductory lesson for belay and climbing safety. Please note that
this is only a basic outline. It can be used as a starting point for your introductory course. Please review the
outlines’ content as they may be considered as you plan your own program according to your particular needs or
2.7.4 Basic Safety Course Outline

Course Goal
This course is designed to introduce climbers to the basics of indoor rock climbing and teach them how to
effectively and independently use the indoor climbing facility. THIS COURSE IS DESIGNED TO TRAIN CLIMBERS
FOR INDOOR CLIMBING, NOT OUTDOOR CLIMBING.
Course Objectives
By the completion of this course, climbers should be able to:
• Know potential hazards and safety guidelines
• Learn about the types of climbing equipment needed for top roping
• Confidently and correctly belay using a standard belay device
• Know how to safely use Auto Belay systems
• Be able to correctly tie the figure eight knot, the figure eight follow through, and perform all double
checks before climbing
• Understand why outdoor climbing is different and requires additional training
INTRODUCTION
Duty to notify
• Climbing is inherently dangerous
• Seemingly small inconsequential mistakes can have disastrous consequences
• Most accidents occur due to human error
• Always fight complacency
• Indoor v.s. outdoor climbing
•
Tour of facility
• Bouldering and bouldering rules
• Only boulder over soft landing surface and always stay in control
• Use a spotter to protect head and neck of climber
• Feet can be no higher than shoulder height
• Top roping and where it can be done
• Lead climbing: briefly introduce
Equipment
Discuss the equipment they will be using while top roping
26
(2.7.4 Basic Safety Course Outline continued)
• Carabiners: two main types and how they work
• Rope: its strength and limitations
• Harness: strength, components of, uses and correct clip-in point
• Belay tools: different types and uses of each
• Shoes: why climbing-specific shoes will help improve and advance climbing skills
• Chalk bags: advantages of chalk and rules of chalk use
SETUP
Harness
Putting on a harness
• Proper fit
• Snug over hips
• All straps doubled back with 3-inches of extra webbing on waist
• Make sure there are no twists in harness webbing
• Harness Components
• Designated tie-in point for the rope
• There in only ONE correct place to clip-in or tie-in
• Never clip into the gear loops, leg loops, or any other position on the harness
• Buckles and how to check different types
(i.e. buckles that need to be doubled back and those that do not)
• Gear loops and their purpose
• Please note: Gear loops are not intended as clip-in points, Nicros strongly recommends
removing gear loops from harnesses in order to help reduce the risk of clipping into an
incorrect “strong point”
• Please consult with the manufacturer before removing any gear loops or making alterations
to the harnesses
• Belay loop: strength and uses
Rope
• Can hold approximately the weight of the average car
• Rope is the direct connection between the belayer and climber
The Knot
Direct link between the climber and belayer
• Detailed explanation and demonstration
• Show how to check for properly tied knot
Belay System
• Belay set-up
• Thread device and locking carabiner
• Attachment: tie-in points or belay loop (advantages and disadvantages of each)
• Explain roles of break hand and guide hand (the break hand never leaves the rope)
• Explain the role of the back-up belay
• Systematic double check
• The belay technique: discrete hand switch (each rope discrete and separate)
• Hands move in opposite directions
• Brake hand position: thumb up or thumb down (advantages or disadvantages)
• Grabbing under rope and over break hand
• Break hand slides down rope, it NEVER leaves the rope
27
(2.7.4 Basic Safety Course Outline continued)
• Locking off: break hand locks off down to the side at the hip
• Finer points of the belay
• Attentive: aggressive belay (proper tension)
• Check hair, jewelry and loose clothing
• Body position: solid stance, not too far from wall
• Weight difference: put twist in rope to compensate
• Lower slowly and in control
STARTING TO CLIMB
Systematic double check process − PLEASE STRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF DOUBLE CHECK!!
• Climber (check performed on climber by belayer)
• Harness tight and over hips
• Buckles are doubled back
• Rope is through both tie-in points
• Knot and back-up knot are tied correctly
• Belayer (check performed on belayer by climber)
• Harness tight and over hips
• Buckles are doubled back
• Rope is properly threaded through belay tool
• Locking carabiner is locked and attached to the harness
• Commands: A verbal contract between climber (C) and belayer (B)
• Primary: On belay (C), Belay on (B), Off belay (C), Belay off (B)
• Secondary: Take (C), Got (B), Down, Resting, Rock, Falling, Slack (C)
• Demonstrate proper falling and lowering position (at 1/3 height)
• Falling: Slight push away from wall
• Lowering: Feet waist high and shoulder width apart, hands out in front, slowly walk down wall 
28
2.8 Programming
At most climbing facilities programming makes up an important part of the strategic mission. After all, without
adequate technical skills, the climbing area can be a dangerous place. Even aside from the risk management
aspects, being able to provide an educational experience for their clients or students is, to many, a key facet of
their existence. Depending on the wall being used, the type of activity can vary greatly. Basic and intermediate
skills in both safety and movement, experiential group programs, advanced skills classes such as leading or
rescue techniques and team building programs are all examples of typical offerings in a climbing facility. As with
everything else, having quality staff is of utmost importance. And again, having consistent standards and training
are essential elements of a well-run climbing wall.
Programs may conflict with other classes, parties, camps, etc. occurring simultaneously; please make those
considerations for your safety plans when running your facility and when scheduling classes and programs.
Waivers are also important considerations; making sure waivers are adequately and correctly filled out.
Regardless of whether a visitor is a spectator and has no intention of climbing, it is recommended they also fill
out a waiver. 
29
2.9 Route Setting
Route setting (the placement of the holds on the wall) is the heart and soul of any climbing wall. Routes
are the product that our customers are buying. Routes can be boring or exciting and fun. All climbers enjoy
the movement or challenge and this is the very essence of climbing. By having a broad range of interesting
challenges set on the wall, anyone from a beginner to a seasoned expert can find a problem suitable to his or
her abilities. Both the specific routes themselves and the bulk population of all of the routes, make up a varied
spectrum of factors whose sum is a diversified balance of offerings. These factors include difficulty, quality,
quantity, consistency, and turnover. The typical wall will have a bell curve of route difficulty and density with the
most popular range of difficulty at the top of the curve. At either end of the curve will be the easier and harder
climbs that are not as well used as the middle of the range. The makeup of this curve will be dependent on the
particular clientele of the facility. Route setting is an art that can be learned by many people with a creative
streak and some climbing experience. Here again, training is key to maintaining a high quality product. By putting
an emphasis on setting (creating) and maintaining quality routes, a facility can set itself apart from the many
climbing walls where this is not a high priority.
Please be aware there are a number of ways that routes can be set that may increase the risk to climbers.
For example, the crux of the route may be set too low to the ground so that the climber either hits the ground
or a bystander when they fall off the route. In this example, cruxes should be set so as to avoid this condition.
There are many examples of other dangerous route setting conditions. It is not the purpose of this document to
fully address this topic. Since route setting is such an important part of the climbing wall we recommend that
you seek additional instruction if you do not have people that are properly skilled in this area. Most importantly,
be sure to include route setting in your risk management program to help avoid unsafe route conditions. (See
Section 2.9.2 for a route setting outline.)
The Climbing Wall Industry Group, CWIG, published a guide to route setting that is an excellent starting point for
the new facility manager and staff. The guide should be available through the CWA (see Section 5.7 for contact
information). Nicros, Inc. also provides excellent route setting services and training.
NOTE: In addition to checking the mechanical equipment relating to the climbing route it is important to check the
actual “route” or “line” of the climbing route as well. Look at the handholds on the wall below the Auto Belay or
top anchor. They should be placed in a “line” and should not be scattered or too far apart. Routes that draw the
climber “off route” or too far right or left of a line that falls directly below the top anchor, or Auto Belay, may be
dangerous. Climbers should climb directly under the top davit of the Auto Belay and as such the route/handholds
should be set this way. 
30
2.9.1 Route Setting Equipment
There are a variety of items that are useful for route setting. They include wrenches that fit the appropriate
bolts, hammers, locking pliers (i.e. vise grips), battery-powered drills, buckets, slings, webbing, short ropes,
ascenders, quickdraws, tape for marking the routes, spare T-Nuts, hacksaw, etcetera.
There are important safety considerations in the use of the tools and in the act of route setting. For example,
when a setter is installing a new route, the area beneath the setter should be closed or roped off so that he
cannot drop a tool or handhold onto people below. Another example, all installed handholds should be tightened
properly so as to avoid spinning. An improperly tightened hold may rotate when used and the climber may fall.
This is an inherent danger of the sport as no individual installer can be certain of the proper tightness that a hold
should be tightened and various climbers pull on the hold with a different force, and yet effort should be made to
avoid spinning holds. Another consideration, holds are typically carried up the route in a bucket. Make sure the
bucket is not overloaded causing the handle to break. 
31
2.9.2 Route Setting Outline
ROUTE SETTING DISCLAIMER
The information provided is only intended to be a short overview of the items that might be considered in
developing your route setting program.
• Setting routes to meet a wide user base

• Consensus ratings: having other people climb the routes
• Regardless of the goal per a certain route (power, slopers etc.) routes should not be height
restrictive for anyone
• Routes should be safe
• Cruxes should not be at the start of a route or close of the ground
• Bouldering starts should not be high
• Sit starts
• Holds are clearly marked
• Watch for big fall potentially near overhangs where a climber could swing back into the lip of a roof
• Watch for pendulum falls onto adjacent walls or holds
Getting Started
• There are two elements involved: the wall and your holds
• Select each based on the function of the route you want to set
• Organize and define a clear starting point for your route
• Body mimic the next few moves (visualization is important in any route)
• Tools of the trade:
• Allen wrenches, hex wrenches
• Petzl Grigri or auto-locking belay devices
• Aider/ascender set-up
• Eye bolts for walls with quickdraws
• Tape: visible placement, clear color combinations, tucked under hold
• Ropes
Safety Concerns
• Safety should be your primary concern and is your responsibility
• Make sure you have had proper instruction before you start setting a route
• Make sure areas below route setters are taped off to ensure patrons do not walk under route setters
• Use correct and safe methods for ascending or self belaying when on rope
• Always triple check your safety equipment before leaving the ground
• Back up your system whenever possible
• For no other application should you put an eye bolt into a T-Nut, this is only for route setting purposes
• You should remove the eye bolt(s) after route setting
• Do not drop or toss holds or other objects from high elevations, (this can break holds and can cause
injury to others in the facility)
• If you see any hazards, problems, or unsafe behavior, bring it to the attention of facility staff
• Follow safe practices when moving and working on ladders
• When stripping a route or wall, make sure you do not remove holds from adjacent routes by accident
• No cruxes close to the ground or placed such that a climber can hit the floor, belayer or any object
• Avoid creating potential pendulums where the climber could swing into a corner, into another climber or
into a belayer
• Do not create a hazard by placing a hold in such a position that it could injure the climber
• Please be sure to use the proper bolt (socket head cap screw or flathead) and of the correct length
32
(2.9.2 Route Setting Outline continued)
when setting holds on the wall
• Many of Nicros’ handholds are produced with a Versa-Center™ to allow for the use of either style
of bolt
• Use lower profile holds on slabs and vertical walls
• Be careful of crux placement on lead routes, the clip should not be the crux
• Place a relatively positive hold for use when clipping and foot chips to create a usable stance
• Use the correct type bolt for the correct type of center sleeve design
• Be careful not to strip the T-Nuts
• If the bolt does not thread into the T-Nut easily, start over or use another T-Nut
• If you do strip a T-Nut, it will need to be fixed as soon as possible
• Make sure that at least a minimum of 3/4-inch of bolt is screwed into the T-Nut
• Inspect each hold before using
• If it is cracked, broken, or damaged, do not use it
• The hold should be tight enough so it does not spin, however be careful not to break holds by over-
tightening
• Big holds need to be tighter than smaller ones
Concepts to keep in mind

• Set routes in groups with similar grades such as 5.7’s and 5.8’s, instead of putting a 5.7 around or
over a 5.12
• Check your routes occasionally to see if tape is missing or holds have rotated, moved, or are damaged
in anyway
• Fix it if there is a problem
• Rate each top rope for the easiest grade based on using all holds available for that top rope
• Vary your routes to accommodate all body/climber types and climbing styles
NOTE: In addition to checking the mechanical equipment relating to the climbing route it is important to check
the actual “route” or “line” of the climbing route as well. Look at the handholds on the wall below the Auto Belay
or top anchor. They should be placed in a “line” and should not be scattered too far apart. Routes that draw the
climber “off route” or too far right or left of a line that falls directly below the top anchor, or Auto Belay, may be
dangerous. Climbers should climb directly under the top davit of the Auto Belay and as such the route/handholds
should be set this way. 
33
2.10 Auto Belays
Auto Belays (ABs) are relatively new to the climbing scene and contrary to popular perception are not a “no
brainer” device. It should also be noted that Grigri’s and similar devices are not Auto Belay devices and should
not be used the same. Grigri’s are standard belay tools with an auto-locking feature and, as such, the old rule:
“the brake hand must never leave the rope,” still applies and the devices should be used as a standard belay tool.
Please note this important distinction when utilizing Petzl Grigri’s, or similar devices, in your operation.
While ABs make it easier for the user to access the climbing wall and require less staff than traditional belaying
methods, there are still a number of operational and maintenance issues to address. See Section 4 for a more
complete outline on AB training if applicable. Another aspect that seems to affect AB safety is the notion that
because the device is automatic it requires less diligence to use the device. This causes users to become
complacent and accidents are often the result of complacency. With ABs it is even more important that proper
attention is paid to all safety aspects of the device.
There are several styles or types of ABs (friction/spring, pneumatic/hydraulic, liquid and magnetic) and each
has its own advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the style/type of AB used, the most important thing
to remember is to familiarize your staff with the proper use/operational guidelines and to read and follow the
manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines. If Nicros installed ABs with your wall the manufacturer’s manual will have
either been given to you at some point during the training or has been included in Section 4 of this manual. If you
have any questions, please call Nicros at 651.778.1975.
One of the concerning trends that has emerged with use of ABs is that people occasionally forget to either
attach themselves to the device or become detached when they lean back to descend. This can be a frightening
experience and can be avoided if proper safety techniques are followed. This does not happen often but when it
does it could result in injury. Because of this concerning trend, Nicros suggests the use of a “double connection”
point or double “clip-in” to the sit harness and the posting of a warning sign at the base of each AB. This warning
sign reminds users to double check their connection. If you would like to purchase the hardware for the double
clip system, please feel free to call 651.778.1975 for pricing.
Nicros has available the patent pending Auto Belay Safety System™ (A.B.S.S.™). The A.B.S.S.™ detects when
a climber has forgotten to clip into an Auto Belay and alerts the climber and the facility staff. This device provides
climbing wall operators a means of monitoring Auto Belay use on a climbing wall.
This innovative, product uses cutting edge technology to determine if a climber is on the wall climbing without
being attached to the Auto Belay device. A sensor on the bolt hanger detects when the Auto Belay line or rope is
unclipped from the wall. Arrays of sensors detect a climber’s body crossing a pre-determined height. The logic
system compares the inputs and determines if the Auto Belay is still attached to the wall when someone crosses
the sensor field of view. In this situation, an audible alarm will sound and a light will change color alerting the
climber and facility staff. The height at which the activation of the system occurs can be customized. This system
works with any brand of Auto Belay. If a person boulders above the area that senses the climber, the alarm will go
off since the Auto Belay is still attached to the wall. In this way, the A.B.S.S™ also acts as a warning system for
boulderers who are too high on the wall. Please contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 for more information.
34
2.10 Auto Belays continued
NOTE: Auto Belays should not be used on climbing walls that are “slabs” or are “off vertical”. They are best used
on walls in which the climbing surface is vertical or gently overhanging. If used on slabs, climbers could catch
or snag a belt, leg loop of their harness, chin strap of their helmet, etc., on a handhold. This could be a very
dangerous situation and should be avoided and monitored carefully. 
35
2.11 Incident Response
DISCLAIMER
This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to properly facilitate an
incident response procedure or to properly handle an accident or injury on your climbing wall. Please
seek additional professional training or advice. Nicros Inc. does not take responsibility for the content or
the use of the material contained herein. The information below is only a short overview of the items you
should consider in developing your own procedures.
This outline is only an overview of an example procedure and Nicros makes no representation as to the
completeness or validity of the contents. Reference disclaimer in Section 1.2 for pertinent information.
Incident Response Summary

Having an incident response procedure in place and having your staff properly trained on how to handle various
situations can go a long way toward preventing problems or mistakes. In addition to the above you should
consider assigning an organization spokesperson in case the press or some other investigator contacts your
program for information about the event/incident. Consider consulting your safety and risk management program
administrator, attorney, or insurance representative for information on how to best handle this important topic.
Proper development and implementation of a superior incident response program is essential to any quality
climbing wall program.
All climbing facilities should have an incident response procedure in place for the time when an unfortunate injury
occurs. If the climbing wall is part of a bigger facility, as in a recreation center, retail store, fitness club, etc., the
main operation may already have a protocol in place. In this situation it is important to add or include a climbing
wall incident procedure into the master plan and train the staff accordingly. Regardless of the type of facility, it is
important that a plan is in place and that all staff are properly trained in how to respond when an injury occurs.
There are two levels of response. The first is the response that should be followed when the incident first occurs.
See Section 2.11.2 for a very brief outline of the basic steps that should be taken. The second level of incident
response is the plan that should be followed once the injured party is stabilized and has been handed off to
another party (i.e. left in the ambulance, left the premises, or climbing wall area, either on their own accord or
with a parent or guardian, etc.) This is typically the paperwork and the follow-up phase but can include interacting
with the press or other inquiring bodies. It is prudent to anticipate the worst case scenario and have a plan
in place. It is also prudent to identify a person that will be responsible for either the follow-up or to act as the
organizations representative. 
36
2.11.1 Incidence Response Overview
The following gives a general overview of the items that should be considered in an incident response procedure.
The staff person(s) or individual(s) on duty at the time of an injury should be responsible for:
• The facility and the proper implementation of risk management procedures during their shift
• The implementation of the proper incident response procedures receiving and reviewing/learning/
studying and knowing all facility policies and procedures
• Receiving and keeping their training and the training of other staff members who they are responsible
for, up-to-date, (reading and rereading any necessary materials including FYIs, memos, or any other
operational correspondence)
• Make sure proper safety equipment is available and operational (i.e. proper First Aid kit)
• Should be properly trained in First Aid and CPR
• For the safety of the customers and staff
When an incident occurs there are basically two levels of response. The first is the immediate action that must
be taken and the second is the follow-up and paperwork. 
2.11.2 Level One Incident Response

This is the process or the steps that can be taken when an injury first occurs, (there may be other emergency
steps that may need to take place):
• Stay calm
• Move swiftly to the injured party
• Attend to the injured party
• Stabilize, keep the injured party still – support the head and neck if needed
• Assess the situation
• Isolate and note the mechanism of injury
• Secure the area and recruit help if needed
• Move unneeded bystanders out of the area
• Politely ask anyone who is interfering to leave
• Ask questions if the injured party can respond or it does not disrupt or upset the process
• examples: What hurts? What happened? Medical history
• Provide First Aid, CPR, etc.
• Please make sure your staff are up-to-date with your state’s local requirements
• Call 911 if necessary
• Send another person to call if possible
• Stay with the injured party
• Stop all climbing if needed
• Clear the facility if necessary
• Maintain control
• If needed, make it clear you are in control
• Remain calm
• Be professional and polite
• Do not apologize to the injured party
• Meet the ambulance and transfer any information you obtained 
37
2.11.3 Level Two Incident Response
The following items will most likely occur after the injured party is stabilized, resting, or has left the facility/
climbing area. Some of the following steps may occur on subsequent days depending upon your organizations
policies and advice from council. It is best to deal with most things as soon as possible, as details may be lost
over time.
• Fill out an incident report containing a summary of your involvement and what you observed or were told
• Document everything you can recall
• Your organization may have an internal document that covers this item
• Fill it out as soon after the incident as possible
• See Section 5.15 for an example incident form
• Obtain witness statements
• Fill out a witness report
• Obtain as much information as you can
• See Section 5.16 for an example witness form
• Debrief immediately with appropriate parties that were involved (i.e. parents, chaperones, other staff)
in accordance with organization policies
• Call and brief the facility manager or notify any appropriate personnel
• Take pictures of the equipment or area if needed
• Locate the waiver/release form signed by the injured party and place with the other documents
• Make copies of all documents and place one set in a secure location
• Notify insurance companies or other appropriate organizations (i.e. safety committee) 
38
2.12 Climbing Wall Association Industry Practices
The CWA offers Industry Practices (IPs) for climbing wall operation. This document provides a blueprint for
creating an operation manual for any type of climbing wall operation.
The IPs provide a framework to assist climbing wall operators in developing responsible risk management
practices. Specific ways of addressing these concerns will vary with the facility design, staff and customers. The
IIPs have been developed through a collaborative effort among members of the climbing wall industry. As such,
it is a dynamic document that will be periodically reviewed and revised as practices evolve. The IPs are intended
to be flexible, not rigid, standards that mandate compliance under all circumstances. In this regard, it is valuable
to note that professional judgment is an important element of any recreational program or activity, climbing or
otherwise. Although the IPs represent an industry effort to outline responsible industry practices, professional
judgment may, in a given circumstance, justify a deviation from an industry practice or practices.
We recommend that you have each of your employees or staff read the document as well. You should also
document who in your organization read the IPs and when this occurred.
The CWA website is www.climbingwallindustry.org.
The following document is the CWA’s Industry Practices.
39
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81
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 3 // Climbing Wall Maintenance

3.1 Climbing Wall Inspection
3.1.1 Climbing Wall Inspection & Maintenance Outline
3.1.2 Items to Inspect
3.1.2.1 Protection Anchors
3.1.2.2 Structural Components
3.1.2.3 Wall Texture, Handholds and Routes
3.1.2.4 Landing Surface
3.1.2.5 Climbing Equipment
3.2 Other Important Practices
3.2.1 Area Behind the Wall and Storage
3.2.2 Cleaning Handholds and the Climbing Walls
3.2.3 Ongoing Training
3.2.4 Alterations to the Climbing Wall or Handholds
3.2.5 Retiring Old Equipment
3.3 Responsible Vendor Selection
82
DISCLAIMER
This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to operate a climbing wall and
climbing wall program or to properly train your staff. Nicros does not take responsibility for the misuse
or misinterpretation of the content contained herein. The following information is a summary of certain
maintenance and other miscellaneous safety items to help you in maintaining your climbing wall and climbing
operation. Nicros encourages the end users to seek additional ongoing instruction and guidance. Contact
Nicros and/or the CWA with questions regarding the operations of artificial climbing walls.
Climbing Wall Maintenance

The following is only a brief overview of climbing wall maintenance.
Now that you have a new climbing wall, there are certain maintenance and safety management issues that must be
performed on a regular basis. This section is intended to provide basic guidelines on how to care for and maintain
your climbing wall. This section will also point out key safety areas to consider and will offer suggestions on how to
acquire the proper knowledge in these areas if the knowledge is not available. 
83
3.1 Climbing Wall Inspection
There are items that should be checked on a daily basis (or each time the wall is used) and items that should
be checked on a periodic schedule. There are also certain incidents that may occur, indicating the need for an
additional or unscheduled inspection. (See the following pages for information.) Nicros recommends an “initial”
schedule but you should be aware that this schedule is only a starting point and your schedule may need to be
adjusted based upon the design, level of redundancy, types of protection anchors used, type of materials used,
location, environment, amount of use, age and other factors. Please be aware that the inspection frequency may
be accelerated based upon past inspection findings and other environmental conditions.
Please contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 for additional information about inspection services.
There are different types and schedules of inspections and the following is a basic outline of frequency of
inspection and maintenance items. This outline is expanded upon in the following sections. A log book or clipboard
for each item, that identifies the inspector and the date inspected, should be established and kept in a safe place.
Also a schedule should be established and maintained and periodically adjusted if you see changes in trends. The
schedule may vary from item to item but regardless of the schedule, accurate records should be maintained. See
Section 5.17 for sample inspection log form. 
3.1.1 Climbing Wall Inspection & Maintenance Outline

Daily inspections − should be performed each time the wall is used. These inspections may include a hands-on
inspection of all anchors, Auto Belays, wall texture, landing surfaces, and climbing equipment. A formal inspection
schedule should be created specifically for the operational needs for your facility and in accordance with all other
regulatory agencies.
Regular wall inspections − should be performed on a routine basis. These inspections may include a hands-on
inspection of all anchors, Auto Belays, structural components of the climbing wall, wall texture and handholds/
routes, landing surfaces, and climbing equipment.
Periodic structural inspection − should not exceed 24 months for outdoor climbing walls and 48 months
for indoor climbing walls as per CWA’s Specification for the Structural Inspection of Artificial Climbing
Structures, 1st Edition document. Inspection frequency may be accelerated based upon past inspection
findings and other known issues, for example proximity to marine environments, chlorinated/halogenated pools/
spas/tubs, and exposure to excessive air pollution.
Structural inspections − should be performed by individuals that are qualified by experience, education, or
training to inspect artificial climbing structures.
Please note that you may be subject to state rules and regulations that may differ from the enclosed inspection
schedules and we recommend that you contact your state regulatory agencies to verify inspection requirements
and criteria. Contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 regarding inspection services.
Unscheduled Inspection − may be done when a significant event occurs, such as very large lead fall.
1) Anytime a severe fall takes place on a lead climbing anchor, the anchor on which the fall occurred and
84
(3.1.1 Climbing Wall Inspection & Maintenance Outline continued)
the appropriate hardware and structural components used to construct that anchor should be checked.
Check the carabiner, quickdraw, Quick Link and bolt hanger for signs of wear or deformation and replace
if necessary. It is also recommended that the actual bolt be replaced anytime a severe fall occurs. Also
check the rope that was involved in the severe fall. If you replace any hardware be sure to replace with
equivalent or stronger hardware; for example, all anchor gear is affixed with a grade 8 bolt. If you are
uncertain or have any questions, please call Nicros at 651.778.1975.
2) A “local” inspection of the anchor and surrounding primary structure or substructure should
be conducted behind the wall. Inspect the welds and steel members of the anchor itself and the
surrounding primary structure all the way to the ground. This surrounding area should include the
primary columns on either side of the anchor in question.
NOTE: What determines a significant event is difficult to assess. Properly constructed anchors have been
designed, engineered and installed to accept multiple, and possibly long falls. Factors that may indicate a severe
fall include improper lead climbing technique that resulted in a fall (i.e. z-clipping, back-clipping, excessive slack).
If you are unsure of what constitutes a significant event, contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 or seek appropriate
additional training.
Natural Disaster Inspection − occurs after a natural disaster occurs that may affect the wall. Anytime a
natural disaster impacts the wall, directly or indirectly, a full inspection should occur. A natural disaster may
include, but is not limited to, an earthquake or other seismic activity, severe wind load or nearby lightning strike.
An inspection should also take place in cases of “unnatural” disasters such as the wall being hit or impacted
by large machinery which may occur if there is nearby construction or maintenance. You may need to hire a
structural engineer to provide this inspection. If in doubt, close the wall and contact Nicros. Nicros utilizes a
structural engineering firm licensed in all 50 states and can make arrangements for a visit if needed. Please call
Nicros at 651.778.1975 for quoting or additional information.
Anomaly Inspection − occurs when an unusual observation is made. Anytime an unusual situation arises, a
local inspection and possibly full inspection is warranted. An anomaly would normally be spotted during daily
inspections and would include things such as unusual cracks, abnormal flexing or “soft” spots in the wall or
climbing surface. Determination of an anomaly will require a thorough knowledge of the climbing wall which again
points to the need to have a designated individual performing all inspections and maintenance procedures. Please
feel free to contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 if you have any questions.
Inspection Frequency Disclaimer

The above intervals for checking equipment are only a recommendation (for starting out) and you should
select whatever intervals increase the safety and integrity of your program and equipment. The amount
of usage and wear of climbing equipment, climbing anchors and various aspects of a climbing wall will
vary from program to program. Given this situation, the sound approach would be to start checking
these items very frequently and then adjust the frequency as you develop an awareness of the wear or
condition of the items. The frequency of inspection for each item should be documented in your facility’s
formal safety plan. 
85
3.1.2 Items to Inspect
• Protection Anchors
• Top Anchors
• Belay Bars
• Lead Anchors
• Auto Belays
• Floor Anchors
• Structural components of climbing wall
• Wall texture and handholds/routes
• Landing surfaces
• Climbing equipment 
3.1.2.1 Protection Anchors

There are several types of “anchors” utilized on a climbing wall. There are top rope anchors, lead climbing
anchors, floor anchors or back-up anchors for belayers, rappel anchors, directional anchors, etc. All anchors
should be checked on a regular basis. It is not our intent to dictate the schedule for checking anchors. Each type
of anchor may require a different schedule. Regardless of the type, they must be checked. We have provided
starting point guidelines for the checking schedule but you may need to increase the frequency for various
reasons.
Top Anchors
Nicros, Inc. uses a variety of different styles of top anchors (i.e. long belay bars, short belay bars, Super Shuts
or cold shuts, chain with carabiners, etc.). Depending upon the application Nicros’ typical top anchor consists of
two-Super Shuts anchors and may include a third carabiner/chain anchor.
Regardless of the type of anchor used you should inspect the top anchors to verify they are solid, unaltered,
intact, and free of rough spots and defects that may damage a climbing rope. Check all anchor bolts for tightness
and properly working gates on all Super Shuts and carabiners. This requires a hands-on inspection of the top
anchors on both the climbing side and on the inside (behind the climbing surface), in order to adequately inspect
the system.
All anchors should be engineered and installed by competent professionals. It is important that you do not alter
the design of the set up or install any new anchors on your own. Any alteration that affects the way that climbing
loads are absorbed by the surrounding structure may damage the structure and the anchor point, causing failure.
If webbing, rope, chain or other anchoring materials need replacement they should be substituted with the
exact replacement, using the same materials, or materials of higher strength and quality. If you are adding any
components, please consider that more is not always better. It may only complicate things or provide additional
areas for failure. Any structural alteration to existing top anchors must be approved by a structural engineer.
If you are not sure how to maintain and inspect the top anchors, please contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 for
further instruction.
If you have a different type of top anchor system please refer to the following pages on protection anchors.
Contact Nicros for the correct method of checking all other systems.
86
(3.1.2.1 Protection Anchors continued)
NOTE: Depending upon the type of anchor or Auto Belay used, the “route” or placement of the handholds, may be
important. Please see Section 3.1.2.3 regarding route inspection.
Belay Bars or Belay Pipes or Tubes

These devices are a specially designed system that the top rope passes over and are intended as top anchor
devices. Their design and implementation must be determined by a qualified engineer. Belay bars or pipes are
mainly employed to reduce bending wear on the rope, (this is common with the sharp bend of the rope over
carabiners), to increase friction in the belay, (to reduce the rate of descent if a climber is dropped by the belayer)
and to allow limited horizontal travel in the top anchor system, (allowing more latitude for route setters to set
traversing routes). Belay bars have a maximum load that can be applied to the system which can be easily
exceeded if too many ropes are used on the bar. It is important that wall operators are aware of the maximum
number of climbers/ropes that are allowed on the system and never exceed the intended use. If your belay bar is
intended for two ropes; there should not be three ropes installed on the bar even if you claim to limit the use to
only two at any given time.
Some operators will wrap the rope around the bar one revolution in an effort to further increase friction and
thereby reduce the likelihood of injury resulting from a belay failure. This practice tends to isolate the falling
forces on a shorter length of rope (between the climber and the belay bar) thereby increasing the impact force on
the bar. Additionally the wrap of the rope may “walk-over-on-top-of-itself” causing the rope to lock up or become
very difficult for the belayer to take up slack; if this happens and the climber continues to climb they may face a
longer fall until the belayer can unlock the rope and “catch up” to the climber. This together with the increased
impact force created by the wrap around the bar may create a hazardous condition. Also, smaller children may
actually be more difficult to lower back to the ground due to the increased friction the system provides. We
recommend avoiding the use of the additional wrap around the belay bar unless it is implemented properly and
watched closely when small or lightweight people are climbing.
Belay bars should be checked on a regular basis. Look for bending of the pipe, proper attachment to the wall,
integrity of any welds and burrs on the pipe surface that may damage the rope. Belay Bars may also rust or
oxidize, and if this occurs, it may damage the rope. If the bars rust you can clean them. We recommend using
a fine grain Emory cloth or steel wool to sand the surface. Be sure to wipe the surface to remove any sanding
debris. Belay bars located in corrosive environments may deteriorate quicker and as such will require additional
attention. Ropes may also wear faster if the oxidation material is allowed to be scrubbed off the belay bar with
the sheath of the rope. In this case, extra attention should be placed on checking the ropes.
In summary, belay bars are an often utilized and effective top anchor system if used properly and if the safety
managers are aware of the problems and limitations. If you have any questions, it is important you contact Nicros
or the installer of the system for proper information. Be sure to train your staff accordingly.
NOTE: Depending upon the type of anchor or Auto Belay used, the “route” or placement of the handholds, may be
important. Please see Section 3.1.2.3 regarding route inspection.
87
(3.1.2.1 Protection Anchors continued)
Lead Bolt Anchors
Check the lead bolt anchors from behind the wall. Look for the same types of shifting or cracking of welds as
detailed in the climbing surface section (Section 3.1.2.3). Lead bolts are crucial to the safety of the lead climber.
From the climbing side of the wall, check the lead bolt hanger and quickdraw. Tighten the bolt if necessary and
ensure the hanger is oriented in the proper direction. Be sure to check the quickdraws as well. Some draws will
have quick links on them that have a “screw closure.” Check to make sure the screw is closed tight. One should
use a crescent wrench to ensure the closure is firmly closed.
The number of anchors behind the wall should equal the number of quickdraw set-ups in front of the wall. A
discrepancy in number could indicate one of two potentially dangerous situations. If there are more quickdraw
set-ups than anchors behind the wall, a quickdraw has been incorrectly and dangerously placed in a T-Nut or
threaded insert. NEVER use a T-Nut location or a threaded insert for a lead bolt anchor. If there are more
anchors behind the wall, there may be a section of lead climbing that is missing a quickdraw set-up which could
result in a dangerous situation.
Auto Belays
If your facility has Auto Belays, you should have received a manufacturer’s operations manual as a part of your
maintenance training that is provided at the end of the construction of the wall or installation of the units. It is
important that you read and understand the manual and follow the recommended maintenance procedures and
schedule. Minimum daily inspection would include checking air and fluid levels and making sure that the units
operate smoothly; this may necessitate running a full cycle of the unit.
Check the attachment of the unit to the superstructure, wall or floor. Check the davit and directional pulleys
for wear and proper operation. All welds and connection hardware should be thoroughly inspected. Check the
rope, webbing or cable for signs of wear. If you are unsure of how to check these items, consult the Auto Belay
Operations Manual provided by the manufacturer or contact Nicros. It is also critical to make sure that the
Auto Belay unit, davits or protective guards are not stepped on or otherwise bumped or damaged during other
maintenance inspections. When climbing behind the wall take care to ensure you do not damage any critical
safety items. See Section 2.10 for a discussion on Auto Belays.
Floor Anchors
If you utilize floor anchors as a method of backing up your belayers, these should be inspected in accordance
with a formal safety plan to ensure their integrity. Webbing, quick links, carabiners, bolts and other components
of the anchor must be thoroughly checked. If the anchor bolts are covered with shredded rubber, pea gravel or
other loose landing surface or landing mats, this material should be moved away to allow proper inspection of the
anchor and then replaced when the inspection is complete. Floor anchors should only be used as a backup
anchor system and never relied upon as the sole belay anchor point. Belayers must take the primary force
of a fall on their body and not the anchor. The floor anchor should be clipped to the belayer in a way that ensures
it remains slack and is only the backup. Falling forces should first impact the belayer’s belay device and harness.
If the forces of the fall are greater than the belayer’s ability to control the forces and the impact force is greater
than what the rest of the system can absorb, then the backup anchor will come into play. If the correct procedure
is followed, the backup belay anchor could fail and the climber would still be protected. If the opposite procedure
is utilized, (i.e. the belay system is attached to the anchor and not the belayer) the result could be disastrous.
Please feel free to contact Nicros with any questions relating to this and any other important safety topics. 
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3.1.2.2 Structural Components
Interior Substructure
Check the interior substructure for shifting or damage. Check the integrity of all interior framing or welds,
looking for cracks. Look for bending or twisting of the fracture critical members that may indicate shifting of the
structure. On WestCoast™ walls, check to make sure the plywood is firmly attached to, and not pulling away
from, the substructure. On all bolted connections and panelized systems, ensure nuts are tight and bolts are free
of visible marring or damage. Any deficient items should be replaced or flagged for repairs.
Connection Points
Check wall attachment points, where the wall meets the floor, ceiling, adjacent building wall(s) or any other
structural attachment point. Look for obvious cracks or shifting or any other gaps, breaks or protrusions that
were not previously there. Tighten any bolts if necessary.
Please refer to CWA’s Specification for the Structural Inspection of Artificial Climbing Structures, 1st
Edition document for more information. Contact Nicros for inspection services. 
3.1.2.3 Wall Texutre, Handholds and Routes (the climbing wall itself)
The Climbing Surface
Look over the climbing surface in general. Look for any cracks, areas that look like the wall has shifted and any
areas where the texture appears to have delaminated, split open or failed in any way. Small cracks are a normal
part of concrete textures’ shrinking during curing or the building shifting and settling. Any larger cracks or
areas of delamination should be investigated. These should be noticeably different from the normal occurrence of
smaller cracks that may already exist on the wall. In addition, be alert for protrusions or anything sharp that may
injure a climber. If the damage looks suspicious, also check behind the wall (see “Anomaly” Inspection in Section
3.1.1). Report any problems to Nicros immediately. Remember that almost all large expanses of thin continuous
materials, especially concrete, will crack to some degree, this is normal. When inspecting the surface of the wall,
you may find wear spots in the texture above handholds; this is a common occurrence for walls and the amount
of wear will depend on the amount of climber usage. After a period of use, it may be necessary to re-texture the
surface of your wall to rejuvenate it.
A.R.T.Wall™, WestCoast™
If your climbing structure is constructed from Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) (A.R.T.Wall™) or a
concrete-textured plywood system (WestCoast™), you may notice small cracks developing almost immediately
after installation; this is a normal part of the concrete curing process and is not cause for alarm. The formation
of these cracks may continue as the concrete continues to cure over the life of the product. You may also notice
small pockets, chips or thin spots in the concrete. You will probably see the small fiberglass strands that are
embedded in the concrete, this is normal and should pose no safety concern. While every effort is made to
catch these spots during the installation process, occasionally chips may develop. Should you need to make a
minor repair to any type of texture, contact Nicros for the correct method to repair the problem. If you observe
excessive cracking or delamination or if a large crack or failure in the surface develops, close the affected area of
the wall or climbing route and please contact Nicros as soon as possible.
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(3.1.2.3 Wall Texture, Handholds and Routes continued)
Nicrolite™, Nicrolite-HandSculpted™, Fiberglass Panel Systems
Over time you may notice small cracks developing, this is normal and not a cause for concern. Please contact
Nicros if you notice large cracks developing or other areas that may be of concern.
Nicrotex™, Nicros Gym-Tex

If your wall is textured with one of Nicros’ acrylic-based textures, you may notice small cracks developing in
seamed areas of the plywood. Do not be alarmed. Buildings, and therefore climbing walls will move or shift a
small amount and may be subject to expansion and contraction of substrate materials. Cracking in the climbing
surface is generally cosmetic in nature and will not alter the quality or performance of the surface. Please note
that if the texture is applied thinner than is recommended, the texture may be subject to premature failure and
wear spots.
Note: Nicrotex™, and Nicros Gym-Tex can be used on other Nicros climbing wall systems to rejuvenate or
update the look of your climbing wall. Contact Nicros representatives for additional information.
T-Nuts - on WestCoast™, MWES™, and other plywood based wall systems

Inspect T-Nuts to ensure that they are seated properly against the interior plywood surface (behind the climbing
wall). For the first few months after installation of the wall, the plywood will dry and shrink causing T-Nuts
to loosen slightly. This is normal and handholds should merely be tightened to draw the T-Nut back into the
plywood. In the event a T-Nut pops out of the wall it can be easily replaced if you can gain access behind the
wall. Occasionally while tightening a climbing handhold onto the wall, the handhold attachment bolt may become
jammed in the T-Nut; attempt to back the bolt out of the T-Nut while pulling outward on the hold. If that procedure
does not work, it may require one person to hold the T-Nut with pliers and the other to extract the bolt. Or it may
become necessary to cut the bolt; this can be done with a hacksaw. Please see Section 5.23 for a diagram for
proper T-Nut replacement method on a damaged portion of the plywood or fiberglass-based products.
Handholds
The inspection of handholds should generally be done by the route setter during installation or the person(s)
cleaning the holds. Each time the wall is used however, someone should perform a visual inspection (of the holds
on the walls) to see if there are any obvious problems. Route setters should check holds for cracks as they install
them. (See the Artificial Climbing Holds FYI brochure in Section 5.2.) If a hold is cracked or broken it must be
removed from service immediately. If climbers report a hold on the wall that is broken it should be removed
immediately. Nicros provides a warranty on all holds - call for information. If a climber reports a “spinner” (a hold
that has come loose or is improperly tightened) it should be tightened or removed immediately. Proper training
for route setters is a must and additional information is available through Nicros − see Section 2.9.
Routes
Inspect the routes in order to determine if the routes may have been altered by previous users resulting in
dangerous conditions. There are many ways a route can be set which may increase the risk to climbers. It is
the responsibility of the route setters and the facility managers to be aware of these risks. If the setters are
unskilled in this area, seek assistance or proper training. Nicros offers a route setters training course which
addresses this topic.
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(3.1.2.3 Wall Texture, Handholds and Routes continued)
NOTE: Depending upon the type of top anchor used, the routes or placement/location of the handholds on the
climbing wall should be carefully considered. Routes must be set so that they are safe or do not create an
unsafe condition. For example, all Nicros top anchors, belay bars and Auto Belay systems are designed to be
used with only one rope and the handholds must be placed directly below the top anchor. If the route is set so
that it entices climbers to wander to the left or right of a line directly below the top anchor, the rope may rub on
the side of the belay bar support frame or other feature(s) of the climbing wall; this is especially true when the
climber is high up the route, or near the top of the route. The width of the spacing of holds can be wider at the
base of the route than at the top of the route but must be properly planned so as to avoid this condition. Please
see the CWA specifications for route width guidelines, Section 2.12.
In the case of an Auto Belay, if a climber climbs wide to the left or right of the top davit of the unit they may
cause the rope/cable to either jump out of the track or become jammed in the system. This may render the
system inoperable and unsafe or cause the rope/cable to rub on the side of the davit or tracking plate. In
addition, this may cause the rope or cable to become damaged. 
3.1.2.4 Landing Surface

Nicros strongly recommends the use of an appropriate landing surface. There are several types of landing
surfaces that are commonly used and each requires slightly different safety management procedures. If you are
uncertain about the proper techniques for each system, seek additional instruction. Inspect the landing surface
on a regular basis. If the surface is loose-filled material, such as shredded rubber, that may interlock or become
harder over time, it should be loosened up before climbing begins. Be sure to inspect the landing area for foreign
debris or any objects that could injure climbers. If landing mats (gymnastic-style mats) are used, be sure they
line up, minimizing gaps. Try to select gymnastic mats that interlock or Velcro™ together so as to avoid gaps.
If the landing surface is removed each day, it should be replaced before climbing. Be sure to select your landing
surface to be deep enough and to protect the proper sized area beneath the climbing wall. Nicros uses a formula
for calculating the area to be covered based on the maximum swing radius that could occur. Always error on the
side of safety by making your landing surface deeper or wider than you think you need. 
3.1.2.5 Climbing Equipment

Climbing equipment and ropes should be checked on a frequent basis. See Section 5.21 for an example
equipment log sheet. Be sure to log these inspections. Each piece of climbing gear will have safety concerns
specific to the design of that particular piece of equipment. If you are not familiar with the proper use and
inspection of your equipment, you should seek assistance. Be sure to read and understand the manufacturer’s
instructions and teach your staff accordingly. The manufacturer’s instructions will be found attached to the
equipment or in/on the bag or box they provide. Again proper training and use of the equipment is an important
part of the risk management process. Most climbing walls will utilize various types of hardware on the wall to
facilitate the use of the wall and its routes (i.e. bolt hangers, quickdraws, cold shuts, etc.) This equipment
may be essential to the safe use of the route and must be checked periodically. Inventory all wall equipment
to determine if the equipment that is intended to be on the wall is indeed there. Also make sure there is no
equipment that does not belong, is out of place or is used improperly.
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(3.1.2.5 Climbing Equipment continued)
Quickdraws and Bolt Hangers
Lead climbing involves clipping the lead climbing rope into quickdraw safety points as the climber ascends the
wall. If one or more of the quickdraws are missing, the distance between the safety anchor points may be too
great. A climber ascending the wall may be unaware that the quickdraw is missing until it is too late. This may
force the climber to either climb through this area unprotected, thereby facing a larger fall than was intended
or the climber may be forced to retreat. Either choice may be unsafe or scary at best. Quickdraws are highly
sought after items and are expensive equipment; as such they may occasionally “disappear” from the wall. In
addition, there may be “new” and “suspicious” lead anchors that mysteriously appear on the wall. Occasionally,
unauthorized persons may add unsafe lead anchors by placing bolt hangers into T-Nuts. THIS IS A
VERY DANGEROUS CONDITION and is one to be avoided at all costs. Do not allow lead climbing on these
anchors, remove them immediately. T-Nuts are not intended to resist or support the forces acting on the wall
that result from lead falls and T-Nuts without additional steel framing attached to the anchor are not be strong
enough to withstand those forces. This is also true of threaded inserts, such as the ones used on A.R.T.Wall™,
Nicros-EasyWall™, NicroLite™ or Nicros’ Boulders. We also recommend that you consider closing the lead bolt
hangers that you are not using; this can be simply done by taping the openings shut with a piece of colored duct
tape or removing them. Some inexperienced climbers have a tendency to grab at bolt hangers and will often grab
at the hanger by putting their fingers into the hole. If they were to fall while their finger was still in the hole of the
bolt hanger they could be injured. This is especially true on routes that have Auto Belays.
In addition to quickdraws, there may be other items on the wall as well. For example, your system may use
carabiners and chain or some form of belay bars at the top of the wall to hold the rope. During the inspection be
sure that if your top anchor is designed to use two carabiners (or Super Shuts or other appropriate hardware),
they are utilized correctly (i.e. the rope passes through both carabiners).
Ropes and Webbing

While checking top ropes is important, remember that lead climbing ropes typically see greater stress than top
ropes do. All ropes and webbing should be checked by hand. Look and feel for worn, frayed or torn areas along
the length of the rope by running your hand over the item to feel for areas in the core that may be damaged (i.e.
bulging or torn). Inspecting ropes is certainly an acquired skill. If you are not familiar with the proper technique
to use or inspect climbing equipment, seek further training and assistance. Ropes and webbing should be retired
based on amount of use and manufacturer’s specifications. Any damaged equipment should be removed from
service immediately.
Harnesses
Please refer to the manufacture’s rules and guidelines for the proper use as well as the correct tie-in points and
belay points. Nicros recommends removing gear loops from all sit harnesses to minimize the risk of a climber
attaching to the wrong point on their harness. Make sure to purchase harnesses that will properly fit all of the
clientele the program will serve. Check all sit harnesses for wear on tie-in and belay points. Ensure all buckles
are working in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. Each facility should have a safety management
program in place to document the life span of each individual harness. See Section 5.20 for an example of a
rental equipment safety log.
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(3.1.2.5 Climbing Equipment continued)
Belay Tools
All belay tools should be inspected each time they are used and/or on a periodic basis for cracks, burrs,
excessive wear spots and other deformities. Belay tools should be retired based on amount of use and
manufacturer’s specifications. Any damaged equipment should be removed from service immediately.
All locking carabiners, etc. should be inspected each time they are used and/or on a periodic basis for burrs,
excessive wear spots, properly functioning locking mechanisms and gates. Locking carabiners should be retired
based on amount of use and manufacturer’s specifications. Any damaged equipment should be removed from
service immediately. 
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3.2 Other Important Practices
3.2.1 Area Behind the Wall and Storage

Keep the area behind the wall closed to climbers and the public. This area should not be used for storage,
other than for miscellaneous climbing equipment. It is common to store extra handholds, route setting tools,
etc. behind the wall. Also be sure to keep objects away from the moving components of Auto Belays mounted
inside the wall. Always allow proper access to the space behind the wall for necessary maintenance checks and
emergency egress. Do not allow your storage to become a potential fire hazard. Check with local officials and fire
marshal regarding specific fire codes for this space. 
3.2.2 Cleaning Handholds and the Climbing Walls

Climbing walls are not cleaned very often but handholds should be cleaned periodically. Handholds can be soaked
in a bucket of hot, soapy water with Simple Green. Scrub the holds with a stiff nylon brush to remove the build-up
of chalk and/or rubber. Some facilities soak handholds in a dilute solution of muriatic acid. Using muriatic acid can
be dangerous and Nicros does not recommend this procedure unless all personnel are very knowledgeable about
the safety procedures associated with using an acid. Rinse thoroughly.
You can spot clean the climbing wall or scrub any areas on the wall that have a build-up of chalk/rubber/skin oils
with a stiff nylon brush. We do not recommend pressure washing the climbing wall as this can soak into the
substrate and weaken the materials. It is also a very messy process. If you have any questions please contact
Nicros. 
3.2.3 Ongoing Training

Do not ask or allow improperly trained staff to perform important safety tasks or maintenance tasks that they
are not familiar with or properly prepared for. Provide the proper training and document when it was provided.
Also, provide regular and frequent safety refreshers. Please contact Nicros at 651.778.1975 if you would like
additional training. 
3.2.4 Alterations to the Climbing Wall or Handholds

If you should ever decide to retrofit your wall with lead climbing anchors or any other anchor(s), please be sure
to contact Nicros. Any alteration to the climbing wall may result in walls or anchor points that may be unsafe
and will void the warranty. Nicros should perform the installation or alteration of any anchors so as to guarantee
the anchors are engineered to fit with the original construction and are designed to meet the required loads. All
anchors and the climbing wall must meet or exceed the CWA’s Specification for the Structural Inspection of
Artificial Climbing Structures, 1st Edition document. 
3.2.5 Retiring Old Equipment

Please remember that old or retired climbing ropes should be destroyed and should not be re-used or sold for
climbing purposes. If using retired ropes for non-load-bearing applications, (i.e. hauling a route setting bucket),
a common practice is to paint the ends black to indicate that they are “retired” ropes. Any other webbing,
harnesses, etc. that need to be retired should be cut-up and destroyed so they cannot be used anymore or for
the wrong application. 
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3.3 Responsible Vendor Section
Handholds break, it is an unfortunate part of artificial wall climbing. Nicros uses special ingredients and testing
to help ensure Nicros’ holds are as strong as they can be. An injury resulting from a hold breaking is a risk that
all wall operators and climbers face. This is why Nicros carries Products and Completed Operations Insurance
(check name with Donna) − protecting the wall operator, the industry and Nicros Inc. In addition, Nicros use a
Scott CRE Tensile Tester to perform tests that confirm the superior and consistent strength of Nicros’ resin
matrix. Nicros wants to ensure the products customers receive are up to Nicros’ rigorous standards. What
will happen when someone is seriously injured by a broken handhold and files a lawsuit? Everyone, including
vendors, climbers and wall operators, may be affected. In addition, it is not only important that climbing hold
manufacturers carry appropriate insurance but it is equally important that climbing wall manufactures are
insured as well. It is also important that they construct their climbing walls to meet appropriate standards.
CWA’s Specification for the Structural Inspection of Artificial Climbing Structures, 1st Edition should
be a minimum standard that climbing wall manufacturers design to and in areas other local building codes may
apply. Since climbing is an inherently dangerous activity it is important that you are certain the vendor you
purchase from conforms to all appropriate codes and standards.
We encourage you to support our responsible vendor position by only purchasing handholds and wall products
from vendors that carry Product Liability Insurance and conform to the appropriate standards (CWA at a
minimum). The climbing industry is growing quickly and needs your support in protecting and legitimizing
important safety and ethical standards.
For further questions or assistance contact: NICROS, Inc.

845 Phalen Blvd.
St. Paul, MN. 55106
Phone: 651.778.1975
Fax: 651-778-8080 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 4 // Project Details

4.1 Certificate of Completion
4.2 Job Summary
4.3 Structural Details
4.4 Auto Belays (if applicable)
4.5 Training Summary (if applicable)
4.6 Warranty
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DISCLAIMER
This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to operate a climbing wall and climbing wall
program or to properly train your staff. Nicros does not take responsibility for the misuse or misinterpretation of the
content contained herein. The following information is a summary of certain maintenance and other miscellaneous
safety items to help you in maintaining your climbing wall and climbing operation. Nicros encourages the end users
to seek additional ongoing instruction and guidance. Contact Nicros and/or the CWA with questions regarding the
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 5 // Bulletins, Contacts, Forms & Logs, Glossary of Terms

5.1 Important Safety Information
5.2 FYI: Artificial Climbing Holds Brochure
5.3 FYI: Ropes Brochure
5.4 FYI: Carabiners Brochure
5.5 FYI: Harnesses Brochure
5.6 Petzl Grigri New Belay Technique
Industry Organizations
5.7 Climbing Wall Association (CWA)
5.8 Stratus Insurance Services, Inc.
5.9 Outdoor Industry Association (OIA)
5.10 Access Fund
5.11 Association for Challenge Course Technology (ACCT)
5.12 Association for Experiential Education (AEE)
5.13 The American Mountain Guide Association (AMGA)
5.14 USA Climbing
5.15 Example Incident Report

5.16 Example Witness Report
5.17 Example Daily Inspection Log
5.18 Example Top Rope Safety Log
5.19 Example Lead Rope Safety Log
5.20 Example Rental Equipment Safety Log
5.21 Example Equipment Safety Log
5.22 The Journalist’s Guide to Climbing
5.23 T-Nut Replacement Procedure
5.24 Glossary of Terms
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DISCLAIMER
This document is not represented to contain all of the information needed to operate a climbing wall and climbing wall
program or to properly train your staff. Nicros does not take responsibility for the misuse or misinterpretation of the
content contained herein. The following information is a summary of certain maintenance and other miscellaneous
safety items to help you in maintaining your climbing wall and climbing operation. Nicros encourages the end users
to seek additional ongoing instruction and guidance. Contact Nicros and/or the CWA with questions regarding the
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5.1
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

Climbing is an inherently dangerous and potentially hazardous activity. PLEASE CLIMB SAFE!
The following information and warnings are provided to help insure climbers’ safety. PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING
CAREFULLY and feel free to contact any vendor to address your questions.
IMPORTANT: CLIMB SMART

 Climbing is dangerous. Always review the rules of the facility.
 Use equipment according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
 Seek qualified instruction if you are unfamiliar with any aspect of climbing.
 Double check your safety system before leaving the ground.
 Climbing or bouldering on any climbing wall can result in falls. Falling from any height can result in serious injury or death.
 Remember, your safety is your responsibility. Stack the odds in your favor, climb with caution.
STAFF & OPERATIONS

 Be sure all staff members are appropriately trained and supervised for their duties. Ongoing and retraining is important as conditions
change or memory fails. NEVER use untrained or under trained staff to run a climbing wall.
 Be sure to qualify and document all new and ongoing employee training.
 Provide appropriate warnings at your facility.
 Check all gear. Retire gear early or when it is showing wear. It’s better to be safe than sorry.
 Perform all maintenance and routine checks on the wall and all appropriate equipment (anchors, auto belays, lead bolts, quickdraws, belay
bars, floor anchors, etc.)
AUTO BELAY WARNINGS

 The Nicros Auto Belay Safety SystemTM (patented) is an add-on safety device that provides a warning when a climber forgets to attach to
the auto belay. NOTE: ALWAYS remember to clip in!
 When using an auto belay, it is your responsibility to perform the double check on yourself. If you do not feel confident in your ability to
perform this task, you must have someone else perform your double check for you.
 For additional information on the Auto Belay Safety SystemTM or auto belay equipment and setup, please visit www.nicros.com or call
800.699.1975.
PETZL WARNINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

 Petzl’s GriGri, GriGri2, Rig and I’D are similar products with separate applications.
 Common factors in operating these devices include but are not limited to: 1) The break hand is the primary belay mechanism and should
never leave the rope 2) have an auto locking feature that is intended to be used as a backup only 3) should be used as standard belay
devices, not as automatic devices
 Proper operation of these devices is elaborated upon on Petzl’s website: www.petzl.com
HARNESS WARNINGS
 Never clip into or tie into any position on the harness other than the “strong points” or belay loop of the harness.
 Nicros strongly recommends removing gear loops from the harness in order to help reduce the risk of clipping into the wrong place.
Please consult with the manufacturer before removing any gear loops or making alterations to the harness.
HANDHOLD INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

 Please refer to your handhold FYI or obtain a copy at www.nicros.com or www.climbingwallindustry.org
PRODUCT RECALLS & MANUFACTURER RESOURCES

 Petzl America Recalls all GriGri 2’s with the first 5 digits of the serial number between 10326 and 11136.
 Spectrum Sports has issued a Maintenance and Safety Directive to inform owners and operators of their responsibility to replace all
pulley bolts and to maintain cables and hardware on all climbing walls for safety reasons.
 See the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission website: www.cpsc.gov or www.recall-warnings.com/cpsc-category-
climbing_equipment_1.html
 www.mountain-guiding.com/safety/recalls.html
DATED PRODUCT RECALLS (prior to 2007)

 Recalls have been announced on the following products prior to 2007. Please consult the manufacturer for more information.
 Petzl M34 BL Am’D Ball-Lock and M36 BL William Ball-Lock carabiners with metal locking sleeves; MSA Climbing Wall Descenders;
Liberty Mountain Edelweiss Challenge Sit Harness with Para Buckle System
INDUSTRY INFORMATION & RESOURCES

 Join the CWA, obtain their “Industry Practices” and implement them: www.climbingwallindustry.org
 American Mountain Guide Association: www.amga.com
This document is not intended to be all inclusive. Nicros strongly recommends reviewing the manufacturer’s website for proper use, application, inspection,
maintenance and retirement in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s guidelines.
© 2013. This document is the property of Nicros, Inc. and is protected under U.S. copyright laws and should not be duplicated/ published in whole or part without permission and is not to be sold or published for commercial gain under any circumstances.
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101
102
103
104
105
106
5.5 FYI: Harness Brochure
107
5.5 FYI: Harness Brochure
108
5.6 Petzl Grigri New Belay Technique
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5.7 Climbing Wall Association (CWA)
The Climbing Wall Association is a non-profit, trade organization for commercial climbing wall operators formed
in 2003. Its mission is to continue providing industry-specific risk management services and promoting industry
self-regulation. The CWA is continuing the risk management work previously developed by the Climbing Gym
Association, a specialty group of the Outdoor Industry Association (OIA). The CWA supports and promotes
self-regulation through industry consensus for climbing gyms, recreation centers, schools and other operators
of manufactured climbing walls. The CWA continues to update and distribute the Industry Practices (IPs), the
nationally recognized consensus-based standards developed for the operation of commercial climbing walls.
The CWA is also working closely with Stratus Insurance Services to provide an effective and affordable liability
insurance program for the industry. The program will be available to members of the CWA.
Annual Fee: $300
Additional information can be obtained by visiting their website, www.climbingwallindustry.org.
Climbing Wall Association Inc.

1460 Lee Hill Rd., Unit 2
Boulder, CO 80304-0870
Phone: 720.838.8284
Fax: 720.528.8200
www.climbingwallindustry.org
Email: bill@climbingwallindustry.com
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5.8 Stratus Insurance Services, Inc.
Stratus Insurance is the exclusively endorsed provider of insurance packages for members of the Climbing Wall
Association (CWA). Stratus’ coverages were designed by the board members of the CWA to best fit most gyms
throughout the country. This program is provided through local insurance agents. We have created a powerful
purchasing group of climbing gyms, procuring coverages as an organization rather than as individuals trying to
negotiate on their own. As a leading provider of Climbing Gym Insurance, the Stratus program can easily extend
coverage for the outdoor activities of your climbing gym.
Stratus Insurance Services, Inc.

947 South 500 East, Suite 301
American Fork, UT 84003
Toll Free Phone: 866.395.1308

Phone: 801.763.1375
Fax: 801.763.1374
www.stratusins.com/climbingwallinsurance.html
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5.9 Outdoor Industry Association (OIA)
Outdoor Industry Association (OIA) provides trade services for over 4,000 manufacturers, distributors,
suppliers, sales representatives and retailers in the outdoor industry. OIA programs include: industry research,
representation in Washington D.C., professional education and consumer outreach, as well as cost-saving
benefits for outdoor companies.
OIA retail members are national specialty stores with locations and employees across the country, such as
Eastern Mountain Sports and REI, as well as smaller regional and resort specialty shops. OIA has member
companies in every state of the U.S.
OIA exclusively endorses Outdoor Retailer Summer and Winter Markets, the largest outdoor product trade
shows in the world.
Outdoor Industry Association

4909 Pearl East Circle, Suite 200
Boulder, CO 80301
Phone: 303.444.3353
Fax: 303.444.3264
www.outdoorindustry.org
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5.10 Access Fund
The Access Fund is a national, non-profit organization dedicated to keeping climbing areas open and conserving
the climbing environment. Many climbing facilities are members and hold or sponsor a variety of events in the
climbing community.
Preserving the opportunity to climb and the diversity of the climbing experience are fundamental to the mission
of the Access Fund. Working in cooperation with climbers, other recreational users, public land managers,
and private landowners, the Access Fund promotes the responsible use and sound management of climbing
resources throughout the United States. The Access Fund encourages an ethic of personal responsibility, self-
regulation, strong conservation values, and minimum impact practices among climbers.
Partnerships are vital to the Access Fund. They work closely with land management agencies, environmental
organizations, climbing groups, outdoor businesses and guide services on conservation projects, land acquisitions
and climbing policy.
The Access Fund

P.O. Box 17010
Boulder, CO 80308
Phone: 303.545.6772
Fax: 303.545.6774
www.accessfund.org
113
5.11 Association for Challenge Course Technology (ACCT)
Association for Challenge Course Technology (ACCT) is a professional trade association whose mission is to
establish and guide the implementation and compliance of standards in the challenge course industry. These
standards promote quality and safety for the installation, inspection, operation and ethical practices as delivered
by vendors, institutions and individual member program providers. ACCT’s commitment is to develop and advance
challenge course technology through the research of industry and member resources.
Association for Challenge Course Technology Membership Office

P.O. Box 47
Deerfield, IL 60015
Phone: 847.325.5860
Fax: 847.325.5864
www.acctinfo.org
Email: info@acctinfo.org
114
5.12 Association for Experiential Education (AEE)
The mission of Association for Experiential Education (AEE) is to develop and promote experiential education. AEE
is committed to supporting professional development, theoretical advancement, and evaluation of experiential
education worldwide.
Association for Experiential Education

3775 Iris Avenue, Suite 4
Boulder, CO 80301-2043
Phone: 303.440.8844
Fax: 303.440.9581
www.aee.org
Email: membership@aee.org
115
5.13 American Mountain Guide Association (AMGA)
American Mountain Guides Association (AMGA) is a non-profit, professional association of guides and instructors
of outdoor (real rock) climbing in the U.S. The Certification and Accreditation Programs run by the AMGA are for
both individual guides and organizations that run rock climbing and mountaineering courses outdoors. Climbing
outdoors on real rock poses additional objective dangers not common to climbing on indoor artificial climbing
walls. Providing services or instruction in this environment should not be taken lightly. If you offer these services,
you should consider affiliating with AMGA or other appropriate program(s).
American Guide Mountain Guides Association
Mailing Address
P.O. Box 1739
Boulder, CO 80306
Physical Address
1209 Pearl Street, Suite 14
Boulder, CO 80302
Phone: 303.271.0984
Fax: 303.271.1377
www.amga.com
116
5.14 USA Climbing
USA Climbing is open to anyone who is interested in climbing, regardless of age, ability, or participation. USA
Climbing is the national governing body for all disciplines of competition climbing in the United States: bouldering,
sport, speed, and collegiate climbing. USA Climbing is comprised of American Bouldering Series (ABS,
representing the bouldering discipline), Sport Climbing Series (SCS, representing sport and speed climbing
disciplines) and Collegiate Climbing Series (CCS).
USA Climbing
2031 Broadway, Suite 8
Boulder, CO 80302
Phone: 888.944.4244
Fax: 561.423.0715
http://usaclimbing.org
Email: info@usaclimbing.org
117
5.15 Example Incident Report
NOTE: Regulations may vary from state to state. This Release Form is an example only. Consult with
legal authority for the applicable regulations in your state.
DATE__________________
INJURED CUSTOMER________________________________ AGE_____________
Address ________________________________________ BIRTH DATE____________
City __________________________ State ___________
PHONE # _______________________________________
STAFF ON DUTY __________________________________ TIME___________________
OTHERS INVOLVED __________________________________________________________
P LE U S E
X A M FOR
WITNESSES______________________________________PHONE_____________________
E E D
______________________________________ PHONE_____________________
E N D
I N T
1. DESCRIPTION OF INCIDENT
NO T
2. STAFF ACTION TAKEN
3. INJURIES TO CUSTOMER, PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS VOICED BY CUSTOMER
4. PART/S OF BODY
5. CONDITION: (Laceration, Concussion, Sprain, Fracture, etc.)
6. INJURIES TO STAFF, PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS VOICED BY STAFF
118
(5.15 Example Incident Report continued)
7. IN YOUR OPINION, INCIDENT WAS CAUSED BY (CHECK APPROPRIATE BOX/S)

HUMAN ERROR____ EQUIPMENT FAILURE____ UNKNOWN____
OTHER:
8. MEASURES TAKEN OR RECOMMENDATIONS TO PREVENT, OR REDUCE PROBABILITY OF, INCIDENT FROM OCCURRING IN FUTURE:
9. WHAT SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES EXISTED AT TIME OF OCCURRENCE?
Name of person filling out report: __________________________________
___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Signature of person making report Signature of manager on duty
P LE S E
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
U
X A M FOR
E
TO BE COMPLETED BY CUSTOMER/S INVOLVED IN INCIDENT:
D E D
T E N
I have read the above and consider it an accurate reflection of incident that occurred on
T I N
________(date) at _________________(location) at ___________(time).
NO
________________________________
Signature of customer involved
_____________________________________
PRINT NAME
______________________________________________
Signature of parent or legal guardian
Address _______________________________________
City __________________________ State __________
Phone Number __________________________________
119
5.16 Example Witness Report
NOTE: Regulations may vary from state to state. This Release Form is an example only. Consult with
legal authority for the applicable regulations in your state.
Witness Statement
DATE__________________
WITNESS _______________________________________ AGE_____________
Address ________________________________________ BIRTH DATE____________
City __________________________ State ___________
PHONE # _______________________________________
STAFF ON DUTY __________________________________ TIME___________________
P LE U S E
OTHERS INVOLVED
M FOR
__________________________________________________________
X A
E

E D
INJURED CUSTOMER______________________________________
D
T E N
N
1. DESCRIPTION OF INCIDENT
T I
NO
2. STAFF ACTION TAKEN
3. INJURIES TO CUSTOMER, PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS VOICED BY CUSTOMER
4. PART/S OF BODY
5. CONDITION: (Laceration, Concussion, Sprain, Fracture, etc.)
6. IN YOUR OPINION, INCIDENT WAS CAUSED BY (CHECK APPROPRIATE BOX/S)

HUMAN ERROR____ EQUIPMENT FAILURE____ UNKNOWN____
OTHER:
120
(5.16 Example Witness Report continued)
7. MEASURES TAKEN OR RECOMMENDATIONS TO PREVENT, OR REDUCE PROBABILITY OF, INCIDENT FROM OCCURRING IN FUTURE:
8. WHAT SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES EXISTED AT TIME OF OCCURRENCE?
__________________________________
Name of witness filling out report
___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Signature of witness making report Signature of manager on duty
P LE U S E
X A M FOR
E E D
E N D
I N T
NO T
121
5.17 Example Daily Inspection Log
DAILY INSPECTION LOG
Facility: Month: Year:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Visual Inspection
Visual inpection made
of all...
of all...
of all...
of all...
Facility Signage
Warnings are posted...
P LE U S E
M FOR
Facility rules are
posted...
E X A
D
Climb Smart banner is...
Auto Belay warnings...
N D E
Landing Surface
N T E
I
Inspection
NOT
Landing surface is...
Landing surface is...
Lead Rope
Inspections
All lead ropes...
All lead ropes...
122
5.17 Example Top Rope Safety Log
TOP ROPE SAFETY LOG ROUTE #

DATE ROPE ROPE ANCHOR ANCHORS ROPE
CHECKED REPLACED CHECKED REPLACED RETIRED
P LE U S E
X A M FOR
E E D
E N D
I N T
NO T
123
5.19 Example Lead Rope Safety Log
LEAD ROPE SAFETY LOG ROPE #

DATE EMP.
CHECKED COMMENTS INITIALS
P LE U S E
X A M FOR
E E D
E N D
I N T
NO T
124
5.20 Example Rental Equipment Safety Log
RENTAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY LOG

DATE HARNESS BELAY CARABINERS COMMENTS
TOOLS
P LE U S E
X A M FOR
E E D
E N D
I N T
NO T
125
5.21 Example Equipment Safety Log
EQUIPMENT SAFETY LOG

DATE XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
P LE U S E
X A M FOR
E E D
E N D
I N T
NO T
126
5.22 The Journalist’s Guide to Climbing
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
5.23 T-Nut Replacement Procedure
1
3
EP
EP
EP
ST
ST
ST
Follow these instructions to Remove damaged T-Nut from the Cut new plywood piece and drill
replace a T-Nut using the items backside of the climbing wall. pilot holes for the new T-Nut
pictured above. Or, purchase and woodscrews. Note: T-Nut
a pre-drilled, T-Nutted plywood hole should be 7/16” wide.
replacement kit from Nicros. Clean any residual debris and
prepare surface of the plywood.
5
4
6
EP
EP
EP
ST
ST
ST
Place plywood on floor, insert Before attaching the plywood Screw in the new plywood
a new T-Nut into the prepared to the climbing wall, thread a piece. Secure the T-Nut
area, and hammer the T-Nut bolt from the back of the T-Nut position by attaching a handhold
straight into the plywood through the front of the old hole through the front side of the
ensuring that it is flush to the to ensure the two holes line up. wall. This will help the teeth
surface. the climbing wall. of the T-Nut bite into the new
piece of plywood.
141
(5.23 T-Nut Replacement Procedure continued)
Blown out area

New ¾" plywood piece
New T-Nut
Existing climbing wall plywood

1 ¼" wood screw x
x
x
x x
SEE WARNING
BELOW { } x
x
Longer bolt to compensate for
Concrete climbing texture new offset plywood piece
Handhold
NOTE: New plywood piece should extend at least 2” from blown out area.
NOTE: Wood screws should be placed in every corner approximately 1/2” from the edge of the plywood.
NOTE: If you use plywood < 3/4” you must adjust the screw length ( i.e 1/2” plywood, use 1” wood screw)
WARNING
Wood screw length can be adjusted but must not penetrate the back side of the climbing wall texture or
protrude from the climbing side of the wall.
All replacement products can be purchased from Nicros, Inc. For more information call 651.778.1975
or visit us at www.nicros.com
142
5.24 Glossary of Terms
Below is a compiled list of some of the basic terminology geared towards managers and users with a limited
climbing background.
Terminology
Auto Belay : Automatic Belay device. Any one of a number of different mechanical systems or designs that
automatically take in rope as a climber ascends the wall and lowers them back down slowly if they fall or reach
the top. The belay comes from the device and not from another human.
Belay : the process by which one person controls the rope for the climber and holds them in the event of a fall.
Belay anchor : the arrangement of bolts and hangers (usually with quickdraws attached) or tubular steel bars that
are attached to the climbing wall through which the climbing rope is secured for belaying the climber.
Belay device : any one of a wide variety of mechanical devices or tools that aid the belayer in controlling the rope
while belaying.
Belay tool : the brake device or friction device/tool used to stop or slow or catch a falling climber (see belay
device). A belay tool is a belay device and is also used to lower a climber back to the ground. Some belay tools
can also be used for repelling or descending.
Bouldering : climbing the wall without safety equipment, usually staying low to the ground either by traversing or
climbing up and jumping or climbing down from a relatively minimal height.
Carabiner : an aluminum snap link that is the universal link in the climbing safety system. Many styles and sizes
exist, one style is a locking type.
Crux : this is the most difficult point in the route or movement through a boulder problem. On some problems
there will be more than one crux or there may be “mini” cruxes.
Directional anchors : anchors or hardware used to direct either a rope or webbing to a desired direction. It could
be used to keep a rope out of the way or to reduce the swing of a falling climber. Outdoors, on real rock, it could
be used to keep the top anchor out of a crack or away from a sharp edge that might cut the rope or webbing.
Dynamic rope : a slightly stretchy nylon rope made specially for climbing. The stretch absorbs some of the force
generated during a fall, thereby reducing the force transmitted to the climber, the wall or the belayer.
Floor anchor : an anchor placed into the floor or attached to some other heavy object to help hold the belayer. A
floor anchor should always assist the belayer and should never be used as the sole anchor point. A floor anchor
is typically constructed of a piece of webbing or daisy chain that is bolted to the floor with a concrete fastener via
a quick link and bolt hanger. Sometimes people use a bucket filled with concrete or a weight such as a 45 pound
steel free weight used for weight lifting.
143
(5.24 Glossary of Terms continued)
Free climb : to climb the wall or rock by hands and feet only, the rope and anchors are there only to protect the
climber, not to aid the ascent.
Grigri : a special belay tool made by Petzl that has an auto locking or braking feature. This is not an automatic
device nor is it an Auto Belay. A Grigri should be used as a standard belay tool and the brake hand should not
leave the rope. Grigris are to be used by experienced belayers. Read the manufacturer’s instructions very
carefully as many belayers have improperly used this device.
Gym rope : gym rope is also referred to as gym line. Gym line is static rope constructed for gym use. Gym line is
not suitable for lead climbing.
Harness: the webbing seat that the climber wears to tie the rope into. They come in a variety of styles and
complexity.
Hold : any one of a myriad of shapes and sizes of artificial hand and foot placements (typically made of plastic
resin and multi-colored) that attach to the climbing wall by means of a bolt or screw.
Lead : the method of climbing and belaying where the climber must place or clip into the protection as they
ascend the wall. In this style, the potential fall is longer because the climber is above their protection for some of
the time that they are climbing.
Lead anchors : these are the anchors located on the climbing surface that are used for lead climbing. As a lead
climber ascends the wall he/she clips or attaches the rope to these anchors to protect from a fall. A lead anchor
is usually a bolt hanger with a quickdraw pre-attached to the hanger. Lead anchors are very strong and attach
to the primary structural frame through what is commonly referred to as a “bolt box”. The bolt box is the strong
point on the wall that contents the lead hanger and hence the climber via the rope to the structural frame of the
climbing wall. Lead anchors should meet CWIG standards or other equivalent standard. They must be engineered
to meet these standards and as such should only be constructed by a competent contractor.
Quickdraw (Q.D.): the combination of a carabiner, short sling and another carabiner, (or sometimes a rapid link),
which are attached to the lead bolts or top anchors for clipping the climbing rope into.
Rappel : any one of a variety of methods of descending a rope by means of a friction device. Rappelling is typically
used by climbers to return to the ground or to get to a lower level on the climbing face.
Rappel anchors : anchors used to rappel from. The historic phrase used for rappel anchors is “the rappel anchor
must be bombproof”. When a person rappels s/he commits their weight entirely to the system. Any failure could
result in serious injury or death and as such the anchor must be completely reliable.
Route : a climbing route or bouldering problem, a line or pathway of handholds either up the wall as in a climbing
route or across the wall as in a bouldering problem. Routes are typically marked with either colored handholds or
colored tape next to the hold.
144
Rating system : the U.S. uses the Yosemite Decimal System, an open ended system where the difficulty scale
ranges from 5.0 to 5.15, currently the most difficult grade. Most climbing wall routes fall into the 5.5 to 5.11
range. This range is often broken down even further by using either a “+” or a “-“after the number. In addition an
“a, b, c, or d” breakdown is often applied for routes above 5.10. For example, a 5.9- is easier than a 5.9 which
is easier than a 5.9+. At 5.10 the breakdown typically changes to letters where a 5.10a is easier than a 5.10b
and so on. Also a 5.10- relates to a 5.10a and a 5.10+ would be a 5.10d. Rating a climb can be difficult and
subjective as one man’s 5.9 is another’s 5.8 or vise-versa and can depend on the geometry of the movement or
the physical attributes of the climber. No one can say for sure what a route is rated so climbers generally rely
on a consensus opinion generated by a number of other climbers and in certain situations, such as when Lead
climbing (especially outdoors on real rock) will select their routes cautiously/conservatively (pick an easier route
than they think they can climbing).
Slack : portion of rope that is not taut, preferably minimized during belay.
Solo Climbing or Free Solo: climbing without a rope or any form of climbing protection. Free solo climbing is not
considered Bouldering. Free solo climbing typically involves climbing up the wall higher than is normal.
Static rope : a rope that is less stretchy than a dynamic rope. Static ropes are often stiffer and commonly used
for aid climbing or ascending routes directly on the rope using ascenders/aiders. A rope with lower elongation is
easier to ascend. Static ropes should not be used as top ropes as they generate a higher impact force on the top
anchors. Static ropes should not be used in place of dynamic ropes for lead climbing.
T-Nut : the threaded sleeve that is inserted into each hole in the climbing wall for the attachment of holds.
Top rope : the method of belaying and climbing where the rope comes to the climber from above, thus minimizing
the length of the potential fall.
Top Rope Anchors : anchors placed at the top of the climbing wall that are used for top rope climbing. The rope
is placed in the anchor and both ends of the rope reach to the ground (and with extra rope length, i.e. 10 feet).
One end is used by the climber to tie into their climbing harness and the other is used by the belayer. The belayer
places their end into the belay tool. The rope is taken up by the belayer as the climber ascends and the top
anchor acts as a pulley. Top anchors are very strong and should meet CWIG standards. They must be engineered
to meet these standards and as such should only be constructed by a competent contractor.
Wall Features Terminology

The following are terms commonly used to describe features on a climbing surface or wall.
Arete : an outside corner where two walls meet.
Cave : a severely overhanging area that is surrounded by overhanging side walls is commonly referred to as a
cave. Climbing on these angles is very challenging. The climbing surface will be greater than 90 degrees and is
commonly referred to as “over vertical” or “past vertical.” It is equivalent to climbing on a ceiling.
145
Crack : a fissure or gap in the wall, various sizes fit fingers, hands, feet, fists, etc., jammed into the crack to
climb it.
Dihedral : an inside corner formed by two walls coming together at an angle.
Dike : a rib or semi linear mound/bulge that sticks up/out from the climbing surface. Typically found on outdoor
rock and replicated on artificial walls. Dikes often slash diagonally across the climbing face.
Flake : an overlapping or offset crack where the edge of the crack can be grasped. A flake often looks like a piece
of flat rock of varying size and shape protruding from the climbing face/surface.
Hueco : a pocket or hole in the climbing surface. Usually formed by water rinsing or eroding out circular areas of
softer material. Huecos can be many sizes and shapes. The name comes from the climbing area in Texas known
as Hueco Tanks.
Pocket : any hole or circular recess in the climbing wall. Pockets can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes. A
hueco is a pocket and visa versa.
Roof (or overhang) : a section where the wall extends horizontally for some distance before turning back to a less
steep angle.
Slab : a section of wall where the angle is less than 90 degrees. Often referred to as “off vertical.” Lay people
would relate this to a hill. 
146

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Please read this user manual in its

Please double check and climb safe! 

• NEVER attempt to climb without first receiving proper training

• ALWAYS establish a risk management program for the climbing wall

For more information on Nicros, Inc, contact:

For updated information and safety concerns, visit www.nicros.com.

Climbing Wall User Manual

Section 1 // Climbing Wall Introduction & General Information

The following is a brief overview of climbing wall management.

1.1 Climbing Wall Introduction

Purpose of the Manual

• NEVER attempt to climb without first receiving proper training

• Follow the ”Duty to Notify” doctrine – see Section 2.3

• Establish rules and provide appropriate postings or signage (post warnings)

• Properly train your staff – see Section 2.5

• Bouldering is dangerous and spotters should be considered

• Rules for bouldering must be established

• Post the rules for bouldering in a prominent location

• Remind participants to clip into the Auto Belay system

• Be sure to continue your CWA membership − see Section 2.12 or 5.7 

Section 2 // Climbing Wall Operations

The following is a brief overview of climbing wall operations.

2.1 Climbing Wall Operations Introduction

• A bouldering warning/waiver for use with competitions or for all programs

• A “training checklist” for staff should be created for your program

• A “route setting log” for tracking the route setting process

• Auto Belay “Open” and “Closed” signs

• Auto Belay “Double Check” and “Clip-In” signs

• Bouldering height signs and “Bouldering Is Dangerous” signs

• Any other signs that may be needed 

• Use a waiver of release form signed by each participant or guardian

• Purchase and install a Climb Smart!™ banner

• Consider posting any and all other pertinent rules or notices

Birthday party hosts, etc., take note!

Signature of Climber: ________________________________________________________________________

Print Participant’s Name

First _________________ Middle Initial ________ Last _______________________

(Circle One) YES / NO

If yes, please describe: _____________________________________________________________________________________________

Print Name: _______________________________________________________

2.6.1 Access Control

2.7.1 User Orientation and Belay Test

Auto Belay Orientation

Top Rope Qualification

Lead Climbing Qualification

2.7.4 Basic Safety Course Outline

• Setting routes to meet a wide user base

Concepts to keep in mind

Incident Response Summary

2.11.2 Level One Incident Response

The following document is the CWA’s Industry Practices.

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Section 3 // Climbing Wall Maintenance

Climbing Wall Maintenance

3.1.1 Climbing Wall Inspection & Maintenance Outline

Inspection Frequency Disclaimer

3.1.2.1 Protection Anchors

Belay Bars or Belay Pipes or Tubes

Nicrotex™, Nicros Gym-Tex

T-Nuts - on WestCoast™, MWES™, and other plywood based wall systems

First _ Middle Initial Last _______

7KHIDFLOLW\KDVDSROLF\RUSROLFLHVIRUEHOD\LQJDQGFOLPELQJ

(TXLSPHQWVKRXOGEHVWRUHGPDLQWDLQHGLQVSHFWHGUHSDLUHGLIDSSURSULDWHUHWLUHG

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INJURED CUSTOMER____________________ AGE_

Address ____________________________ BIRTH DATE

City ________________ State _

STAFF ON DUTY ________________ TIME_

City ________________ State

WITNESS ___________________________ AGE_

Address ____________________________ BIRTH DATE

City ________________ State _

STAFF ON DUTY ________________ TIME_