Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment

Department of Civil Engineering

KKKH3353
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
(Design of Restrained Beams )

Dr. Ahmed Wadood Al Zand

Dr. Mohd Yazmil Md Yatim
 Restrained Beams

• Beams that are unable to movelaterally and unaffected by out–of–

plane buckling (lateraltorsional instability).

• Examples:
▫ Attachment of floor system to thetop flangeof beam.
▫ Provision of closelyspaced bracing elements.
Restrained Beams
Restrained Beams
Hot Rolled I-section (Rolled section)
Welded I-section (Plate I-girder / I-beam)
Cold-formed section
Restrained Beams
Restrained Beams
Restrained Beams
Restrained Beams
Restrained Beams
Restrained Beams
 Classification of cross sections

EN 1993-1-1:2005, clause 5.5

Four classes of cross-sections are defined, as follows:
– Class 1 (Plastic Sections) cross-sections are those which can form a plastic
hinge with the rotation capacity required from plastic analysis without
reduction of the resistance.
– Class 2 (Compact Sections) cross-sections are those which can develop their
plastic moment resistance, but have limited rotation capacity because of local
buckling.
– Class 3 (Semi-compact Sections) cross-sections are those in which the stress in
the extreme compression fibre of the steel member assuming an elastic
distribution of stresses can reach the yield strength, but local buckling is liable
to prevent development of the plastic moment resistance.
– Class 4 (Slender Sections) cross-sections are those in which local buckling will
occur before the attainment of yield stress in one or more parts of the cross-
section
IMPORTANT
Mp : is the plastic moment of resistance
Me : is the limiting elastic moment of resistance
M : is the elastic moment of resistance
IMPORTANT
 The Wel, is used to determine the limit-state of steel
beams, before the cross section start to yield.

The Wpl, is used to determine the limit-state of steel

beams, defined as the point when the entire cross
section has yielded.

IMPORTANT Thus, Wpl usually is larger than Wel (depend on shape)

 Design Checks
of Beam’s Cross-section
Design Procedures (EN 1993–1–1 & EN 1993–1–5)

1. Check for resistance to bending and shear at ULS.

2. Check for resistance to shear buckling at ULS.
3. Check for resistance to flange inducedbuckling at ULS.
4. Check for webbearing resistance to transverseforces at ULS.
5. Check for deflectionof beams at SLS.

NOTE:
• ULS : Ultimate Limit State (factored loads)
• SLS : Serviceability Limit State (unfactored loads)
 PARTIAL FACTORS, 𝛾M
𝛾M0 = resistance of cross–sections whatever the class is
𝛾M1 = resistance of members to instability
𝛾M2 = resistance of cross–sections in tension to fracture

• See Cl. 6.1, EN1993–1–1 for recommended values of 𝛾M

𝛾M0 = 1.00
𝛾M1 = 1.00
𝛾M2 = 1.25
 Design Procedures
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
1- Resistance to Bending and Shear
1.1- Resistance to Bending only (Cl. 6.2.5, EN 1993–1–1)
• When shear force is absent or very low value, the design value of
bending moment (MEd ) at each cross–section should satisfy :

M Ed ≤ Mc,Rd

MEd = design bending moment (from factored applied loads)

Mc,Rd = design resistance for bending about one principal axis
• For Class 1 or Class 2 cross–sections,
W pl f y
M c,Rd  M pl,Rd 
M0
• For Class 3 cross–sections,
Wel ,min f y
M c,Rd  M el ,Rd 
M0
• For Class 4 cross–sections,
Weff ,min f y
M c,Rd 
M0
 Design Procedures
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
1.2- Resistance to Shear only (Cl. 6.2.6, EN 1993–1–1)

• The design value of shear force, VEd at each cross–

section should satisfy :
VEd  Vc,Rd

in which, Vc,Rd = design shear resistance given by,

 fy 
Av  
 3 Av fy
Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd    M 0 3
M0
Av is the shear area.

• For rolled I and H sections, and for load parallel

to the web,
Av  A  2bt f  (tw  2r)t f  hwtw
b
tf
h h tw
w

• For rolled channel sections, and for load parallel b

to the web, tf

Av  A  2bt f  (t w  r)t f tw
• For welded I, H and box sections, and for load
parallel to the web,
Av hwtw hw tw hw
tw

• For welded I , H, channel and boxsections, and for

load parallel to the flanges,

Av  A  hwt w
• For rolled rectangular hollow section (RHS) of uniform
thickness, and for load parallel to the depth,
Ah
Av  h
bh b
• For rolled rectangular hollow section (RHS) of uniform
thickness, and for load parallel to the width,
Ab
Av  b
bh h
• For circular hollow section (CHS) and tubes of
uniform thickness,
2A
Av 

where,
A = overall cross–sectional area
b = overall section breadth
h = overall section depth
r = root radius
tf = flange thickness
tw = web thickness
hw = overall web depth (h − 2tf)
𝜂 =1.0 (Cl. NA.2.4, N.A. to EN 1993–1–5)
 Design Procedures
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
1.3- Resistance to Combined Bending and Shear (Cl. 6.2.8, EN
1993–1–1)
• Where shear force is present, allowance should be made
for its effect on bending resistance.
• Plastic resistance moment of the section is reduced by the
presence of shear.
• When the design value of shear force VEd (normally at
section where maximum bending moment occurs or, at the
intermediate supports) exceeds 50% of the design shear
resistance Vpl,Rd (i.e. VEd > 0.5 Vpl,Rd), the moment
resistance Mc,Rd (see Cl. 6.2.5) should be calculated
using a reduceddesign strength fyr for the shear area.

f yr  (1  ) f y
where,

2
 2VEd
  1
V 
 pl,Rd 
• Calculation of Mc,Rd using the fyr involves somewhat tedious efforts.
• Alternatively, the reduced design plastic resistance moment allowing
for shear can be adopted, given by :
 Aw2 
W pl, y  4t  f y
w 
M y,V ,Rd   M c,Rd
M0
where, Aw = hwtw

• This expression may be applied to the common situation of an I or H

section (with equal flanges) subjected to bending about the major axis (y axis).
b
tf
h h tw
M Ed  M y,V ,Rd w
 Design Procedures
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
2- Resistance to Shear Buckling (Cl. 6.2.6, En 1993–1–1 & Cl. 5,
En 1993–1–5)
• Shear buckling resistance of unstiffened beam webs has to
be checked (in accordance with Cl. 5, EN 1993–1–5) when,

hw 
 72 
tw
in which,
𝜂 = 1.0 (Cl. NA.2.4, N.A. to EN 1993–1–5)
𝜀 = (235 / fy)1/2
• For transversely stiffened beam webs, shear buckling
resistance has to be checked (in accordance with Cl. 5,
EN 1993–1–5) when,

hw 
 31 k
tw
where, k is the shear buckling coefficient defined in Annex
A.3, EN 1993–1–5. (equal to 1.0 if not given)
 Design Procedures
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
3- Resistance to Flange Induced Buckling (Cl. 8, EN 1993–1–5)
• To prevent the possibility of compression flange
buckling in the plane of the web, the ratio hw / tw
should satisfy :

hw kE Aw

tw f yf Afc
Aw = area of the web (hwtw)
Afc = area of the compression flange (btf)
fyf = yield strength of the compression flange
k = reduction factor, assumed as following:
▫Plastic rotation utilised (Class 1 flange); k = 0.3.
▫Plastic moment resistance utilised (Class 2 flange); k = 0.4.
▫Elastic moment resistance utilized (Class 3 or 4 flange); k = 0.55.
 4- Web Bearing Resistance due to Transverse Forces
(Cl. 6.1 – 6.6, EN 1993–1–5)
• This verification is only required when there is BEARING on the beam.
• EN 1993–1–5 distinguishes between two types of transverse forces applied
through a flange to the web :

1. Forces resisted by shear in the web – loading type (a) and type (c)

type (c)
type (a)

length of stiff bearing

• The web is likely to fail as a result of :
• Crushing of the web close to the flange accompanied by yielding of the
flange; the combined effect sometimes referred to as web crushing.
• Localised buckling and crushing of the web beneath the flange; the
combined effect sometimes referred to as web crippling.
2. Forces transferred through the web directly to the other
flange – loading type (b)

type (b)

length of stiff bearing

Note: For webs having longitudinal stiffeners, kF should be obtained in

accordance with Cl. 6.4, EN 1993– 1–5.
• The web is likely to fail as a result of :
• Web crushing
• Buckling of web over most of the depth of the member
• Design resistance of webs to local buckling under transverse forces,
f yw Leff t w
FRd 
 M1
fyw = yield strength of the web
Leff = effective length of web resisting transverse forces = 𝜒F ly
𝜒F = reduction factor due to local buckling
ly = effective loaded length appropriate to the length of stiff bearing, ss
(ss should not exceed hw)

FS =FEd  FRd
See Figure 6.2,
EN 1993–1–5
• Reduction factor, 𝜒F is obtained from :
0.5
F   1.0
F
where,
l y t w f yw
F 
Fcr
and,
tw3
Fcr  0.9kF E
hw
 • For loading type (a) or type (b), effective
loaded length ly is given by :

 
l y  ss  2t f 1  m1  m2  a

length of stiff bearing

distance between
stiffeners
• m1 and m2 are calculated as,
f yf b
m1 
f ywtw
• If F  0.5 2
 hw 
m2  0.02 
t 
 f 
• If F  0.5
m2  0
• For loading type (c), effective loaded length ly is
taken as the smaller of,
2
m1  le 
l y  le  t f   m2
2  t f 
OR
l y  le  t f m1  m2

where,
kF Et w2
le   ss  c
2 f yw hw
 Design Procedures
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
5- Deflection Check (Cl. NA.2.23, N.A. to EN 1993–1–1)

• Use unfactored imposed loads.

• Permanent actions (dead loads) are disregarded.