2132 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO.

4, OCTOBER 2009

Recognizing Noise-Influenced Power Quality Events

With Integrated Feature Extraction and
Neuro-Fuzzy Network
Chiung-Chou Liao, Member, IEEE, and Hong-Tzer Yang, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—The wavelet transform coefficients (WTCs) contain CWT of the signal with parameters and
plenty of information needed for transient signal identification of .
power quality (PQ) events. However, once the power signals under
investigation are corrupted by noises, the performance of the DWT of the sampled signal with scale
wavelet transform (WT) on detecting and recognizing PQ events and sampling point .
would be greatly degraded. At the mean time, adopting the WTCs
directly has the drawbacks of taking a longer time and much Values of correlation of adjacent scales.
memory for the recognition system. To solve the problem of noises
riding on power signals and to effectively reduce the number of Pre-set threshold value for scale .
features representing power transient signals, a noise-suppression
A distorted signal.
scheme of noise-riding signals and an energy spectrum of the
WTCs in different scales calculated by the Parseval’s Theorem are Last approximate coefficient.
presented in this paper. The neuro-fuzzy classification system is
then used for fuzzy rule construction and signal recognition. The The th scale of WTCs.
success rates of recognizing PQ events from noise-riding signals
have proven to be feasible in power system applications.
Energy spectrum of each scale of the WTCs.
Index Terms—Feature extraction, neuro-Fuzzy network, noise- Difference of energy spectrum.
suppression, power quality, wavelet transform.
Fuzzy member function.
Inference output vector of the NFCS.
NOMENCLATURE
Desired output vector of the NFCS.
PQ Power quality. Error of the th output neuron of the NFCS.
WT Wavelet transform. The inference value of the fuzzy rule neuron
RMS Root-mean-square. .
FT Fourier transform. Fuzzy weight on the connection from input
neuron to rule neuron .
STFT Short-time fourier transform.
Weight on the connection from rule neuron
WTCs Wavelet transform coefficients.
to output neuron .
CWT Continuous wavelet transform.
Error of fuzzy rule neuron .
DWT Discrete wavelet transform.
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio. I. INTRODUCTION
N general, PQ events include voltage swell, voltage sag,
NFCS
D4
Neuro-fuzzy classification system.
Four coefficients of Daubechies function. I harmonic, impulse, and flicker, etc. Recently, due to close
interconnection with power grid and wide use of precise
ANN Artificial neural network. instruments in high-tech industries, tolerance to temporary
distorted voltage waveforms resulting from system failures or
operations of heavy-loaded equipments has decreased. The
Manuscript received May 27, 2008; revised November 24, 2008. First
published July 28, 2009; current version published September 23, 2009. This
distorted voltage waveforms may not only lead to a decline
work was supported in part by Taiwan National Science Council under Grant in the quality of power supply, but also cause huge damages
96-2221-E-231-026. Paper no. TPWRD-00385-2008. on customers’ equipments and add on to the loss cost of the
C. C. Liao is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, Ching Yun Uni-
versity, Jung-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: ccliao@cyu.edu.tw).
companies [1], [2].
H. T. Yang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Prior to recognizing PQ events, eliminating noises, and
Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: htyang@mail.ncku.edu. feature extraction from the distorted voltage waveforms are
tw).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
necessary steps. The WT exhibits its notable capabilities in
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. the recognition of the distorted signal. Its capabilities are often
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2016789 significantly degraded owing to the existence of noises on
0885-8977/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE
LIAO AND YANG: RECOGNIZING NOISE-INFLUENCED PQ EVENTS WITH INTEGRATED FEATURE EXTRACTION
the power signal [3]. A noise-suppression scheme is to be
integrated with the WT as a part of the PQ event recognition
system. Based on the WT and the noise-suppression techniques,
the developed system is equipped with the abilities of detecting
PQ events even more accurately in noisy surroundings.
For feature extraction of PQ events, previous methods [4]–[6]
include analysis of the peak-load value, RMS value [4], and fre-
quency components of power signals (e.g., the FT [5] and the
STFT [6]). The RMS method can only identify particular PQ
events and the FT approach [5] has the limitation of fixed win-
dows. Being able to adjust the length of windows automatically,
the WT approaches [7], [8] may use proper window functions,
which are capable of carrying out multi-resolution analysis of
the signals, between time and frequency domains. Accordingly,
the WT approach is deemed as more suitable than the FT to an-
alyze various PQ events in power systems, especially with the
transient signals [9].
To classify and recognize PQ events, Elmitwally et al. [10]
utilized RMS value, average value, standard deviation, and the
first scale of the WTCs of the distorted signal as the features
of input data in the PQ event recognition system. This scheme
had succeeded in identifying PQ events. Theoretically, all scales
of the WTCs may include all the features of the original signal.
However, if only the 1st scale of the WTCs were used, some sig-
nificant features in the other scales of the WTCs may be ignored.
Mo et al. [11] extracted the different scales of the WTCs
as the features of input data in the neural network recognition
system to classify unstable power signals. On the other hand,
Santoso et al. [12] used absolute value of the different scales of
the WTCs as the features in classification of PQ events. Simi-
larly, research [13], [14] adapted all scales of the WTCs as the
features in order to achieve a better recognition rate. Although
the WT technique may reserve all features of the original power
transient signals, it has the drawbacks of taking a longer time
and too much memory for the recognition system to reach a
proper recognition rate. As a result, if all scales of the WTCs
were taken as features, it would be difficult to classify diverse
PQ events accurately within reasonable time.
Although the DWT exhibits its great power in detecting and
localizing the disturbance, its ability is often degraded due to
the noises riding on the signal. The disturbance is usually de-
tected by comparing the transformed signal with an empiri-
cally-given threshold in actual applications. Due to the nature of
flat spectrum, a filter cannot simply get rid of the noises without
removing the significant disturbance signals. However, as the
signal under analysis contains noises, especially the white noise
with flat spectrum, the effectiveness of a PQ recognition system
may be significantly decreased.
To overcome the above-mentioned problems of noise-riding
signals and to effectively reduce the number of features repre-
senting power transients, a noise-suppression scheme of noise-
riding signals and spectrum energies of the WTCs in different
scales calculated by the Parseval’s Theorem are presented. With
the proposed approaches, noises and features of the original
power transient signals can be removed and reserved, and the
recognition accuracy and the number of features can be greatly
improved and reduced at the same time. Based on the features
of spectrum energies extracted as input data, a neuro-fuzzy clas-
2133
Fig. 1. Principle block diagram of a PQ event recognition system.
sification system is constructed via fuzzy rule set for PQ events
recognition. Numerical results are also presented to verify the
proposed approach in this paper.
II. THE PROPOSED PQ EVENT RECOGNITION SYSTEM
The block diagram of the PQ event recognition system, in-
cluding the processes of the WT technique, the noise-suppres-
sion scheme, extracting the features from transient signals, and
the neuro-fuzzy classification network, is shown in Fig. 1. The
procedures of recognizing distorted signals to be belonging to
certain kinds of the PQ event are described as follows. First, a
voltage-waveform of transient signal is transferred using WT
to obtain the different scales of the WTCs. Although the WT
exhibits its great power in detecting and localizing the distur-
bance, its ability is often degraded due to the noises riding on
the signal. To overcome the difficulties of capturing the distur-
bances out of the background noises in a low-SNR environment,
a noise-suppression algorithm is applied to deal with the noises
by adaptively trimming off the WTCs.
Although all scales of the WTCs of the original distorted sig-
nals include all of the features, as mentioned before, the recog-
nition system would require too much training time and memory
if all the WTCs are adopted directly as the features. As shown
in Fig. 1, the Parseval’s Theorem is, therefore, employed to ex-
tract the spectrum energies of the WTCs as the features of the
PQ event identification system. To make the recognition system
equips with the abilities to explain the reasoning process of PQ
events identification, the neuro-fuzzy classification technique
is utilized instead of the existing neural network recognition
system [13] in this paper.
III. UTILIZED METHODS IN THE PROPOSED PQ EVENT
RECOGNITION SYSTEM
In the following subsections, the WT technique, the noise-
suppression algorithm, the Parseval’s Theorem, and the neuro-
fuzzy classification system used in this paper will be described.
A. Discrete Wavelet Transform [15]
Based on the characteristics of the band-pass filters, the WT
has been proposed to investigate the transient phenomena of
power signals from different scales of the WTCs. Particularly,
2134 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2009

the transient problems with high-frequency components can be

detected and located through adequate scales of the WTCs.
Let be a mother wavelet, and its FT can be shown as

(1)

After the operations of dilation and translation, (1) can be

written as a baby wavelet shown below:

(2)

where is a scaling factor and is a translating factor.

The CWT of a time-continuous signal is defined as:

(3)

where the asterisk in (3) denotes a complex conjugate operation.

In practical applications, the continuous wavelet function can
be transferred to a discrete form via sampling. In (3), the fac-
tors and are replaced by and , respectively, where
Fig. 2. Flowchart of noise-suppression algorithm.
, and is a set of integers. Then, (3) can be written
into a general discrete form as

(4)

The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of the sampled signals

is employed to replace the CWT

(5)

where is an operating index; is a scaling number; is a

sampling time point, for , and is the number
of sampling points. The factors and in (3) are expressed using
integer parameters and through and (thereby
a dyadic transformation), respectively, in the DWT.
As described above, due to diverse frequency components, es-
pecially the high frequencies which often exist in the signals of
PQ events, examining scales of the WTCs would help to deter-
mine the occurrence of the disturbance events as well as their oc-
curring time. Counting on this, the DWT techniques have been
widely used to analyze the disturbance events in power systems.

B. Noise-Suppression Algorithm
Fig. 3. Procedure of the noise-suppression algorithm for simulated sag.
Although the WT exhibits its great power in the recognition
of the disturbances, its ability is often degraded due to noise-
riding on the distorted signals. To overcome the difficulties of
classifying the disturbances out of the background noises in a
low-SNR environment, a noise-suppression algorithm [16] is to (6)
be integrated with the DWT described in the above subsection.
A flow chart of the noise-suppression algorithm is presented
in Fig. 2. The steps of the algorithm adapted from [16] are de- s.t.
scribed as follows. where is the number of scale inter-multiplication, and is
Step1: Calculate the correlations of adjacent the number of all scales.
scales For example, Fig. 3(a) is a simulated voltage-sag signal. After
DWT, the first and second scales (higher-frequency portions)
are displayed in Fig. 3(b) and (c). Through (6), the correlation
LIAO AND YANG: RECOGNIZING NOISE-INFLUENCED PQ EVENTS WITH INTEGRATED FEATURE EXTRACTION 2135

function is significant disturbance signals by referring to

enhanced at the points corresponding to main WTCs pulses of and . This procedure of signal compression and
the disturbances, but, simultaneously, is suppressed at the points disturbance information extraction is iterated till the sum of the
corresponding to the background noises of the signals, as shown power of un-extracted points at the is less than
in Fig. 3(d). some reference noise power at the first scale.
Fig. 3(d) shows that two main sharp pulses (denoting the start Step5: Stopping condition.
and the end points of disturbances) appear much clearer in the Repeat the procedure till all the scales have been calculated.
function of than those in . Nevertheless, After the noise-suppression procedure, the pure WTCs in
the background noises still exist in the current functions Fig. 3(e) are employed in feature extraction of the PQ event
obtained in the step. In the next step, a scheme is proposed to recognition system described in next subsections and .
further strengthen the correlated features of disturbances to dis-
tinguish the significant disturbance signals from the noises. C. The Parseval’s Theorem
Step2: Calculate the new values of
If the scaling function and the mother wavelet are of an or-
thonomal basis, then, the relationship between the energy spec-
trum of signal and each scale of the WTCs can be built
(7) by the Parseval’s Theorem. This means that the WT can sepa-
rate energy of signal in time and frequency domains. Through
the multi-resolution characteristic of the WT, a distorted signal
where , and can be represented by each scale of the WTCs,
. , where is a number of the WT scale.
Using (7), is adaptively strengthened at the sharp Based on the general WT dilation formula, the signal calcu-
pulses of the th-scale WTCs through the and the factor lated by the Parseval’s Theorem can be distinguished with time
of . and scale . It can be shown as below [17] as follows:
Step3: Extract the disturbances from the noise-riding signals
at the scale through the following procedure. (10)
For
For The first component of (10) represents the average power of
pure power signal. The later component expresses the sum of
the average power of all scales of the transient signal after the
WT.
(8)
D. Energy Spectrum of the WTCs
Then If the chosen mother function and the scale function
are mutually orthnormal, then, with the energy spectrum of a
distorted signal described by the Parseval’s Theorem and the
WTCs, the energy spectrum of each scale of the WTCs
End can be obtained. The formula is shown as follows [18], [19]:

End
(11)
As described above, the two main pulses in Fig. 3(b), for
example, are extracted by comparing the absolute values of
and by setting and . (12)
The pulses, shown in Fig. 3(d), are now masked with the
symbol .
Step4: Create new of all scales. where

If (13)
(14)

Hence, the square of the WTCs of different scales can

(9) be employed as the features. The advantage is that the features
Else , go to Step 1. are not influenced by occurring points of PQ events. Comparing
with the original WTCs, which have not been processed, the
For instance, as shown in Fig. 3(e), and extracted features of the proposed method can be used in clas-
after the first run are obtained to extract the sifying PQ events.
2136 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2009

Fig. 5. Structure of NFCS.

Fig. 4. Energy distributions of each scale reduced baseband: (a) 14 transient
signals; (b) 3 oscillatory transient signals; (c) 4 voltage sag signals; (d) 4 voltage
swell signals; (e) 3 notch signals.
are around the eighth scale and the values are of negative
quantity. This result is opposite to voltage swell, which has
positive values of energy spectrum of the particular scales.
Consequently, in terms of the energy spectrum in large or small
scales (in the low- or high-frequency domain, respectively),
and positive or negative observation values of energy, different
PQ events can be classified using particular energy spectrums
as the features in the PQ event recognition system.
Hence, employing as the feature of classifying PQ event
can reach a higher efficiency level. Generally, feature is de-
fined as follows:
(16)

To enhance the features of PQ events, subtract energy

of baseband from the energy of distorted signals E. Neuro-Fuzzy Classification System
caused by PQ events will derive difference of energy The NFCS is a technique of analysis and recognition to solve
classification problems [20]. Assume a function of a catego-
rization problem is mapping to its category

(17)
.. ..
. .
where is the number of output neurons.
.. .. In fact, the function cannot be calculated by back propa-
. . gation network in this recognition system. We had to find an
approximate function to resemble the function . In other
words, the function can be obtained through the equation
. is a mapping result of the NFCS. The
.. recognition system adapts the mode of “Winner Takes All”. The
. highest value of output vectors represents 1, others are zero.
(15)
The structure of the NFCS is shown in Fig. 5 and has three
..
. layers of fuzzy perceptions. The input samples are the differ-
ences of the energy of a PQ event in (16) and the output
samples are the categories of PQ event for establishing the PQ
Hence, using differences of energy as the features of power recognition system. The procedure of constructing the NFCS is
distorted signals can distinguish different PQ events easily. indicated in Fig. 6. According to the algorithms in [20], once
As shown in Fig. 4, four categories of the different distortion the correct categories of training samples were given, the fuzzy
power signals, including oscillatory transient, voltage well, rule set was constructed in NFCS after the first training epoch,
voltage sag, and notch, are used as testing signals of PQ events. and improper fuzzy rules can be reduced or changed to connect
The energy spectrum in Fig. 4 expresses that the particular to another proper output neuron if necessary at the same time.
distributions of energy of voltage sag without baseband energy Using the pairs of input-output samples to train the recognition
LIAO AND YANG: RECOGNIZING NOISE-INFLUENCED PQ EVENTS WITH INTEGRATED FEATURE EXTRACTION 2137

Fig. 6. Procedure of NFCS construction.

system, the optimal numbers of the fuzzy rules of each category

were extracted.
After establishing optimal fuzzy rule set, the initial member-
ship functions were adjusted via a pair of training samples and
the desired output to get a higher recognition rate. Fuzzy mem-
bership function is a triangle which is defined by three vari-
ables ( , and ) in NFCS

(18)

where represents the tip of the triangle; and represent the

left and the right side of the triangle, respectively.
Output neurons produce an output vector of each learning
generations in the NFCS. Since the desired output vector of
the training samples was known, the error vector was
to come to existence between values of inference and the de-
sired outputs. Hence, the fuzzy membership functions of input
neurons were conditioned by using error vector for the training
of the NFCS. The fuzzy membership functions can be adjusted
through changing values of variables , and . By repeatedly
adjusting the membership functions in the recognition system,
the inference results would be closer to the desired output. The
training procedure was stopped till the error reached the pre-set-
ting value or the number of training time.
The learning method of the NFCS is a series of repeated
training of samples until a desired condition is reached. In
order to earn an optimal fuzzy set, a flow chart is indicated in
Fig. 7 as well as the training steps are given as follows.
Step 1) Choose a set of training sample from ,
and determine the inference output vector by the
NFCS.
Step 2) Determine the error of each output neuron
. wavelet has a sharper cut-off zone. It can reduce leakage ener-
Step 3) For each rule neuron , the error can be
determined
(19)
Step 4) Using (20), find neuron with the influenced least
weight can be found
(20)
Step 5) is used to adjust variables , and
(21)
Fig. 7. Flowchart of training an optimal fuzzy rule set.
Step 6) Utility new variables , and to get new .
Step 7) If a desired stop condition is reached, then, training
procedure is stopped; otherwise, repeat from Step 1.
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS
The distorted signals of PQ events can be described and de-
composed using the mother wavelet and the scaling function.
If the chosen mother wavelet has more coefficients, the wave-
form of this function is smoother. At the same time, it has an
ability to represent a transient signal more precisely after DWT.
In addition, if the values of the chosen mother wavelet after FT
descend to zero quickly, the frequency response of the mother
gies of adjacent scales of the DWT. These principles have an
advantage in increasing the recognition rate in the classification
system. Hence, in order to enhance features of the power tran-
sient signals, more coefficients of the mother wavelet is being
chosen for the DWT. However, the drawback of utilizing this
kind of the mother wavelet is that it may take longer calculating
time. It is necessary to figure out the proper features in the recog-
nition system quickly.
A. Simulated Noise-Riding Signals
To test the ability of the PQ recognition system in tolerating
noises on the input signal, the level of noises with the SNR value
was set to 25 dB and added into simulated signals. The value of
the SNR is defined as follows:

where is the learning rate. (22)

2138 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2009

where is the variance (power) of the signal, and is that of TABLE I

the noise. The SNR dB value was simulated by the Monte-Carlo FUZZY RULE SET
simulation method [21].
A new PQ event recognition approach, which integrated the
noise-suppression algorithm, the algorithm of feature extrac-
tion and the neuro-fuzzy classification network, has been devel-
oped and tested using the simulated data for various disturbance
events in this paper. The PQ event recognition system was im-
plemented in Matlab programming language on a PC-586 com-
puter. In order to train the proposed classification system, sim-
ulated training samples of the noise-riding signals, including 10
oscillatory transient signals, 27 voltage sag signals, 27 voltage
swell signals, 10 notch signals, and 10 normal signals were em-
ployed as input data. In the meantime, 200 simulated power tran-
sient signals of each PQ event were created and used to test the
recognition system.
The proposed PQ recognition system had been used the D4,
D8, D10, and D40 as the mother wavelets to train and test. The
testing identification rates of PQ events reached at least 94%,
97%, 98%, and 98%, respectively. Since fewer coefficients of
the mother wavelet can reduce calculation time and make clas-
sifying PQ events more speedily, D8 with eight coefficients of
the Daubechies function as the mother wavelets has been good
enough to acquire reasonable accuracy and efficient calculation
in the recognition system.
Further, as mentioned before, if all scales of the WTCs were
taken as features, the recognition system would spend a longer
training time and need more memory. Hence, this paper adopted
the energy spectrum method calculated by the Parseval’s The-
orem as the features to replace all scales of the WTCs. The
training time of the NFCS can then be greatly reduced from
1153 to 680 s (59% time needed on average). The memory of
hardware of the 1000 training patterns needs 65 kB for all scales
of WTCs, but the memory requirement can be reduced to 45 kB
after using the proposed method. Memory requirement of actual
patterns for recognizing PQ events can thus be cut down 31%
on average.
The five categories of PQ events were used as input sam-
ples for training the NFCS. Before establishing the recogni-
tion system, the fuzzy rule set had to be built according to the
features of training samples after noise-suppression algorithm.
to in Table I indicating input neurons were mapped to
the third to eleventh spectrum energies of scales of the WTCs.
Hence, and represented a high- and low-frequency com-
ponent of input neurons, respectively. Fuzzy rule set of corre-
sponding input neurons expressed the magnitudes of the spec-
trum energies of diverse PQ events.
This paper used ten fuzzy rules as the membership functions
of each input neuron. Based on the magnitudes of the spectrum
energies, the membership functions of each input neurons
could be set up. After the first training epoch, the total number of
membership functions was reduced from 90 to 53. Fig. 8 shows
the optimal membership functions adjusted after using training
rules of fuzzy set. The recognition time needed for the original
system with 90 membership functions is 0.361 s for one input Fig. 8. Optimal fuzzy membership functions.
pattern classification. It is reduced to 0.213 s (about 41% de-
creased) for one pattern recognition with the reduced member- After reducing the number of the membership functions and
ship functions. adjusting the shape of the membership functions, appropriate
LIAO AND YANG: RECOGNIZING NOISE-INFLUENCED PQ EVENTS WITH INTEGRATED FEATURE EXTRACTION
TABLE II
PQ CLASSIFICATION RESULTS BETWEEN THE
PROPOSED AND THE ANN METHODS
fuzzy rules for the recognition system were extracted and the
fuzzy rule set was constructed as shown in Table I. The par-
ticular energy spectrum of oscillatory transient belongs to high
frequency domain, i.e., input neurons of and . The domi-
nant energy spectrum of voltage sag and swell were in to
of input neurons, but their feature values of input neurons were
opposite, as indicated in Table I. However, even if the energy
spectrum of notch was smaller, in the of the input neurons,
the fuzzy rule set could still be created owing to the functioning
of the noise-suppression algorithm.
To compare the effectiveness of the proposed method, the
ANN [13] is employed to train and test the PQ recognition
system using the same simulated samples and the number of
hidden layer. In other words, the same simulated samples and
22 hidden layers were used in NFCS and as well as ANN. The
recognition results of the ANN, the NFCS with the noise-sup-
pression algorithm, and the NFCS without noise-suppression
algorithm were shown in Table II. Comparing with the ANN,
which was adjusted with two groups of weights by the training
algorithm, the NFCS system only adjusted the shapes of the
membership functions in order to approach the desired outputs
in the recognition system.
In Table II, the testing results between the ANN and the
neuro-fuzzy network of classification system have proven that
the proposed method has a better detecting rate. Moreover,
thanks to the elimination of redundant fuzzy rules in an earlier
stage of the building of the NFCS, the training time of this
system went down substantially. After examining 1000 testing
samples of different PQ events, the identification rates of
PQ events reached at least 97% and 91% with and without
noise-suppression, respectively, which was better than the
80% of the ANN, are shown in Table II. Consequently, the
established fuzzy rule set of the NFCS in this paper has the
ability to distinguish various PQ transient signals.
2139
Fig. 9. Test of actual field data of voltage sag: (a) waveform of voltage sag and
(b) energy spectrum of each scale without baseband.
Fig. 10. Test of actual field data of voltage swell: (a) waveform of voltage swell
and (b) energy spectrum of each scale without baseband.
In Table II, six simulated voltage sag transient signals were
mis-identified to oscillatory transient signals. Owing to the de-
graded level of the voltage sag being too low and the noise ef-
fect of dB was too high, the energy magnitudes of
the third and fourth scales had become stronger. The features of
third and fourth scales were categorized to be oscillatory tran-
sient signals. Hence, according to the fuzzy rule set in Table I,
these six cases occurred inaccurately from voltage sag to oscil-
latory transient. However, if SNR was above 30 dB, the NFCS
would reach a 100% recognition rate.
B. Actual Field Data
Since the actual data cannot be collected easily, simulated
samples with the same voltage-levels of actual data were used
to train and establish the NFCS. Then we used two kinds of ac-
tual PQ events, voltage sag and swell, obtained from the prac-
tical power systems of Taiwan Power Company (TPC) to test
the proposed recognition system and to prove that the proposed
system has the ability to be used in practical power systems.
The two cases utilized were measured from the voltage sag of
22 kV-level and the voltage swell of 110 V-level of TPC. In
the first case, voltage sag happened due to a heavy load added
into the power system at about 0.065 s as shown in Fig. 9(a).
The energy spectrum in Fig. 9(b) illustrated the particular en-
ergy spectrum of voltage sag without baseband and an obvious
voltage sag feature with a negative value in the 8th scale. In the
second case, voltage swell happened at about 0.068 s as shown
in Fig. 10(a). The energy spectrum in Fig. 10(b) exhibited the
particular energy spectrum of voltage swell without baseband
2140
TABLE III
RECOGNITION RESULT USING ACTUAL VOLTAGE SAG DATA
TABLE IV
RECOGNITION RESULT USING ACTUAL VOLTAGE SWELL DATA
and an obvious voltage swell feature with a positive value in the
8th scale.
In Tables III and IV, the related fuzzy rule set and final net-
work inference output values after the energy features of the ac-
tual data of voltage sag and voltage swell were used as input and
trained by the NFCS were shown. Among the 20 fuzzy rules,
the inference output values of the five transient categories were
0.33, 0.11, 0.68, 0.38, and 0.31, respectively. The highest infer-
ence output value of 0.68 was inferred via Rule 8 to Rule 12
and corresponded directly to voltage sag. On the other hand, the
highest inference output value was 0.73 and corresponded di-
rectly to voltage swell via Rules 13 to 17. From the fuzzy rule
set and the results of the final network inference output, actual
field data can be successfully recognized by the NFCS.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper has demonstrated that a PQ event recognition
system, which integrated the noise-suppression algorithm,
feature extraction based on the Parseval’s Theorem, and the
neuro-fuzzy classification system, was successfully developed
and tested using both simulated noise-riding data of various
disturbance events and actual field data. The numerical results
have shown that the proposed noise-suppression algorithm is
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2009
able to decrease noise-riding effects and increase the recog-
nition rate. Besides, reduced features representing power
transients are capable of improving recognition accuracy and
reducing training time, in contrast with the more features if
directly adopting the WTCs. As an efficient classifier, the
neuro-fuzzy recognition system has been used for the fuzzy
rule construction and the signal recognition of different PQ
events. The process of reasoning PQ events identification can
also be tracked through the developed NFCS, if it is needed.
In terms of the computation time, the memory needed, and
the recognition accuracy achieved, the overall performance of
the proposed systems has been proven superior to the existing
approaches. Applications of the proposed systems to practical
PQ events classification will be promoted and tested on more
field data for possible performance improvement.
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Chiung-Chou Liao (M’05) was born in Yung-Lin,
Taiwan, R.O.C., on Oct. 6, 1973. He received the B.S.
and M.S. degrees in 1996 and 1998, respectively,
from the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Chung Yuan Christian University (CYCU), Jhong
-Li, Taiwan, and the Ph.D. degree in 2001 from the
Department of Electronics Engineering, CYCY.
Since 2003, he has been an Assistant Professor
with the Department of Electronics Engineering,
Ching Yun University at Jhong-Li, Taiwan. Dr. Liao
is a member of Phi Tau Phi and the IEEE. He was a
reviewer of IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. His present research
interests are in signal processing and power quality of power systems.
2141
Hong-Tzer Yang (M’02–SM’08) was born in
Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C., on March 19, 1960. He
received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical
engineering from National Cheng-Kung University
(NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, in 1982 and 1984 respec-
tively, and received the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from National Tsing-Hua University,
Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, in 1989.
From 1989 to 1992, he was a Senior Specialist and
Technical Superintendent from 1993 to 1995 with
Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, where he developed an artificial intelligence-based target
identification system and a real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation system.
From 1995 to 2000, he was an Associate Professor with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University (CYCU), Jhong -Li,
Taiwan. In 2000, he was promoted to Full Professor. He was the Director of
Incubation Center, CYCU, during 2000–2003 and the Chair of the Department
of Electrical Engineering, CYCU, during 2002–2004. In 2007, he joined the
Faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering, NCKU as a Professor
and Director of Electrical Laboratories. His current research interests include
neural networks, evolutionary computing, and fuzzy expert system applications
in power systems.
Dr. Yang Chaired the IEEE Power Engineering Society’s (PES) Taipei
Chapter in 2002. He is a member of Phi Tau Phi and the IEEE PES and CSS
societies.