CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

AUTHOR:
American Psychiatric Association
TITLE OF THE BOOK/JOURNAL/ARTICLE:
What Is Depression?
VOLUME AND SERIES (FOR JOURNALS):
N/A
EDITOR (IF THE IS ANY):
N/A
PUBLISHER:
N/A
YEAR OF PUBLICATION:
n.d.
URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES): https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-
families/depression/what-is-depression
SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:
American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). What is depression? Retrieved from
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression

Question: What does the source say about the key term?
Defined as a common mood disorder, depression may exhibit mild to severe symptoms as well as negatively affect
one’s capacity to continue one’s daily activities. Although it may cause feelings of sadness and grief, depression is not
different from being sad and it can last up to 2 weeks, commonly occurring in late teens to adulthood as well as
affecting mostly females.
 AUTHOR:
National Institute of Mental Health
TITLE OF THE BOOK/JOURNAL/ARTICLE:
Depression
VOLUME AND SERIES (FOR JOURNALS):
N/A
EDITOR (IF THE IS ANY):
N/A
PUBLISHER:
N/A
YEAR OF PUBLICATION:
2018
URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml
SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Depression. Retrieved from
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml

Question: What does the source say about the key term?
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, depression can manifest at any point in one’s life, even during
childhood. It is due to the fact there are numerous factors that affect the onset of depression, such as genetic,
biological, environmental and psychological factors. Specific examples of risk factors for depression include major life
changes, trauma or stress.
 AUTHOR:
Maurizio Fava
TITLE OF THE BOOK/JOURNAL/ARTICLE:
Depression on the Rise During COVID-19: Resources for Patients and Their Families
VOLUME AND SERIES (FOR JOURNALS):
N/A
EDITOR (IF THE IS ANY):
N/A
PUBLISHER:
N/A
YEAR OF PUBLICATION:
2020
URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):
Retrieved from https://www.massgeneral.org/news/coronavirus/depression-on-rise-during-covid-19
SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:
Fava, Maurizio. (2020, June 25). Depression on the rise during COVID-19: Resources for patients and their
families. Retrieved from https://www.massgeneral.org/news/coronavirus/depression-on-rise-during-covid-19

Question: What does the source say about the key term?
In an article written by Dr. Fava, he stated that trauma and fear of the pandemic, grief, physical distancing, financial
concerns, social companionship, and limited access to family members may result to the increase of depression
rates, alongside other biological factors.
 AUTHOR:
Jerry L. Halverson
TITLE OF THE BOOK/JOURNAL/ARTICLE:
Depression
VOLUME AND SERIES (FOR JOURNALS):
N/A
EDITOR (IF THE IS ANY):
David Bienenfeld
PUBLISHER:
N/A
YEAR OF PUBLICATION:
2020
URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-overview
SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING: Halverson, J. L. (2020). Depression. D. Bienenfield
(Ed.). Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-overview

Question: What does the source say about the key term?
According to Halverson (2020), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or the Beck
Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), BDI for primary care, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Center for
Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) are examples of depression-related scales one can use to check for
the presence of the said mental disorder. On the contrary, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) are performed by trained professionals, not the patient.
 AUTHOR:

TITLE OF THE BOOK/JOURNAL/ARTICLE:

VOLUME AND SERIES (FOR JOURNALS):

EDITOR (IF THE IS ANY):

PUBLISHER:

YEAR OF PUBLICATION:

URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):

SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:

Question: What does the source say about the key term?
RELATED STUDIES

PROPONENTS:
Zhenyu Li, Jingwu Ge, Meiling Yang, Jianping Feng, Mei Qiao, Riyue Jang, Jiangjiang Bi, Gaogeng Zhan,
Xiaolin Xu, Long Wang, Qin Zhou, Chenliang Zhou, Yinbing Pan, Shijiang Liu, Haiwei Zhang, Jianjun Yang,
Bin Zhu, Yimin Hu, Kenji Hashimoto, Yan Jia, Haofei Wang, Rong Wang, Cunming Liu, and Chun Yang
TITLE OF THE STUDY:
Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teals aiding in
COVID-19 control__________________________________________________________

DATE ACCOMPLISHED:
August 2020
UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE:
Nanjing Medical University
URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):

SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING: Li, Z., Ge, J., Yang, M., Feng, J., Qiao, M., Jiang, R.,
… Yang, C. (2020). Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical
teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, 916–919.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007

Question: What does the study discuss about the topic related to this paper?
In a study conducted by Li et al., “Vicarious Traumatization in the General Public, Members, and Non-Members of
Medical Teams Aiding in COVID-19 Control”, they analyzed and evaluated vicarious traumatization scores of 740
individuals (214 public citizens and 529 nurses) through a mobile app-based questionnaire. The questionnaire was
formulated through a combination of international trauma-related scales, such as the Traumatic Stress Institute Belief
Scale, Impact of Event Scale, and Vicarious Trauma Scale, and interviews with the Wenchuan earthquake rescuers,
totaling to 38 questions, divided into physiological responses (11 items) and psychological responses (27). The
researchers of the study concluded that the general public and nonfrontline nurses were more susceptible to trauma
compared to frontline nurses, despite the fact that the latter was more exposed to COVID-19 cases. However, the
researchers considered the fact that the general public and nonfrontline nurses were less informed due to China’s
strict isolation policy within the time frame the study was conducted, therefore they were more likely to sympathize
with both COVID-19 patients and the exposed, frontline medical staff. Furthermore, nonfrontline nurses were also
concerned with both the patients and their frontline colleagues, whereas frontline nurses were more likely to
sympathize with only the patients. In conclusion, all three types of respondents still had substantial levels of vicarious
traumatization, but the frontline nurses had more access to first-hand information regarding the pandemic and was
able to cope with such accordingly.
RELATED STUDIES

PROPONENTS:

TITLE OF THE STUDY:

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

DATE ACCOMPLISHED:

UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE:

URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):

SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:

Question: What does the study discuss about the topic related to this paper?
RELATED STUDIES

PROPONENTS:

TITLE OF THE STUDY:

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

DATE ACCOMPLISHED:

UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE:

URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):

SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:

Question: What does the study discuss about the topic related to this paper?
RELATED STUDIES

PROPONENTS:

TITLE OF THE STUDY:

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

DATE ACCOMPLISHED:

UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE:

URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):

SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:

Question: What does the study discuss about the topic related to this paper?
RELATED STUDIES

PROPONENTS:

TITLE OF THE STUDY:

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

DATE ACCOMPLISHED:

UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE:

URL AND DATE OF EXTRACTION (FOR ONLINE SOURCES):

SOURCE USING APA 6TH EDITION REFERENCING:

Question: What does the study discuss about the topic related to this paper?