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The Solid Surface Chapter 2 Chemical and Physical State of
The Solid Surface Chapter 2 Chemical and Physical State of
The Solid Surface Chapter 2 Chemical and Physical State of
1. Surface energy
2. Surface may be different from the bulk in
atomic structure, mechanical properties,
chemical state
Electric double layer
+ + + ++ + +++ +
Role of lubricants
Gb
τi =
4 π (1 − ν ) h
Gb
h=
4 π (1 − ν )σ i
Thermodynamic analysis of an Interface
Oxide
Me tal
Thermodynamic analysis of an Interface
∂c (1) ∂ c
2
1 (2) ∂c ∂c
f (c,∇c,∇ ,...) = f 0 (c) + ∑ Li ( ) + ∑ K i, j (
2
) + ∑ K i, j ( )( ) + ....
i
∂x i i, j
∂x i∂x j 2 i, j ∂x i ∂x j
Thermodynamic analysis of an Interface
Free energy of a binary system as a function of composition
∞⎡ dc 2 ⎤
∫
σ = Nv ⎢ f 0 (c) + K ( ) − cµ B (e) − (1 − c)µ A (e)⎥dx
−∞⎣ dx ⎦
∞⎡ dc 2 ⎤
= Nv ∫ ⎢
−∞⎣
∆f 0 (c) + K ( ) ⎥dx
dx ⎦