Week - 1 - ch01 - Matter, Energy, and Measurement

CHEMISTRY FOR
ENGINEERS
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
COURSE OUTLINE Week_1: Matter, Energy, and Measurement
Week_2_3: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Week_4_5: Periodic Properties of the Elements
Week_6_7: Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Week_8:Intermolecular Forces
Midterm Exam
Week_9_10: Gases and solution

Week_11: Solids and their properties
Week_12: Chemical reactions
Week_13: Chemical Kinetics and chemical
equilibrium
Week_14: Acid–Base Equilibria
Week_15: Thermochemistry and thermodynamics
Final Exam Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
GRADE ALLOCATION
• QUIZ, HOMEWORK, ATTENDANCE: 30%
• MIDTERM: 30%
• FINAL EXAM: 40%
Textbook
• Text:
– Chemistry: The Central Science (Pearson; 14th edition
(January 4, 2017)).
• Reference:
– Chemistry for Engineers – An Applied Approach (Cengage
Learning; 1st edition (January 24, 2006)).
– General Chemistry (Cengage Learning; 10th edition (April
20, 2012)).
– Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (Pearson; 3rd edition
(January 18, 2013)).
– Chemistry, Principles and Reactions (Brooks Cole; 7th
edition (January 31, 2011)).
Lecture Presentation
Chapter 1
Introduction:
Matter, Energy,
and
Measurement
Chemistry
• Science that deals with the
properties, composition, and structure of
substances (defined as elements and compounds),
the transformations they undergo, and
the energy that is released or absorbed during these
processes
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
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Methods of Classification
• State of Matter
• Composition of Matter
States of Matter
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States of Matter
States of Matter
States of Matter
Classification of Matter Based on
Composition (1 of 2)
1. Filtered tea (homogeneous mixture)
2. Squeezed orange juice (heterogeneous mixture)
3. A compact disc (heterogeneous mixture)
4. Aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a
2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms (pure
compound)
5. Selenium (element)
Classification of Matter—Substances
Element (compound) cannot (can)
be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
Classification of Matter—Mixtures
• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the
components of the mixture are not uniform or have
localized regions with different properties.
•Cereal in milk
•Vegetable soup
•Pizza
•Salad dressing
•Mixed nuts
•Soil
Classification of Matter—Mixtures
• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the
components that make up the mixture are uniformly
distributed throughout the mixture.
•Balsamic vinegar
•Perfume
•Honey
•Olive oil
•Coffee extract
Two Types of Properties
• Physical properties
• Chemical properties
Physical Properties
• Physical properties can be observed without
changing a substance into another substance.
– Some examples include color, odor, density,
melting point, boiling point, and hardness.
Physical Properties
independent of the
amount of the
substance:
identifying a
substance
depend upon the

amount of the
substance
Chemical Properties
• Chemical properties can only be observed when a
substance is changed into another substance.
– One common chemical property is flammability, or
the ability to burn in oxygen.
Two Types of Properties
Types of Changes
• Physical changes are changes in matter that do not
change the composition of a substance.
– Examples include changes of state, temperature,
and volume.
• Chemical changes result in new substances.
– Examples include combustion, oxidation, and
decomposition.
Changes in State of Matter
• Converting between the
three states of matter is
a physical change.
• When ice melts or water
evaporates, there are
still 2 H atoms and 1 O
atom in each molecule.
Chemical Reactions (Chemical Change)
In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances

are converted to new substances. Here, the copper penny
reacts with nitric acid; it gives a blue solution of copper(II)
nitrate and a brown gas called nitrogen dioxide.
Note: Physical properties, like color, often helps us
See that chemical change has occurred.
Separating Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated based on physical
properties of the components of the mixture. Some
methods used are
– Filtration
– Distillation
– Chromatography
Filtration
• In filtration, solid substances are
separated from liquids and solutions.
Distillation
• Distillation uses
differences in
the boiling points
of substances to
separate a
homogeneous
mixture into its
components.
Chromatography
• This technique
separates
substances on
the basis of
differences in
the ability of
substances to
adhere to the
solid surface, in
this case, dyes
to paper.
Energy (1 of 2)
• Energy is the capacity to do work or
transfer heat.
• Work is the energy transferred when
a force exerted on an object causes
a displacement of that object.
• Heat is the energy used to cause
the temperature of an object to
increase.
• Force is any push or pull on an
object.
Two Fundamental Forms of Energy
• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

– Its magnitude depends on the object’s mass and its velocity:
1
KE  mv 2
2
• Potential energy of an object depends on its relative position
compared to other objects.
Numbers and Chemistry
• Numbers play a major role in chemistry. Many topics
are quantitative (have a numerical value).
• Concepts of numbers in science
– Units of measurement
– Quantities that are measured and calculated
– Uncertainty in measurement
– Significant figures
– Dimensional analysis
Units of Measurements—SI Units
• Système International d’Unités (“The International
System of Units”)
• A different base unit is used for each quantity.
Table 1.3 SI Base Units
Physical Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Time Second s or sec
Amount of substance Mole mol
Electric current Ampere A or amp
Luminous intensity Candela cd
Units of Measurement—Metric System
• The base units used in the metric
system
– Mass: gram (g)
– Length: meter (m)
– Time: second (s or sec)
– Temperature: degrees Celsius (°C)
or Kelvins (K)
– Amount of a substance: mole (mol)
– Volume: cubic centimeter
(cc or cm3 ) or liter (l)
Prefixes (1 of 3)
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate
for common usage or appropriate measure (as seen with mL
on the can in the last slide).
Prefixes (2 of 3)
Table 1.4 Prefixes Used in the Metric System and with SI Units
Mass and Length
• These are basic units we measure in science.
• Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an
object. SI uses the kilogram as the base unit. The
metric system uses the gram as the base unit.
• Length is a measure of distance. The meter is the
base unit.
Volume
• Note that volume is not a base
unit for SI; it is a derived unit
from length (m  m  m  m3 ).
• The most commonly used
metric units for volume are the
liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
– A liter is a cube 1 decimeter
(dm) long on each side.
– A milliliter is a cube 1
centimeter (cm) long on each
side, also called 1 cubic
centimeter (cm  cm  cm  cm3 ).
Glassware for Measuring Volume
Temperature (1 of 3)
• In general usage,
temperature is
considered the “hotness
and coldness” of an
object that determines
the direction of heat flow.
• Heat flows
spontaneously from an
object with a higher
temperature to an object
with a lower
temperature.
• In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales
are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.
– 0 degree Celsius is the freezing point of water.
– 100 degree Celsius is the boiling point of water.
• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
– It is based on the properties of gases.
– There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
– The lowest possible temperature is called absolute zero (0 K).
• K = degree Celsius + 273.15
• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific
measurements, but you hear about it in weather
reports!
• The equations below allow for conversion between the
Fahrenheit and Celsius scales:
– F  9 (C)  32
5
5
– C  (F  32)
9
Energy (2 of 2)
• The unit of energy: Joule (J). It is a derived unit:
1
– KE  mv 2
2
– If the object is 2 kg, and it moves at 1 m/s, it will posses 1 J
of kinetic energy:
– 1J  1 (2 kg)(1 m/s)2 OR : 1 J  1 kg  m2 /s2
2
• The kJ is commonly used for chemical change.
• Historically, the calorie was used: 1 cal = 4.184 J
• This calorie is Not the nutritional Calorie. That one is a kcal.
• 1 nutritional Calorie = 1 Cal = 1000 cal
Density
Table 1.5 Densities of selected
• Density is a physical Substances at 25 degree Celsius
property of a Substance Density ( g / Centimeter cubed )
substance. Air 0.001 (g/cm3 )
Balsa wood 0.16

• It has units that are Ethanol 0.79
derived from the units Water 1.00
for mass and volume. Ethylene glycol 1.09
• The most common Table sugar 1.59
units are g/mL or g/cm3 . Table salt 2.16
Iron 7.9
m
• D Gold 19.32
V
Density
Numbers Encountered in Science
• Exact numbers are counted or given by definition. For
example, there are 12 eggs in 1 dozen.
• Inexact (or measured) numbers depend on how they
were determined. Scientific instruments have
limitations (equipment errors) and individuals can
read some instrumentation differently (human errors).
Uncertainty in Measurements
• Different measuring
devices have different
uses and different
degrees of accuracy.
• All measured numbers
have some degree of
inaccuracy.
• The last digit measured
is considered reliable,
but Not exact.
Accuracy versus Precision
• Precision is a measure of how closely
individual measurements agree with one
another.
• Accuracy refers to how closely individual
measurements agree with the correct, or
“true,” value.
• Experimentally, we often take several
measurements and determine a standard
deviation.
A chemist is checking the accuracy and precision of three different machines that
dispense 10 ounces (296 mL) of cough syrup into storage bottles
Precision (but not accurate (not close to 296 ml) ?

Improved accuracy but worse precision (volumes vary) ?
Both accuracy (close to 296 ml) and precision ?
Significant Figures (1 of 2)
• All digits of a measured quantity, including the
uncertain ones, are called significant figures. With
the exception that a zero (0) used to fix the
location of a decimal point
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between nonzero digits are significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never
significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if it contains
a decimal point.
Problem: whole numbers ending in zeroes.
1.03  10 4 g
1.03 times 10 to the fourth grams (three significant figures)
1.030 times 10 to 4the fourth
1.030  10 g
grams (four significant figures)
1.0300 times 10 to the fourth
1.0300  10 4 g
grams (five significant figures)
Examples Significant figures
0.00682 3
1.072 4
55.0 3
70.607 5
0.00832407 6
1267 4
300 1
300. 3
300.0 4
220,000 2
1.0050 5
Significant Figures in Calculations
2.79/0.76 = 3.671052631578947!!!
• Addition or subtraction: rounded to the least significant
decimal place.
• Multiplication or division: rounded to the same number
of digits as the measurement with the fewest number
of significant figures.
Significant Figures in Calculations:
ROUNDING
Digit to be dropped is less than 5: “round down”
Digit to be dropped is more than 5: “round up” + 1
Digit to be dropped is 5: round up or down, whichever yields
an even value for the retained digit
EXAMPLES
ROUNDING
EXAMPLES
ROUNDING
EXAMPLES
Answer is 5.385 g (round to the

thousandths place; three
decimal places)
Answer is 65 g (round to the

ones place; no decimal places)
Examples
Rule: Multiplication
and Division
The answer cannot
have more significant
4.184 x 100.620 = 420.99408 figures than the
measurement with the
# sig digit 4 6 fewest number of
significant figures
421.0 All
Encourage using
scientific 4.210 x 102 correct
notation
Significant digit: 4
Don’t need to care about the number behind decimal
point
Examples Rule 1: In addition and subtraction
the result carries the same number of decimal places
as the quantity with the fewest decimal places.
4.184 x 100.620 x (25.27 – 24.16) = 467.303429

4.184 x 100.620 x 1.11 = 467.303429
# sig digit 4 6 3 3 < 5 : apply
rounding down
467.
Significant digit: 3
4.67 x 102
Rule 2: Multiplication
and Division
The answer cannot have
more significant figures
than the measurement
with the fewest number
of significant figures
68
do not round intermediate steps
4.184 x 100.620 x (25.27 – 24.16) = 467.303429
4.184 x 100.620 x 1.11 = 467.303429
# sig digit 4 6 3
421.0 x 1.11 = 467.31
4 3
467. Significant digit: 3
Rule: Multiplication and

Rule: To avoid rounding errors in Division
multistep calculations, round only the The answer cannot have
final answer – do not round more significant figures
intermediate steps. If you write down than the measurement
intermediate answers, keep tract of with the fewest number
significant figures by underlining the of significant figures
69
least significant figures
Examples
4 4 Rule 1: In addition and subtraction
the result carries the same number
8.925 – 8.904
X 100% of decimal places as the quantity
8.925 with the fewest decimal places.
4
2
0.021
= X 100% = 0.23529412%
8.925
4 0.24%
2 and Division
70
Examples Rule 1: Multiplication
and Division
2 5 The answer cannot have
9.6 x 100.65 more significant figures
+ 4.026 than the measurement
8.321 with the fewest number
4 of significant figures
Keep track here: # sig digit 2 Keep track here: # sig digit 2
9.6624 x 102
= + 4.026 = 1.16120659 x 102 + 4.026 = 120.146659
8.321
4
2 1.2 x 102 Best method to
calculate
Rule 2: In addition and subtraction or 1.16120659 x 102 + 4.026
of decimal places as the quantity = 1.16120659 x 102 + 0.04026 x 102
with the fewest decimal places. = (1.16120659 + 0.04026) x 102
= 1.20146659 x 10 2 = 1.2 x 102
71
Examples
5 5 2
320.75 – (6102.1/3.1)
= 320.75 – 1.96841935 x 103 = - 1.64766935 x 103
= - 1.6 x 103
Or 320.75 – 1.96841935 x 103

= 0.32075 x 103 – 1.96841935 x 103 Best method to
calculate
= (0.32075 – 1.96841935) x 103
= - 1.64766935 x 103
= - 1.6 x 103
Rule 1: Multiplication and Division Rule 2: In addition and subtraction
The answer cannot have more significant the result carries the same number
figures than the measurement with the of decimal places as the quantity
fewest number of significantCopyright
figures © 2018, 2015, 2012 with theEducation,
Pearson fewest decimal places.
Inc. All Rights 72
Reserved
Examples
4 4 5
[(853.6 x104) - (6.967x102)]x3.6810
= [(853.6 x104) - (0.06967x104)]x3.6810
= [(853.6 - 0.06967)x104)]x3.6810
= 853.53033 x 104 x 3.6810 = 3141.845145 x 104
4 5
= 3.142 x 107
4
and Division
Rule 1: In addition and subtraction
of decimal places as the quantity
with the fewest decimal places.
73
Examples Rule 2: Multiplication
and Division
4 6 5 The answer cannot have
(853.6 - 852.967)x3.6810 than the measurement
= 0.633 x 3.6810 = 2.330073 = 2 of significant figures
5
Now: # sig digit 1
Rule 1: In addition and subtraction

of decimal places as the quantity
with the fewest decimal places.
74

Week - 1 - ch01 - Matter, Energy, and Measurement

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CHEMISTRY FOR

Week_9_10: Gases and solution

• QUIZ, HOMEWORK, ATTENDANCE: 30%

• FINAL EXAM: 40%

depend upon the

In the course of a chemical reaction, the reacting substances

• Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

property of a Substance Density ( g / Centimeter cubed )

substance. Air 0.001 (g/cm3 )

Balsa wood 0.16

• The most common Table sugar 1.59

units are g/mL or g/cm3 . Table salt 2.16

Precision (but not accurate (not close to 296 ml) ?

Answer is 5.385 g (round to the

Answer is 65 g (round to the

4.184 x 100.620 x (25.27 – 24.16) = 467.303429

Rule: Multiplication and

Or 320.75 – 1.96841935 x 103

Rule 1: In addition and subtraction

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