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Geometry EOC
Review Packet

I 5 1 o 9 4 8 q
 The Review Packet Directions
1) Number each page of the packet and use your numbering scheme to make a table
of contents (below).
2) Next, use your numbering scheme to make an index for all of the topics. Attach
your index to the last page of the packet. (Hint there will be over 100 topics)

Table of Contents
Cover Page ……………………………………………………………………… 1
 Part 1: Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles
If you are given two points and , you can

The Distance use the distance formula to find the distance between
the two points. It is based on the Pythagorean Theorem.

Formula

In the example above, let point 1 be (-2,3) and point 2 be

(4,-3). Find the distance between these two points using
the distance formula.

The point exactly in the middle of a segment, halfway

The from either endpoint. If you are given two points

and , you can use the midpoint formula to find
the distance between the two points.
Midpoint Example: Find the midpoint for the segment with
endpoints at: (-2,3) and (4,-3)
Formula
 Sometimes, you will be given the midpoint of a segment

The and you will have to find one of the endpoints of the
segment. You can still use the formula.

Midpoint Example: The midpoint of a segment is at (3,-5). One of

the endpoints is at (2,-2). Find the other endpoint.

Formula The midpoint is (3,-5). So set (3,-5) equal to the formula.

And say the given point (2,-2) is
(continued)
Now, break this into 2 separate
equations and solve for x2 and y2

So the other endpoint must be (4,-8)

Angle Pairs
formed by a
Transversal Given: line l is parallel to line m and line t is a transversal
Angle Pairs are divided up into congruent pairs and
supplementary pairs like this:
Congruent Supplementary
Alternate Interior Angles Same Side Interior Angles
2 and 6 2 and 3
7 and 3 7 and 6
Alternate Exterior Angles Same Side Exterior Angles
1 and 5 1 and 4
8 and 4 8 and 5
Corresponding Angles Linear Pairs
1 and 3 or 8 and 6 1 and 2 or 1 and 8
2 and 4 or 7 and 5 8 and 7 or 7 and2
 Part 2: Polygons
A two-dimensional closed shape with only straight lines (no
curves). Polygons cannot cross themselves anywhere (like
Figure 2 for Not a Polygon).

Polygon Not a Polygon

Polygon

There are two types of polygons. Convex polygons and

Convex vs concave polygons. Convex polygons are polygons whose

interior angles are each less than 180°. Concave polygons, on
the other hand, have an angle formed within the shape.

Concave
Convex Concave
 Convex Concave
Convex vs
Concave
(continued)

Regular polygons have all sides and all angles the same. A

Regular regular quadrilateral would be a square. A regular triangle

would be equilateral. Every other type of polygon is
considered irregular.
Polygons
The sum of the interior angles of a polygon are given as

Sum of the follows:

Start with a triangle: 180. Add another 180 for each

Interior additional side the shape has.
Shape Number of Sides Sum of Angles

Angles
Triangle 3 180
Quadrilateral 4 180 + 180 = 360
Pentagon 5 540
Hexagon 6 720
Heptagon 7 900
n-gon N (n-2)180
Example: a shape with 10 sides has 8(180)=1440
 The Exterior Angles of a polygon, are the ones found by

Sum of the extending each of the sides. Then the exterior angles are
supplementary to the interior angles.

Exterior
Angles
No matter the shape, the sum of the exterior angles is always
360.
Congruent polygons have all the same angles and sides.

Congruent Imagine you can lay one right on top of the other.

Polygons
Two polygons that are the same shape but have different sizes.

Similar The corresponding angles will be congruent.

Polygons
~
You can set up a ratio. The smaller side over the bigger side.

Scale factor is the ratio of the smaller shape to the larger

Scale shape. It can be written as a ratio 1:3 or as a fraction ratio

That means, the larger shape’s sides are 3 times as big as the

Factor smaller shape’s sides. The scale factor for area is squared for
both numerator and denominator (1:9) and cubed for volume.
The length around the outside of a figure. Perimeter is found

Perimeter by adding the length of each external side of a figure.

 Area is the amount of space inside a figure. Most common

Area figures have a formula used to find their area.

Area Formulas
Rectangle

Triangle

Parallelogram (Note: the height is not the

length of the outer sides, it is the altitude
of the parallelogram)

Rhombus (where d1 and d2 are the

diagonals of the rhombus)

Trapezoid

Regular
Polygon
(apothem is the perpendicular distance
from the side of a regular polygon to its
center)
 Part 3: Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides.

Quadrilateral
A type of quadrilateral that has both sets of
opposite sides parallel

Parallelogram Properties:
m Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent
m Consecutive angles are supplementary
m Opposite angles are congruent
m The diagonals bisect each other
A type of parallelogram that has all right angles.

Rectangle Properties:
m Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent
m Opposite sides are parallel
m All angles are right
m Diagonals bisect each other
m Diagonals are congruent
A type of parallelogram that has all congruent
sides.

Properties:
Rhombus m All sides are congruent
m Opposite sides are parallel
m Opposite angles are congruent
m Consecutive angles are supplementary
m Diagonals are perpendicular bisectors
m Diagonals bisect the angles
 A type of parallelogram that is both a rectangle
and a square. It has four right angles and all
congruent sides.

Square Properties:
m All sides are congruent
m Opposite sides are parallel
m All angles are right
m Consecutive angles are supplementary
m Diagonals are perpendicular bisectors
m Diagonals bisect the angles

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with only one set of

parallel sides. These sides are called the bases.

Trapezoid Properties:
m Only one pair of sides is parallel
m Consecutive angles along the non-parallel
sides are same-side interior angles and
therefore supplementary

An isosceles trapezoid is a quadrilateral with only

one set of parallel sides called the bases. But the
non-base sides are congruent.

Isosceles
Trapezoid
Properties:
m Only one pair of sides is parallel
m Non-parallel sides are congruent
m Base angles are congruent
m Diagonals are congruent
m Opposite angles are supplementary
 A kite is a quadrilateral with no sets of parallel
lines. There are two sets of adjacent sides
congruent. The angles where the non-adjacent
sides meet are congruent and the diagonals meet
at a right angle in the middle.

Kite

Note: Opposite sides are neither parallel nor

congruent.
 Part 4-A: Triangles
Triangles are classified in two ways: by the lengths of

Classifying their sides or by their angle measures.

Classification by Side Length

Triangles Equilateral
Isosceles
All 3 sides are congruent
2 sides are congruent
Scalene No sides are congruent

Classification by Angle Measure

Acute Only acute angles in the triangle
Right One right angle
Obtuse One obtuse angle
Equiangular All 3 angles congruent
A perpendicular segment from a vertex to its opposite

Altitude of a side.

Triangle
Every triangle has three altitudes. The altitude is also
called the height and the altitude is what is needed for
the area of a triangle. A =
A line segment that joins a vertex of a triangle to the

Median of a midpoint of its opposite side. (Every triangle has 3)

Triangle
A segment that passes through the vertex of a triangle

Angle to the opposite side and cuts the angle in half.

Every triangle has

Bisector three angle

bisectors
 A line that passes through the midpoint of a side and

Perpendicular is perpendicular to that side. Every triangle has three

perpendicular bisectors.

bisector
A concurrent point is where three or more lines (or

Points of segments) intersect. Every triangle has three of each

of the types of segments listed above, that is: three
altitudes, three medians, three angle bisectors, and
Concurrency three perpendicular bisectors. If you draw all three
medians at once, the place where they meet is called
a concurrent point.

There are four types of concurrent points in triangles:

Orthocenter The point of concurrency for the 3
altitudes of a triangle. It can occur
inside, on, or outside the triangle
itself.
Centroid The point of concurrency for the 3
medians of a triangle. The centroid is
always inside the triangle.
Important: A median can be broken
into thirds where of the segment
lies between the vertex and the
centroid and of the segment lies
between the side and the centroid.
Incenter The point of concurrency for the 3
angle bisectors of a triangle. The
incenter is always inside the triangle.
Circumcenter The point of concurrency for the 3
perpendicular bisectors of a triangle.
The circumcenter can occur inside,
or, or outside the triangle itself.
 Part 4-B: Congruent Triangles
Triangles are congruent when all corresponding sides and

Congruent corresponding angles are congruent. They must be the

exact same shape and size.

Triangles
Corresponding Sides: Corresponding Angles:
 
AND
 
 

Altogether a triangle has six measurements: three sides

and three angles. For some pairs of triangles though, you
only need three of those measurements to prove the
triangles are congruent.
The Side-Side-Side Postulate says that if all three sets of

sSS corresponding sides are equal, then the triangles must be

congruent.

and
The Side-Angle-Side Postulate says that if only two pairs of

sAS corresponding sides are congruent and their included

angles are equal, then the triangles are congruent.

or
The Angle-Side-Angle Theorem says that if two pairs of

ASA corresponding angles and their included side are

congruent, then the triangles must be congruent.

or
 The Angle-Angle-Side Theorem says that if two pairs of

AAS corresponding angles and a pair of non-included sides are

congruent, then the triangles must be congruent.

Proving
Triangles Prove

are 
Statements

 are alternate
Given
Reasons

They are on opposite sides of the

Congruent
interior angles transversal
  Alternate interior angles are
congruent
  are alternate They are on opposite sides of the
interior angles transversal
  Alternate interior angles are
congruent
Reflexive Property
ASA Theorem

In words: Because and are parallel, we can identify some

angle pairs. On opposite sides of the transversal there are two
sets of alternate interior angles. That makes two pairs of congruent
angles, all we need now to prove the triangles congruent is a pair of
congruent sides. is part of both triangles. That means the
triangles have a congruent side (it happens to be the same exact
thing but part of both triangles). Since is the side between the
two angles, we must conclude that the triangles are congruent by
ASA Theorem.
The Hypotenuse-Leg Theorem is only for right triangles. If

HL the hypotenuses of two right triangles are congruent and

one pair of corresponding legs are congruent, then the
triangles must be congruent.
 Part 4-c: Similar Triangles
Triangles are similar when all corresponding angles are

Similar congruent and when the corresponding sides are

proportional—that is, they can be written as the exact
same ratio.
Triangles Remember, every triangle has three sides, so to
determine which sides correspond to one another it
helps to make a table.
Smallest Medium Largest
Sides Sides Sides

The Angle-Angle Similarity Postulate says that if two

aA ~ pairs of corresponding angles are equal then the

triangles are similar.

The Side-Side-Side Similarity Postulate says that if all

sSS ~ three pairs of corresponding sides are the same ratio,

then the triangles must be similar.
Smallest Medium Largest
Sides Sides Sides

4:6 8:12 10:15

All of the ratios are the same, so the

sides are all proportional, meaning
the triangles are similar by SSS
 The Side-Angle-Side Similarity Postulate says that if

sAS ~ there is one pair of corresponding angles in a pair of

triangles, and the two sides that form those angles have
the same ratios, then the triangles must be similar.

Smallest Medium Largest

Sides Sides Sides

6:15 8:20

The ratios of two sides are the same and the angle between the two
sides is equal to itself, therefore the triangles are similar by SAS~
We already know that the corresponding sides of similar
Measurements triangles have the same ratio. We also know their
corresponding sides are congruent. If the ratio of the

In similar
corresponding side lengths is , then the areas must be
that ratio squared

Triangles Example: The scale factor (another name for the ratio
between sides of similar triangles) is 1:5 meaning, the
legs of the second triangle are 5 times bigger than the
first.

The fraction for this ratio is .

The area of the second triangle then, is given by the

ratio meaning it is 25 times bigger than the first.

So if the area of the smaller triangle is 10 feet2, then the

area of the bigger triangle is 250ft2
 Part 4-D: Triangle Theorems
If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and

Proportional intersects the other two sides, then it divides the

sides proportionally.

segments x

Theorem 1

5x=40
x=8
If a ray bisects one angle of a triangle, then it divides

Proportional the opposite side into segments that are

proportional to the two sides that form the bisected
angle.
segments
7.5
Theorem 2 10

a
8.8

660a=10
a=66
 The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle

Triangle must be greater than the third side.

3+4>6

Inequality 3+6>4
4+6>3

Theorem Example: The length of two sides of a triangle are 5 and 8 inches.
Which of the following is a possible length for the third side?
a) 10 inches
b) 15 inches
c) 3 inches
Answer: Call the third side x. We have the following inequalities:
5 + x > 8 (Which means x has to be greater than 3)
8 + x > 5 (This is true for all positive numbers)
5 + 8 > x (So x must be less than 13)
The only answer that meets this criteria is a) 10 in.
In a triangle, the largest angle is across form the

Side Angle longest side and the smallest side is across from the
smallest angle.
is the longest side
Inequality because it’s across from
the biggest angle. is

Theorem the shortest side.

The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle (the

Exterior Angle angle that is formed by extending a side) is greater
than the measure of either remote interior angle.

Inequality x>a
AND

Theorem
x>b

The Side Angle Inequality Theorem applies in separate

Hinge Theorem triangles. If two triangles have two sides exactly the
same, but the angle between those sides is different,
then the bigger angle is still across from the bigger side.
Since A is bigger
than D and
everything else is
the same, then
 Part 5-A: Right Triangles

The C is the length of the hypotenuse of the right triangle.

Pythagorean Example: Find the length of the missing side:

Theorem

Anna lives at point A. She walks 2 kilometers North and

Pythagorean 5 kilometers East to visit her friend Celia who lives at

point C. To the nearest tenth many kilometers would
Anna have saved if she had walked straight to Celia’s
Theorem house? Anna walked 7 kilometers
altogether. If she had walked

Word
straight from her house to
Celia’s, she would have walked
the hypotenuse of a right
triangle, so use the

Problems Pythagorean Theorem to solve:

Altogether, Anna would have saved 7 – 5.4 = 1.6 kilometers.

 Use the same formula from the Pythagorean Theorem,

Acute, right, labeling the sides a, b, and c where a is the smallest

side, b is the medium side, and most importantly, c is
always the longest side of the triangle.

or obtuse If c2 is bigger than a2 + b2, then the triangle is obtuse.

If c2 is smaller than a2 + b2 then the triangle is acute.

triangles If c2 is equal to a2 +b2 then the triangle is right.

Obtuse Acute Right

c > a2 + b2
2
c < a2 + b2
2
c = a 2 + b2
2

Example: Is a triangle with sides 4, 5, and 6 acute,

obtuse, or right?

62 ___ 42 + 52
36 ___ 16 + 25
36 ___ 41
36 _<_ 41 So the triangle is acute.
Drawing in an altitude of a right triangle from the

Altitude to hypotenuse to the right angle creates three similar right

triangles.

the Smallest Sides Medium Sides Largest Sides

Hypotenuse Example: Solve for x in the triangle below.

Smallest Sides Medium Sides Largest Sides

m We can write a ratio with the smallest side of the small triangle
over the smallest side of the large triangle.
m We can write a ratio with the largest side of the small triangle
over the largest side of the large triangle.
m Set the proportions equal to each other and solve for x.
Cross multiply to get:

so
 Part 5-B: Special Right Triangles
There are two types of special right triangles. They

Special Right are named for the number of degrees in each of the
three angles.

Triangles m 30-60-90 Triangle

m 45-45-90 Triangle

A 30-60-90 triangle is actually formed by dividing an

30-60-90 equilateral triangle in half.

In the example at the right, an equilateral triangle

Triangle
with each side length 10
has been split down the
middle into two 30-60-90
triangles. The shortest side
of the new triangle is half the
length of the hypotenuse.

Using the formula in the box above,

we can solve for the length of the
missing side of this triangle.
Say x = 5
The third side is simply x or 5

Example: Use the formulas for a 30-60-90 triangle to

find the missing sides of this triangle:
In this example, the hypotenuse is
16. So using the formulas in the box
above we know 16 = 2x. That means
x = 8.
Therefore, the shortest side is 8.
Also, we know the medium side is x or 8
 A 45-45-90 triangle is actually just an isosceles right

45-45-90 triangle.
The two legs of this right triangle are

Triangle
congruent.
The hypotenuse of a 45-45-90
triangle will always be the length of a
leg multiplied by
That means, the length of the hypotenuse in the
triangle above is

Example: Use the formula for a 45-45-90 triangle to

solve for the missing sides in the triangle below.

The length of one of the legs is 8. Since

a 45-45-90 triangle is isosceles, that
means the other leg must also be 8.

Using the formula for a 45-45-90

triangle, we know the hypotenuse must be
Sometimes, when we use the special right triangle
Rationalizing formulas, to solve for x, we will end up dividing by
either or . When that happens, we will end up

the with a fraction that has either or in the

denominator. This is bad math grammar. We will
need to multiply by a factor of 1 to write the answer

Denominator properly.
Example: Solve for x in the triangle below.
The hypotenuse of this 45-45-90
triangle is 6. That means:
This comes from the
formula.

Divide both sides by

cancels on the right.

Here we cannot leave in the denominator. So

multiply by
 Part 5-C: Trigonometry
The trigonometric ratios (sine, cosine, and tangent) are a

Sine, Cosine, way of relating the sides of a right triangle to its angles.

Tangent
When solving a problem of this sort, you will either have
to solve for the length of a missing side or for a missing
angle. Note: when solving for a missing angle, you will
need to use what’s called the inverse sine, cosine, or
tangent. ( )
It helps sometimes to list all of the given information
ahead of time.

Side Opposite Side Adjacent

Angle Hypotenuse
the Angle to the Angle

The sine of an angle is the ratio of the

Sine length of the leg opposite that angle

divided by the length of the hypotenuse.

An O A H
45 x -- 8

sin45 =
Cross multiply to solve for x. Take the inverse
We end up with sine (sin-1) of both
sides of the
An O A H equation to get x
x 9 -- 12 by itself.


 The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the leg

Cosine adjacent to the angle (the leg that is touching the angle)
divided by the length of the hypotenuse.
An O A H
50 -- 10 x

Cross multiply to solve for x.

We end up with

We can use inverse cosine to solve for an angle measure.

An O A H
x -- 7 14

The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the

Tangent leg opposite the angle divided by the length of the leg
adjacent to the angle.
An O A H
35 x 10 --

Cross multiply to solve for x.

We end up with

We can use the inverse tangent to solve for an angle

measure.

An O A H
x 13 6 --


 Word problems for sine, cosine, and tangent that involve

Angle of looking up at something.

Example: A man who’s eye level is 6 feet above the

Elevation ground looks up at an eagle in a tree. The tree is 20 feet
away from the man and the angle at which he is looking
is 30. Find how high the eagle is from the ground.
Problems We can draw a right triangle on this
figure with 30 for the angle of
elevation. Note: The bottom leg of
the triangle must be 20 feet since
the distance below it is also 20 feet.

An O A H
30 x 20 --

Cross multiply to solve for x.

We get feet.
The final answer would be 11.5+6=17.5 feet.
Word problems for sine, cosine, and tangent that involve

Angle of looking down at something. Note: the angle of elevation

(in the box above) is generally inside the right triangle
formed on the figure. The angle of depression is usually
Depression outside the triangle.

Problems

Ex: A man looks down at a 50 angle and sees a shark.

 Part 6-A: Polyhedrons and Solids
Polyhedron is an enclosed solid figure with all flat surfaces.

Polyhedron (Note: Cylinders, cones, and spheres are not polyhedrons

because they involve circles). Polyhedrons are like three
dimensional polygons—their faces are all made of polygons.
Net (What it looks like
Types of Description all opened up and laid
out flat)

Solid
Figures A prism has a pair of
parallel polygon bases.

A pair of parallel circular

bases.

Base

One polygon base.

Base

One circular base.

None.
A set of points in space
equidistant from a center
 Euler’s Formula is a formula that relates the number of faces

Euler’s (F), vertices (V), and edges (E) of a polyhedron.

Faces (F) are the flat surfaces of a polyhedron (the polygons).

Formula A cube has 6 faces that are all square.

Vertices (V) the points formed by the intersection of three or
more edges.
A cube has 8 vertices.
Edges (E) line segments formed by the intersection of two
faces.
A cube has 12 edges.
vertex
face

edge

Euler’s Formula says that the number of vertices (V) plus the
number of faces (F) minus the number of edges (E) equals 2.
V+F–E=2
For a cube, we have: 8 + 10 – 12 = 2

Example: A certain polyhedron has 4 faces and 8 edges, how

many vertices does it have?
V+F–E=2
V+4–8=2
V–4=2
V = 6 (There are 6 Vertices)
 Part 6-B: Surface Area and Volume
The sum of the areas of all the faces including the

Surface Area base(s). Surface area is measured in square units.

Imagine surface area is the amount of wrapping paper

you would need to wrap the object.
The amount of space inside of a solid. Volume is

Volume measured in cubic units.

Imagine volume as how much water it would take to fill

the item. Sometimes we measure volume in gallons (like
how many gallons would we need to fill a certain fish
tank), but here we will measure volume in cubic meters,
centimeters, or sometimes even cubic feet.

Rectangular
Prism
Surface Area: Volume:

Cylinder Surface Area: Volume:

Right Square Surface Area:

Pyramid (Where P is
the perimeter of the base, B is
Volume:
(Where B is the area
l
the area of the base, and is of the base)
the slant height)
 Cone Surface Area:
Volume:
(Where l
is slant height)

Sphere Volume:
Surface Area:

Find the Volume and Surface Area of the square pyramid

Example below:
m The height is 8 feet and
the width of the square base
is 12 feet.
m That means we can use
the Pythagorean Theorem to
find the slant height.

Surface Area Volume

m P (for Perimeter of Base) m B (for Area of Base) is

is 12 + 12+ 12 + 12 = 48
m L (for slant height) is 10 m H (for height) is 8
m B (for Area of Base) is

Note: S.A. and V happen to be the same in this problem. This is only a
coincidence. They are usually different.
 Part 7: Conditional Statements
A conditional statement is a statement (that may be

Conditional true or false) that has an “if” and a “then” in it.

Example: “If a shape is a square, then it is a type of

Statement rectangle.”

We use the notation:

The truth value is simply “True” or “False”. Every

Truth Value statement has a truth value that is either “True” or

“False”

Example: “If a shape is a square, then it is a type of

rectangle.” The truth value of this statement is “True”

Example: “If a shape is a rectangle, then it is a type of

square.” The truth value of this statement is “False”
because not all rectangles are necessarily squares.
The hypothesis of a conditional statement is the part

Hypothesis following the “if”. We label this part P

Example: “If a shape is a square, then it is a type of

rectangle.”
The hypothesis is “A shape is a square.”
The conclusion of a conditional statement is the part

Conclusion following the “then”. We label this part Q

Example: “If a shape is a square, then it is a type of

rectangle.”
The conclusion is “It is a type of rectangle.”
The converse of a conditional statement is what you get

Converse when you reverse the order of the hypothesis and the
conclusion. We use the notation:

Conditional Statement: “If a shape is a square, then it is

a type of rectangle.”
Converse: “If a shape is a rectangle, then it is a type of
square.”
Note: The converse is not always true when the conditional is true.
 The inverse of a conditional statement is what you get

Inverse when you add the word “not” to both the hypothesis
and the conclusion. We use the notation
because ~ represents the word “not”.

Conditional Statement: “If a shape is a square, then it is

a type of rectangle.”
Inverse: “If a shape not is a square, then it is not a type
of rectangle.”
Note: The inverse is not always true when the conditional is true. In
fact, this inverse above has a truth value of “false” since there exist
plenty of rectangles that are not squares.
The Contrapositive of a conditional statement is what
Contrapositive you get when you both reverse the order of the
hypothesis and conclusion and add the word “not” to
the hypothesis and conclusion. We use the notation:

Important: The Contrapositive of a statement is always

true when the conditional is true and always false when
the conditional is false. We say it is logically equivalent
to the conditional statement.

Conditional Statement: “If a shape is a square, then it is

a type of rectangle.”
Contrapositive: “If a shape is not a rectangle, then it is
not a type of square.”
Note: The Contrapositive is always true when the conditional is true. In
this example we know that all squares are types of rectangles, so if a
shape is not a rectangle then it cannot possibly be a type of square.
 Part 8: Circles
Radius – Any segment in a circle whose endpoints lie a)

Radius somewhere on the circle itself and b) at the center of the

circle

All radii (the plural of radius) are the same length so when
you see the question “What is the radius of this circle?” it is
talking about any radius in the circle.
Chord – Any segment in a circle whose endpoints both lie

Chord on the circle itself.

Diameter – A chord that passes exactly through the center

Diameter of a circle. It is double the radius.

Secant – A chord that has been extended to a line. (A line

Secant that intersects a circle in two places)

Tangent – A line or segment that intersects a circle in

Tangent exactly one place. Note: It is perpendicular to the radius.

 The Circumference is another name for the Perimeter of a
Circumference Circle – that is, the distance around the outside of the
circle. Circumference can be found using one of these

of a Circle formulas: or

The Circumference of the circle above is

A central angle is an angle formed by two radii of a circle.

Central The vertex of the angle is the circle’s center and the angle’s
endpoints lie on the circle itself.

Angle
Note: In the box below we will have the definition for an arc, which is a part
of a circle. The measure of an arc (in degrees) is always equal to the
measure of its central angle. So the measure of (read “arc AB”) is 60
An arc is a part of a circle.

Arc Semicircle An arc that is exactly half a circle. is a

semicircle in the figure below. The measure
of is 180
Note: You need three points to name
a semicircle in order to show which
semicircle you mean exactly (top or
bottom in this case)

Minor Arc An arc that is smaller than a semicircle.

is a minor arc whose measure
is 60
Note: You need only two points to
name a minor arc. With two points it is
assumed that you mean the smallest
arc between those points.

Major arc An arc that is bigger than a semicircle. is

a minor arc whose measure is 120. is
a major arc whose measure is 360 – 120 = 240
Note: You need three points to name a
major arc. Otherwise it is assumed you
mean the minor arc.
 Since an arc is only part of a circle, the length of an arc, is

Arc Length only part of the entire length around the circle (aka the
Circumference). It is actually a fraction of the entire
Circumference. The only question is: what fraction?

Example 1: In the circle below, represents a quarter of

the whole circle so we say the fraction is . We must
multiply the circumference of the entire circle by to find
what the length of .

inches
Arc Length
Finally, simplifies to just in.

Example 2: In the circle below represents a fraction of

the whole circle. But what fraction exactly? To figure that
out, we take the number of degrees in out of the total
number of degrees in the circle, that is: Now, we just
need to simplify that fraction.

meters
Arc Length =
Finally, cannot be simplified
further.
We can plug into the calculator to get 14.65 meters
The area of a circle is the amount of space inside a circle. It

Area of a is given by the formula

Area is measure in square units.

Circle
 A sector of a circle is a portion of the entire circle’s area. It

Sector of a is formed between two radii of a circle and their

intercepted arc.
The sector formed at the left, by
Circle would be one quarter of the circle’s
entire area.

To find the area of that sector exactly,

mult. the area of the whole circle by

Area of the sector =

Since cannot be simplified, just plug into the calculator
to get
Just like with arc length, the area of a sector is found using

Area of a a fraction where we need to figure out exactly which

fraction. To do this, always take the number of degrees in
the given section over the total number of degrees in a
Sector circle.
The sector formed at the left, by major
arc is 360 – 120 = 240

6 cm
The fraction of the circle this sector
represents is

So, to find the area of that sector exactly, multiply the area
of the whole circle by the fraction

Area of the sector =

can be simplified to , then plug into the calculator
to get
 A segment of a circle is a portion of a sector of a circle. It is

Segment of the part you get by drawing a line segment that connects
the two endpoints of an arc.
The segment formed at the left, by
a Circle and is a part of the sector
formed there. To find the area of that
segment, you have to first find the
area of the sector and then subtract
the area of

Area of segment = Area of Sector – Area of

–
–
–
–
–
–
The area of the sector then is
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the

Inscribed circle itself and whose endpoints also lay on the circle itself.
It is an angle formed by two chords.

Angle
The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of
the intercepted arc.
 and  are inscribed angles.
m Since is 40 we can conclude m is 20
m Since  is 55 we can conclude m is 110
An angle formed by 2 chords that cross inside a circle. The

Angle measure of the angle is the average of its two intercepted

arcs.
We can use the formula:
Inside a x= where a and b are the
arc measures.

Circle x= 
 When two tangents, two secants, or a tangent and a secant

Angle meet outside a circle, we have a formula to figure out the

measure of the angle they form. It is similar to taking the
average where you add and divide by 2, except instead of
outside a adding, we subtract to find the difference between the
bigger arc and the smaller arc, then divide by 2.

circle

Segments in a circle are formed by secants, tangents or

Formulas chords. While before we were looking for angle measure,

now we are looking for segment length.
Intersecting Chords Example: Solve for x.
for
Segments in
a Circle
Intersecting Secants Example: Solve for x.
 Tangent and Secant Example: Solve for x.

Formulas Intersecting

for
Segments in
a Circle
(Continued) Intersecting Tangents Example: Solve for x.

The equation of a circle is the equation used to graph a

Equation circle on a coordinate plane. The important parts are the

center of the circle (given by the coordinates: (h,k) and the
radius of the circle, r.
of a Circle The equation looks like this:

Examples:

m
The center of the above circle is (3,6) The radius is 10.

m
The center of the above circle is (9,4) The radius is 5.

m
The center of the above circle is (-2,5) The radius is 6.

Write a circle’s equation with center (-1,-3) and radius 2.