PRONOUN

S She
I
He

Us
WWee
Definition
"Pronoun" is the sentence
element used to replace a
noun, or a noun equivalent
construction. The replaced
noun is named the
"antecedent".
CATEGORIE
S OF
PRONOUNS
Syntactically, pronouns have the
same functions as nouns do;
morphologically, pronouns are
used to avoid repetition, and to
set/clarify nouns' categories of
number, person, and gender.
There are eight categories of pronouns, The
categories of pronouns are:

1. Personal Pronouns.
2. Possessive Pronouns .
3. Demonstrative Pronouns.
4. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns.
5. Interrogative Pronouns.
6. Relative Pronouns.
7. Reciprocal Pronouns.
8. Indefinite Pronouns.
PERSONAL
PRONOUN
Personal pronouns represent specific people or
things. We use them depending on:
number: singular (I) or plural ( we).
person: 1st person (I), 2nd person (you) or 3rd
person(he).
gender: male (he), female (she) or neuter (it).
case: subject (we) or object (us).

We use personal pronouns in place of

the person or people that we are talking
about.
Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:

personal pronouns
Number person gender subject object
1st male/female I me
2nd male/female you you
Singular male he him
3rd female she her
neuter it it
1st male/female we us
2nd male/female you you
Plural
male/female/
3rd they them
neuter

Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the
second an object pronoun):
 - I like coffee.
- John helped me.
- Do you like coffee?
- John loves you.

- He runs fast.
- Did Ram beat him?

-She is clever.
- Does Mary know her?
- We went home.
-Anthony drove us.

-It doesn't work.

-Can the engineer repair it?
-Do you need a table for three?
-Did John and Mary beat you at doubles?

-They played doubles.

-John and Mary beat them
 We often use it to introduce a remark:

-It is nice to have a holiday sometimes.

-It is important to dress well.
.

We also often use it to talk about the

weather, temperature, time and distance:

-It's raining.
-It will probably be hot tomorrow.
-Is it nine o'clock yet?
-It's 50 kilometers from here
to Cambridge.
Possessiv
e
Pronouns
- We use possessive pronouns to refer to a
specific person/people or thing/things (the
"antecedent") belonging to a person/people
(and sometimes belonging to an
animal/animals or thing/things).

-You will never find a possessive

pronoun near a noun, despite the
fact it is the genitive of personal
pronoun

-We use possessive pronouns depending on:

-number: singular (mine) or plural (ours)
-person: 1st person (mine), 2nd person (yours) or 3rd
person (his)
-gender: male (his), female (hers) .
Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by
some example sentences. Each possessive
pronoun can:

- be subject or object.
-refer to a singular or plural antecedent.
gender (of possessive
number person "owner") pronouns
1st male/female mine
2nd male/female yours
singular
male his
3rd
female hers
1st male/female ours
2nd male/female yours
plural male/female/neut
3rd theirs
er
 Examples:
-Look at these pictures. Mine is the big
one. (subject = My picture)
-I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object
= my flowers)

-All the essays were good but his was the best.
(subject
= his essay)
-John found his passport but Mary couldn't find
hers. (object = her passport)
 Singular Plural
Used my our
before your your
nouns his, her, its their
Used mine ours
alone yours yours
his, hers, theirs
its
REFLEXIVE
AND
EMPHATIC
PRONOUN
 Definitions
-Reflexive pronoun is used with an active voice verb in
order to reflect the action of the verb back on the
subject--the antecedent.

-Emphatic pronoun accompanies its antecedent in

order to accentuate its action/state.

-Reflexive and emphatic pronouns take different positions

within the sentence structure.
** We use a reflexive pronoun when
we want to refer back to the subject
of the sentence or clause. Reflexive
pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-
selves" (plural).
There are eight reflexive pronouns:

reflexive pronoun
myself
singular yourself
himself, herself, itself

ourselves
plural yourselves
themselves
the underlined words are the
SAME person/thing

-I saw myself in the mirror.

-Why do you blame yourself?

-John sent himself a copy.

-I made it myself. OR I myself made it.
-Have you yourself seen it? OR Have you
seen it
yourself?
-She spoke to me herself. OR She herself
spoke to me.
DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN
Demonstrative pronouns and
demonstrative adjectives have
exactly the same forms. The way
to differentiate them depends on
their position relative to the
antecedent/determined nouns.
Demonstrative pronouns
THIS, THESE, THAT, THOSE.
THE FORMER, THE LATER
THE FIRST, THE LAST
THE OTHER,THE OTHERS
SAME
SUCH
SO
A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or
things:
*near in distance or time (this,
these)
*far in distance or time (that,
those)
near far

singular this that

plural these those

*This tastes good.

*These are bad times.
*That is beautiful.
*Those were the days!
ATTENTION
The word "that" has four main functions:
1. demonstrative pronoun or adjective:
That book is good.
2. relative pronoun:
Anything that you remember could
help a lot.
3. conjunction:
He said that he had been there before.
4. adverb:
The snow was that high.
-Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with
demonstrative adjectives. They are identical, but
a demonstrative pronoun stands alone,
while a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
-That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)
-That book is good. (demonstrative adjective +
noun)

Normally we use demonstrative pronouns for

things only. But we can use them for people
when the person is identified. Look at these
examples:
-This is Josef speaking. Is that Mary?
-That sounds like John
INTERROGATIV
E PRONOUN
 We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The
interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we
don't know (what we are asking the question about).
There are four main interrogative pronouns: who,
whom,
what, which .
-The possessive pronoun whose
can also be an interrogative
pronoun (an interrogative
possessive pronoun).

subject object
person who whom
thing what
person/thing which
person whose (possessive)
Examples:

question answer

Who told John told me. subject

you?
Whom did
I told Mary. object
you tell?

What's An accident's
subject
happened? happened.
Relative
Pronouns
- A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces
a relative clause. It is called a "relative"
pronoun because it "relates" to the word that
it modifies.

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom,

whose, which, that.
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only
for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for
things. That can be used for people, and things and
as subject and object in defining relative clauses.

Relative pronouns can refer to singular or plural,

and there is no difference between male and
female.
 Examples:
- The person who phoned me last
night is my teacher.

- The car which hit me was yellow.

- The person whom I phoned

last night is my teacher.
- The car, whose driver jumped out
just before the accident, was
completely destroyed
Reciproca
l
Pronouns
- We use reciprocal pronouns when
each of two or more subjects
is acting in the same way towards
the other.

There are only two reciprocal pronouns,

and they are both two words:
- each other
- one another
- When we use these reciprocal pronouns:

there must be two or more people, things or

groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal
pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and
they must be doing the same thing
Examples:
- John and Mary love each other.
- The ten prisoners were all blaming
one another.
- Why don't you believe each other?
INDEFINITE
PRONOUN
An indefinite pronoun
does
not refer to any specific
person, thing or amount.
It is vague and "not
definite". Some typical
indefinite pronouns
are:
 Some Indefinite Pronouns
Singular Plural
another everybody no one both
anybody everyone nothing few
anyone everything one many
anything much somebody others
each neither someone several
either nobody something

All, any, most, none and some can be

singular or plural, depending on the
phrase that
follows them.
Note that many indefinite pronouns also
function
as other parts of speech. Look at "another" in
the following sentences:

- He has one job in the day and another at

night. (pronoun)
- I'd like another drink, please. (adjective)
 Most indefinite pronouns are either singular or plural.
However, some of them can be singular in one context
and plural in another.

Notice that : A singular pronoun takes a

singular verb AND that any personal pronoun
should also agree (in number and gender).
- All is forgiven.
- All have arrived.

-We can start the meeting because everybody

has arrived.
- John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are
 References:
1- www.englishclub.com .

2- www.corollarytheorems.com.