COURSE TITILES M.SC BOTANY PART I (CORE! COMPULSORY COURSES) Wark No. Titles Theory | Practical_[ Total T | Viroloay, Bacteriology, Mycology & Plant [75 B 700 Pathology TT | Plant worphovegy 75 3B 700 T_[Plant Sytematics and Biodiversty i] 3 700 TW Fant Anatomy 700 ol & Molecular BoTOgy are BIOSTATSTES 700 | Prant ecaroay 700 Total BO Marks M.SC BOTANY PART Il (CORE / COMPULSORY COURSES) Warks No. Titles Theory | Practical_[ Total Vil [Plant Physiology 5 3 700 Vill [Genetics 1] 2 700, XI_| Plant Biochenvsiy B 3 700, X__ [Environmental Biology 6 5 700, ‘Optional Papert 5 35 700, ‘Optional Paper I % 3 700, Ir Research 200 Total 600 Marks BThe research willbe offered in leu of two optional papers. LIST OF OPTIONAL PAPERS. Wo. [Titles Warks Theory [Practical [Total T__[Stess Physiology 75 25 100, TT] Plant Population and Evoutionary 75 25 100 Biology TI Ethino- Botany TOU. TV__ | Prant Biotechnology 7 25 700. B_ Optional courses willbe offered based on the expanse avalabie, More optional papers can be offered after getting approval from the respective bodies. DIRECTOR IP &ABMSC. BOTANY PART. PAPER TITLE: VIROLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY & PLANT PATHOLOGY Course contents a) Virology 1. General features of viruses, viral architecture, classification, dissemination and replication of single and double — stranded DNA/RNA viruses. 2. Plant viral taxonomy, ‘Symptomatology of virus-infected plants: (External and internal symptoms) 4. Resistance to vital infection, b) Bacteriology History, characteristics and classification. Evolutionary tendencies in Monera (Bacteria and cyanobacteria) Morphology, physiology and reproduction in bacteria, Importance of bacteria with special reference to application in various modern sciences specially agriculture, biotechnology and genetic engineering Practicals: a) Viruses. 1. Observatian of symptoms of some viral infected plant specimens. b) Bacteria and Cyanobacteria 1. Methods of sterilization of glassware and media ete. 2. Preparation of nutrient madium and inoculation. 3. Preparation of slides for the study of various forms, capsule/slime layer, spores, flagella and Gram-staining, 4. Growth of bacteria, sub-culturing and identtication of bacteria on morphological and biochemical basis (using available techniques) 5. Microscopie study of representative genera fram fresh collections and prepared slides Recommended Books: 4. Black, J. G. 2005 Microbiology — Principles and Exploration, John Wiley and Sons, Inc 2. Prescott, L_M., Harley, J.P and Klein, DA. 2005. Microbiology McGraw Hil Companies, Inc. 3. Arora, D. R. 2004. Textbook of Microbiology, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi 4. Ross. C. 1995, Fundamentals of Microbiology. John Willey Co. New York. 5. Khan, J. A. and Dijkstra J. Plant Viruses as Molecular Pathogens, The Haworth Press, Inc 6. Hull Matthews, 2004, Plant Virology, Academic Press, 7. Tortora, G. J. ; Funke, B. R. and Case C. L. , 2004, Microbiology. Pearson Eduetion. DIRECTOR IP &ABJoumalsPeriodicals: World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Current Microbiology, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal of General Virology, Journal of Virology ‘Mycology & Plant Pathology: a) Mycology 1. Introduction: General characters of fungi thallus structure and ultrastructure of fungi 2. Reproduction: Asenual and seal reproduction and reproduction structures, life cycle, haploid, heterokaryotic and diploid states. 3. Fungal Systematics: Classifcation of fungi into phyla with suitable examples to llustrate somatic structures, fe cycle and reproduction of Myxomycota, Chytridiom ycota, Zygomycota (tMucrales) Oomycota (Peronosporales), Ascomycota (Erysiphales, Pezzales), Basdiomycota (Agaricales, Polyporales, Uredinales, Ustiaginales) and Deuteromycetes. 4, Symbiotic relationships of fungi wth ather organisms (lichens and myocorthiza) and their significance, 5, Importance of fungi in human affairs wth special reference to industry and Aaticuture ) Pathology Introduction and classification of plant diseases. ‘Symptoms, causes and development of plant diseases. Loss assessment and disease control Epidemiology and disease forecast Impottant diseases of crop plants and fruit trees in Pakistan caused by fungi, e.g damping off, mildews, rusts, smuts, shisnam diebact ete, Practicals: a) Mycology General characters and morphology of fungi, Study of unicellular and mycelia forms with septate and aseptate hyphae. Distinguishing characters of cfferent phyla: study of suitable examples. Study of asexual and sexual reproductive structures in diferent gtoups of fungi ‘Study of some common examples of saprophytic, parastic and air-bome fungi belonging to different phyla ) Pathology Identifcation of major plant pathogens under lab and flld conditions, cutural studies of ‘some important plant pathogenic fungi, application of Koch's postulates for confimation of pathogencity. Demonstration of control measures. Identification and collection of diseased ‘specimens. Recommended Books: 41. Agtios, G.N., 2008. Plant Pathology, Academic Press, London, 2. ahmad|. and Bhutta, AR., 2004. Textbook of Introductory Plant Pathology. Book Foundation, Pakistan 3. Alexopoulos, C. J, Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M., 1996, Introductory Mycology, 4 ed ‘John Wiley & Sons. 4. Khan, AG. and Usman, R., 2008, Laboratory Manual in Mycology and Plant DIRECTOR IP & ABPathology. Botany Department Avid Agricuture University, Rawalpindl 5. Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R., 1990. An Introduction to Mycology. Wiley and Eastern Ltd, NewDelhi, Inia 6. Moore-Landecker, E., 1996. Fundamentals of Fungi. 4" edn. Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey, USA. 7. Trigino, R.IN., Windham, M.t. and Windham, A.S.,.2004. Plant Pathology: Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. CRC Press, LLC,N. ¥. Joumals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, Mycotoxin, Mycopath, Phytopathology, ‘Australasian Journal of Plant pathology, Asian Journal of Plant Pathology, Annual Reviewof Plant Pathology. DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN PagesMSC. BOTANY PART. Course Contents: a) Phycology: Introduction, general account, evolution, classification, biochemistry, ecology and economic importance of the following divisions of algae: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Exanthophyta, Baclariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta b) Bryology: Introduction and general account of bryophytes, classification, theories of origin and evolution, Brief study of he classes: Hepaticopsida, Anthoceropsida and Bryopsida, Practicals: a) Phycology: |. Collection of fesh water and marine algae i, Identifcation of benthic and planktonic algae. il. Section cuting ofthalloid algae. iv. Preparation of temporary sides. ¥. Use of camera lucidamicrographs. b) Bryology Study ofthe folowing genera Pella, Porella, Arthoceros and Polytrichum. Recommended Books: 1. Bold, H.C. and MJ. Wynne 1985. Introduction to Algae: structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall Inc, Engle Wood Clits 2. Lee. RE. 1999, Phycology. Cambridge University Press, U.K 3. Danson, E..,Halt. 1966. Marine Botany. Reinhart and Winstan, New York 4. Chapman, VJ. and D.J. Chapman. 1983. Sea weed and their uses. Metilan and Co. Ltd. London. 5. Vashishta. BR. 1991. Botany for degree students. Bryophytes 8" ed. S. (Chand and Co, Ltd, Delhi 6, Schofield, W.B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology. Macmillan Publishing Co London. 7. Hussain, F.and|.llahi. 2004, Atext book of Botany. Department of Botany, University of Peshawar. Journals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, International Journal of Phycology and Phycochemistry, Bryology, Phycology. a) Pteridoptytes Introduction, origin, history, features and a generalize life cycle Methods of fossiization, types of fossis, geological time scale and importance of Paleobotany. First vascular plant — Rhyniophyta e.g. Cookssoria, General characters, classification, aftnties and comparative account of evolutionary trends ofthe folowing phyla: Pslopsida P-slotum); Lycopsida (Lycopodium, Selaginela), ‘Sphenopsida (Equisetum), Pteropsida (Ophioglossum, Dryopteris and Azolla!Marslea) DIRECTOR IP & ABb) Gymnosperms: Geological history, origin, distribution, morphology, anatomy, classifcation and affinities of Cycadoflicales, Bennetttales, ginkgoales, Cycadales and Gnetales. Distibution of gymnosperms in Pakistan. Economic importance of gymnosperms. An introduction to the Gondwana fora of World €) Angiosperms: Origin, general characteristics, Importance, and life cycle of angiosperms. Origin and Evolution of seed habit Practicals: 1. To study the morphological and reproductive features of available genera. 2. Study trips to aifferent parts of Pakistan for the collection and identifcation of important pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Recommended Books: 1. Beck, CB. 1992, Origin and Evolution of Gymnospems. Vol- & II, Columbia University Press, NewYork 2. Foster, A.S. and Gifford, E. M. Jr. 1998. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants W.H. Freeman and Co, 3. Jones, D. 1883. Cycadales of the World, Washington, DC. 4. Mauseth, J.D. 1998. An Introduction to Plant Biology, Multimedia Enhanced, Jones and Bartlett Pub. UK. 5. Moore, R. C.W. d. Clarke and Vodopich, D. S. 1996. Botany McGraw Hill Company, usa, 6. Raven, P.H. Evert, R.E. and Eichhom, S. E. 1999. Biology of Plants, W.H. Freeman {and Company Worth Publishers. 7. Ray, P.M. Steeves, T.A. and Fultz, T. A. 1998. Botany Saunders College Publishing, usa, 8. Taylor, TN. and Tayior,E.D. 2000. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Prentice Hall 8. Stewart, W. N. and Rothwell, G. W. 1993. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants, University Press, Cambridge 10.Faegri, ., Pe. Kaland & K. Krzywinski 1989. Text Book of Pollen Analysis, Jhon Wiley 8 Sons.N.Y. Joumals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, New Phytologist, Reviewof Palaeobotany 4& Palaeonology, Palaeontographica, Palaeobotanist DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 10,MSC. BOTANY PART PAPER TITLE: PLANT SYSTEMATICS & BIODIVERSITY: Course Contents: 1. Introduction: Importance and relationship with other sciences, Phases of plant taxonomy. Origin and radiation of angiosperm, their probable ancestors, when, where and how did the angiosperms evolve; the earliest fossl records of angiosperms. 2. Concept of Species: What is species? Taxonomic species, Biological species, Micro and macro species, Species aggregate, Intra specific categories. 3. Speciation: Mechanism of speciation, Mutation and hybricization Geographical isolation, Reproductive isolation, Gradual and abrupt 4. Variation: Types of variation, continuous and discontinuous variation, Clinal variation. 5. Systematics and Genecology / Biosystematics: Introduction and importance, Methodology of conducting biosystematics studies, various biosystematics categories such as ecophene, ecotype, ecospecies, coenospecies and comparium 6. General characters, cistribution evolutionary trends and economic importance of the following families, 1) Apiaceae (Umbeliferae) 2) Arecaceae (Paimae) 3) Asteraceae (compositae) 4) Boraginaceae 5) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) 6) Caryophyliaceae 7) Chenopodiaceae 8) Cucurbitaceae 8) Euphorbiaceae 10) Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 11) Lamiaceae (Labistae) 12)Lilaceae 13) Malvaceae 14) Myrtaceae 15) Orchidaceae 16) Poaceae (Gramineae) 17)Ranunculaceae 18)Rosaceae 19) Scrophulariaceae 20) Solanaceae 7. Nomenclature: Important rules of botanical nomenclature including effective and valid publication, typifcation, principles of priorty and its imitations, author citation, rank of main taxonomic categories, conditions for rejecting names. 8. Classifcation: Why classification is necessary? Different systems of classification with at least one example of each (Linnaeus, Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Bessey, CCronquist, Takhtajan and Dahloren, numerical taxonomy. Practicals: 41. Technical description of plants of the local flora and their identifcation up to ‘species level withthe help ofa regionalflora of Pakistan, DIRECTOR IP & AB2. Preparation of indented and bracketed types of keys. ‘Study of variation pattern in afferent taxa 4. Submission of property mounted and fully identifed hundred herbarium specimens atthe time of examination 5. Field trips shall be undertaken to study and collect plants fom ddferent ecological zones of Pakistan, Recommended Books: 4. Al S.l. and Nasir, ¥ 1990-02. Flora of Pakistan, Karachi Univ. Press, Karachi 2. All, SI. and Qaiser, M. 1992-2007 —todate. Flora of Pakistan. Karachi Univ. Press, Karachi 3. GreuterWW., MeNell, J., Barie, FR., Burdet, H.i., Demoulin, V., Filguerras, TS., Nicison, DH. Silva, P.C., Skog, JE., Trehane,P., Turland, N.J. & Hawksworth, D LL, (eds) 2000. Intemational code cf botanical nomenclature (Saint Louis Code) ‘adopted by the Sixteenth International botanical congress St. Louis Missouri, July- ‘August 1980. Koettz, Konigstein. (Regnum Veg 138). 4. Davis, PH. & Heywood, VH. 1983. Principles of Angiospenm Taxonomy. Oliver & Boyd, London, Ingrouile,M.1392. Diversity and Evolution of Land Plants, Chapman & Hall Londen. Nasir, E. & Ali, $1. 1970-89, Flora of Pakistan. Karachi Uni. Press, Karachi ‘Stace, C. (1982). Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Edward Arnold ‘Takhtajan, A. (1986). Flowering Plant Origin and Dispersal, Olver and Boyd, Endinburgh. 8. Jones, SB. and Luchsiner, AE. 1987. Plant Systematics. McGrawHil, Inc. New York 10.Naik, VN. 2005. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw Hill Publising ‘Company, NewDethi 11 Stussy, TF. 1990. Plant Taxonomy, Columbia University Press, USA, 12.Jeffey C1980. An Introduction ‘to Plant Taxonomy, Cambridge University Press.UK 13.Levin, D.A. 2000, The Origin, Expansion and Demise of Plant Species. Oxford University Press: 14, Sivarajan V.V and N.K.P Robson 1981 Introduction to the Principles of Plant Taxonomy, 15. Radford, AE.,W.C. Dickison, JR. Massey, and C. R. Bell. 1998 Vascular Plant ‘Systematic. Harper and Row, New York 16 Leadiay, E. and Stephen 2008. Taxonomy and Plant Conservation. 17 Rajput, M. T., S. Saha and K. M. Khan, 1996 Plant Taxonomy. Nasim Sook Depot Hyderabad 18, Heywood V.H. 1978. Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford Universty Press, 19. Simpson, M. G. 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. 20.Sotts, D. E. P. S. Soltis, P. K Endress, and M. W. Chase, 2005. Phylogeny & Evolution of angiosperms. Sinauers associates, Inc. Publishers. 21.Pullaian, T. 2007 Taxonomy of Angiospems 3" Ed. Regency Publication, New Det, Journals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal Botany, Flora of Pakistan, Taxon, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 12,Biodiversity Introduction and importance of biodiversity Species diversity Ecological diversity Genetic diversity Causes and depletion of biodiversity: Habitat loss, Habitat fagmentation Over-exploitation, Climatic changes, Invasive species The value of species Books Recommended: 1. Bush, MB. 1997. Ecology of a Changing Planet. Prentice Hall 2. Cunnighum, A.B. 2001. Applied ethnobotany. People, wid plant use and convervation Earthspan Publications. 3. Cotton, CM. (1996). Ethnobotany Principle Application. John Wiley & Sons Chichester, UK. 4. De Klemm, C. (1990) Wild Plant conservation, IUCN, Gland, 5. Dyke. F.V. (2003). Conservation Biology. McGraw, New York 6. Grombridge, b. & Jenkins, M.D. (2002). World Atlas of Biodiversity: Earths Living Resources in the 21*. Century, University. California Press, Betieley. 7. Heywood, V. H. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press and UNEP. DIRECTOR IP & ABMSC. BOTANY PART. PAPER IV TITLES: PLANT ANATOMY Course contents: 1. The Plant body and its development: fundamental parts of the plant body, internal organization, ctferent tissue systems of primary and secondary body. 2. Meristematic tissues: classification, cyto-histological characteristics, intials and their derivatives. 3 Apical meristem: Delimitation, diferent growth zones, evolution of the concept of apical organization. Shoot and root apices. 4. Leat types, origin, internal organization, development of different tissues with special reference to mesophyl, venation, buncle-sheaths and bundle-sheath extensions. Enlargement of epidermal cli. 5. Vascular cambium: Origin, structure, storied and non-storied call types, types of divisions. addtive and mutiplicative; cytoplasmic characteristics, seasonal activity and its role in the secondary grovth of root and stem. Abnormal secondary growth, 6. Origin, structure, development, functional and evolutionary specialization of the folowing tissues. Epidermis and epidermal emergences, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Xylem, Phloem wih special emphasis on diferent types of woods, Periderm. 7. Secretory tissues: Laticifers (classifcation, distribution, development, structural characteristics, function) and Resin Canals. 8. Anatomy of reproductive parts Flover, seed, tut 8. Economic aspects of aplied plant anatomy 410. Anatomical adaptations ‘1 Evoltionary tendencies in wood anatomy tical: 1. Study of organization of shoot and root meristem, different primary and secondary tissues fom the living and preserved material in macerates and sections, hairs, glands and other secondary structures 2. Study of abnermaliunusual secondary growth. Peel and ground sectioning and maceration of fossil material 4. Comparative study of wood structure of Gymnosperms and Angiosperms wih the help of prepared slides. Recommended Books: 1. Dickison, W. C. 2000. integrative plant anatomy. Academic Press, U.K 2. Fahn, A. 1990. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, Oxford 3. Esau, K. 1960. Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley, New York DIRECTOR IP & AB4. Metcalf, CR. and Chalk, L. 1980. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Clerondon Press, Oxtora, 5. Anon, Manual of Microscopic Analysis of Feeding Stuffs. The American Association of feed Microscopists 6. Vaughan, J.G. 1980. The Structure and Utlization of Oil Seeds, Chapman and Hall Ltd London. 7. Metcalfe, C.R. 1980. Anatomy of the Monocotyledons. Gramineae. Clerondon Press, Oxtora, 8. Metcalfe, C.R. 1971. Anatomy ofthe Monocotyiedons V. Cyperaceae. Clerondon Press, Oxtora, 9. Cutler, DF. 1969. Anstomy of the Monocetyledons. IV. Juncales. Clarendon Press, Orfora. 410. Raymond, E.S. and E. Eichhom. 2005. Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristematic cells and tissues of plant body, John Wiley Sons. 11. Eames, Ad. and LH. Mac Daniels, 2002. An introduction to Plant Anatomy. Tat Mac- Grawtill Publishing Company Limited, NewDethi Journals | Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany. DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 15MSC. BOTANY PART. PAPER V TITLE: CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Course Contents: a) 1 2 ») Cell & Molecular Biology Cellular Organization of Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Plasma membrane structure, molecular organization, permeability, membrane transport, receptor proteins. Cyto-Skeleton of the cell, structure and organization at microscopic, sub-micro-scopic and molecular level Mophology, microscopic, ultra’ sub-microscopic, molecular organization. and. functions cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Plant Vacuoles, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Nucleus, Microbodies. Chromosomes: Morphology and molecular structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Chromosome, Significance of histones and high mobility proteins in packing of chromosome Cell cycle and types of cell divisions: Witosis General description of mitosis, molecular organization and functional role of mitatic apparatus (spindle, kinetochore and anaphasic movement), Cytokinesis and Signifcance of mitosis. Meiosis: Types of meiosis, the frst meiotic division, genetic consequences of meiosis, comparison of mitosis and meioss Application of cell biology in various fields of Botany Biostatistics Introduction and scope: definition; characteristics, importance and limitations, population and samples. Frequency distribution and probabilities: Formation of frequency table ftom rawdta, Histograms and graphical representation of Data Probability: concepts, laws and applications of probabilties to simple events. Measures of central tendencies and dispersion: Avithmetic mean, median, mode, range, variance and standard deviation, standard ervar ofthe mean, mean deviation, and ‘semi inter quartile range. Normal distributions, properties and applications, Tests of significance: Introduction, ttest: Basic idea, confidence limits of means, Sonificant difference of means, X* test Basic idea, testing goodness of ft to 2 rato, testing association (contingency table). F —test, Introduction and Analysis of variance, LSD for comparisons between means. Design of experiments: Concept of design; principles of experiment. Planning of an ‘experiment, replication and randomization, Field plot technique, Layout and analysis of completely randomized design, randomized complete block design. Latin square DIRECTOR IP & AB8. Regression and correlation analysis: Practicals 4. Cell & Molecular Biology: 41. Cell structure in the stamina hair of Tradescartia, 2. Micro chemical detection of following in the structure of the plant cell. Protein Carbohydrate, cellulose, Pectin, Lipids. 3. Organization of starch in dtferert plantsiparts 4. Plastids types in various plants: Spirogyra Hydrila, Tradescantia Daucus carrota, ‘Arisaema, Solanum tuberosum and Lycopersion esculentum, tomato. 5. Mitosis: Smear preparation of onion-roots, 6. Melosis: Smear prepartion fom anthers of plants such as Avena, onion, wheat and 7. Germination of pollen grains of various vascular plants. b. Biostaties Numerical Problems: Probability of simple events; Data collection, arrangement of data in frequency table; Calculation of mean ffom group and ungrouped data; Calculation of variance and standard deviation ftom grouped and ungrouped data: Binomial distribution; T-test; Point distribution, X>— test; Analysis of variance — one factor design; Analysis of variance —two way analysis, Analysis, of variance — for Latin square; Analysis of variance — for factorial design, Correlation: Linear Regression Books Recommended: 1) Holm, D. 2008. Research Methods in Biosciences. Oxford University Press. 2) Quinn, G. 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press. 3) Bailey, N. T. J. 1994. Statistical Methods in Biology, Cambridge University Press. 4) Wonnacett, TH. and Wonnacott, R. J. 1980. Introductory Statistics, John Wiley and Sons. '5) Snedecor, GW. and Cochran, W.G. 1967. Statistical Methods, lova State University Press, USA, 6) Campbell, R.C. 1974. Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge University Press, UK. 7) De. Robes. EF. and De. Robertisis, LMF. Cell and Molecular Biology 8° Edition (1987), Holt Lea and Febiger, New York 8) Damell, Jr. J. Lodisch, H. and Baimore, D. (1990). Molecular Biology of the Cell, ‘Sciertifc American Inc. N.Y. 9) Alberts, 6., Bray, -D. Lewis, J; Raff M., Roberts, K and Watson, J.D. (1994), Molecular biology ofthe cel, Gariand Publishing nc. NewYork 10)Lodish, H. Batimor, D. Berk, A. Zpursky SL. Matsudaira, P. Darnell, J. (1935) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Scientific American Books, WH. Freeman and Company, New York 11) Swenson, C-P., Merz, T. and Young, W.J. 1980 (second edition) Cytogenetics: The chromosome in division; inhertance and evolution. Prentice — Hall Inc. Journals / Periodicals: Biologia, Cytologia, American Journal of Botany, Biologia Plantarum, Canadian Jounal of Botany. Plant Cell and Environment, Biometrika. Intemational journal of biochemistry and cel biology DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 17MSC. BOTANY PART. PAPER VI TITLE: PLANT ECOLOGY Introduction: Background and Basic Concept, History, Subcivisions of Ecology, Aims and Scope of Ecology, Levels of Organization or Matter in Nature, Principle of Ecology, Relationship of Ecology with other Botanical Disciplines, Homeostasis. AUTECOLOGY: i Soit Distinction between Edaphology and Pedology, Classifcation of Parent Material, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Sol, Soil Formation, Weathering Agencies and their Role in the Soll Formation, Residual and Transported Sol, Texture and its importance to Plants, Soll Porosity and Moisture, States of Existence of Water in Soll, Living Inhabitants of the Sol, bH and Conductivity, Field Capacity, Permanent Witing Percentage, Soil Organic Matter, ‘Significance of Organic Matter, Soil Salinty and Water Logging Water: Hydrologic Cycle, Aimospheric Moisture, Forms of Precipitation and Ecological Effect, Effectively of Precipitation as a Source of Soll Moisture in an Ecosystem, role of Water in the Diversity of Plants, Water Erosion. Light and Temperature: Ecological Response to warm, Chilling and Freezing Temperatures, Classification of Plants on the Basic of their Light Requirements, Heat Budget in Plants, Factors Affecting ‘temperature Gradients, Measurement and role of Temperature in Diversity of Plants. iv. Wind as an Ecological Factor: Shetterbetts, Wind Erosion. V. Fire as an Ecological Factor: Types of Fire, Effect of Fire on Plants, Adaptations of Plants Related to Fire, Practical Unity of Fire. ‘SYHECOLOG Population Ecology: + Ecological, Characteristics of Species and Population: Relationship of Species to Physical Environment ‘+ Interrelations among the Individuals ofthe same or of Different Species: Disjunctive and Conjunctve interrelations (biological interactions). Community Ecology: ‘+ Ecological Characteristics of Plant Community: Analytical and synthetic Characteristics, qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Plant Community. ‘+ Plant Community D namics (Succession). ‘+ Methods of Sampling of Plant Community: Quadrat method, Line Intercept Method, Bisect Method. ‘+ Vegetation Types of Pakistan, DIRECTOR IP & ABEcosystem Ecology: ‘© Concepts — Biotic Factors of the Ecosystem (Pond, Terrestrial) Trophic Levels and Energy Flowin an Ecosystem Ecological Pyramids Food Chains and Food Webs Blogeochemical Cycle: Major Nutrient Cycles With an Example of Nitrogen Cycle as it Operates in Nature, ‘Major Formations of the World Practicals: |. Measurement of Plant Biomass and Net Primary Productivity. iL Transplant Experiment, Ecotypic Differentiation ii, Measurement of Radiation, Temperature, Humidity and Wind Velocity iv. Community attbutes (Method of Studying Vegetation) Reconnaissance Survey of Different Local Communities Wi. Detailed Sampling of Local Vegetation Including Gradient, Ordination and dassifcation vil. Study of Local Ecosystem Vil Soll Sampling, Determination of Various Physicochemical characteristics of Sol ‘Books Recommended: T Barbour, M. G. J. H. Burke and W. D. Pitts, 1899. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. The Benjamin, Cumming Publishing Co. Palo Alto, Calfornia, USA. li.Chapman, J. L. and Reiss, M. J. 1999. Ecology. Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press, UK. li, Hussain, £1989. Field and Laboratory manual of Plant Ecology: National Academy of higher Education, Islamabad. Iv. Ketbs, C. J. 1987. Ecology, Harper and RowPublishers. vSchuitz et al, 2005. Plant Ecology, Springer — Veriag. Wi. Townsend et al. 2003, Essentials of Ecology, Black well Publishing, vil, Tansley, A. g. 2003. An Introduction to Plant Ecology. Discovery Publishing House, India vil. Francisco IP. Valladares F. 2007. Functional Plant Ecology. CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, USA, ix. Thomas, P. and Pactham, J. 2007. Ecology of woodlands and Forests. Cambridge University Press, UK. xMolles, M. 2009. Ecology: concepts and Applications. McGraw Hil Sciences; edition (January 27, 2008), New York 2. Morin, P. 2008 community Ecology. Wiley-Black well, 2 edition (August 3, 2009). DIRECTOR IP & ABMSC. BOTANY PARTI PAPER-MIL COURSE TITLE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Course Contents: 1 Water Relations: The sol plant atmosphere continuum an over view. Structure of water physicochemical properties of water. Water in. the soil and its potentials. Water in cell components. Absorption of weter in plants (Aquaporins, pathways and diving forces). Cell water relations terminology. Hoter diagram analysis of change in turgor, weter and ‘osmotic potential wth changes in cell volume. Modulus of elasticty coefficient, hydraulic conductivity. Methods for measurement of water, osmotic and turgor potertials Pressure conductivity. Chamber, psychronetry, pressure probe, pressure volume curve. Plant Mineral Nutrition: Inorganic composition of plant and soil. Absorption of mineral nutrients roots, Mycomthiza. lon traffc into root. The nature of membrance carters, channels and electrogenic pumps. Passive and active primary and secondary) transports and their Energetis. Essential and beneficial elements their functions and deficiency symptoms in plants. Fertilizers and their significance in Agricutur. Photosynthesis: History of photosynthesis. Nature and unit of light. Deactivation of oxvgenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Utra structure of thylakoid vesicle. Various pigments and photosynthetic activty. Utra structure and compostion of photosystem {and Il. Absorption and action spectra of different pigments. Mechanism of photosynthesis — light absorption, charge separation or oxidation of water (water oxidizing clock), electron and proton transport through thylakoid protein — pigment complexes. Photophosphoryiation and its mechanism. Co. reduction (dark reactions) — Cy pathway and Photorespiration, C, pathway and its different forms, CAM pathway. Methods of measurement of photosynthesis: Respiration: Respiratory substrates. Respiratory quotient. Syrthesis of hexose sugars fom reserve carbhyérates. Mechanism of respiration glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Aerobic land anaerobic respiration. Energetics of respiration, Pentose phosphate pathway. Glyosyiate cycle. Control of respiration, Factors affecting respiration. Cyanide resistant respiration. Assimilation of Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus: The nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen ‘xation. Pathways of assimilation of nitrate and ammonium ions. Assimilation of sulphur and phosphorus. Plant growth regulators. Phytochromes. Physical and chemical properties distribution and biological role. Growth substances. Bioassay, structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, movement, and physiological effects of Auxins, Gibberelins, cytokinins Abscisic acid and Ethylene. Introduction of Polyamines and other candidate plant growth regulators Dormancy and its causes. Seed dormancy. Dormancy of vegetative organs. Methods of breaking dormancy. Concitions for germination. Senescence and death. Pattern of aging and death, metabolic aspects of senescence. Abscission; Photoperiodisnt Classification of plants according to photoperiodic reaction, photoperiodic induction, locus of photoperiodic reaction and dark periods. in photoperiodic. Mechanism of photoperiodism. Control of fowering The biological clocks; Practicals: 1 2 To investigate the preferential absorptionof ions by corn seedlings and potato slices. To determine osmotic potertial of massive tissue by freezing point depression method or byan osmometer. To investigate water potential of a plant tissue by dye method and water potential apparatus, To determine the volume of Co, evolved during respiration by plant materia To determine the amount of O2 used by respiring water plant by Winkler Method To separate chlorophyll pigments on column chromatogram or by spectrophotometer. DIRECTORIP & AB7. To extract and separate anthocyanins and other phenolic pigments fom plant material and study thei ight absorption properties. 8. To categorize Cand C plants through their anatomical and physiological characters. 9. Toregulate stomatal opening by light of cifferent colors and pH 10. Determination of K uptake by excised roots 111. Measurement of Stomatal index and conductance. 12. Qualitative determination of K cortent in Guard cells by Sodium cobatt nitrite method, Recommended Books. 1. Salisbury Fb. and Ross CB. 1999, Plant Physiology. 5" Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont CA. 2. Dennis. D.T and Turpin, D. H. 1990. Plant Physi6logy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Longman Group, UK. 3. Goodwin, T. W. and Mercer EJ. 1983. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry, Pergamon Press, NewYork 4. Wikins, MB. 1984. Advanced Plant Physiology, Longman Group. U.K. 5. Meldner, 1984. Class experiments in Plant Physiology. George Allen & Ur-n. 6. Witham & Devin. 1986 Exercises in Plant Physiology, AIVS Publishers, Boston 7. Taiz, Land Zeiger, e. 2006. Plant Physiology. 4" Ed. Sinnauers Pub. Co. Inc. Calf. 8. Lhsan ila (1981). Plant Growth, UGC Press, Istamabad. 8. Ihsan llahi (1985). Plant Physiology, biochemical Processes in Plants, UGC Press. 10. WB. Hopkins. 1938: Introduction to Plant Physiology. 2" Ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York Journals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, Plant Physiology, Physiologia Plantarum, Planta, Annual Reviewof Plant Biology, Journal of Plant Sciences. DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 21M.SC BOTANY PART I PAPER.VIII ‘COURSE TITLE: GENETICS Course contents: 1. Extensions of Medelian Analysis: Variations on Dominance, mutiple alleles, lethal alleles, several genes affecting the same character, 2. DMA: An overview, DNA as genetic material, replication of DNA in Eukaryotes, DMA and the Genes. 3. DNA Funetion: Transcription, Transiation, the genetic code; nature, universty, deciphering, protein synthesis; RNA charging, ination, elongation, termination factors, eukaryotic RNA. 4. The Mature of the Gene: How genes work, gene protein relationships, genetic observations explained by enzyme structure, genetic fne structure, mutational stes, complementation 5. Recombination in Bacteria and Their Viruses: Bacterial chromosome, bacterial conjugation, bacterial recombination and mapping the E. coli chromosome, bacterial transformation, bacteriophage genetics, transduction, mapping of bacterial chromosomes, bacterial gene transfer. 6. Control of Gene expression: Discovery of lac system, operons, postive control, negative control Gene expression and regulation 7. Mechanism of genetic change: Mutation: types and causes, Somatic versus germinal mutation, spontaneous and induced mutations molecular basic of mutation. Mutagen and ther role in genetic disorders, Evolutionary significance of mutation, biological repair mechanism of damaged DNA, Recombination models and theories, Transposable genetic elements; an overviewand controlling elements. 8. Linkage and Crossing-over: Basic eukaryotic chromosome mapping, the discovery of linkage, recombination linkage of genes, sex linkage. 9. Extra nuclear inheritance: Variegation in leaves of higher plants, cjtoplasmic inhertance, mitochondial and chloroplast genome extra nuclear. 10. Recombinant DNA Technology: Introduction, basic techniques, the formation of recombinant DNA, DNA methodology, restriction enzymes, plasmids and bacteriophages, Recombinant DNA and Social responsiblity, DNA sequencing, application of recombinant DNA, an overviewor transgenic plants. ‘14. Human and plant Genome Projects: Strategies and application, achievements and future prospects, Arabiciopsis and other plant genome projects. 12. Bioethics: Moral, religious and ethical concerns Pradticals 1. Numerical Problems: Mandalian genetics, Linkage and recombination, Gene mapping in diploid, fungal genetics. 2. Blood group and Rh factor. DIRECTOR IP & ABDrosophila: Cuture technique, Salivary gland chromosome: ‘Saccharom yoes culture techniques and study, ‘Sludies on variation in maize ear size and color variation. Bacterial Genetics, Bacterial cutural techniques, Gram staining (E. Coll, B. subtilis), Transformation, Conjugation. 7. DNA amplification by PCR. ‘Books Recommended 1. Grifiths A. JF: Wessler, SR; Lewontin, R.C. Gelbart, WM. Suzuki, D.T and Miller JH. 2005. Introduction to Genetic Analysis, WH. Freeman and Company. 2. Pletca, B.A. 2005. Genetics. A conceptual approach, WH. Freeman and Company, New York 3. Gelvin, SB. 2000, Plant Molecular Biology Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Klug, WS. and Cummings, MR. (1997). Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall International Inc. Burke, RP. Judd, H. Sands, 8G. Richardson, RH. (1980), Introduction to Madern Genetics, John Wiley and Sons, New York 5. Roth Well, N.V. (1997). Understanding Genetics, second edition, Oxford University Pressinc. 6. Mays, LL, (1981). Genetics, A Molecular Approach, Macmillan Publishing, N.Y. Colier Macmillan Publishers, London 7. Winchester, M.W. (1988) Genetics, Mactlllan Press Ltd. London, 8. Old, RW. and Primrose, SB. 1994, Principles of Gene Manipulation, an introduction to Genetic engineering (4" edtion). Black ell Scientife Publications. 9. Synder, Land Champness, W. 2004. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM Press, Washington D.C 10. Gardner, E-J. 2004. Principles of Genetics, John Willey and Sons, New York 111. Ringo J, 2004. Fundamental Genetics. Cambridge Universty Press. 12. Hail, DL. and Jones, E W. 2005, Genetics Analysis of Genes and Genomes, Jones and Barlett Publishers. Sudbary, USA. 13. Hediik, P.W. 2005. Genetics of Population. Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Sudbury, USA. Joumals /Periodicals: Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Cytologia, Chromosoma, Genome. DIRECTOR IP & ABM.SC BOTANY PART I PAPER IX TITLE: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY Course Content: 1. Carbohydrates: Occurence, classification. Optical activity, structure and molecular configuration, mutarctation and important reactions. A general account of reducing and fon reducing sugars, starch, cellulose, hemi cellulose, amino sugars, glucosides mucilages, pectins and lgnins, Carbohydrates as informational molecules, 2. Lipids: Classifcation, structure and chemical properties of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulphoipids, waxes, sterols. 3. Proteins: Amino acids and their structure, Electro chemical properties and reactions of ‘amino acids, classifiation of proteins. Primary. Secondary tertiary and quantemary structure of proteins. Biological role. 4, Mucleie Acids: General introduction. Structure and properties of DNA and RNA, biosyrthess of purine and pyramidiness, ususual purines and pyramidines. 5. Enzymes: Nature and functions, IU. ciassifcation with examples of typical groups. Specificity. Factors affecting enzyme activity, co-factors. Kinetics. Nature of active site land mode of action. Isozymes. Allosteric enzymes and feedback mechanism. 6. Bioenergetics: Energy, las about energy changes. Oxidation and reduction in living systems, 7. Métabolisme Biosynthesis, degradation and regulation of sucrose and starch Breakdown of fats with special reference to beta-oxidation and its energy balance. Biosynthesis of fats, biosynthesis of DNA and RNA, protein bio synthesis. 8 Alkaloids: Occurrence, physiological effects, chemical nature with special reference to solanine, nicotine, morphine and caffeine. Afatoxins, their nature and role 9. Tetpenoids: Classification; monoterpenes. Sesquiterpenes, clterpenes. Triterpenes. Tetraterpenes. Polyterpenes and their chemical constitution and biosynthesis. 10. Vitamins: General properties and role in metabolism. ‘11.Essential oils: general properties, occurrence and biochemical basic of aromatic ‘compounds. 12. Biochemistry as a tool for nanotechnology Practical 1. Solutions, acids and bases. Electrolytes, non-ecectrolytes, buffers, pH. Chemical bonds. To estimate the amount of reducing and non-reducing sugars in plant material titvimetrically, To estimate the amount of vitamin C in a plant organ (orange, apple juice). To determine the saponification number of fats. To extract and estimate oll fom plant material using soxhlet apparatus. Analysis of various lipids by TLC methods. To estimate soluble proteins by Biuret or Lowy or Dye-binding method, To estimate the amount of protein in plant material by Kjeldahl's method. DIRECTOR IP & AB9. To determine the Rt value amino acids on a paper chromatogram 10. Extraction and estimation of nucteic acids by UV absorption or colour reactions, 11.To estimate the catalytic property of enzyme catalase ot peroxidase extracted from a plant Source. 12. To determine the Pka and isoelectric point of an amino aci. 13. Separation of soluble proteins by polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) electrophoresis, 14. Separation of nuceic acids by gel electrophoresis 15. Visit to some state of art laboratories of research organization Books Recommended: 1. Conn & E. and Stumpf P K 2002. Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 2. Lehniger, AL. 1998. Principles of Biochemistry. Worth Publishers Inc 43. Vet, D. Voet J. G. and Pratt, C. W. 1898. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John Wiley ‘and sons, New York 4. Dey, P.M. and Harbome, J.B. 1997. Plant Biochemistry. Harcourt Asia PTE Ltd Singapore 5. Smith, E. L., Hil, RL, Lehman, R |, Lekowts, RJ. Handler and Abraham, 2003, Principles of Biochemistry, (General Aspects). White. International student Edition. McGrawHil, International Book Company. 6. Zubay G. 2003, Biochemistry, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York 7. Chesworth, JIM., Strichbury T. and Scaife, J. R. 1988. An Introduction to agricutural biochemistry. Chapman and Hall, London. 8. Mckee, T. and Mckee, JR. 1998. Biochemistry An Introduction. WCBMcGrawHil, New York, Boston, USA. 9. Lea,P J. and Leegood, R.C. 1993. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wiley and ‘sons, NewYork 10. Abdes, RH. Frey, PA. and Jencks W. P. 2004. Biochemistry, Jones and Bartlet, Londin. 11. Goodwin TW. and Mercer, EJ. 1987. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 12. Helet, H.WV. 2008. Plant Biochemistry. "Edition, Academic Press, UK 13.Bowsher, C. 2008. Plant Biochemistry. Campbell, M.K. and F. Shawn. 2008, Biochemistry 6" Edtion. Journals | Periodicals: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Annual Review of Biochemistry, ‘Applied biochemistry. and biotechnology, Intemational journal of biochemistry and cell biology, Journal of Biochemistry and molecular biology, Phytochemistry and Phytochemistry DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 25MSC. BOTANY PART IL PAPER X TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Course Contents: 4. Environment: Introduction, Polktion: Defintion, Kinds of Pollution, Pollutants, Classification of pollutant, Man Made & Natural pollutants. 2. Air Pollution: Sources and Efective of Various Air Pollutants on Plants 8) Suphur Dioxide: Sources in the Atmosphere, Dispersion of SO; in the atmosphere, concentration of SO Reaching the Plants, Plants Response to SOz and Ecological ‘aspects of SOzinjury b) Flouride: Entrance and Accumlation of fuoride in Plants, effects of Flouride on Plants Growth. Metabolic Effects and Mechanism of Flouride Action on Plarts. ©) Ozone Layer: Foimation, Mechanism of Depletion and E fects of Ozone Depletion ) Pollutants of Less Renown importance and Their € fects on Plants. 1. Ethylene i. Ammonia li Nitrogen Dioxide v. Chlorine ©) Photochemical Smog: Composition of smog, Plants Response to Smog. Ettects of ‘Smog on Public Health. 1) Acid Rain and Its Adverse Effects in the Environment 9) Noise Pollution h) Green House Effect & Global Warming 3. Water Pollution: Major sources! causes of water pollution, Eutrophication, Quality, Criteria and Standards for irigation water, Water Pollution and Public Health, Thermal Pollution 4, Soil Pollution: Pesticides, Fungicides, Herbicides, Effects of Pesticides Pollution, Impact of Pesticides on Ecosystem 5. Radiation Pollution: Nuctear Concepts and Terminology, Comparative Radlosensitivty of organisms, Radiation Effects at Ecosystem Level, The Fall out Problem 6. Human Population Explosion and Its impact on Ecosystem. DIRECTOR IP & AB7. National Conservation Strategy. brief Review of Major Problems in Pakistan and Their solutions. 8. Range Management Types of range Lands, Potential Threats, and Sustainable management, Practicals: |. Analysis of Industral Waste Waters and Sewerage Water for their following characteristics: total cissolved solids. pH. Electrical Conductivity, Chlorides, CCarbonates and Bicarbonstes. li, Analysis ofthe Solis in industrial Areas for Their Following Characteristics. pH, Electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, texture, organic matter content li, Studies ofthe distribution of Organisms in Polluted and Unpolluted Waters. Iv. Effects of Polluted Water on Seed Germination of Seeds of citferent crop Plants. (Wheat, Cotton, Brassica) ¥. Visits to the industiial organizations to see their weste cisposal systems and the ‘Surrounding Vegetation. vi. Examination of water Samples from diferent sites for the presence and Diversity of Organisms. vi, Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants. ‘Books Recommended 1) Tneshow, M. 1970. Environment and plant Response. McGrawHill Book Company, New York 2) Admason, R. G. 1971. Pollution: An Ecological Approach. Belhaven House Limited, Canada. 3) Ciaccio, L.L. 1971. Water and Water Pollution. Handbook. Vol. 1 & 2. Mareal Dekker, Inc. New York 4) Brodine, V. 1875. Radioactive contamination. Harcourt Brace. Hovanvich, Inc, New York 5) Boughey, A. S. 1975. Man and the Environment, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, New York 6) Lamb, J. C.1985.Weter Qualty and its Control. John Wiley & sons, New York 7) Newman, €.1.2001. Applied Ecology. Blackwell Science. UK. 8). Yadav, PR. 2003. Environmental Biology. Discovery Publishing House, India. 8) Hileman, T. 2009. Environmental Biology. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. USA. 10)Calver, M., Lymbery, A. and McComb, J. 2008. Environmental Biology. Cambridge Universty Press; 1 edition (June 8, 2008), UK. DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 27MSC PARTI OPTIONAL PAPER PLANT STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 4. Salt Stress: Saline Environments, Characteristics of saline soils; sodic soils; saline sodic sols; salinization process. Etfects of Salinty: Enzyme Activity, Nutrient Imbalance, Membrane Dysfunction, General Metabolic Processes, Water potential, Osmotic adjustment, Stomatal closure, Cell val elasticity, collateral Nutrient Limitation, Ovidative Sess, and metabolism and growth; Physiological Causes of growth retardation, Mechanisms of Salinity: Salt exclusion: ion homeostasis, Salt re-absorption and re- translocation, Salt extrusion: glands and bladders, Salt dition: succulence, Salt compartmentation, tissue salt tolerance, Membrane Stablity, Grovth Hormone Relationship with Salinty, Cam Photosynthesis Induction Salinity — Inducible Genes and Proteins: Genes involved in solute accumulation, Genes associated with water homeostasis, Genes Associated with the Switch to Cam Photosynthesis 2. Temperature Stress: Plant responses and adaptation to low temperature: Freezing injury stress and cell dead! and hormonal signal and super cooling. High temperature stress: Effects of high temperature on membranes and metabolism; syrthesis of heat shock proteins. 43. Drought Stress Ecological aspects & classification” tress escape, Stress tolerance, Stress avoiders. Plant responses to water. stress Seed germination and young seedings, Collateral nutrient limitation, Membrane dysfunction, Plant carbon balance, ‘Stomatal responses to water defict, Osmotic adjustment, Cell wall elasticity, Leaf area adjustmert, leat abscission, Effects on root-shoot ratio, Water defcit and wax depostion. Genes associated with drought homeostasis. Genes associated with the switch to cam photosynthesis. 4. Wetlands: Types and soll properties, vegetation, and detrimental eects of water logged soit Responses of Roots and shoots. Adaptations of plant to wetland conditions. 5. Hetbivory Stress: Abundance and diversity of herbivores; potertial influences of herbivores on Plants, Influence of Herbivory at an Ecological level. Evolutionary relationships, Applied significances of plant. Herbivore interactions. Mechanisms of hervivory, Morphological and Behavioral defenses, Compensatory Growth, indirect plant defenses, Tannin and Lignin, Phenolics and resin, Cyanogenic Glycosides, Nonpratein ‘amino acids, Alkaloids, Hormones and Antinormones, Proteinse Inhibitors, Induction of Defensive Chemical. Cost of Defense for the plant: Description of cost, Resource ‘Allocation, Auto-oxicty and biochemical ciscuption, Pradticals: 1. Determination of Soil texture, organic matter, Calcium and Magnesium, Chioride contents, Sodium and Potassium, Carbonate and Bicarbonate, Soll Chemistry (pH, EC). DIRECTOR IP & AB2. Growth Experiments: Determination of component of growth parameters in responses to Salt, Drought and Herbivory: relative Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rete, Leaf Area ‘Adjustments and Biomass Parttioning, 3. Determination of secondary metabolites which are important in plant defenses 4. Study of Morphological attributes important for plant defense as Trichvomes, Spines and fragrances. Recommended Books: 1. Taiz, Land Zeiger, £. 2008. Plant Physiology. 4 Ed. Sinauers Publ. Co. nc. Cal. 2. Oreutt, D.M. and Nilsen, E.T. 2000. The Physiology of plant under stress. John Wiley & Sons, inc. USA. 3. Mussell, H. and Staples, R. C. 1979. Stress Physiology in Crip Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA. 4. Staples, R. C. and Toenniessen, G. H. 1964. Salinty Tolerance in Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA. 5. Kozlowski, T.. 1968, Water Deficts and Plant Growth, Vol. I. Academic press, Inc Joumals / Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, Plant Physiology, Physiologia Plantarum, Planta, Annual Reviewof Plant Biology, Journal of Plant Sciences. DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 29MSC. BOTANY PART IL OPTIONAL PAPER, TITLE: PLANT STRESS PHYSIOLOGY |. Salt Streas: Saline Environments, Characteristics of saline soils, sodie soils; saline sodic soils; salinization process. Effects of salty, Enzyme Activity, Nutrient Imbalance, Membrane Dysfunction, General Metabolic Processes, Water potential, Osmotic adjustment, Stomatal closure, Cell wal elasticity, collateral Nutrient Limitation, Oxidative Stress, and metabolism and growth, Physiological Causes of growth retardation, Mechanisms of Salinity: Salt exclusion; ion homeostasis, Salt re-absorption and re- translocation, Sat extrusion; glands and bladders, salt dilution; succulence, salt compartmentation, Tissue sat tolerance, Membrane Stablty, Growh Hormone Relationship with Salinty, Cam Photosynthesis Induction Salintynducible Genes and proteins; Genes involved in solute accumulation, Genes associated with water homeostasis, Genes Associated with the Switch to Cam Photosynthesis >. Temperature Stress: Plant responses and adaptation to low temperature; Freezing injury stress and cell dead! and hormonal signal and super cooling. High temperature stress. Effects of high temperatures on membranes and metabolism; synthesis of heat shock proteins. |. Drought Stress: Ecological aspects & classification; Stress escape, Stress tolerance, stress avolders. Plant responses to water stress: Seed germination and young seedings, Collateral nutrient imitation, Membrane dysfunction, Plant carbon balance, Stomatal responses to water defict, Osmotic adlustment, Cell wall elasticity, leaf area adjustment, leaf abscission, Effects on roat-shoot ratio, Water defict and wax deposition. Genes associated wth drought homeostasis. Genes associated with the switch to cam photosynthesis. Wetlands: Types and sol properties, vegetation, and detrimental effects of waterlogged soit Responses of Roots and shoots. Adaptation of plant to wetland congitions. . Herbivory Stress: Abundance and diversity of herbbivores; Potential influences of herbivores on Plants, Influence of Hetbivory at an Ecological level. Evolutionary Relationships, Applied significances of plant-Herbivore interactions. Mechanisms of Hervbivery; Morphological and Sehavioral defenses, Compensatory Growth, indredt Plant defenses, Tannin and Lignin, Phenolics and resin, Cyanogenic Glycosides, Nonprotein amino acids, Alkaloids, Hormones and Antinormones, Proteinse Inhibitors, Induction of Defensive Chemical. Cost of Defense for the plant; Description of cost, Resource Allocation, Auto-toxicity and biochemical disruption, tical: |. Determination of Soll texture, organic matter, Calcium and Magnesium, Chloride contents, Sodium and Potassium, Carbonate and Bicarbonate, Soll Chemistry (pH EC). DIRECTOR IP & AB2. Growth Experiments: Determination of component of growth parameters in responses to Sat, Drought and Herbivory: Relative Growth Rete, Net Assimilation Rate, Leaf Area ‘Adjustments and Biomass Parttioning, 3. Determination of secondary metabolites which are important in plant defenses. 4. Study of Morphological attributes important for plant defense as Trichromes, Spines and fragrances. Recommended Books 41. Taiz, Land Zeiger, E2006. Plant physiology. 4" Ed. Sinauers Publ. Co. nc. Cal. 2. Oreutt, DM. and Nilsen, E. T. 2000. The physiology of plants under stress. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, USA, 3. Mussell, H. and Staples, R. C. 1979, Stress Physiology in Crop Plants. Jahn Wiley & ‘Sons, Inc, USA. 4. Staples, R. C. and Toenniessen, G. H. 1964. Salinty Tolerance in Plants. John Wiley & ‘Sons, Ine, USA. 5. Koziowshi, TT. 1968. Water Deficts and Plant Growth. Vol. lI. Academic press, Ine Journals! Periodicals: Pakistan Journal of Botany, Plant Physiology, Physiologia Plantarum, Planta, Annual Reviewof lant Biology, Journal of Plant Sciences, DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 31MSC. BOTANY PART IL OPTIONAL PAPER, TITLE: PLANT POPULATION AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Course Contents: 1. Introduction to Population Biology: P opulation ecology of plants, plant demography ‘and population dynamics, Consequences of modular structure 2. Variation and Natural Selection: natural selection in plants, adaptation by natural selection, study of nature selection in plant populations, Genetic and environmental components of variation. Phenotypic plasticity, sources of variation Hertablity of variation 3._Life tables and some of their components: Lite tables and fecundity schedules, Age Venus stage, Seed dispersal, Seed dispersal by animals. 4 Population dynamics: Introduction, Demographic parameters, Soll seed banks, Genetic consequences of the seed pool, Recuitment fom buried seeds Recruitment and the safe site 5. Evolution of Life history traits: Introduction, Birth, growth and death, Reproductive value and reproductive maturty, Birth, Seed crop frequency, Seed size, Costs and benefits of clonal growin, Modes of clonal grovth, and Physiological integration, 6. Evolution and populations: concepts, origin of terrestrial life, evolution by natural selection, resistance to herbicides and pesticides, the constraints of evolution. 7. Important consequences of being a plant. 8. Evolutionary forces: Mutation, gene flow, Inbreeding, random mating, genetic dif, recombination and meiatic derive, 9. Scientific workings and methods for population and evolutionary studies: Acquisitions of knowledge, structure of scientific methods, necessary components of hypotheses. 10, Population studies and molecular markers Pradticals: 1) Choice of morphometric characters in studying variation 2), Variation studies in cutivated and natural ocouring plant populations 3) Transplant and reciprocal transplant experiments 4) Assessment of components of variation 5), Study of life history traits 6) Study of evolutionary advantage ofthe species 7) Phenological studies, bith, grovth, fecundity schedule and death 8) Study of soll seed banks 8) Seed dispersal pattem in space andtime 10)Following dynamics of plant populations Books Recommended: Scott, L. M. 2007. Conservation of wild life populations, Demography, genetics and ‘management. Blackwell Publishing, DIRECTOR IP & ABMSC. BOTANY PART IL OPTINAL PAPER, TITLE: ETHNOBOTANY Course Conten 2, Introduction: Ethnobotany an overview b. Plants and People: interaction of people and plants impact of plant and plant products on cutture and socal if. Local uses and names and sources of major plant products. ©. Plant products from lower groups of plants: Ethnobotanical aspects of Alage, ‘ung and bryophytes. 4. Ethnobotany of various seedless vascular Plants. 55. Phenerogams (Gymnosperms and Angiosperm) resources and uses: Cereals i, Pulses ii, Vegetables iv. Fruits ¥. Spices and coneiments ve Nuts: vil, Oilseed crops and extraction methods vil. Wood, fers and rubber sources x Volatile compounds as pertumeries 6. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants: Plant sources and their uses by nomadic Populations. Scientific knowledge, active ingredients and their therapeutic and cosmetic, applications. 7. Plants for aesthetics: Phenology and propagation of ornamental plats, landscaping 8, Plants and industries: Sugar and starches, Tanin and dyes, paper and pulps, drying and semicrying oils in paint industry. 9. Plants for Bio-feuls and bio-diesel 10 Plants and Plant products for bioremediations 11. Furmieatories and Masticatories: sources, uses, heath risks and socio-economic impact Practicals: Field surveys of different geographical regions. Plant material collection and identification of economically important seeds \Visitto various industries Development of survey forms and questionnaires Phytosociological surveys of remote areas of Pakistan ‘Assessment of variable uses of plantsn relation to geo-socialcferences Market based analysis for herbal medicine uses based on per capita income! economy, status. 8. Production and extraction of various articles of commerce and active compounds using plant material sepa e pe DIRECTOR IP & ABRecommended Books: 4. Cunnighum, A.B. 2001. Applied ethnobotany: people, wid plant uses and conservation Earthspan Publications. 2. Cotton, C..M. (1996). Ethnobotany Principle Application. John Wiley & Sons Chichester, UK. 3. Plants, people, and cutture. The Science of Ethnabatany. Ballick, Michael J. and Cox Paul Alan. Scientife American Library 1997. W. H. Freeman and company, 41 Madison Avenue, NewYork. 4 Micronesian Ethnobotany. A course companion. Dana Lee Ling 2007. 5. Balick, M. J. and cox, P. A, 1996, Plants, People and Culture; The Science of Ethnobotany. New York: Scientific American Library 6. Martin, G. J. 1995. Ethnobotany. A methods Manual. London. Chapman and Hall, Minnis. 7. PaulE., ed. 2000. Ethnobotany. A reader, Noman: Oklahoma, 8. Berlin, Brent 1982 Ethnobiological Classticaton: Principles of Categorisation of Plants ‘and Animals in Traditional Societies. Princeton University Press. 9. Bodley. J. H., 2001. Anthropology and contemporary human problems. 4" ection Mayteld 40.Carsoln, T. and L. Mati. Eds. 2003. Ethnobotany and conservation of biocutural cliversty. Advances in Economic Botany, Volume 15. New York Botanical Garden 14. Cunningham, A. 2001. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Wild Plant Use and conservation People and Plants conservation Manuals, London, 42. Gragson. T. L. and B. G. Blount, eds, 1999. Ethnoecology: Knowledge, resources and Fight. Universty of Georgia Press. 13, Pearsall,D. 2003. Plants and people in ancient Ecuador: Enthnobetany inthe Jama river valley. Case studies in Archaeology Series. 14.Polan, M. 2001. The Botany of Desire: A Plant's eye view of the world. New York; Random House. 45, Prendergast, H.D. V., Etkin, N. L: Harris, D. R., and P. J. Houghton, eds, 1998. Plants for food and medicine. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 16, Zemer. C., 2000. People, Plants, and Justice. New York; Columbia University Press. DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 34M. SC. BOTANY OPTIONAL PAPER, TITLE: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Course contents: 4. Introduction to Biotechnology: Introduction, scope and importance of Biotechnology, Central dogma, an overviewof molecular basis of gene expression 2. Tools of Biotechnology: Enzymes for DNA manipulation, Cloning and Expression Vectors DNA isolation and its amplification by PCR. Isolation of DNA from prokaryotes: and eukaryotes, Cleaving DNA with restriction enzymes, designing primers, PCR and its types, advantages and limitation of PCR. 3. Labeling Nucleic Acids and detection: Nick translation, random, priming, end labeling, onsadioactive labeling Probing and Signal detection, autoradiography, phosphorimaging, Chemical Syrthesis of DNA, DNA ligation, inkers, adapters. 4. Gel Electrophoresis: DNA, Horizontal, Vertical, Pulse feld, and detection; for Protein SDS-PAGE, native PAGE, 2-D electrophoresis, iso electro focusing (IEF) 5. Blotting Techniques: Southem bloting, Notthemn batting, Wester blotting 6. DNA polymorphism techniques to detect DNA polymorphism, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SNP, micro- and mactro- satelite DNA, Applications of DNA Fingerprinting in Plant Sciences, 7. DNA Transformation: Bacterial and plant transform tion, 8. Identification and screening of recombinant DNA molecules: Southem, Notthern and Western hybridization, DNA sequence determination, Maxim-Gilbert Silver ‘sequencing, Dideoxy Method, PCR based Sanger sequencing dye primer method and dye terminator method, DNA sequence analysis, Mapping Genes on Specific Chromosomes and transposons. 9. Understanding and expression of genes in heterologous systems: Gene expression in prokaryotes, animals, plants and yeast, various tagging system for monitoring protein expression and activity, introduction to proteomics. 10. Applications of Biotechnology in various fields of agriculture. 11, Bio-informatics: Introduction and scope what is gene? Genetic code, degeneracy of genetic code, open reading fame (ORF), identifying eukaryotic genes from DNA Sequence, arrangement of introns and exons, Sequence comparison, Pair-zise comparison, identity and similarity, sofware usage, similarity search from web, BLAST, multiple sequence alignment search, Methods and Utiity of EST and Whole Genome Sequencing, Gene Eypression Profling, Plant Proteomic, Computational Tools and Resources in Plant Genome Informatics, Genomic libraries 12, Biosafety and hazards: Biosafety regulation, Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plants: Global Social Aspects of Plant Biotechnology. Practicals: 1 Extraction and estimation of plant DNA by CTAB method ji, Bacterial DNA isolation by Miniprep. DIRECTOR IP & ABfi, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) iv. Gelelectrophoresis ¥. Designing primers, restriction analysis (RLFPs and RAPDS) ligation of PCR product with general purpose cloning vector. Yi. Mists of Biotechnology labs at NIBGE, Faisalabad, NIAB, Faisalabad, ARI, Faisalabad and School of Biological Science, Lahore. Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore, National Insitute for Genomics and Advance Biotechnology (NIGAB). Books Recommended: 4. Julia Lodge, Pete Lund & Steve Minchin. 2007. Gene Cloning. Taylor & Francis Group, New York, USA 2. Paul chrstou and Harry Klee. 2004. Handbook of Plant Biotechnology Wiley Publishing, NY.USA 3. Brown, TA. 2006. Gene Gloning and DNA analysis. An introduction §* edition. Blackwell Publishing Oxford, UK. 4. Bloom, M. V., Freyer, G. A. and Micklos, D. A. 1996. Laboratory DNA Science. The Benjamin! Cummings Publishing Co 55. Kurt Weising, Hilde Nybom, Kirsten Wolff and Gunter Kahi. 2005. DNA Fingerprinting in Plants Principles, Methods, and Applications Second Euition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL. 6. Freitelder, D. 1995. Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones and Bartlet Publishers. 7. KatlHermann Neumann, Ashwani Kumar, Jafargholi Imani. 2009. Plant Cell and tissue Culture — A Tool in biotechnology Basics and Application, Springer — Verlag Heldelberg, Germany. 8. Hackett. P.B. Fuchs, J. A. Messing J. W. 1988. An introduction to Recombinant DNA. Techniques. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co. 9. Klug, W. S. and Cummings, M.R. 1987. Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall International Ine 10. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S. 8. 1994. Principles of Gene Manipulation, an Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Blackwell Scientife Publications. 11.Subra Rao, N. S., Balagopalan, C., Ramaictishna, S. V. 1992. New Trends in Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. 412. Chittaranjan Kole 2007 Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. Vegetables, Springer — Vertag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany. 13, Sambrook 1989. Molecular Cloning — A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, USA. 44 Jozef Samaj, Jay J. Thelen (Eaitors) 2007. Plant Proteomics. Springer — Verlag Bertin Heidelberg, Germany. 415. ittaranjan Kole and Timothy C Hall. 2008. Compendium of Transgenic crop plants Transgenic cereals, and forage grasses. Wiley — Black ell Publishing, NY, USA. Journals and Periodicals: Plant biotechnology, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Trends in Plant sciences, Current opinion in plant biology, Hereditas, Heredity, Journal of biatechnology DIRECTOR IP & AB "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 36English for Academic Purposes (EAP) (Pure, Applied 7 Natural Seiences) Objective: The objective of this comse is to enhance the cognitive, analytical and academic sills, of the students at postgraduate level. The couse contents will equip them with the skills mandatory for being effectively and efficient reader, like inferential and analytical reading and synthesizing. Moreover, they will be introduction to the methods and approaches they can use to {gain more contol over their academic waiting. The couse going to be strictly skill based and the teachers are strongly encounged to engage in improving the speeking skills of the students Basics of Ensish Tenses Active and Pasive Voice Ailes and Prepositions Reposted Speech Diseetfaizec) Sentence Stctue Connecter Unity, Coherence and Emphasis Voesbulay Development Dictionary Stills Reading Skil Sansning Semnaing Inference denying main ides Distinguishing between facts and opinions denying the tne of the euior denying main ide and supporting dete Understanding graphic presentation (Dats, Diagrams) ‘Making mind maps fiom reading "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 37Writing Skills Brainstorming, Semantic Mapping and Outlining Paungraph wating Essay wrting Deseriptive ‘Angumentative Nanative Expository ‘Analytical Precis Job Applications wv Fomnal Letters Short Reports Referencing and Plager, Presentation Skills (Oma Presentation Sills nl inter-personal Communication Interview Sills ‘Suggested Readings: Boudin, E. M. (1984), Reader's Choice, Ann Arbour. University of Michigan Press Eastwood, J. (2005), Oxford Practice Grammar, Karachi: Oxford University Press Jay, T and Ros, J (2005). Effective Presentation. New Delhi, Pearson Press, ‘Taib, N. etal (2003) Basic English Workbook Malaysia. McGraw Hill ‘Taib, Net. l (2003). Basic English, Malaysia: McGraw Hill ‘Moyer, R. (1980), Business English Besics; A Programmed Approach. New York John Wiley end Sons ‘Azar, Betty Schrampher. (1996) Basic English Grammar (2nd English) 8. Azar, Betty Schrampher, (200) Understanding and Using English Grammar (3% Eaton) nee "THE NEXT COLLEGE MULTAN Page 38