Carrier Ethernet LTE Mobile Backhaul

End-user Access Aggregation Metro/Core

Service Delivery Switches
3000 Family
DAS GE�10GE
Apartment/
Large Business 10GE
Pico/Micro Cells mmW/μW

Entertainment Venue
GE G.8032 10�100 GE
eNodeB
Indoor GE Service Aggregation Switches (packet and packet-optical)
10GE Mobile Telephone
Macro Cell 5000 Family 6500 Family 8700 Family
Not-spots Switching Office
GE
Indoor/ FTTx/DOCSIS GE
0
Outdoor G E/1
Dense Urban Areas Nx

MPLS-TP
Gov./Education
RRH
WiFi/Femto Cells RRH CPRI

Residential Macro Cell

C�RAN BBU
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Enterprise
Macro Cell

Mobile Technology Generations and Adoption Rates Small Cell Options MEF-based Mobile Backhaul Architecture

450 Small/business Indoor public Outdoor urban Rural public RAN NC

Home enterprise space public space space EVC3
400 Common cell name Femtocell Femtocell, picocell Picocell, microcell Picocell, microcell Picocell, microcell
EVC4 EVC6
Deployment Self Self/operator Operator Operator Operator
350 LTE RAN BS1 EVC1
Primary location Indoor Indoor Indoor Outdoor Outdoor EVC2
Adv.
Millions of Connections

Total Approximate power output ≤20mW ≤100mW to 250mW ≤2W 1W to 5W 1W to 5W

4G &
300 Approximate number 1 to 8 8 to 32 16 to 64 16 or more 16 or more
Above of concurrent users
EVC5
Access Closed Closed/Hybrid Open Open Open
250
3G RAN BS2
Source: Ovum, Small Cell Market Opportunity Part 2: Femto, Micro, and Picocells 30 Oct 2012
200
2.5G EVC ID EVC End Points Ethernet Service RAN BS3 RAN BS4
EVC-1 BS 1, BS 2, RAN NC EVP-LAN
150
Analog Packet Networking Synchronization Architecture Options EVC-2 BS 3, BS 4, RAN NC EVP-LAN MEF 22.1
100 EVC-3 BS 1, RAN NC EVP-Line Implementation Agreement relates services to variety
Digital EVC-4 BS 2, RAN NC EVP-Line of possible infrastructure use cases (in this example,
50 EVC-5 BS 3, RAN NC EVP-Line using EVP-LAN for X2 and EVP-Line for S1)
OC BC
EVC-6 BS 3, RAN NC EVP-Line
0 BC
GM
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Term Definition Term Definition
Year OC
Frequency and Time (LTE-TDD)

Historical Data Source: CTIA & ITU Source: Technology Futures, Inc. 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
BBU Baseband Unit MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output (antennas)
TTSC TGM
BM-SC Broadcast Multicast Service Center MME Mobility Management
EEC EEC
CoMP Coordinated Multipoint mmW/μW millimeter Wave/micro Wave
SLA Measurement, Visibility and Management
TTSC TBC TGM CDMA Code Division Multiple Access MNO Mobile Network Operator
TBC
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface MPLS-TP Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile
Cell Site Service Provider 1 Service Provider 2 MTSO EEC EEC EEC
TBC CRAN (or C-RAN) Cloud Radio Access Network NodeB WCDMA Radio Base Station
EEC CSG Cell Site Gateway OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
TTSC

EEC
DL Down Link P-GW Packet Data Network Gateway
UNI ENNI UNI OC-3/T/1/E1
DAS Distributed Antenna System PTP Precision Time Protocol
EEC EEC TDM
Frequency Only

eMBMs Evolved MBMS RAN Radio Access Network

(LTE-FDD)

EEC eNB Evolved UTRAN Node B (base station) RAN BS RAN Base Station
CE CE
Primary Reference Clock/Primary EICIC Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination RAN CE RAN Customer Edge
Customer MA Reference Source (e.g., GNSS) EPC Evolved Packet Core RAN NC RAN Network Controller
Packet Network clock distribution options: Primary Reference Time Clock (e.g.,GNSS) EVC Ethernet Virual Connection RNC Radio Network Controller
Provider MA GM G.8265.1 Grand Master EVP Ethernet Virual Private RRH Remote Radio Head
• Distribute frequency using 1588v2 per Telecom Profile (ITU-T G.8265.1)
- Non-1588v2 L2 nodes introduce jitter and should not exceed OC G.8265.1 Ordinary Clock Slave FDD Frequency Division Duplexing S-GW Serving Gateway
Operator MA Operator MA 10 hops (ITU-T G.8261) SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
BC 1588v2 Boundary Clock GSK Global System for Mobile Communication
• Distribute frequency using SyncE (G.8262) and time using 1588v2 GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System SON Self Organizing Network
TGM G.8275.1 Telecom Grand Master
per Telecom Profile (ITU-T G.8275.1)
- EEC provides more accurate frequency recovery to enable more TTSC G.8275.1 Telecom Time Slave Clock GPS Global Positioning System TDD Time Division Duplexing
• Hierarchical Maintenance Domains define OAM Flows and OAM responsibilities accurate time recovery HetNet Heterogeneous Networks UE User Equipment
TBC G.8275.1 Telecom Boundary Block
- Maintenance Domain (MD) – A level of monitoring within the hierarchy • Handoff frequency via 1588v2, SyncE, BITS, GPS frequency (10MHz), HSS Home Subscriber Server UL Up Link
EEC Ethernet Equipment Clock
- Maintenance Association (MA) – Boundaries of an Administrator’s scope of monitoring part of the network BITS or TDM (E1/T1) line time reference at the application site
1588v2 PTP
ICIC Inter-cell interference coordination UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
• Maintenance End Points (MEP) – End Points of the MA ( ) 10MHz
• Handoff phase/ToD via 1588v2 or GPS phase (1pps) at the application site LTE Long Term Evolution UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
BITS (T1/E1/2MHz) TDM Line
• Maintenance Intermediate Points (MIP) – Intermediate Points within MA ( )
1pps/ToD SyncE LTE-A Long Term Evolution–Advanced WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Source: MEF
MBH Mobile Backhaul

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