Talanta 73 (2007) 662–667

Laser induced-thermal lens spectrometry after cloud point extraction

for the determination of trace amounts of rhodium
N. Shokoufi, F. Shemirani ∗
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University College of Science,
The University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
Received 1 January 2007; received in revised form 18 April 2007; accepted 19 April 2007
Available online 27 April 2007

Abstract
A new combination method, employing thermal lens spectrometry (TLS) after cloud point extraction (CPE), has been developed for the
preconcentration and determination of rhodium. TLS and CPE methods have good matching conditions for the combination because TLS is a
suitable method for the analysis of low volume samples obtained after CPE.
Rhodium was complexed with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as a complexing agent in an aqueous medium and concentrated by octylphe-
noxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) as a surfactant. After the phase separation at 50 ◦ C based on the cloud point extraction of the mixture, the
surfactant-rich phase was dried and the remaining phase was dissolved using 20 ␮L of carbon tetrachloride. The obtained solution was introduced
into a quartz micro cell and the analyte was determined by laser induced-thermal lens spectrometry (LI-TLS). The single laser TLS was used as
a sensitive method for the determination of Rhodium-PAN complex in 20 ␮L of the sample. Under optimum conditions, the analytical curve was
linear for the concentration range of 0.5–50 ng mL−1 and the detection limit was 0.06 ng mL−1 . The enhancement factor of 450 was achieved for
10 mL samples containing the analyte and relative standard deviations were lower than 5%. The developed method was successfully applied to the
extraction and determination of rhodium in water samples.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Thermal lens spectrometry; Cloud point extraction; Rhodium; Laser

1. Introduction
The use of surfactants in analytical chemistry provides a lot of
possibilities [1,2]. Separation and preconcentration based on the
cloud point extraction emerges as an important practical tech-
nique. Aqueous solutions of most non-ionic surfactants possess
the ability to decrease their solubility rapidly and become tur-
bid when they are heated above a temperature called the cloud
point temperature (tc ) [3,4]. For higher temperatures (above tc )
two distinct phases are formed; one consisting of almost the
entire surfactant and the other containing a small portion equal
to the critical micellar concentration (cmc) [5,6]. The mech-
anism of this separation is attributed to the rapid increase in
the aggregation number of the surfactant’s micelles due to an
increase in the temperature [7,8]. During their formation, the
surfactant micelles have proved to entrap several hydrophobic
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shemiran@khayam.ut.ac.ir (F. Shemirani).
substances, isolating them from the bulk aqueous solution [5,9].
The centrifugation and decantation of the aqueous phase can
easily separate the two phases. The species that can interact
with micellar systems either directly or after being derivatized,
become concentrated in a small volume of the surfactant-rich
phase which can subsequently be analyzed using analytical
systems such as AAS, ETAAS, ICP, GC, HPLC, CE and spec-
trophotometry [10–16].
Spectrophotometric methods are the most commonly used
techniques and continue to enjoy wide popularity. The common
availability of the instrumentation, the simplicity of the proce-
dures, speed, precision and accuracy of the technique still make
spectrophotometric methods attractive. The spectrophotometric
analysis has been used for cloud point extraction of trace metal
ions such as Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni [17,18], U [19,20], Er [21], Gd [22],
Al [23] and Co [24].
Thermal lens spectrometry as an indirect spectrophotome-
try has many advantages over direct spectrophotometry such
as high sensitivity, low volume analysis and organic solvent
enhancement effect. The thermal lens effect has been success-

0039-9140/$ – see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2007.04.035
 N. Shokoufi, F. Shemirani / Talanta 73 (2007) 662–667
fully applied to the spectrometric measurement of trace amounts
of analytes [25–28]. The absorption of the laser beam with Gaus-
sian profile by the analyte produces temperature gradient in
sample. This temperature gradient leads to the refractive index
gradient that corresponds to the formation of thermal lens in
solution. The strength of the lens is determined by its effect on
the divergence of the same laser beam [26] or on the divergence
of a second laser beam [28]. A steady-state condition is obtained
when the rate of laser heating equals the rate of heat loss due to
the thermal conductivity of the solvent and the finite temperature
rise. The build-up of the lens can take place on time scales from
tens of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds, depending
on the thermo-optical properties of the solvent and the radius of
the laser beam through the sample [25,29]. Thermal lens takes
time to develop into its full strength of thermal effect in solu-
tion (steady-state) [30], afterwards the thermal lens effect needs
some time to relax in the solution [31]. The maximum signal is
obtained when the steady-state condition is applied.
The lack of tunability of the laser source precludes the mea-
surement of spectra, therefore the selectivity of a method must
be provided by chemical means, e.g., chromogenic reaction or
separation technique, while the thermal lens apparatus acts as a
sensitive, quantitative system.
The aim of this research is to combine thermal lens spec-
trometry, as a high sensitive method, with cloud point extraction
for determination of rhodium. This combination is favorable
because TLS is a suitable determination method for low volume
of the remained phase obtained after CPE and for organic sol-
vents used to dissolve the remaining analyte phase. Furthermore,
we would like to use low power laser, discrete wavelength and
continues-wave lasers because lasers of this type are inexpensive
and accessible. In this work, we used thermal lens spectrometry
after cloud point extraction in order to determine rhodium for
the first time.
Rhodium is present at about 0.001 ␮g mL−1 in the crust of
the earth. Rhodium metal is known for its stability in corro-
sive environments, physical beauty and unique physical and
chemical properties. Recent interest in the medical and indus-
trial significance of rhodium has been accompanied by an
increasing interest in determination at low levels. The determi-
nation of rhodium has been studied in different techniques and
samples [32,33]. Spectrophotometric determination of rhodium
with PAN in organic solvent was previously reported [34].
Rhodium(III) reacts with PAN as a ML2 water–insoluble com-
plex.
In the present work, we report on the results obtained for
the preconcentration and determination of rhodium by CPE/LI-
TLS. The proposed method was applied to the determination of
rhodium in water samples.
2. Experimental
2.1. Thermal lens spectrometer setup
A single laser thermal lens spectrometer was designed and
developed in our laboratory (Fig. 1). The He–Ne laser (632.8 nm,
5 mW, TEM00 ) was used as pump/probe source. The laser beam
663
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of single-laser thermal lens spectrometer: L, lens;
C, chopper; S, sample microcell; M1 and M2, mirror; F, filter; P, pinhole; PD,
photodetector; Op-Amp, operational amplifier; ADC, analog digital converter;
PC, personal computer.
was focused by an 18 cm focal length lens and passed through the
cylindrical microcell located at the confocal distance. The laser
beam was allowed to irradiate the sample and blocked using a
chopper with an electronic controller. After filtration, the beam
intensity change was measured through 1 mm pinhole with a
photo-detector that was located at a 2 m distance from the sample
cell. The output signal from the photo-detector was amplified
by an operation amplifier and it was digitized by the analog
to digital converter (ADC). The digital signals were processed
in personal computer by laboratory developed software in the
Delphi 7 program environment.
2.2. Thermal lens signal calculation
Under CW-laser excitation, the intensity measured at the
beam center, I(t), will initially (t = 0) reflect only the Beer’s law
response of the sample. After sufficient time, when a steady state
temperature difference is reached, the intensity at the detector,
I(∞), will depend on the optical arrangement of the system. An
optimum configuration which minimizes I(∞) is obtained when
the sample is placed one confocal length beyond the beam waist
formed by a long focal length lens. In this configuration, using
a TEM00 laser beam to probe a sample whose length, L, is suffi-
ciently small (L  2πw20 n/λ, where w0 is the beam waist, n the
refractive index, and λ is the laser wavelength), the following
expression governs the initial and final intensities.
I(0) − I(∞) 2.303(dn/dT )
TLsignal = =− PA (1)
I(∞) λk
dn/dT
E=− P (2)
λk
where P is the power of laser, dn/dT the change in solvent refrac-
tive index with temperature, λ the laser wavelength, k the thermal
conductivity, E the enhancement of this effect relative to Beer’s
law behavior and A is the absorbance of the sample. This expres-
sion assumes that all of the absorbed light is converted into heat
[24].
The intensity of laser beam passing through the microcell was
measured during the thermal lens effect at initial time (I(0)), and
steady state time (I(∞)). Then thermal lens signal (TLsignal )
was calculated by Eq. (1). For each sample, the signal was
derived from the average of three recordings of the thermal lens
signals.
664 N. Shokoufi, F. Shemirani / Talanta 73 (2007) 662–667
2.3. Reagents and solutions
All chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. The
non-ionic surfactant TritonX-114 was obtained from Sigma (NJ,
USA). Stock standard solution of rhodium at a concentration of
1000 ␮g mL−1 was prepared from RhCl3 ·4H2 O (PROLABO,
Paris, France). Working standard solutions were obtained by
appropriate dilution of the stock standard solution. A solution of
5.0 × 10−4 mol L−1 PAN was prepared in pure ethanol (Merck,
Darmstadt, Germany). The materials and vessels used for the
trace analysis were kept in 10% nitric acid for at least 24 h and
subsequently washed four times with doubly distilled water.
2.4. Apparatus
Thermostatic bath (Fision-Germany, model HAKKE-N3)
maintained at the desired temperature was used for cloud point
extraction experiments, and phase separation was performed
using a centrifuge (DAMON/IEC division, USA). Atomic
absorption spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, model 1100B) equipped
with the electro thermal system was used for the determina-
tion of rhodium. A 20 ␮L quartz Suprasil cylindrical microcell
with 10 mm light path was used as a determination cell (Hellma,
GmbH).
2.5. Procedures
For the rhodium–PAN complex formation, an aliquot of
10 mL solution containing rhodium and 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1
PAN was adjusted to pH 4.0 and was kept for 30 min in the boil-
ing water batch. Afterward for cloud point extraction, 0.7 mL
Triton X-114 (1.0%, w/v) was added to the solution and it was
kept for 10 min in the thermostatic bath at 50 ◦ C. Since the sur-
factant density is higher than water, the surfactant-rich phase
typically settles through the aqueous phase. The separation of the
phase was accelerated by centrifuging at 2500 rpm for 10 min.
On the cooling stage in an ice-bath, the surfactant-rich phase
became viscous. Then, the aqueous phase was separated by sim-
ple decantation. Later, surfactant rich phase was heated in oven
at 100 ◦ C to remove the remaining water. Twenty microliters of
carbon tetrachloride were added to the remaining phase and then
the sample was introduced into the 20 ␮L micro cell located at
the thermal lens spectrometer. Thermal lens spectrometer was
set at wavelength of 632.8 nm and chopper frequency of 0.5 Hz.
The intensity of the detector over time was obtained during ther-
mal lens effect for each sample and then the thermal lens signal
was calculated by Eq. (1).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Selection of wavelength
The absorption spectrum of rhodium–PAN complex was
studied in the remaining phase after dissolving with carbon tetra-
chloride. This complex exhibits absorption in the wavelength
range of 600–660 nm in the surfactant rich phase while Triton
X-114 and PAN do not have any absorption at this range. This
is a well-matched range to the wavelength of the He–Ne laser at
632.8 nm.
3.2. Time of steady-state thermal lens
The steady-state thermal lens effect is due to the formation of
the temperature dependent refractive index gradient. In order to
optimize the required time for the steady-state thermal lens effect
the laser beam path to the sample was continuously blocked
and opened by a chopper at different frequencies. The intensity
of detector output over time was evaluated for 10 ng mL−1 of
rhodium–PAN complex after CPE at 632.8 nm laser wavelength.
It was found that the frequency of 0.5 Hz (time of 2 s) is suitable
for the steady-state condition which is favorable to build up and
decay the thermal lens effect.
3.3. Time of heating and its effect on complex formation
The formation of rhodium–PAN complex is very slow at the
room temperature, so the color formation is very slow. The
color begins to form about 2 min after the solution is heated
in a boiling water bath. To determine the optimum time of the
color formation, samples containing 30 ng mL−1 rhodium and
7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 PAN were prepared and placed in a boil-
ing water bath for varying lengths of time. Then the samples
were cooled in tap water and cloud point extraction procedure
was carried out by addition of 0.7 mL of Triton X-114 1% (w/v)
to each sample. The surfactant rich phase was separated after
CPE and dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, and then its thermal
lens signal was measured afterwards. The negligible increase
in TLsignal on the heating of samples longer than 30 min does
not merit the increased time for analysis, thus a heating time of
30 min is recommended.
3.4. Effect of pH
The thermal lens signal of rhodium after CPE as a function
of the pH was performed using hydrochloric acid and potassium
hydroxide at the pH range of 1–7. Separation of metal ions by the
cloud point method involves prior formation of a complex with
sufficient hydrophobicity to be extracted into the small volume
of surfactant-rich phase. Extraction yield depends on the pH at
which complex formation is carried out. The Effect of pH on the
thermal lens signal of rhodium–PAN complex was evaluated for
10 mL of 10 ng mL−1 rhodium at 0.07% (w/v) Triton X-114 and
7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 PAN conditions. The results showed that the
signal increases with the increase of pH up to 3; thereafter, the
signal is almost constant up to pH 5. Hence pH 4 was chosen.
3.5. Effect of PAN concentration
The thermal lens signal of rhodium as a function of the
complexing agent concentration was evaluated. The variation
of the thermal lens signal over the PAN concentration was
evaluated in the range of 1 × 10−6 to 25 × 10−6 mol L−1 for
10 mL aliquots of solutions containing 30 ng mL−1 rhodium
and 0.07% (w/v) Triton-X114 at pH of 4. The TLsignal
 N. Shokoufi, F. Shemirani / Talanta 73 (2007) 662–667
increased as the concentration of PAN increased from 1 × 10−6
to 5 × 10−6 mol L−1 and reached the highest in the range
of 5 × 10−6 to 10 × 10−6 mol L−1 , then decreased after
10 × 10−6 mol L−1 of the PAN concentration. Therefore, a PAN
concentration of 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 was employed for the other
experiments.
3.6. Effect of Triton X-114 concentration
A successful cloud point extraction would be that which max-
imizes the extraction recovery through minimizing the phase
volume ratio. We evaluated the effect of the surfactant con-
centration in the range of 0.01–0.2% (w/v) Triton X-114 on
the thermal lens signal for 10 mL of 30 ng mL−1 rhodium at
7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 PAN and pH 4.0 conditions. It is found that
the thermal lens signal is approximately constant and high in the
range of 0.04–0.10% (w/v), so an amount of 0.07% (w/v) Tri-
ton X-114 was chosen for subsequent experiments. The signal
decreases with the increase of the Triton X-114 concentration
(over 0.1% (w/v)) due to an increase in the volume and the
viscosity of the remaining phase.
3.7. Effect of equilibration temperature and time
It is suitable to choose the shortest equilibration time and the
lowest possible equilibration temperature which ensures com-
pletion of phase separation in the cloud point extraction. An
excellent thermal lens signal was obtained for the equilibration
temperature from 40 to 80 ◦ C. Therefore, temperature of 60 ◦ C
was used in subsequent experiments. The dependence of ther-
mal lens signal upon incubation time was studied in the range
of 5–15 min and the optimum time of 10 min was chosen as a
suitable time.
3.8. Effect of organic solvent
A general trend in Eq. (1) shows the enhancement of thermal
lens signal is obtained for the smaller thermal conductivity (k)
and the larger absolute amount of temperature dependent refrac-
tive index (dn/dT). The order of magnitude of E predicts that the
organic solvent will produce enhancement for TLS relative to
Beer’s law. As it is shown in Table 1, organic solvents have better
thermo-optical properties than the water medium at thermal lens
spectrometry [26,35–37]. We have calculated E parameter for
organic solvents and water at 632.8 nm and 5 mW (Table 1). The
results show that the E parameter for non-polar organic solvent
Table 1
Thermo-optical properties and amounts of enhancement parameter for several solvents
Solvent dn/dT (K−1 )
Carbon tetrachloride −6.12 × 10−4
Chloroform −6.03 × 10−4
THF – 0.126
Cyclohexane −5.56 × 10−4
DMSO – 0.199
Water −0.91 × 10−4
a Calculated at 632.8 nm and 5 mW of laser.
665
is higher than those of polar organic solvents and water. There-
fore, it may be advantageous to use organic solvents to improve
the sensitivity of TLS method after CPE. For this reason, the
remaining phase after cloud point extraction was dissolved in
20 ␮L of organic solvent. Suitable solvents must dissolve com-
plex or complexes, excess of ligand, surfactant and also they
should have good thermo-optical properties.
The effect of organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride,
chloroform, THF, cyclohexane and DMSO were investigated on
the thermal lens signal after cloud point extraction for 10 mL
of 30 ng mL−1 rhodium at 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 PAN, 0.07%
(w/v) Triton X-114 and pH 4.0 condition. The results show
that a good correlation exists between the thermal lens signal
obtained for rhodium in various solvents and the calculated
E parameter. Since the thermal lens signal is the highest in
the carbon tetrachloride media, it was chosen as a suitable
solvent.
3.9. Figure of merits
Calibration graph was obtained by preconcentrating 10 mL of
samples in the presence of 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 PAN and 0.07%
(w/v) Triton X-114 at the pH of 4.0. The remained phases
of the samples after CPE were analyzed by the thermal lens
spectrometer after dissolving with carbon tetrachloride. Under
optimum conditions, the calibration curve was linear from 0.5
to 50 ng mL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9968 (R2 ). The
linear calibration curve was obtained with an intercept and slope
of 0.036 and 0.232, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD)
was calculated as the ratio of three times of the blank stan-
dard deviation over the slope of the calibration curve. The value
of 0.06 ng mL−1 was obtained for LOD. The relative standard
deviations were lower than 5% for five samples subjected to
the complete procedure. The enhancement factor, as the ratio
of slope of preconcentrated samples to that obtained without
preconcentration, was 450.
Table 2 compares the proposed method with those was
reported previously for the determination of rhodium after pre-
concentration procedure. It shows that the proposed method
has a low detection limit compared with previous studies and
it allows the determination of ng mL−1 levels of rhodium. Also,
TLS requires low volume of the remained phase after CPE
(20 ␮L) for determination of analyte in comparison with the
other similar determination methods such as FAAS, Spectropho-
tometry or ICP-AES that they require about 500–5000 ␮L of the
remained phase after preconcentration methods, So the remained
k (Wm−1 K−1 ) Ea
0.103 46.948
0.117 40.722
–
0.123 35.716
–
0.598 1.202
666 N. Shokoufi, F. Shemirani / Talanta 73 (2007) 662–667

Table 2
Comparison of preconcentration-determination methods for rhodium reported in the literature with the proposed method

Determination Preconcentration Sample volume Solvent volume Enhancement LDRa LODb Reference
technique method (mL) (␮L) factor (ng mL−1 ) (ng mL−1 )

FIA-FAAS SPE 50 – – – 8 [38]

ETAAS IEMc 2.4 40 20 0.9–50 0.3 [39]
FAAS CPE 100 300 50 0.16–1.5 0.052 [40]
Spectrophotometry SLSd 250 5000 40 30–2500 14.4 [41]
Spectrophotometry LLE – – – 440–4400 – [42]
LI-TLS CPE 10 20 450 0.5–50 0.06 Present work
a Linear dynamic range.
b Limit of detection.
c Ion exchange microcolumn.
d Solid liquid separation.

phase was dissolved by low volume of solvent in the proposed
method.
The proposed method has a high enhancement factor in com-
pare to the other similar methods because of high volume ratio
(sample volume to the remained phase volume after CPE).
3.10. Interferences
Considering the selectivity provided by the cloud point
extraction and thermal lens spectrometry, many anions and
cations were evaluated. An ion was considered to interfere when
its presence produced a variation of 5% in thermal lens signal of
sample. The effect of foreign ions on the preconcentration and
determination of rhodium was investigated. Among the tested
ions; Sb5+ , Sb3+ , Pb2+ , Mn2+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Na+ , K+ , F− , Cl− ,
Br− , NO3 − , SO4 2− did not show any interference at a concentra-
tion of 500 times higher than rhodium concentration, however
Fe3+ , Cu2+ and Ni2+ showed interferences at a concentration
of 20 times higher than rhodium concentration and Co2+ , Pd2+
showed interference at the same concentration of rhodium.
3.11. Analysis of water samples
In order to test the applicability and reliability of the pro-
posed method, tap water, drinking water, dispenser water and
seawater samples were analyzed. For this purpose, 10 mL of
each sample was preconcentrated with 7.5 × 10−6 mol L−1 PAN
and 0.07% (w/v) Triton X-114 in accordance to the proposed
method. For the calibration, the working standard solutions
(0.5–50 ng mL−1 ) were subjected to the same preconcentration
procedure as used for the sample solutions. The results are shown
in Table 3. In all cases the spike recoveries confirmed the reliabil-
ity of the proposed method. Also, we applied standard addition
method for the determination of rhodium in 20 ng mL−1 spiked
real samples mentioned in Table 3. The results showed that the
obtained concentrations were in the range of 19.4–20.5 ng mL−1
that good recoveries (97–102.5%) were achieved for analyzed
samples.
We carried out determination of rhodium by ETAAS after
CPE for samples detailed in Table 3. The results confirm the
accuracy of CPE/TLS method for rhodium preconcentration and

Table 3
Determination of rhodium in the real and spiked samples after CPE
Sample Spiked (ng mL−1 ) TLS ETAAS

Found (ng mL−1 )a Recovery (%) Found (ng mL−1 )a Recovery (%)

Tap waterb – N.D – N.D –

15.0 15.3 ± 0.31 102.0 14.9 ± 0.25 99.3
30.0 30.9 ± 0.40 103.0 30.4 ± 0.25 101.3
Drinking waterb – N.D – N.D –
20.0 19.8 ± 0.43 99.0 20.4 ± 0.25 102.0
40.0 40.1 ± 0.39 100.2 40.2 ± 0.25 100.5
Dispenser waterb – N.D – N.D –
20.0 19.9 ± 0.39 99.5 20.6 ± 0.25 103.0
40.0 39.9 ± 0.44 99.7 39.3 ± 0.25 98.2
Sea waterb – N.D – N.D –
15.0 15.2 ± 0.25 101.3 14.6 ± 0.25 97.3
30.0 30.1 ± 0.30 100.3 30.3 ± 0.25 101.0
Synthetic samplec 20.0 19.9 ± 0.30 99.5 20.5 ± 0.25 102.5
40.0 39.7 ± 0.23 99.2 39.3 ± 0.25 98.2
a Mean ± S.D. (n = 3).
b The concentration of Cu2+ , Fe3+ , Ni2+ were lower than 100 ng mL−1 and Co2+ , Pd2+ were not detected.
c Sb3+ , Pb2+ , Mn2+ , Ca2+ and Mg2+ 2000 ng mL−1 of each cation; Na+ and K+ 10,000 ng mL−1 of each.
 N. Shokoufi, F. Shemirani / Talanta 73 (2007) 662–667
determination. Since no real samples were available for testing
the validity of the proposed method, we analyzed rhodium in
synthetic samples.
4. Conclusions
The use of laser induced-thermal lens spectrometry as an
alternative determination method after the cloud point extraction
for the trace determination of rhodium was proposed. The laser
induced-thermal lens spectrometry as a sensitive spectrometry
method is suitable for analysis of low volume of the remained
phase after the cloud point extraction. The use of organic solvent
after CPE is not only suitable for dissolving the remained phase
(metal complex and surfactant) but also enhance the thermal
lens signal. The cloud point extraction is an easy, safe, rapid
and inexpensive method for the preconcentration and separation
of trace metals from aqueous solutions to low volume organic
phase.
This combination method exhibits high enhancement factor
(450) as a result of the preconcentration enhancement factor in
CPE and the enhancement factor of organic solvent effects in
TLS.
The proposed combination method for rhodium offers a good
sensitivity, because LI-TLS is suitable for the determination of
analyte after CPE in comparison to the other detection systems
such as FAAS, ICP/OES and UV/vis spectrophotometer.
On the other hand, in addition to simplicity and low cost, this
method is comparable with the other sensitive methods such as
ETAAS and ICP-MS for rhodium determination.
The proposed method was applied for the determination of
trace amounts of rhodium in spiked water samples.
Acknowledgement
Support of this investigation by the Research Council of The
University of Tehran through Grant is gratefully acknowledged.
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