ACT 2021 Session4 Discovery Skills

Analytical &
Creative
THINKING
SESSION 3
Discovery Skills and

System Thinking
Henry Pribadi
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For private use only. Do not upload or share to public domain
Today’s Agenda
5 Discovery System Individual

Skills Thinking Exercise

5 Discovery
Skills

“Entrepreneurs (who also CEO’s) spend
50% more time on these discovery
activities than do CEOs with no track
records for innovation”
Clayton M. Christensen – Innovators DNA

#1 ASSOCIATING
Creativity is connecting things – Steve Jobs
The more diverse your knowledge and

experience, the more connections your brain
can make.
Associating is the backbone of the innovation
skills. Another 4 skills, wind around this
backbone and will be useful if you have
associational skills first.
#1 ASSOCIATING
Associating happens as the brain tries to synthesize and make
sense of novel inputs. It helps innovators discover new
directions by making connections across seemingly unrelated
questions, problems, or ideas.
Steve Jobs is able to generate idea after idea

because he has spent a lifetime exploring new
and unrelated things—the art of calligraphy,
meditation practices in an Indian ashram, the
fine details of a Mercedes-Benz.

#2 QUESTIONING
Innovators are consummate Steve Jobs did when he asked, "Why
questioners who show a does a computer need a fan?“
passion for inquiry. Their He hated the annoying sound of fan,
queries frequently challenge so he created a computer with no
the status quo. fan!
Collectively, their questions
provoke new insights, connections,
possibilities, and directions.
Innovators consistently
demonstrate a high Q/A ratio

#2 QUESTIONING
What IF?
What IS?
How IF?
Why it can be?
Why NOT?

#2 QUESTIONING
HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO ASK QUESTIONS?

QUESTION TRACK YOUR
STORMING QUESTION/ANSWER
SESSIONS RATIO
TRANSLATE KEEP A QUESTIONS

STATEMENTS INTO NOTEBOOK
QUESTIONS

#3 OBSERVING
Innovators CAREFULLY WATCH the world around

them—including customers, products, services,
technologies, and companies—and the
observations help them gain insights into and
ideas for new ways of doing things
“All of us are watchers – of television, of time clocks, of traffic on

the freeway – but few are observers. Everyone is looking, not
many are seeing”
-Peter Leschak
#3 OBSERVING
Ratan Tata was inspired to create

world’s cheapest car by observing plight
of a family of 4 packed onto a single
motorized scooter.

#3 OBSERVING
Indonesian curiosity’s for new things

#3 OBSERVING
Case: Korean Grocery Store

#4 NETWORKING
Innovators spend a lot of time and

energy finding and testing ideas
through a diverse network of
individuals.
Gaining:
- NEW Perspectives
Innovators actively search for new - NEW Friends
ideas by talking to people who
- NEW Ideas
may offer a radically different view
of things. - NEW Things to learn
#4 NETWORKING
Jobs talked to Alan Kay,

Apple fellow, and have to
visit crazy guys in San
Rafael who established
graphics company named
Industrial Light & Magic.
Jobs bought it and
renamed it PIXAR

#5 EXPERIMENTING
Innovators are constantly trying out new

experiences and piloting new ideas.
They visit new places, try new

things, seek new information,
and experiment to learn new
things.

#5 EXPERIMENTING
Jobs, for example, has

tried new experiences all
his life—from meditation
and living in an ashram in
India to dropping in on a
calligraphy class at Reed
College.

Questioning
Observing Provide data about

Past & Present
Networking
Associating
Experimenting Provide data about

FUTURE

System
Thinking

Contoh Sistem:
PERMAINAN BOLA BASKET
Wasit
Pertandingan
Pemain Peraturan
Basket Pertandingan
KEGIATAN BELAJAR NASIONAL
Tenaga Ujian
Pengajar Nasional
Buku Siswa
Pelajaran Didik

WHAT IS A SYSTEM?

A SYSTEM IS
Any collection of things that interact
together to produce some sort of behavior
to achieve certain common purpose
Kumpulan dari beberapa aktivitas / tindakan (lebih dari 1), yang saling
BERINTERAKSI bersama membentuk sebuah pola perilaku untuk mencapai
TUJUAN tertentu.

System Thinking Definition
1 Study of the structure of various systems to

understand why and how behaviors emerge
2 A way of thinking which is stuctured &

systematic
We are aware that our action is INFLUENCING and

also BEING INFLUENCED by environment, because
we live in a system.
Other Side of System
If you take the parts of a system apart, you no longer

have the same system
• Basketball game with referee = competition
• Without referee = practice
Systems can reside within other system
• In Government system reside economic system, education system,

health system, etc

DISCUSSION
With just only limited knowledge about system thinking, can you
provide solution for this problem?
Tell us your arguments and considerations.
Ketidakdisiplinan
pengendara
motor untuk
memakai helm

Framework of
System Thinking
Memahami inti informasi cerita (story telling)
Menentukan kejadian penting pada cerita (event)
Menggambarkan pola kejadian (pattern of behavior)
Menggambarkan pola hubungan antar kejadian (systemic

structure)

System Thinking & Root Cause
“iceberg”

System Thinking
Framework
Story / Pattern
Systemic
News Event of
Structure
Telling Behavior

System Thinking
Framework - Example
PROBLEMS!
Pada tanggal 29 Februari, dua penumpang jatuh dari
atap kereta api. Besoknya, seorang penumpang lagi
jatuh dari atap kereta api. [FIKTIF]

System Thinking
Framework - Example
PROBLEMS!
SOLUTION?
System Thinking
Framework
Story / Pattern
Systemic
News Event of
Structure
Telling Behavior

SOLUTION?
[1] Penyemprot cairan berwarna

[2] Bola-bola beton
[3] Kawat berduri di atas gerbong
[4] Denda
[5] Papan penampar serat kaca
[6] Tusuk-tusuk pakai galah
Was it a SUCCESS?
Big NO!
Kenapa bisa?
Jika hanya melihat EVENT (kejadian),
reaksi solusi yang dihasilkan bersifat
REAKTIF.
Bagi analis yang tidak terlatih,

pendekatan yang digunakan hanya
berdasarkan “apa yang dilihat” saja.
Akibatnya, kejadian dianggap sebagai

sesuatu yang ACAK, tanpa ada POLA
TERTENTU
System Thinking
Framework
Story / Pattern
Systemic
News Event of
Structure
Telling Behavior

Apa itu
Pattern of Behavior?
Pola kejadian terbentuk berdasarkan

kejadian-kejadian [events] yang terjadi dari
setiap pemangku kepentingan yang ada.
Pola kejadian muncul karena adanya

variabel WAKTU (time). Hal ini membuat
sesuatu bersifat historis yang dapat
dipelajari polanya.

Apa itu
event
event event event
event
event event event
event event
event event
event event event

event
TIME
Apa itu
event
event event
event event
event
TIME TIME

Apa itu
EVENTS:
Mangsa Butuh
Bertambah Mangsa
Lagi Banyak Mangsa
Semakin
Hewan Predator Sedikit
Predator Makin
Banyak Sedikit

Apa itu
Hewan
Predator
Banyak
Mangsa Butuh
Bertambah Mangsa
Lagi Banyak
Predator Mangsa
Makin Semakin
Sedikit Sedikit TIME
Back to KAI Case
How about Solution in Pattern of Behavior Way?
EVENTS:
Catatan: Misalkan ada karyawan PT KAI yang rajin mencatat kejadian.
- Naik di atap
- Waktu banyak saat tanggal tua
- Waktu saat jam padat
- Paling banyak kejadian kecelakaan saat tanggal tua
- Sepi kalau pada minggu-minggu kedua
SOLUSI - Berdasarkan
[1] Petugas ditambah saat jam tersebut
Pattern of Behavior
[2] Petugas keamanan ditambah pada minggu akhir Was it a
[3] dll SUCCESS?
Little YES!
Kok masih little yes?
Kumpulan kejadian-kejadian dapat dilihat
dalam urutan waktu dan dapat dilihat pola-pola
tertentu.
Pada level analisis ini, kejadian tidak lagi

dinilai sebagai fenomena tunggal dan tidak
berhubungan.
Jika punya data kejadian, berarti dapat

memprediksi “masa depan”. Dengan prediksi
itu, PERENCANAAN ANTISIPATIF dapat
dilakukan.
Little YES!
Kok masih little yes?
Not only WORKING HARD,

But working (a little) SMARTER!
Kejadian yang terlihat berulang,
MASIH BELUM DAPAT dihentikan.
Kejadian akan tetap berulang, tetapi
KITA LEBIH SIAP MENGANTISIPASI
System Thinking
Framework
Story / Pattern
Systemic
News Event of
Structure
Telling Behavior

Systemic Structure
APA?
Gabungan Pattern of Behavior yang saling

dihubungkan, sehingga terbentuklah pola
sebab-akibat yang berulang terus
menerus.

Systemic Structure
APA?
event
event event
event event
event
TIME TIME
event event
event TIME
Back to KAI Case
How about Solution in Systemic Structure Way?
Pendekatan
Struktur Sistemik
Reaktif 1 + 2 Antisipatif
Melihat struktur sebuah sistem dengan

melihat keterkaitan antar faktor.
Tantangannya, faktor dapat berbeda dari
sisi waktu dan lokasi.
Back to KAI Case
Analisa - Misalkan
Apa
hubungannya?
Kecelakaan Tanggal Tua
Sisa uang yang tersedia

Back to KAI Case
Struktur Sistemik:
Penumpang Naik ke Atap Kecelakaan
Kapasitas Kereta Padat Jumlah kereta sedikit
Memilih kereta karena murah
Moda transportasi
lain mahal
Sisa Uang Menipis Tanggal Tua

SOLUSI – Berdasarkan Systemic Structures
2) Menambah
kapasitas kereta di
1)Alternatif moda 3) Pengelolaan waktu tersebut
transportasi terjangkau keuangan
pribadi

Back to KAI Case
Apa hasil dari analisis Struktur Sistemik:
Pendekatan
Generatif
1) Analisa ini menghasilkan solusi ide yang lebih
tepat sasaran
2) Analisa ini menghasilkan alternatif ide yang
berkualitas

System Thinking
Framework
Story / News Pattern of Systemic

Event
Telling Behavior Structure
Pendekatan Pendekatan Pendekatan

REAKTIF ANTISIPATIF GENERATIF

Conclusion
System Thinking
Traditional Business Systems Thinking Skills
Thinking Skills • Dynamic thinking
• Static thinking • System-as-cause thinking
• System-as-effect thinking • Forest thinking
• Tree thinking • Operational thinking
• Factor thinking • Closed-loop thinking
• Linear thinking • Quantitative thinking
• Measurement thinking • Scientific thinking
• Proving-truth thinking Source:
https://thesystemsthinker.com/the-thinking-in-systems-
thinking-how-can-we-make-it-easier-to-master/

What we need to do is not just
understand structure, but also
understand how to use this
understanding in a practical way

System
Thinking

INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE (HOMEWORK)
Let’s do it again with your project!
With system thinking framework, can you start providing solution

for the problem(s) you found from your interview? (hint: refer to
customer pain). Start by stating the problem you want to solve from that
list of customer pain. You may choose one problem that you think is
most important.
Tell us your arguments and considerations.
BODY, MIND and

SOUL WELLBEING

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Analytical &

Discovery Skills and

5 Discovery System Individual

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Creativity is connecting things – Steve Jobs

The more diverse your knowledge and

Steve Jobs is able to generate idea after idea

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO ASK QUESTIONS?

TRANSLATE KEEP A QUESTIONS

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Innovators CAREFULLY WATCH the world around

“All of us are watchers – of television, of time clocks, of traffic on

Ratan Tata was inspired to create

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Case: Korean Grocery Store

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Innovators spend a lot of time and

Jobs talked to Alan Kay,

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Innovators are constantly trying out new

They visit new places, try new

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Jobs, for example, has

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Observing Provide data about

Experimenting Provide data about

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

PERMAINAN BOLA BASKET

KEGIATAN BELAJAR NASIONAL

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

1 Study of the structure of various systems to

2 A way of thinking which is stuctured &

We are aware that our action is INFLUENCING and

If you take the parts of a system apart, you no longer

Systems can reside within other system

• In Government system reside economic system, education system,

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Memahami inti informasi cerita (story telling)

Menentukan kejadian penting pada cerita (event)

Menggambarkan pola kejadian (pattern of behavior)

Menggambarkan pola hubungan antar kejadian (systemic

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

[1] Penyemprot cairan berwarna

Bagi analis yang tidak terlatih,

Akibatnya, kejadian dianggap sebagai

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.

Pola kejadian terbentuk berdasarkan

Pola kejadian muncul karena adanya

This material belongs to Universitas Prasetiya Mulya.