Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tugas 1 Etnomatematika
Tugas 1 Etnomatematika
Dosen Pembimbing :
Novitasari, M.Pd.
disusun oleh:
Moh. Wafiyul Ahdi
Alhamdulillah puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT. Yang telah
memberikan kesempatan, kesehatan dan karunia-Nya serta hidayah-Nya kepada kami
sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas pada materi kali ini.
Dalam kesempatan ini tidak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih sebesar-besarnya
kepada dosen pembimbing dalam hal ini Novitasari, M.Pd. yang telah memberikan arahan
kepada kami untuk membuat makalah. Dan ucapan terima kasih juga kami ucapkan kepada
orang tua dan saudara serta teman yang telah memberikan fasilitas dan telah membantu kami
untuk menyelesaikan tugas ini.
The aim of this research is to study the fundamental elements used to broaden mathematical
knowledge and to establish guidelines for its development using Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE)
framework. This study is an experimental quantitative research. Problem solving pretest and posttest
were given to the students of Carti Tupile School (control group) in Spanish and students of Sayla
Olonibiginya School (experimental group) in their mother tongue. A didactic guide was used as the
learning method in IBE for the fourth grade students of Sayla Olonibiginya School. It was used to
motivate them to discover the principles and concepts of mathematics in arithmetic and geometry. The
results showed that traditional methodologies are not better than the didactic guide used for
contextualized development under the IBE.
Key words: Intercultural Bilingual Education, mother tongue, ethno-mathematics, problem-solving, didactic
guide.
INTRODUCTION
This research was conducted at Sayla Olonibiginya is required for developing their mathematical reasoning. It
School and Carti Tupile School. The participants were is an unlimited mathematical education for obtaining
primary students (4th grade) from Guna-Yala Region. terminology knowledge and performing mathematical
Pre-test and posttest were applied in Spanish and mother operations. Basic mathematical education also helps one
tongue of the participants. Basic mathematical education to identify and understand the role that mathematics
Authors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 International License
308 Educ. Res. Rev.
plays; it enables one to make sound judgments. The mathematics was contextualized.
objective of this work is to use a didactic guide (problem Through the didactic guides, this proposal motivates
solving strategy) for arithmetic and geometry problems students to discover the principles and concepts of
under Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) for the mathematics in arithmetic and geometry. It gives one the
fourth-grade students at Sayla Olonibiginya School. ability to wonder, to understand how and why things
It is required that the students based on the happen, and be involved in the systematic search for
Intercultural Bilingual Education have at least two answers. It is expected that the application of the didactic
cultures and two languages. Using Spanish to teach guides proposed in this work, under the problem-solving
students who do not understand the language approach, will significantly affect students' learning.
mathematics is ineffective. This is evident in the Ministry
of Education of Panama, in particular, the census
evaluations done with grades III and VI of Basic Theoretical framework
Education. The children who use more than two
languages and those who belong to indigenous Panama, rich in diversity and with an intercultural
communities had the lowest achievement. education, recognizes ethno-mathematics as part of their
There is, therefore, a need to clarify and expand math education; it makes mathematical knowledge valid
mathematical knowledge based on the IBE framework. in its cultural context. In IBE, mathematics syllabi include
The implementation and development of these guidelines ethno-mathematics expressed in students‟ original
will help the learning needs of Panamanian students language and the mathematics of the national curriculum.
efficiently and effectively. This will enable them to The goal of IBE is to develop the languages, cultures and
improve learning conditions, since mathematics and knowledge of each indigenous nationality without giving
communication makes one to be competent in other up on understanding Spanish (Fabara, 2017).
curricular areas. Therefore, the didactic guides that are From a perspective of facilitating the development of an
presented in the proposal consist of: intercultural mathematical education and considering the
contributions of researchers (D'Ambrosio, 1985; Bishop,
1. Entering sums and identifying the place value of the 1988; Ascher & Ascher, 1981; Urton, 2003), who have
digits of a natural number: Students write their answers in studied the relationship between mathematics and
the guide, then discuss, and check answers and use culture, and based on the studies that we have been
arithmetic writing as a conclusion. doing since the 80s, this paper aims to show the
2. Adding decimal numbers: There are three different knowledge of the identified socio-cultural group based on
techniques used to find the sum of decimal numbers. the following activities: counting, measuring, locating,
Students in Activity No. 1 can present the techniques of designing, playing and explaining. This implies that both
addition in column. In Activity No. 3, students can build the knowledge of mathematics and the ethno-
their hypotheses on the calculation, compare them with mathematics of one's own culture constitute curricular
reality, reject errors and look for a mathematical content. It is achieved by students together with the
explanation. development of their skills and attitudes. In this sense,
3. Using different materials to represent ½: The students ethno-mathematics is oriented towards helping students
are to use the representation of flat figures, while in to live in harmony with Mother Earth, identify with their
reality, there exists many forms that represent ½. culture and solve problems in their own context. Learning
4. Recognizing the concept of perimeter (activity 4): It is mathematics helps them to solve other real problems
necessary that the learning of this concept is done using and facilitates their link with other cultures.
real-world models and objects and in a way that allows From an intercultural perspective, indigenous
the students to acquire perimeter concepts that are mathematics or ethno-mathematics and the national
generally very abstract. mathematics curriculum have the same values. Teachers
take into consideration the linguistic background of the
All the activities of the didactic guide involve Gunas‟ students they teach. During the learning process, they
practices. In Activity 4, the students are asked to make a use the language they understand and propose activities
mola (textile sewn with complex designs by the Gunas that enable the proper articulation of their own ethno-
with realistic and abstract representations of flowers, mathematics knowledge using national curriculum
animals and sea); the students are asked to recognize mathematics knowledge.
the perimeters of the said representations involved as In recent years, many countries have incorporated
other geometric elements. The notion of geometric problem-solving strategy into their curriculum either as a
figures developed by Guna women in the making of transversal axis or as a content. Some people consider it
molas, connecting ethno-mathematics with school as applying previously acquired knowledge in new and
Maure et al. 309
unknown situations or to solve practical problems related to engage students in an active way. This leads to the
to everyday‟ s life situations. In other countries, the following research questions:
development of problem-solving strategies is emphasized
and it is suggested that they should be used as basic Does didactic guide under the Intercultural Bilingual
heuristics for problems resolution, according to Pólya Education lead to better performance than traditional
(1965). Singapore designed its mathematics curriculum method?
for problem resolution; it established the use of heuristics
for it, through the so-called "model". Currently, Costa
METHODOLOGY
Rica has adopted the Educational Mathematical Reform
Project that began in 2012. Therefore, there are countries Mathematics education concept is broader than "teaching
that have spoken on this subject for thirty years, but Mathematics". In this sense, mathematics education comprises the
others are quite new. This depends on the context and formal and non-formal educational processes that lead to cognitive-
the country, but the important thing is to know that it is an type learning achievement and skills and values development.
In this context, we agree with Bishop (1988) when he says that
old issue in the curriculum (Gaulin, 2001).
educating people mathematically is much more than just teaching
In addition, different entities such as the Association of them some math. It is much more difficult. The problems and
Teachers of Mathematics (ATM), the National Council of pertinent issues constitute a much broader challenge. Solving them
Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and the Organization requires a fundamental awareness of the underlying values in
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) mathematics and acknowledging the complexity of teaching these
have promoted the inclusion of problem solving strategy values to children. It is not simply enough to teach them
mathematics; we must also educate them on mathematics, through
in teaching mathematics. These institutions have been mathematics and with mathematics.
able to influence curriculum development in many The research seeks to help Grade III students of Sayla
countries, since they show an effort to identify problem- Olonibiginya School in building their learning, developing concepts
solving as the main axis of mathematics education with meaning and not only to memorize rules, definitions and
(Santos-Trigo, 2008; Schoenfeld, 2007). algorithms.
Taking this current trend into account, problem-solving Nowadays, socio-constructivist perspective is being adopted.
When learning things, cognitive activity does not only help, but also
strategy can help to implement educational environments interaction with other people; it is a support factor and it accelerates
in which the students participate with peers in solving knowledge (Gaulin, 2001). Guzmán (1993) points out that in
mathematical problems. Schoenfeld (1992) proposes that relation to the cognitive aspect and development of capacities, that
problems be solved in small groups, in order to promote it is mainly interesting to emphasize the thought processes of
the development of skills related to a subject, so that mathematics, problem-solving, reasoning and communication more
each one can learn how others control their work. than transferring content. Since mathematics is, above all, practical,
it is a science whose method clearly predominates over its content.
Besides, NCTM states that when students think, argue For this reason, high importance is attached to the study, largely
and communicate their ideas to others, either in writing or bordering the cognitive psychology, which refers to the mental
speaking, they are often clear and convincing. Learning processes of problem-solving.
to expose and solve problems is adopted as a central In fact, in constant change in which we find ourselves, it is
strategy to generate those skills. The intellectual evident that many times you have to prioritize some content and
leave others aside. Instead, truly effective thought process does not
challenge is consubstantial for an intelligent and become obsolete so quickly.
motivating classroom work. This research aims to use the problem-solving strategy as a
Therefore, the didactic guide has many functions, didactic guide to teach Grade III mathematics class. In this work,
including suggesting curriculum approaches, promoting the didactic guide was first proposed to the students and then
self-learning and encouraging students to study by taught how to use it in such a way that it will help their cognitive
themselves (Aguilar, 2004). The strategic plan of the skills to address modern societal challenges, where information,
knowledge and the demand for a greater mental abilities are
Ministry of Education (2009-2014) proposed that the needed.
increase of didactic materials in 2014 offers a Also, it is necessary to clarify that the Guna Yala region schools
Methodological seminars Guide to all teachers in the are located in difficult access areas and the distance between them
country; it proposes learning activities that represent an forced the authors to work with a reduced sample for the study. This
intellectual challenge for students and generate interest means that from 45 schools, 6514 primary school students
participated in the study (Meduca, 2013). Therefore, only two
in finding at least one way to solve them.
schools are taken as sample in this research. The two samples are
A problem-solving strategy in learning mathematics homogeneous in comparison with the study population, since all the
allows the use of non-routine mathematical situations and students belong to the same indigenous region, where the
conceptual constructions by students. For that reason, it curriculum is the same for all the schools using their native
is necessary to use real situations; it is not just to do a language and Spanish. For this reason, the research results are
routine algorithmic solution exercises that make students expected to occur in other schools in the region.
Through this study, it is proposed to implement didactic guides as
to believe that mathematical problems have a single a methodological resource for the benefit of indigenous students
correct answer; there are few problems or activities that and to have better performance. Also, it is suggested that the
involve several reasoning or multiple solution strategies Intercultural Bilingual Education should be the main focus of
for mathematical problems. Only then, will it be possible problem-solving curriculum, be useful to other researchers for them
310 Educ. Res. Rev.
to be able to complete the study in other parts of the region. capacity; it provides them with skills and strategies development
In this way, the didactic guide as an active strategy contributes to tools that allow them to work, research, discover and build their own
the achievement of educational purposes and serves as a means to knowledge with teachers‟ guidance.
promote students‟ participation, and to obtain a better learning; it
also proposes a favorable classroom climate that generates interest
in finding different solutions and suggests alternatives for a good Operational definition
way to study mathematics at the primary level.
Mathematical learning
Type of investigations Students share the strategies they use in resolving the pre-test
problems. In subsequent sessions, the four steps suggested by
The research is an explanatory model since it supports the Pólya (1965) are used. The general idea is that the students, during
description, analysis and interpretation of the knowledge level of the learning period, build a frame of reference that will help to
arithmetic and geometry of Grade III students of Sayla Olonibiginya understand and solve mathematical problems. However, the
School and Carti Tupile School. It is a basic research, according to students are not expected to strictly use them. The posttest results
the classification made by Del Rincón et al. (1992), oriented provide evidence that students show clear qualitative improvement.
towards the search for new knowledge on the phenomenon of Didactic guide presented in the proposal consists of:
study; it uses a path of inductive analysis in field study.
1. Identifying the position of the digits of natural numbers
2. Addition of decimal numbers.
Research design 3. Representing 1/2 number.
4. Recognizing the concept of perimeter.
Nowadays, studies mark a descriptive character, as they aim to
describe the methodological aspects of the field research. This is When we work with the experimental group, the didactic guide is
because they are carried out where the problem is presented, thus used and at the end a posttest is applied to both groups. It uses a
establishing an interaction between the studies‟ objectives and weighting qualification of requirement from 810 Decree (October
reality. However, it is considered that there are quasi-experimental 11, 2010) established in chapter 11-12 in elementary, middle and
methodology elements because two groups are used (control and high school stages. The grading scale is one (1) to five (5). The
experimental): both groups are subjected to previous tests (Shadish equation below serves as a basis for its generation and can be
et al., 2001). The tests were done in Spanish and mother tongue of used to match the grade with any score:
both groups. This allows one to estimate population values from
smaller size samples. The teachers are in the same groups, and
given equal content during the course development.
In the control group, the teachers use a methodology where their
class presents mathematical problems (in Spanish) that are little
Variables
contextualized. This methodology is what is usually used
The dependent variable is "Mathematical Learning" and the throughout the Guna Region, which is always displayed in Spanish
independent variable is "Didactic guide for solving problems of language.
arithmetic and geometry using the IBE".
Mathematical knowledge posttest students. In this sense, the activities to be proposed will
be selected and organized in levels; they, so that can
This was given to the same population of students which allowed
the authors to know the results obtained in the investigation.
start from situations that generate processes at a
concrete level, then through representations at the
graphic and symbolic level. S, students canwill be
Procedures supported in the formation of their abstract thinking. It is
important to keep in mind that abstraction is occurs when
Before applying the pretest to the students, they received an students have the opportunity to have done an adequate
induction process as follows:
job in the previous levels.
1. Familiarizing with the experimental situation. In the research development, two groups of fourth-
2. Objectives and structure of the test (indications supplied in the grade students from the carti tupile schools (control
test). group) and Saila Olonibiginya School (experimental
3. Developing the ability to perform logical problem-solving group) participated in the study. The first group has 15
processes, using the logical sequence of steps in the Polya‟s
students and the second group has 21 students. this
method.
research lasted for one week, from 5th to 9th October
The pretest and posttest problems with significant questions and a and from 26th to 30th October, which corresponds to the
close and comprehensible context for children seek to evaluate second month of the third quarter in 2015.
mathematical problem-solving skills. There is the elaboration, It was considered that the best way to collect
comparison and exercise of procedures, using the Polya‟s method.
All the questions used in the application are multiple-choice ones
information is through the pretest application. The
with only one answer; they have statement and four response posttest was applied to both groups on the first day. The
options, called A, B, C, D. Only one of them is correct and valid in difference is that for the experimental group, the tests
relation to the situation. were written in their mother tongue.
With the didactic guide activities, it is recommended to solve the The posttest was applied to the two groups, after
same problem in several ways. Addressing a problem in different solving different problems. The exercises applied in
ways, developing arguments for solutions and analyzing which one
is better are necessary for mathematics development. In that way,
pretest were mentioned, using the problem-solving
students expand their steps using the Polya‟s method and then strategy obtained by observations and measurements
apply posttest to allow a comparison before and after the that are very important for the study. Next, some figures
implementation of the methodological proposal. The data obtained and tables that are necessary were added in the pretest
are presented in graphics with explanation and comments which and posttest.
give us a clear result of the research.
Figure 1 shows the result obtained by the control group
students during the pretest of the Table 1; 4 students
Data analysis could not solve any problems, 4 students solved a
problem, 4 students solved two problems and 3 students
As the study is described, the data instrument responses are solved three problems; 1.0 to 5.0 scale was used for
presented and analyzed in frequency and proportions terms
qualification, according to 810 Decree from October 11,
through statistical charts. The results basis and alternatives
proposed the use of arithmetic and geometry problem-solving 2010.
didactic guide, as a learning method in Intercultural Bilingual Figure 2 shows the result obtained by the control group
Education for third grade students of Sayla Olonibiginya School. in posttest of the Table 2. These results are shown in
percentage. One student could not solve any problems, 3
students solved a problem, 10 students solved two
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION problems and 1 student could solve three problems. A
study reveals that many of the teachers have problems
Accordingly, with the current trends in mathematics on the expected learning outcomes in other languages
education, students are expected to beachieve competent. (Canbulat and Dilekci, 2015).
Tcieshis helps them to, which build knowledge, develop Figure 3 shows the results obtained by the
skills and attitudes that allow them to have perform with experimental group in the pretest of the Table 3; 2
confidence in themselves in many situations for personal, students could not solve any problems, 2 students solved
social and work life. a problem, 3 students solved two problems, 6 students
In the Panamanian curriculum Mathematics, solved three problems, 7 students solved four problems
competencies must be achieved through the activities and 1 student solved all the problems.
carried out by the own students themselves, specially, Figure 4 shows the results obtained by the
problem solving, reasoning and mathematical experimental group in post-test of the Table 4, where 5
communication processes. Mathematical knowledge students solved a problem, 6 students solved two
requires a construction process and a determined problems, 1 student solved 1 problem, 4 students solved
intention to learn. It is necessary to select and organize 4 problems and 5 students solved all the problems. The
sequentially, the activities that will be proposed to the use of didactic guides translated into the mother tongue
312 Educ. Res. Rev.
3 students with a
grade of 3.4 4 students with a
20% grade of 1.0
26.6%
4 students with a
grade of 2.6 4 students with a
26.6% rating of 1.8
26.6%
Figure 1. Items solved by students in the pretest test of the control group.
A student with a
A student with a grade of 1.0
grade of 3.4 6% Three students
6% with a grade of 1.8
20 %
Level of significance
σp = √ =√ =√ = 1.0335
For all probability values equal to or less than 0.05, Ha is
accepted and Ho is rejected. ̅ ̅
t= = = = -2.6820
√ √
Rejection zone
gl = N1 + N2 -2 = 15 + 21 -2 = 34
For any probability value greater than 0.05, Ho is
accepted and Ha is rejected. P(t34 < 2.7) = 0.994
2
SC1 = ∑( 1 - ̅ 1) = 4.4373 P(t34 < -2.7) = 1-0.994 = 0.006
2
SC2 = ∑( 1 - ̅ 2) = 31.8781 Considering an alpha error of 0.05 (5%), the acceptance
314 Educ. Res. Rev.
Figure 3. Items solved by students of the experimental group of the pretest test.
region of null hypothesis and the critical region (or 2.03 and lesser than 2.03 (results obtained using Table
rejection of null hypothesis) in a t-distribution of student 5).
had an alpha of 0.05 and 34 degrees of freedom in
between the critical values of -2.03 and 2.03. These
critical values were calculated using the Excel INV Decision
function, t (alpha, degrees of freedom), with the
probability of 0.975 (1- (0.05 / 2)) and 34 degrees of Since the value of t (-2.6820) has a probability of less
freedom. Thus, the acceptance region (according to the t- than 0.006, it is also less than 0.05, where Ha is accepted
student table) would be between t values greater than – and Ho is rejected. Moreover, since t = -2.6820, which is
Maure et al. 315
less than -2.03 and is outside the acceptance region of resources are offered by the culture that stimulates
the null hypothesis, we accept the alternative hypothesis. students' mathematical thinking development and
From the research with the two groups (experimental contributes to their learning achievement. Several
and control groups), there are an initial and a final formulas could be used to calculate the effect size.
evaluation; only the experimental group receives the According to Cohen:
treatment. In order to conclude that the experience is
effective, it is shown in Figure 5 that the students of the ̅ ̅
experimental group (lower box) obtain higher scores than d=
√( )⁄
the control group (top box).
The result of the research makes us to change the
teaching method and to make appropriate pedagogical d=̅ ̅ ⁄ where √ ⁄
use of sequences in which the ethno-mathematics
316 Educ. Res. Rev.
Table 6. Cohen„s d
n*
̅ S
*Optional – for Hedges g only
Group 1 3.323 0.543 21
Group 2 2.386 1.232 15
Results: d-based, Cohen‟s d = 0.9839, Glass‟s = 0.7605, Hedges‟ g = 1.0249.
In this case X is the raw score, M is the mean, and N is geometry topics; in this way, the capacity of wondering is
the number of cases. fostered and the attitude of asking why things happen is
Since the value of Cohen is greater than 0.8 (Table 6), maintained, as well as the systematic research for
it indicates a high magnitude effect. Therefore, the answers.
intervention in the experimental group is viable. The The elements that constitute the didactic guide
children whose mother tongue is Spanish and understand contextualized are the theme, objective, content, didactic
the original language in the community are taught by the resources and development activities. It is considered an
teachers. This would make them not to have difficulties in activity in such a way that it falls into the students‟
their Mathematics learning process. In either cases, it is cognition and identifies information that can be a
evident that the students will not learn Mathematics if relationship between data and unknowns patterns.
they use a language they do not understand. The only
thing that is achieved when the student does not
understand a language is that he or she repeats Conclusion
mechanically names of numbers or tables of operations
without any meaning to his life; this method of work It is evident that a lot of the Panamanian heritage can be
generates in the students, a negative attitude towards found in mathematics, and therefore the indigenous
Mathematics (Romero-Bojórquez et al., 2014). people‟s culture can be found in ethnomathematics.
Figure 5 presents the final comparison of the two Indeed, architectural monuments, ceramic works, typical
research groups in which the experimental group scored textiles of a typical town, among others, are regional
0.94 higher than the control group. This shows that resources to be taken into consideration for a design and
problem-solving strategy helps the students to solve an activity proposal related to patterns, numeric system,
problems. In addition, the degree of concentration of 50% space distribution, geometric shapes, measurement
of the observations indicates that the students in the system, plane and space transformation, etc.
experimental group manage and obtain higher grades. The proposal gives special attention to heritage
Gamboa (2007) argued that a contextualized guide because in many of our towns and cities, there is a great
increases the reflection and exploration of the students historical and natural wealth that we must know, value
who use it, which promotes the articulation of their and care for. It is important that children investigate their
learning processes. origins, meanings and the archaeological natural
The idea that many of our students have about math is monuments that exist in the places where they live. The
that they are done and the last thing they have to do is to current work has the following conclusions:
learn the rules, formulas, algorithms and repeat it over
and over again because, as we all know, math is an 1. Using the IBE learning in grade IV students from Sayla
exact science and is already well established. Also, many Olonibiginya School from 2015, will improve with the use
people think that with mathematics, any problem can be of arithmetic and geometry didactic guides to solve
solved. In fact, mathematics is not an exact science and problems.
the sense of always giving a perfect result does not exist; 2. The posttest proves that students are able to develop
on the other hand, good problems must produce new different Polya‟s method stages significantly and improve
questions. Villalobos (2008) argued that with problem- in their analysis in solving arithmetic and geometric
solving skill, students can develop intellectual skills such problems.
as relating, drawing conclusions, organizing and linking 3. This methodological alternative promotes the
mathematical arguments, compare, interrogate, inquire, interaction between teachers and the students, as well as
among others. among the students.
Thus, didactic guide under the problem-solving strategy 4. The use of traditional methodologies leads to poor
motivates students to discover the principles of algorithmic mathematical knowledge; that is why when
mathematics and concepts of some arithmetic and students are faced with mathematical challenges, they
318 EDUC. RES. REV.
tend to have lower academic performance. General Gunas Congresses (2011). Propuesta Curricular de la EBI
Guna. Panamá: Editora Sibauste, S.A. Primera Edición.
Guzmán M de (1993). Enseñanza de las Ciencias y las Matemáticas.
OEI Para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. Recovered from
http://www.oei.es/historico/oeivirt/edumat.htm
RECOMMENDATIONS
Meduca (2013) Estadísticas Educativas. Recovered:
https://www.educapanama.edu.pa/?q=estadisticas-educativas
1. Problem-solving strategy should be the main focus of Naštická, Z (2016) Intercultural Features and the Theme of Traveling in
the IBE project. Bilingual Mathematics Lessons. In: Problems of Education in the 21st
Century. 72:76-88. ISSN 1822-7864.
2. Elementary teachers should propose learning activities NCTM (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston,
that represent an intellectual challenge to the students and VA: NCTM https://www.nctm.org/Standards-and-Positions/Principles-
generate interest in finding a way to solve them. and-Standards/
3. Students‟ activities as well as strategies and procedures Pólya G (1965). Mathematical Discovery: On understanding, learning and
teaching problem. Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2:160-175.
used to solve problems should be evaluated. Romero-Bojórquez L, Ultrilla-Quiroz A and Ultrilla-Quiroz VM (2014). Las
4. The students' previous knowledge should be used as a actitudes positivas y negativas de los estudiantes en el aprendizaje de
basis for a new didactic guide development. las matemáticas, su impacto en la reprobación y en la eficiencia
5. It is important to present contextualized problems, in terminal. Rev. Ximhai 10(5):291-319 Recovered:
http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/461/46132134020.pdf
which language regularities are visualized in the resolution Santos-Trigo LM (2008). La resolución de problemas matemáticos:
of arithmetic and geometric problems, supported by avances y perspectivas en la construcción de una agenda de
specific materials and graphic representation. investigación y práctica. En R. Luengo, B. Gómez, M. Camacho, L.
Blanco (eds.), Investigación en educación matemática XII. Badajoz:
Sociedad Española de Investigación en Educación Matemática,
SEIEM. Recovered:
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2748785
Schoenfeld A (1985). Mathematical problem solving. (1ª. Edición).
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press.
Schoenfeld A (1992). Learning to think mathematically: problem solving,
metacognition and sense making in mathematics. In Handbook for
Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. New York:
REFERENCES Macmillan. Recovered:
http://mrbartonmaths.com/resourcesnew/8.%20Research/Problem%20
Aguilar R M (2004). La guía didáctica y las estrategias de aprendizaje, Solving/Learning%20to%20think%20mathematically.pdf
un enfoque centrado en la comprensión. Ecuador: UNED Schoenfeld A (2007). Problem solving in the United States, 1970-2008:
Ascher M and Ascher R (1981). Code of the Quipu: a study in media, research and theory practice and politics. ZDM. Int. J. Mathematics
mathematics, and culture. Chicago: University of Michigan Press. Educ. 39:537-551.
Bishop AJ (1988). Mathematical enculturation: A cultural perspective on Shadish WR, Cook TD, Campbell DT (2001). Experimental and Quasi-
mathematics education. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (2nd Edition).
Academic Publishers. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
Canbulat M, Dilekci A (2015). Difficulties encountered by both teachers https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9453/f229a8f51f6a95232e42acfae9b3
and students in teaching and learning Turkish as a second language. ae5345df.pdf
Educ. Res. Rev. 10(9):1335-1346. Urton G (2003). Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean
Del Rincón D, Arnal J, Latorre A, Sans A (1992). Técnicas de Knotted-String Records. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Investigación en Ciencias Sociales. [Techniques of Social Science Villalobos X (2008). Resolución de problemas matemáticos: un cambio
Research] Madrid: Morata. epistemológico con resultados metodológicos. [Mathematical problem-
D‟Ambrosio U (1985). “Ethnomathematics and its place in the history solving: an epistemological change with methodological results]
and pedagogy of mathematics”, For the Learning of Revista Electrónica Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficiencia y
Mathematics 5(1):44-48. Cambio en la Educación, 6(3):36-58. Recovered:
Fabara M (2017). Intercultural bilingual education: A multidisciplinary http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/551/55160303.pdf.
analysis. Master thesis. Oslo: University of Oslo.
https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/57301
Gamboa ME (2007). El diseño de unidades didácticas contextualizadas
para la enseñanza de la Matemática en la Educación Secundaria
Básica. [ The Design Of Contextualized Didactic Units For The
Teaching Of Mathematics In Basic Secondary Education] Thesis in
option to the Scientific Degree of Doctor in Pedagogical Sciences. Las
Tunas. Recovered: http://roa.ult.edu.cu/jspui/handle/123456789/3560
Gaulin C (2001). “Tendencias actuales de la resolución de problemas”.
[Current trends in problem-solving] Conference delivered on
12/15/2000. Recovered:
https://sferrerobravo.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/7_tendencias_actua
les.pdf
Vol. 13 (8), hlm.307-318, 23 April Full Length Research Paper
2018 DOI: 10.5897 / ERR2017.3438
Nomor Artikel: F8ED07456800
ISSN 1990-3839 Penelitian dan Review Pendidikan
Hak Cipta © 2018
Penulis memegang hak cipta artikel ini
http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari elemen fundamental yang digunakan untuk memperluas
matematika pengetahuan dan untuk menetapkan pedoman untuk pengembangannya menggunakan
Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) kerangka. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental.
Pemecahan masalah pretest dan posttest diberikan kepada siswa Carti Tupile School (kelompok kontrol)
dalam bahasa Spanyol dan siswa Sayla Sekolah Olonibiginya (kelompok eksperimen) dalam bahasa ibu
mereka. Panduan didaktik digunakan sebagai metode pembelajaran di IBE untuk siswa kelas IV Sekolah Sayla
Olonibiginya. Itu sudah biasa memotivasi mereka untuk menemukan prinsip dan konsep matematika dalam
aritmatika dan geometri. Itu Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metodologi tradisional tidak lebih baik dari
pedoman didaktik yang digunakan pembangunan kontekstual di bawah IBE.
Kata kunci: Pendidikan Bilingual Antarbudaya, bahasa ibu, etno-matematika, pemecahan masalah, panduan didaktik.
PENDAHULUAN
diperlukan untuk mengembangkan penalaran matematis
Penelitian ini dilakukan di Sayla Olonibiginya School dan Carti mereka. Ini adalah pendidikan matematika tanpa batas untuk
Tupile School. Pesertanya adalah siswa SD (kelas 4 SD) dari memperoleh pengetahuan terminologi dan melakukan
Wilayah Guna-Yala. Pre-test dan posttest diterapkan dalam operasi matematika. Pendidikan matematika dasar juga
bahasa Spanyol dan bahasa ibu para peserta. Pendidikan membantu seseorang untuk mengidentifikasi dan memahami
matematika dasar peran matematika
Penulis setuju bahwa artikel ini tetap akses terbuka secara permanen di bawah ketentuan Creative Commons Attribution
Lisensi 4.0 Lisensi Internasional
308 Educ. Res. Rev.
Untuk dapat menyelesaikan studi di daerah lain. Dengan cara ini, kapasitas; ini memberi mereka alat pengembangan keterampilan
pedoman didaktik sebagai strategi aktif berkontribusi pada dan strategi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk bekerja, meneliti,
pencapaian tujuan pendidikan dan berfungsi sebagai sarana untuk menemukan, dan membangun pengetahuan mereka sendiri dengan
meningkatkan partisipasi siswa, dan untuk memperoleh bimbingan guru.
pembelajaran yang lebih baik; itu juga mengusulkan iklim kelas
yang menguntungkan yang membangkitkan minat dalam
menemukan solusi yang berbeda dan menyarankan alternatif cara Definisi Operasional
yang baik untuk belajar matematika di tingkat dasar.
Pembelajaran Matematika
Jenis penelitian Siswa berbagi strategi yang mereka gunakan dalam menyelesaikan
masalah pre-test. Dalam sesi-sesi berikutnya, empat langkah yang
Penelitian adalah model eksplanatori karena mendukung deskripsi, disarankan oleh Pólya (1965) digunakan. Ide umumnya adalah
analisis dan interpretasi tingkat pengetahuan aritmatika dan geometri bahwa siswa, selama masa pembelajaran, membangun kerangka
siswa kelas III Sekolah Sayla Olonibiginya dan Sekolah Carti Tupile. acuan yang akan membantu memahami dan memecahkan masalah
Ini adalah penelitian dasar, menurut klasifikasi yang dibuat oleh Del matematika. Namun, siswa tidak diharapkan untuk menggunakannya
Rincón et al. (1992), berorientasi pada pencarian pengetahuan baru secara ketat. Hasil posttest memberikan bukti bahwa siswa
tentang fenomena studi; itu menggunakan jalur analisis induktif menunjukkan peningkatan kualitatif yang jelas.
dalam studi lapangan.
Panduan didaktik yang disajikan dalam proposal terdiri dari:
Gambar 1. Soal yang diselesaikan siswa dalam tes pretes kelompok kontrol.
Tingkat signifikansi
Zona penolakan
.
Gambar 3. Item diselesaikan oleh siswa kelompok eksperimen dari tes pretest.
Tabel 3. Hasil tes pretest kelompok eksperimen.
wilayah hipotesis nol dan wilayah kritis (atau penolakan hipotesis nol) dalam distribusi-t siswa memiliki alpha 0,05 dan 34 derajat
kebebasan di antara nilai kritis -2,03 dan 2,03. Nilai kritis ini dihitung menggunakan fungsi Excel INV
, t (alpha, derajat kebebasan), dengan probabilitas 0,975 (1- (0,05 / 2)) dan 34 derajat kebebasan. Dengan demikian, wilayah
penerimaan (menurut tabel t siswa) akan berada di antara nilai t lebih besar dari -
2.03 dan lebih kecil dari 2.03 (hasil diperoleh dengan menggunakan Tabel 5).
Keputusan
Karena nilai t (-2,6820) memiliki probabilitas kurang dari 0,006, maka lebih kecil dari 0,05, dimana H a diterima dan Ho ditolak.
Selain itu, karena t = -2.6820, yaitu
Five students solve all
problems 24% Five students solve a
problem 24%
Sumber: Tes posttest diterapkan pada siswa kelas 4 Sekolah Saila Olonibiginya.
kurang dari -2,03 dan berada di luar wilayah penerimaan hipotesis nol, kami menerima hipotesis alternatif. Dari penelitian
dengan dua kelompok (kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol), terdapat evaluasi awal dan akhir; hanya kelompok eksperimen
yang menerima perlakuan. Untuk menyimpulkan bahwa pengalaman efektif, ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5 bahwa siswa
kelompok eksperimen (kotak bawah) memperoleh nilai lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol (kotak atas).
Hasil penelitian ini membuat kami mengubah metode pengajaran dan penggunaan pedagogis yang tepat dari rangkaian di
manaetno-matematika
sumber dayaditawarkan oleh budaya yang merangsang perkembangan berpikir matematis siswa dan berkontribusi pada
prestasi belajar mereka. Beberapa rumus dapat digunakan untuk menghitung ukuran efek. Menurut Cohen:
316 Educ. Res. Rev
.
Dalam kasus ini X adalah skor mentah, M adalah mean, dan
N adalah jumlah kasus.
Karena nilai Cohen lebih besar dari 0,8 (Tabel 6), ini Unsur-unsur pembentuk pedoman didaktik yang
menunjukkan efek magnitudo yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, dikontekstualisasikan adalah tema, tujuan, isi, sumber
intervensi dalam kelompok eksperimen dapat dilakukan. Itu didaktik, dan kegiatan pengembangan. Ini dianggap sebagai
anak-anak yang bahasa ibunya bahasa Spanyol dan mengerti kegiatan sedemikian rupa sehingga jatuh ke dalam siswa.
bahasa asli di masyarakat diajar oleh gurunya. Hal ini agar kognisi dan mengidentifikasi informasi yang dapat menjadi
mereka tidak mengalami kesulitan dalam proses hubungan antara data dan pola yang tidak diketahui.
pembelajaran Matematika. Dalam kedua kasus tersebut,
terbukti bahwa siswa tidak akan belajar Matematika jika
mereka menggunakan bahasa yang tidak mereka pahami. Kesimpulan
Satu-satunya yang dicapai ketika siswa tidak mengerti suatu Terbukti banyak peninggalan Panama dapat ditemukan
bahasa adalah dia mengulang nama-nama angka atau tabel dalam matematika, oleh karena itu budaya masyarakat adat
operasi secara mekanis tanpa arti apapun bagi hidupnya; dapat ditemukan dalam etnomathematics. Memang,
metode kerja ini menghasilkan siswa, sikap negatif terhadap monumen arsitektural, karya keramik, tekstil khas suatu
Matematika (Romero-Bojórquez et al., 2014).
Gambar 5 menyajikan perbandingan akhir dari dua kota, antara lain merupakan sumber daya daerah yang
kelompok penelitian di mana kelompok eksperimen mendapat akan dipertimbangkan untuk suatu rancangan dan usulan
skor 0,94 lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol. Hal ini kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pola, sistem numerik,
menunjukkan bahwa strategi pemecahan masalah membantu sebaran ruang, bentuk geometris, sistem pengukuran,
siswa dalam memecahkan masalah. Selain itu, derajat bidang datar. dan transformasi ruang, dll.
konsentrasi 50% dari hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa
Proposal tersebut memberikan perhatian khusus pada
siswa dalam kelompok eksperimen berhasil dan memperoleh
nilai yang lebih tinggi. Gamboa (2007) berpendapat bahwa warisan karena di banyak kota dan kota besar kita, ada
panduan kontekstual meningkatkan refleksi dan eksplorasi kekayaan sejarah dan alam yang besar yang harus kita
siswa yang menggunakannya, yang mempromosikan ketahui, hargai dan rawat. Penting bagi anak-anak untuk
artikulasi mereka. menyelidiki asal-usul, makna, dan monumen alam
proses pembelajaran.
arkeologi yang ada di tempat mereka tinggal. Pekerjaan
Gagasan yang dimiliki banyak siswa kami tentang
matematika adalah bahwa mereka sudah selesai dan hal saat ini memiliki kesimpulan sebagai berikut:
terakhir yang harus mereka lakukan adalah mempelajari 1. Penggunaan pembelajaran IBE pada siswa kelas IV
aturan, rumus, algoritme, dan mengulanginya berulang kali Sekolah Sayla Olonibiginya tahun 2015 akan meningkat
karena, seperti yang kita semua tahu, matematika adalah dengan penggunaan pedoman didaktik aritmatika dan
sebuah eksak. ilmu pengetahuan dan sudah mapan. Juga
geometri untuk menyelesaikan masalah.
banyak orang mengira dengan matematika, masalah apa pun
bisa terpecahkan. Faktanya, matematika bukanlah ilmu pasti 2. Posttest membuktikan bahwa siswa mampu
dan pengertian untuk selalu memberikan hasil yang sempurna mengembangkan berbagai tahapan metode Polya secara
tidak ada; Di sisi lain, masalah yang bagus pasti menghasilkan signifikan dan meningkatkan analisis mereka dalam
pertanyaan baru. Villalobos (2008) mengemukakan bahwa menyelesaikan masalah aritmatika dan geometri.
dengan keterampilan pemecahan masalah, siswa dapat 3. Alternatif metodologis ini mendorong interaksi antara
mengembangkan keterampilan intelektual seperti
berhubungan, menarik kesimpulan, mengorganisasi dan guru dan siswa, serta di antara siswa.
mengaitkan argumen matematika, membandingkan, 4. Penggunaan metodologi tradisional menyebabkan
menginterogasi, bertanya, diantara yang lain. pengetahuan matematika algoritmik yang buruk; Itulah
Dengan demikian, pedoman didaktik dalam strategi sebabnya ketika siswa dihadapkan pada tantangan
pemecahan masalah memotivasi siswa untuk menemukan matematika, mereka cenderung memiliki prestasi akademik
prinsip-prinsip matematika dan konsep beberapa aritmatika
dan matematika. yang lebih rendah.
topik geometri; dengan cara ini, kapasitas bertanya-tanya
dipupuk dan sikap bertanya mengapa sesuatu terjadi
dipertahankan, serta penelitian sistematis untuk mendapatkan
jawaban.
REKOMENDASI actitudes positivas y negativas de los estudiantes en el aprendizaje de
1. Strategi pemecahan masalah harus menjadi fokus las matemáticas, su impacto en la reprobación y en la eficiencia terminal.
Rev. Ximhai 10(5):291-319 Recovered:
utama proyek IBE. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/461/46132134020.pdf
2. Guru SD harus mengusulkan kegiatan pembelajaran Santos-Trigo LM (2008). La resolución de problemas matemáticos:
yang mewakili tantangan intelektual kepada siswa dan avances y perspectivas en la construcción de una agenda de
membangkitkan minat untuk mencari cara untuk investigación y práctica. En R. Luengo, B. Gómez, M. Camacho, L.
menyelesaikannya. 3. Aktivitas siswa serta strategi dan Blanco (eds.), Investigación en educación matemática XII. Badajoz:
Sociedad Española de Investigación en Educación Matemática, SEIEM.
prosedur yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah Recovered: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2748785
harus dievaluasi. 4. Pengetahuan siswa sebelumnya harus Schoenfeld A (1985). Mathematical problem solving. (1ª. Edición).
digunakan sebagai dasar untuk pengembangan panduan Orlando, Florida: Academic Press.
didaktik baru. Schoenfeld A (1992). Learning to think mathematically: problem solving,
5. Penting untuk menyajikan masalah kontekstual, di metacognition and sense making in mathematics. In Handbook for
Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning. New York:
mana keteraturan bahasa divisualisasikan dalam Macmillan. Recovered:
penyelesaian masalah aritmatika dan geometri, didukung http://mrbartonmaths.com/resourcesnew/8.%20Research/Problem%20
oleh materi tertentu dan representasi grafis. Solving/Learning%20to%20think%20mathematically.pdf Schoenfeld A
(2007). Problem solving in the United States, 1970-2008: research and
theory practice and politics. ZDM. Int. J. Mathematics Educ. 39:537-551.
Shadish WR, Cook TD, Campbell DT (2001). Experimental and Quasi
KONFLIK KEPENTINGAN Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference (2nd Edition).
Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.
Penulis belum menyatakan adanya konflik kepentingan. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9453/f229a8f51f6a95232e42acfae9b3
ae5345df.pdf
Urton G (2003). Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean
Knotted-String Records. Austin: Universitas Texas Press. Villalobos X
REFERENCES (2008). Resolución de problemas matemáticos: un cambio
epistemológico con resultados metodológicos. [Mathematical problem
Aguilar RM (2004). La guía didáctica y las estrategias de aprendizaje, un solving: an epistemological change with methodological results] Revista
enfoque centrado en la comprensión. Ecuador: UNED Ascher M and Electrónica Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficiencia y Cambio en la
Ascher R (1981). Code of the Quipu: a study in media, mathematics, and Educación, 6(3):36-58. Recovered:
culture. Chicago: University of Michigan Press. Bishop AJ (1988). http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/551/55160303.pdf.
Mathematical enculturation: A cultural perspective on mathematics
education. Dordrecht, Belanda: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Canbulat M, Dilekci A (2015). Difficulties encountered by both teachers
and students in teaching and learning Turkish as a second language.
Educ. Res. Rev. 10(9):1335-1346.
Del Rincón D, Arnal J, Latorre A, Sans A (1992). Técnicas de Investigación
en Ciencias Sociales. [Techniques of Social Science Research] Madrid:
Morata.
D‟Ambrosio U (1985). “Ethnomathematics and its place in the history and
pedagogy of mathematics”, For the Learning of Mathematics 5(1):44-
48.
Fabara M (2017). Intercultural bilingual education: A multidisciplinary
analisis. Tesis master. Oslo: Universitas Oslo.
https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/57301
Gamboa ME (2007). El diseño de unidades didácticas contextualizadas
para la enseñanza de la Matemática en la Educación Secundaria
Básica. [ The Design Of Contextualized Didactic Units For The
Teaching Of Mathematics In Basic Secondary Education] Thesis in
option to the Scientific Degree of Doctor in Pedagogical Sciences. Las
Tunas. Recovered: http://roa.ult.edu.cu/jspui/handle/123456789/3560
Gaulin C (2001). “Tendencias actuales de la resolución de problemas”.
[Current trends in problem-solving] Conference delivered on
12/15/2000. Dipulihkan:
https://sferrerobravo.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/7_tendencias_actua
les.pdf
Sumber : https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcos-Campos-
Nava/publication/324709594_Articulation_of_ethnomathematical_kno
wledge_in_the_intercultural_bilingual_education_of_the_Guna_people
/links/5adf5bf30f7e9b2859452475/Articulation-of-ethnomathematical-
knowledge-in-the-intercultural-bilingual-education-of-the-Guna-
people.pdf
B. Definisi Etnomatematika
C. Metode Penelitian
Dalam penelitian ini dijelaskan materi yang dikaitkan yaitu materi aritmatika dan
geometri utuk anak untuk kelas IV sesuai dengan obyek yang diteliti dalam penelitian
tersebut, proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan yaitu mengkaitkan materi yang sudah dipilih
dengan benda peninggalan-peninggalan yang ada di Panama, seperti monumen arsitektural,
karya keramik, tekstil khas suatu kota, yang antara lain merupakan sumber daya daerah yang
akan dipertimbangkan untuk suatu rancangan dan usulan kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan
pola, sistem numerik, sebaran ruang, bentuk geometris, sistem pengukuran, bidang datar.
dan transformasi ruang, dll, dalam pembelajaran juga diterapkan 2 bahasa yang berbeda
yang artinya yang satu memakai bahasa nasional dari negara tersebut yaitu Bahasa Spanyol
dan juga memakai Bahasa Ibu (Bahasa Daerah).
Pembelajaran dalam penelitian ini lebih menekankan pada skil pemecahan masalah
dengan tujuan agar dapat memotivasi siswa untuk menemukan prinsip-prinsip matematika
dan konsep beberapa aritmatika dan matematika. topik geometri; dengan cara ini, kapasitas
bertanya-tanya dipupuk dan sikap bertanya mengapa sesuatu terjadi dipertahankan, serta
penelitian sistematis untuk mendapatkan jawaban.
Dalam jurnal ini lebih menekankan pembelajaran matematika dengan dua bahasa,
yaitu bahasa spanyol dan bahasa ibu (daerah). Pembelajaran seperti ini dapat diterapkan di
Indonesia tetapi bukan untuk semua wilayah, pembelajaran dengan bahasa nasional dan
bahasa daerah akan lebih efektif jika diterapkan pada wilayah-wilayah yang terpencil,
karena di wilayah-wilayah yang terpencil banyak kemungkinan jika anak-anak lebih mahir
dalam berbahasa daerah yang dipakai dalam daerah tersebut dari pada bahasa Indonesia,
sehingga lebih memudahkan anak tersebut belajar dalam pembelajaran matematika apalagi
dalam pembelajaran materi geometri dikaitkan dengan benda-benda peninggalan bersejarah,
karena indonesia juga kaya akan benda-benda peninggalan bersejarah yang memiliki nilai
seni dan budaya tersendiri.
F. Kesimpulan
Etnomatematika adalah merupakan suatu bagian dari pendidikan matematika yang
tidak dapat dilepaskan. Pembelajaran matematika dengan menggunakan bahada daerah juga
termasuk dalam etnomatematika, sehingga dapat lebih mngenalkan budaya dan tetap
menjaga pembelajaran matematika dengan mengaitkan benda-benda peninggalan yang
memiliki keterkaitan dengan materi.
Sehingga dengan adanya pembelajaran tersebut dapat mengajarkan matematika
sekaligus mengingkatkan tentang benda peninggalan sejarah.
EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education
ISSN: 1305-8223 (online) 1305-8215 (print)
OPEN ACCESS 2018 14(2):561-567 DOI: 10.12973/ejmste/76956
ABSTRACT
Cultural values, traditions, and symbols are manifested in the life every society. Culture,
therefore, occupies a very important place in human life and society, affecting
economic, social, religious, and educational activities. Education in general and
mathematical education in particular is also affected by cultural values. This essay
discusses the importance of the development and implementation of math curricula
that integrates cultural and folkloric elements and values from the daily life and society
of the students, including folklore stories, games, and tools, and their contribution to
increasing student motivation to study math, which in turn improves their academic
achievements in this subject.
INTRODUCTION
One of the challenges currently facing math teachers is how to impart to students the mathematical rules and
content in a more effective, enjoyable, and successful manner. Arguments in recent years have revolved around the
contribution of culture to the promotion of the math taught in schools. The question debated was and remains,
“Can the instruction of mathematics that includes cultural values from the students’ daily lives contribute to a more
meaningful education, to better student achievement, and higher motivation?”
In order to answer this question numerous studies have been conducted and various curricula have been
implemented by mathematics educators and researchers around the world. One solution to this problem was
proposed by researchers who support the ethnomathematics approach and who testified to the importance of
integrating cultural elements and values in mathematics instruction. In their view, an ethnomathematical
curriculum contributes to the development of student skills and talents, to a more meaningful comprehension of
the material, and to better achievements in math (e.g., Amit & Abu Qouder, 2015; D’Ambrosio, 2002; Lipka, Wong,
& Ihrke, 2012; (Verner, Massarwe, & Bshouty, 2013).
On this background, the proposed paper will discuss the following issues: (1) the definition and essence of
ethnomathematics; (2) the historical development of the ethnomathematical approach; (3) the political aspect of
ethnomathematics; (4) Lev Vigotsky’s constructivist theory and its relation to ethnomathematics; (5) the importance
of developing a curriculum that integrates cultural values; (6) the contributions of an ethnomathematical
curriculum; (7) various approaches regarding the ethnomathematical curricula; (8) proposals for the development
of ethnomathematical curricula.
Here are some examples that explain how we would include literature and folkloric cultural values of Bedouin
society such as (stories, games, Bedouin folk costume and units of length and weight in Bedouin culture) in our
paper, and how we can include it in the process of mathematical education.
© Authors. Terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) apply.
abuceoud@gmail.com amit@bgu.ac.il (*Correspondence)
Fouze & Amit / On the Importance of an Ethnomathematical Curriculum
Bijection, Set (mathematics), Slide symmetry, Reflective symmetry, Rotational symmetry and many other concepts.
All through stories from the daily lives of students or folklore stories from their own culture. Stories can be used in
math instruction for various didactical purposes, as a means to improve the students’ attitude to mathematics and
their achievements in the subject. In other words, the purpose of the literary “cover” of mathematical subjects is to
take advantage of its potential to make math problems closer and more relevant to the students, to reduce their
anxiety towards these problems and increase their motivation.
An Example of a Folk Story that Contains Mathematical Values and that can be used to
Aid the Instruction of Math
“On Hasan’s birthday, his grandmother cut 12 pieces of cake, after he told her that he had invited twelve friends.
However, only two friends arrived on time and the rest came later”.
Question: if Hasan wishes to divide the 12 pieces of cake between his friend Amar and himself, how many
pieces of cake would each receive?
Question: If we had 16 pieces of cake and four boys, can we divide them equally between them?
Question: As we have 6 friends and 12 pieces of cake, how many pieces does each child receive?
562
EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
563
Fouze & Amit / On the Importance of an Ethnomathematical Curriculum
Seega Game
Here we will just remember the Mathematics objectives of the game
1. Finding the center square on the board; and understanding horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions.
2. Thought development in the form of logical reasoning and thinking ahead.
3. Strategic thinking aimed at optimizing opportunity to “eat” the opponent’s pieces.
4. Development of winning strategies by playing multiple times & reflecting.
5. Communicating their thinking.
564
EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
565
Fouze & Amit / On the Importance of an Ethnomathematical Curriculum
Example 1: In the following exercise the students are asked to use their own “dera’a” to measure the length of
the bodies in the exercise
Example 2: Units for Measuring Weight
In this exercise, the students are asked to measure the weight of the bodies in the picture using the traditional
tool “retell”.
566
EURASIA J Math Sci and Tech Ed
Figure 10. Exercise for using and comparing several traditional units of length
REFERENCES
Amit, M., & Abu Qouder, F. (2015). Bedouin Ethnomathematics: How integrating cultural elements into
mathematics classrooms impacts motivation, self-esteem, and achievement. Proceedings of the PME, 39, 24-
31.
D’Ambrosio, U. (2000). Etnomatemática e modelagem [Ethnomathematics and modeling]. In M. C. Domite (Ed.),
Anais do Primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Etnomatemática (p. 142). São Paulo, Brazil: FE-USP.
Lipka, J., Andrew-Ihrke, D., & Yanez, E. E. (2012). Yup’ik cosmology to school mathematics: The power of
symmetry and proportional measuring. Interchange, 42, 157–183.
Verner, I., Massarwe, K., & Bshouty, D. (2013). Constructs of engagement emerging in an ethnomathematically-
based teacher education course. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 32(3), 494–507.
http://www.ejmste.com
567
Pentingnya Kurikulum Etnomatik di
Pendidikan Matematika
Abu Qouder Fouze 1,Miriam Amit 1*
1
Universitas Ben-Gurion negev, ISRAEL
Abstrak
Nilai-nilai budaya, tradisi, dan simbol diwujudkan dalam
kehidupan setiap masyarakat. Budaya, oleh karena itu,
menempati tempat yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan
manusia dan masyarakat, mempengaruhi kegiatan
ekonomi, sosial, agama, dan pendidikan. Pendidikan
secara umum dan pendidikan matematika khususnya juga
dipengaruhi oleh nilai-nilai budaya. Esai ini membahas
pentingnya pengembangan dan implementasi kurikulum
matematika yang mengintegrasikan unsur budaya dan
cerita rakyat serta nilai-nilai dari kehidupan sehari-hari dan
masyarakat siswa, termasuk cerita rakyat, permainan, dan
alat, serta kontribusi mereka untuk meningkatkan motivasi
mahasiswa untuk belajar matematika, yang pada gilirannya
meningkatkan prestasi akademik mereka dalam mata
pelajaran ini.
Perkenalan
Salah satu tantangan yang saat ini dihadapi guru matematika adalah bagaimana memberikan
kepada siswa aturan dan konten matematika dengan cara yang lebih efektif, menyenangkan,
dan sukses. Argumen dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah berkisar pada kontribusi budaya
untuk promosi matematika yang diajarkan di sekolah. Pertanyaan yang diperdebatkan adalah
dan tetap, "Dapatkah instruksi matematika yang mencakup nilai-nilai budaya dari kehidupan
sehari-hari siswa berkontribusi pada pendidikan yang lebih bermakna, untuk prestasi siswa
yang lebih baik, dan motivasi yang lebih tinggi?"
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini banyak penelitian telah dilakukan dan berbagai kurikulum
telah dilaksanakan oleh pendidik matematika dan peneliti di seluruh dunia. Salah satu solusi
untuk masalah ini diusulkan oleh para peneliti yang mendukung pendekatan etno matematika
dan yang bersaksi tentang pentingnya mengintegrasikan elemen budaya dan nilai-nilai dalam
instruksi matematika. Dalam pandangan mereka, kurikulum etnomatik berkontribusi pada
pengembangan keterampilan dan bakat siswa, untuk pemahaman materi yang lebih
bermakna, dan untuk prestasi yang lebih baik dalam matematika (misalnya, Amit & Abu
Qouder, 2015; D'Ambrosio, 2002; Lipka, Wong, & Ihrke, 2012; (Verner, Massarwe, &
Bshouty, 2013).
Pada latar belakang ini, makalah yang diusulkan akan membahas masalah-masalah berikut:
(1) definisi dan esensi etno matematika; (2) perkembangan histo ris pendekatan etnomatik;
(3) aspek politik etno matematika; (4) Teori konstruktitus Lev Vigotsky dan hubungannya
dengan etno matematika; (5) pentingnya mengembangkan kurikulum yang mengintegrasikan
nilai-nilai budaya; (6) kontribusi kurikulum etnomatik; (7) berbagai pendekatan mengenai
kurikulum etnomatik; (8) proposal pengembangan kurikulum etnomatik.
Berikut adalah beberapa contoh yang menjelaskan bagaimana kita akan memasukkan literatur
dan nilai-nilai budaya rakyat masyarakat Badui seperti (cerita, permainan, kostum rakyat
Badui dan satuan panjang dan berat dalam budaya Badui) dalam makalah kita, dan
bagaimana kita dapat memasukkannya dalam proses pendidikan matematika.
Bijeksi, Set (matematika), Simetri slide, simetri reflektif, simetri rotasi dan banyak
konsep lainnya. Semua melalui cerita dari kehidupan sehari-hari siswa atau cerita rakyat
dari budaya mereka sendiri. Cerita dapat digunakan dalam pengajaran matematika untuk
berbagai tujuan didactical, sebagai sarana untuk meningkatkan sikap siswa terhadap
matematika dan prestasi mereka dalam mata pelajaran. Dengan kata lain, tujuan sastra
"menutupi" mata pelajaran matematika adalah untuk memanfaatkan potensinya untuk
membuat masalah matematika lebih dekat dan lebih relevan bagi siswa, untuk
mengurangi kecemasan mereka terhadap masalah-masalah ini dan meningkatkan
motivasi mereka.
Contoh Cerita Rakyat yang Berisi Nilai Matematika dan yang dapat
digunakan untuk Membantu Instruksi Matematika
"Di hari ulang tahun Hasan, neneknya memotong 12 potong kue, setelah dia mengatakan
kepadanya bahwa dia telah mengundang dua belas teman. Namun, hanya dua teman yang tiba
tepat waktu dan sisanya datang kemudian".
Pertanyaan: jika Hasan ingin membagi 12 potong kue antara temannya Amar dan dirinya
sendiri, berapa banyak potongan kue yang masing-masing akan diterima?
Pertanyaan: Jika kita memiliki 16 potong kue dan empat anak laki-laki, bisakah
kita membaginya secara merata di antara mereka? Pertanyaan: Karena kami
memiliki 6 teman dan 12 potong kue, berapa banyak potongan yang diterima
setiap anak?
Gambar 2.
Para pemain menggunakan penilaian mereka untuk mendiskriminasi antara "sedikit" dan
"besar," berukuran relatif seperti dalam foto. Permainan ini ditujukan untuk dua pemain atau
lebih, yang masing-masing, pada gilirannya, melempar Mozkat dan mendistribusikan batu-
batu kecil sesuai dengan aturan setiap tahap. Deskripsi di bawah ini berlaku untuk dua
pemain, tetapi secara bergiliran dapat mencakup lebih dari dua pemain. Tujuannya adalah
untuk melakukan dua hal secara bersamaan: menangkap Mozkat dan mengatur batu, setiap
tahap menawarkan kombinasi yang berbeda. Setiap pemain mencoba untuk melalui semua
enam tahap, dan jika pemain berhasil mencapainya, ia memenangkan 4 poin. Pemain yang
menang adalah orang yang mencetak poin terbanyak. Sebelum mereka memulai permainan,
para pemain memutuskan jumlah poin yang menang.
1. Menemukan alun-alun tengah di papan tulis; dan memahami arah horizontal, vertikal,
dan diagonal.
Bordir dalam cerita rakyat Badui dibuat dengan tangan oleh wanita Badui dan mewujudkan
berbagai nilai matematika. Oleh karena itu, termasuk sebagai ajudan instruksional dapat
memungkinkan siswa untuk menjadi akrab dengan dan mengalami berbagai mata pelajaran
matematika dan geometris. Dalam matematika, ini akan mencakup penambahan,
pengurangan, pembagian, dan perkalian, dan dalam geometri ini akan mencakup bentuk
geometris dan sifatnya (segitiga, kotak, garis, simetri). Pada saat yang sama siswa belajar
istilah budaya yang digunakan dalam bordir Badui seperti "Seif", "Arg", "Banaig", dan
Sidriyah", makna dan kegunaannya. Misalnya, anak-anak yang belajar tentang segitiga kanan
pertama-tama akan mempelajari teori sifat geometris segitiga dan kemudian mengalami
menyulam segitiga kanan menggunakan metode budaya dan alat yang digunakan dalam
bordir Badui. Dengan cara ini materi disederhanakan bagi siswa, dibuat lebih menarik bagi
mereka, sehingga meningkatkan peluang mereka untuk memahaminya dengan benar. Selain
itu, rasa memiliki masyarakat dan budaya mereka diperkuat.
Dalam satu latihan, para siswa akan menerima lembar kerja yang dibangun dari kotak-kotak
kecil yang dibuat khusus untuk bekerja di bordir Badui. Menggunakannya, siswa akan
diminta untuk:
Contoh 1: Dalam latihan berikut, siswa diminta untuk menggunakan "dera'a" mereka
sendiri untuk mengukur panjang tubuh dalam latihan
Contoh 2: Unit untuk Mengukur Berat
Dalam latihan ini, para siswa diminta untuk mengukur berat tubuh dalam gambar
menggunakan alat tradisional "retell".
Gambar 10. Berolahraga untuk menggunakan dan membandingkan beberapa unit panjang tradisional
Referensi
Amit, M., & Abu Qouder, F. (2015). Matematika Etnomin Badui: Bagaimana
mengintegrasikan elemen budaya ke dalam ruang kelas matematika berdampak
pada motivasi, harga diri, dan prestasi. Proses PME, 39,2431.
Lipka, J., Andrew-Ihrke, D., & Yanez, E. E. (2012). Kosmologi Yup'ik untuk
matematika sekolah: Kekuatan simetri dan pengukuranproporsional. Pertukaran,
42,157–183.
Verner, I., Massarwe, K., & Bshouty, D. (2013). Konstruksi keterlibatan muncul dalam
kursus pendidikan guru yang ethnomathematicallybased. Jurnal Perilaku
Matematika, 32 (3),494–507.
http://www.ejmste.com
A. Judul Jurnal
Judul Jurnal : On the Importance of an Ethnomathematical Curriculum in Mathematics
Education (Pentingnya Kurikulum Etnomatik di Pendidikan
Matematika)
Sumber : https://www.ejmste.com/download/on-the-importance-of-an-
ethnomathematical-curriculum-in-mathematics-education-5283.pdf
B. Definisi Etnomatematika
C. Metode Penelitian
Dilihat dari jurnal ini yang lebih menekankan pada pemahaman yang mendalam,
mengembangkan teori , mendeskripsikan realitas, bisa disimpulkan menggunakan jenis
penelitian kualitatif.
Terdapat juga sebuah permainan yang diberi nama Seega. Dalam permainan ini kita
hanya akan mengingat tujuan matematika dari permainan antara lain
Menemukan alun-alun tengah di papan tulis; dan memahami arah horizontal, vertikal,
dan diagonal.
Pengembangan pemikiran berupa penalaran dan pemikiran logis ke depan.
Pemikiran strategis bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan kesempatan untuk "memakan"
potongan-potongan lawan.
Pengembangan strategi pemenangan dengan bermain beberapa kali & mencerminkan.
Mengkomunikasikan pemikiran mereka.
2. Geometri, dalam bentuk-bentuk bordir dalam budaya cerita rakyat badui
Bordir dalam cerita rakyat Badui dibuat dengan tangan oleh wanita Badui dan
mewujudkan berbagai nilai matematika. Oleh karena itu dapat memungkinkan siswa
untuk menjadi akrab dengan dan mengalami berbagai mata pelajaran matematika dan
geometris. di dalam geometri ini akan mencakup bentuk geometris dan sifatnya (segitiga,
kotak, garis, simetri). Pada saat yang sama siswa belajar istilah budaya yang digunakan
dalam bordir Badui seperti "Seif", "Arg", "Banaig", dan Sidriyah", makna dan
kegunaannya. Misalnya, anak-anak yang belajar tentang segitiga kanan pertama-tama
akan mempelajari teori sifat geometris segitiga dan kemudian mengalami menyulam
segitiga kanan menggunakan metode budaya dan alat yang digunakan dalam bordir
Badui. Dengan cara ini materi disederhanakan bagi siswa, dibuat lebih menarik bagi
mereka, sehingga meningkatkan peluang mereka untuk memahaminya dengan benar.
Selain itu, rasa memiliki masyarakat dan budaya mereka diperkuat.
Dalam proses pembelajaran, para siswa akan menerima lembar kerja yang dibangun dari
kotak-kotak kecil yang dibuat khusus untuk bekerja di bordir Badui. Menggunakannya,
siswa akan diminta untuk:
Dalam indonesia juga terdapat motif-motif dari berbagai daerah yang memiliki ciri
khas dan ada yang memiliki bentuk-bentuk sesuai dengan geometri sehingga dapat
diterapkan dalam pembelajaran.
F. Kesimpulan
Etnomatematika adalah implementasi kurikulum matematika yang
mengintegrasikan unsur budaya dan cerita rakyat serta nilai-nilai dari kehidupan sehari-hari
dan masyarakat siswa, termasuk cerita rakyat, permainan, dan alat, serta kontribusi mereka
untuk meningkatkan motivasi mahasiswa untuk belajar matematika, yang pada gilirannya
meningkatkan prestasi akademik mereka dalam mata pelajaran ini.
Banyak sekali permainan-permainan daerah yang dapat diterapkan sebagai aktifitas
dalam belajar matematika, karena dalam permainan tersebut terkadang terselip sebuah skil
untuk mengasah baik itu dalam konsentrasi maupun berfikir matematika (menghitung,
mengurangi, dsb). Dalam motif kain batik maupun tenun, tanpa kita sadari juga terdapat
bentuk-bentuk geometris seperti segitiga, lingkaran, segi empat, zig zag, dsb.
Sehingga dengan adanya pembelajaran seperti itu dapat meningkatkan minat anak-
anak terhapad budayanya sendiri yang kian hari semakin terlupakan.
IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 9, Issue 4 Ser. I. (Jul. - Aug .2019), PP 16-24
www.iosrjournals.org
Abstract :The relationship between ethnomathematics and mathematics education is still widely questioned
and criticized regard the focus attention on the culture can be trigger negative connotation occurs for some
group of people. Besides, the problem how to find the contextual problem for the realistic mathematics
education approach also needs to require attention. Integration those two theories, researcher tries to develop
framework ethnomathematics based on Realistic Mathematics Education approach by seeing how the
ethnomathematics able to reach formal mathematics in Realistic Mathematics Education approach. By
identifying the strength and weakness both theories from previous studies, it is shown that the ethnomathematics
can reach the formal mathematics as a based activity to support the contextual problem in realistic mathematics
education approach.
Keywords: Ethnomathematics, Formal Mathematics, Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
Date of Submission: 04-07-2019 Date of acceptance: 19-07-2019
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------
I. Introduction
By linking the culture in the process of teaching and learning, learning becomes more meaningful.
Especially in mathematics learning, contextual learning highly relevant to the cultural community and its
make learning interesting and fun for the children. Neither Curriculum 2006 (School-Based Curriculum) nor
Curriculum 2013 in Indonesia accentuate the improvement of student' ability towards culture and students'
centerapproach [1,2]. As mention by Danoebroto [3], internal issues in Indonesia relate with the conflict of
SARA (ethnic, religion, race and group), inequity and crisis identity are the problems for Indonesia as
multicultural country. In order to solve this problem, public awareness start from school level is very
important to understand cultural diversity and respect ethnic identities oftheothers. By integrate the subjects
in the school including mathematics, government expect the meaningful learning for the children and help
the students to enhance their understanding in learning mathematics. In spite ofimportant it is, to bring
culture-based learning into the curriculum is a difficult task for the curriculum developer. As a result of
review from the criticism and contradiction of ethnomathematics by Pais[4]ethnomathematics have two
categories relate with epistemological and pedagogical. As epistemological related with the positions of
ethnomathematics in mathematical knowledge while as pedagogical, relate with the implication in formal
education of ethnomathematical ideas. He argues that by paying attention to the contradiction of
ethnomathematics can be good intention in order to keep their pedagogical aims of the teachers. As mention
by Howson, etc. [5] as well, there are four barriers to curriculum development that should be paying
attention for the curriculum developer. The first one is related to value barriers which are related to
ideologies and interest of an individual person. It has a significant effect on developing the curriculum in
mathematics education. The second one is power barriers which have significant innovation by shift the
balance power. The third one is practical barriers, and the last one is psychological barriers. In the other
countries, as well it is found out that the typical curriculum in schools is shallow yet overloaded,
undemanding, fragmented, unfocused and incoherent. Bishop [6] also tried to restructure three important
aspects in term of three levels in the curriculum based on the cultural conflict recognition. As represented in
intended curriculum, mathematical knowledge should be aware with three different educational structures
(formal, non-formal and informal mathematics education). Regard the implementation of mathematical
knowledge in the schools and classroom, teacher should be aware with culture-blind intended curriculum,
multi-cultural in the classroom and teacher as social anthropologist. And in the last regard the attained
curriculum, mathematical knowledge should be aware to the learners’ environment relate with what they
learn outside school and theirculture. Several important things for developing a curriculum are goals of
mathematics curriculum, content standard and for the supplement, instructional materials to support all ofthe
standards. In Indonesia's case, though the government hasobjectives in mathematics education which is
related to understanding the concept of mathematics (MoE, 2006), the reality shows that the students'
performance in comprehending mathematical concepts and construct as well as solve the mathematical
Ethnomathematics in Indonesia used to be use recently because the focus is referring to the cultural
environment that can be consideredto identified various cultural tradition in Indonesia. For example, Supriadi et
al [17] take Sundanese culture to teach mathematics. The problem was made by using the Sundanese culture in
order to make students aware with their culture and feel more comfortable and confident in discussing the
mathematical concepts. Other activities that can be referred to teach mathematics is by using traditional game.
Many of the traditional game in Indonesia can be adjust and deal with mathematics concepts.
Some previous studies which focus on RME in Indonesia such as: Fiangga[28], using RME approach
to help primary students understand the concept of area conservation in area measurement by using local
instructional. In his study, he found out that Tangram as a real and precious media to learn shapes. Some
researchers targeted the development of RME for the in-service and pre-service teacher; they try to do a project
or develop such kind of training for them [27]. Based on those previous studies, the researcher only focuses on
teacher or student only.
Many activities for the students come from students' activity which is related to their environment from
the game and daily activity which is part of the cultural activity as well. For example, playing, make a shape
(design), etc. Within students' game, we can find six universal activities by Bishop [16]. Many of the Indonesia
traditional games consist of those six activities as well. For example, counting (jump rope), locating (hide and
seek), measuring (marbles), designing (Tangram), playing, and explaining (more connected to communicating
skill of the children). All those activities relate to mathematics activity for developing students' understanding of
a certain mathematical concept. This research finds how important cultural activity for the children especially in
their development aged.
Although this approach seems to be perfect pedagogical method in teaching there is some problem that
should get more attention to improving such as: (1) In the situational level that used to be daily life context of
the students, in the real implementation shown as application problem only not as a contextual problem. (2)
Separate the culture of the students during teaching using this approach may affect their thinking [12] and the
last one (3) Consider teaching resources different from the culture.
III. Methodology
The researcher tries to answer the research question by identified from the previous studies relate those theories,
and the following ways to reach the objective are shown below:
a. The researcher tries to identify strength and weaknesses both theories.
b. The researcher tries to integrate the framework based on those strength and weakness.
c. The researcher tries to give an example of form of the integration framework to explain clearer how the
framework will be works.
From this table shows that ethnomathematics strength has a big impact on developing mathematics
curriculum. The pedagogical action as well may become interested in the students and improve their creativities.
But the pedagogical issue also becomes the weakness of this approach because the implementation needs a
creative teacher who cares and realizes the importance of the culture and how to connect mathematics
knowledge and culture. To emphasize this issue into mathematics curriculum, Adam [29] states five possibilities
for an ethnomathematical curriculum can be identified as follows:
a. Ethnomathematical curriculum is as an approach meaningful context because related to students think
about mathematics [30]
b. Ethnomathematics as a particular content that is distinct from the conventional mathematical concepts.
c. Ethnomathematics is a stage in the progression of mathematical thinking that child goes through during
his/her mathematics education.
d. Ethnomathematical curriculum could be the mathematical part of the idea that all classroom is situated in a
cultural context.
e. Integration of the mathematical concepts and practices originating in the learners` culture with those of
conventional, formal academic mathematics.
4.2 Strength and Weakness from previous studies of Realistic Mathematics Education
Based on the previous studies, researcher tried to summary the strength and weakness of ethnomathematics as
table following:
Table 2: Strength and Weakness of Realistic Mathematics Education
Strength of Realistic Mathematics Education Weakness of Realistic Mathematics Education
a. Provides a clear understanding to students about the a. The test based contextual problem is not easy to be found
relationship between mathematics and daily life as well as the for any mathematical topics.
usefulness of mathematics in general for humans. b. Learning process in IRME more complicated than
b. Mathematics is a field of study that can be constructed and conventional method.
developed by the students themselves and by others, not only c. The selection of props must be meticulous so that it can
by those who are called mathematicians. help the process of students’ way of thinking.
c. How to solve a problem or the problem should not be Suwarsono in Hadi (2003)
single, and do not have to be the same with each other. d. Context based approach by Indonesia curriculum may
d. The process of learn mathematics is the main concern and limit the implementation contextual situation
to so, they need to find out for themselves the more simply utilized as an application rather than source
mathematical concepts by guidance of the teacher. of learning.
e. Integrating the advantages of various learning approaches that e. Teacher finds the difficulty to make connection between
considered to be superior as well. For example, problem- another mathematics strands (integrated different
solving approaches, constructivism approaches and mathematics strands)
environment-based learning approaches. f. Contextual problem should have multiple solution in order
Suwarsono in Hadi (2003) to generalize but usually only 1 solution appears in the
learning process.
g. Due to teaching aids, based on the real principles, it should
be used introduced schemes but in Indonesia sometimes
only use standard method (Revina, 2017).
The table shows that realistic mathematics education is an appropriate method to be integrated with
ethnomathematics because of the principle of this approach which put emphasize on students’ creation.
Different type of students’ model can make them aware of another idea and point view from different angle. The
same focus as well with ethnomathematics, the student comes together from the different cultural background
and being put in the classroom which has variety type of students’ character, culture, etc. The importance of this
approach is how to make a deal in the classroom to reach the same idea to achieve the objective of the lesson.
Based on table 1 and table 2 are integrating to see how these two theories can complement each other.
To develop the framework based on this table 3, we need to think back to the objective of the
mathematics education in Indonesia and the recent goals of the curriculum. How the curriculum in Indonesia
wants to have similar characteristic with this integration of these theories.
The framework shown in Fig. 1 below is the proposed framework for the integration of
ethnomathematics and realistic mathematics education. How this framework will work on and how
ethnomathematics itself able to reach formal mathematics in the level of realistic mathematics education will be
explained in the next section. This framework shows that ethnomathematics curriculum should start from
phenomena/situation either in the mathematical domain or specific domain. Any activities though relate to the
culture or daily activity, consciously or unconsciously done in daily life promotes the activity within a
culture[31]. Based on the Adam [29] as well consider what kind of ethnomathematics in the context of
situational level which consists of mathematical activities from other culture and their own culture. This
framework also similar idea with Bishop [6] where accommodation approaches attempts to restructuring the
curriculum based on the children’s culture. Another important thing of this framework is the utilization of
model. The models can serve important device for bridging the gap between informal, context-related
mathematics and more formal mathematics [32,33,34,35].
Ethnomathematics Curriculum
Real Situation
Model-of
Formal Mathematics
This Fig. 1 will be used for designing the classroom setting and will be revised as shown in figure 3
where ethnomathematics can be labelled in each level of RME. Revina, S [12] states that using original culture
in implementation of RME more consistent with the RME theory rather than their counterpart elsewhere. The
implementation of ethnomathematical curriculum is not just about the application of relevant context in learning
teaching mathematics but is also about generating formal mathematics from cultural ideas.
them to bridge their thinking between mathematics e.g number, symbol, sign and their experience. In short,
ethnomathematics that appears in this level is ethnomathematics as context.
In the activity 2, which is a bridge between real situation and model-of level, the students will make
their mathematics expression based on the situation in the game then they will be required to find the similarity
between the mathematics expression from their data collected through observation sheet.
Ethnomathematical curriculum that could be built on the idea that ethnomathematics is a stage in the
development of mathematical thinking that a child goes through in his/her mathematics education a justification
for this curriculum is that mathematics should start with where the students are then make connections with
mathematics in their culture, and then link it to world mathematics. A curriculum of this kind may benefit
student learning in terms of students being aware of the mathematics found in their own culture and seeing
mathematics as a living and growing discipline. Ethnomathematics as a tool for mathematization can be labelled
in this level of model-of which mean ethnomathematics help students make connection to represent their idea
from context given
For the activity 3, the students are required to arrange their own number in order to create their
mathematics expression. The objective of developing an ethnomathematical curriculum model is to assist
students to become aware of how people mathematise or think mathematically in their culture, to use this
awareness to learn about formal mathematics, and to increase their ability to mathematise in any context in the
future [36]. It has also the connections between becoming critical mathematical thinkers and viewing knowledge
critically in a broad sense (awareness of the sign “-”). Ethnomathematical curriculum that could be develop in
this level is ethnomathematical curriculum focuses on mathematics as a process, rather than a collection of facts.
The model is based on the idea that mathematics is a human creation that emerges as people attempt to
understand their world. In other words, ethnomathematics can be consider as a tool for mathematization (mean
to help students develop their own representation from different context).
By the result of the activity 3, in the activity 4 students are require presenting their result and they will
be guided to find out the common expression as well as the same result of their answer. The four level of RME
is relate to formal mathematics where the students will be going from the context bounded to be free bounded.
In this stage, some of the expression are difficult to be express to the situation of the game anymore. But by
using the model-for table that they made in the activity 3, students able to find the formula as a conclusion of the
objective of this lesson. Ethnomathematical curriculum that can be build is the experiences will be used neither
as motivation, nor as an introduction, but as part of understanding how mathematical ideas develop, how they
are built into systems, how they are formulated, and how they are then applied in various ways within the
culture. In this stage, teachers’ role to appreciate each students’ model as well as students will learn how to
appreciate diversity of the culture and opinion among them are crucial. Valuing the diversity appears again not
only relate to the students’ background but also their preference. Students start to think as a social person to
consider their friend preference and discuss for the agreement as a classmate. Here ethnomathematics can be
labelled as a process of value.
The following Fig. 3 is the overall how ethnomathematics can be find in each level of RME as a
framework of ethnomathematics curriculum.
Ethnomathematics Curriculum
Ethnomathematics as co
Real Situation
ntext
Model-of
Cultural ac Ethnomathematicsas
tivities tools for mathematization RME level
Model-for
Ethnomathematics as a
Formal Mathematics
process of value
Figure 2. framework of ethnomathematics curriculum
V. Conclusion
Bringing the Realistic Mathematics Education approach into the pedagogy for teaching mathematics
within the culture helpful for the children to aware about their culture as well as reach the mathematics modern
[29]. By using Realistic Mathematics Education approach also help the teacher to support students to understand
the mathematical concept and the students will be analysed their level of understanding in the learning process
as well. However, this framework could be explored more relate with the position either ethnomathematics as a
process of value could be found in the real situation level or not and how are they relation. Next research
possibility could be how to embed this ethnomathematics curriculum to the recent mathematics curriculum in
Indonesia.
References
[1]. MoE Ministry of National Education. Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional,
2006.
[2]. MoEC Development of curriculum 2013. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2013.
[3]. Danoebroto, S.W, A Model of Mathematics Teaching Based on MulticulturalEducation (Model PembelajaranMatematikaBerbasis
Pendidikan Multikultural). Jurnal Pembangunan Pendidikan: Fondasi dan Aplikasi,1(1), 2012.
[4]. Pais, A, Criticism and Contradiction of Ethnomathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics,76(2).2011,209-230.
[5]. Howson, G., Keitel, C., and Kilpatric, J, Curriculum development in mathematics (Cambridge: University Press, 1981).
[6]. Bishop, A. J, Cultural Conflicts in Mathematics Education: Developing a Research Agenda. For the Learning of
Mathematics,14(2).1994.
[7]. Sembiring, R. K., Hadi, S., Dolk, M, Reforming Mathematics Learning in Indonesian Classroom through RME. ZDM Mathematics
Education,40.2008,927-939
[8]. Arsaythamby, V. and Zubainur, C.M, How A Realistic Mathematics Educational Approach Affect Students' Activities in Primary
School, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences,159.2014, 309–313.
[9]. Ekowati, K. CH., Ardi, M., Darwis, M., Upa, H.M.D. P., Tahmir, S., Dirawan, G.D, The Application of Realistic Mathematics
Education Approach in Teaching Mathematics in PenfuiKupang. International Journal of Education and Information
Studies,5(1).2015, 35-43.
[10]. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM),Realistic Mathematical, 1997
[11]. Freudenthal, H, Revisiting mathematics education. China Lectures (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991).
[12]. Revina, Influence of Culture on the Adaptation of Realistic Mathematics Education in Indonesia, doctoral thesis, University of
Hongkong, 2017.
[13]. Rosa M and Orey D C 2011 RevistaLatinoamericana de Ethnomatematica 4 32
[14]. Vithal, R., Skovsmose, O, The End of Innocence: A Critique of Ethnomathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics,
34(2).1997, 131-157.
[15]. D'Ambrosio, U, Ethnomathematics and Its Place in the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics. For the Learning of Mathematics,
5(1).1985, 44-48.
[16]. Bishop, A.J. (1991). Mathematics Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Dordrecht, Boston, London:
Kluwer Academic Publisher.
[17]. Supriadi, Suryadi, D., Sumarmo, U., Rakhmat, C. (2014). Developing Mathematical Modeling Ability Students Elementary School
Teacher Education through Ethnomathematics-Based Contextual Learning. In International Journal of Education and Research,
2(8), 439-452.
[18]. Zhang, W., Zhang Q. (2010). Ethnomathematics and Its Integration within the Mathematics Curriculum. In Journal of Mathematics
Education, 3(1), 151-157.
[19]. Wijaya, A. (2008). Design Research in Mathematics Education: Indonesia Traditional Games as Means to Support Second Graders'
Learning of Linear Measurement. Master Theses. Utrecht University. Netherlands.
[20]. Prahmana, R.C.I., Zulkardi, Hartono, Y. (2012). Learning Multipication Using Indonesian Traditional Game in Third Grade.
IndoMS. J.M.E 3(2), 115-132.
[21]. Prahmana, R.C.I. (2013). Designing Division Operation Learning in the Mathematics of Gasing. Proceeding in the First South East
Asia Design/Development Research (SEA-DR) Conference 2013, 391-398. Palembang: Sriwijaya University.
[22]. Gerdes, P. (1990). On Mathematical Elements in the Tchokwe “Sona” Tradition. For the Learning of Mathematics, 10(1), 31-34.
[23]. Bishop, A. J. (1994). Cultural Conflicts in Mathematics Education: Developing a Research Agenda. For the Learning of
Mathematics,14(2), 15-18.
[24]. Freudenthal, H. (1991). Revisiting Mathematics Education. China Lectures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[25]. Zulkardi. (2002). Developing a Learning Environment on Realistic Mathematics Education for Indonesian Student Teachers.
Doctoral dissertation. Enschede: University of Twente.
[26]. van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, M. (1996). Assessment and Realistic Mathematics Education. Doctor Dissertation. Utrecht University.
Netherlands
[27]. Hadi, S. (2002). Effective teacher professional Development for Implementation of Realistic Mathematics Education in Indonesia.
Doctoral dissertation. Enschede: University of Twente.
[28]. Fiangga, S. (2013). Designing Tangram Game Activity as An Introduction to the Concept of Area Conservation in the Topic of
Area Measurement. Master Theses. Surabaya State University. Surabaya.2016
[29]. Adam, S. (2004). Ethnomathematical Ideas in the Curriculum. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 16(2), 49-68.
[30]. bishop 1998 Bishop, A. J. (1998). Mathematics Education in Its Cultural Context. Educational Studies in Mathematics,19, 179-191.
[31]. baba 2002 Baba, T. (2002). Significance of Ethnomathematical Research: Towards International Cooperation with the Developing
Countries. Paper presented at the Biennial ICME.
[32]. Streefland, L. (1991). Fractions in Realistic Mathematics Education: A paradigm of developmental research. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
[33]. Treffers, A. (1991). Realistic Mathematics Education in The Netherlands 1980-1990. In L. Streefland (ed), Realistic Mathematics
Education in Primary School. Utrecht: CD-b Press/Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University.
[34]. Gravemeijer, K.P.E. (1994). Developing realistic mathematics education. Utrecht: CD-Beta Press/Freudenthal Institute.
[35]. van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, M. (1996). Assessment and Realistic Mathematics Education. Doctor Dissertation. Utrecht University.
Netherlands
[36]. Lipka, J. (2002). Connecting Yup`ik Elders Knowledge to School Mathematics, in M. de Monteiro (ed), Proceedings of Second
International Conference, Centre for Research in Learning Mathematics, Roskilde University, Copenhagen, pp.144-153.
Abstrak:Hubungan antara pendidikan etnomathematics dan matematika masih banyak dipertanyakan dan dikritik
mengingat fokus perhatian pada budaya dapat memicu terjadinya konotasi negatif bagi sebagian orang. Selain itu,
masalah bagaimana menemukan masalah kontekstual untuk pendekatan pendidikan matematika realistik juga perlu
mendapat perhatian. Mengintegrasikan kedua teori tersebut, peneliti mencoba mengembangkan kerangka kerja
etnomathematika berdasarkan pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik dengan melihat bagaimana
ethnomathematika mampu mencapai matematika formal dalam pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik. Dengan
mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan kedua teori dari penelitian sebelumnya, terlihat bahwa etnomathematika
dapat menjangkau matematika formal sebagai kegiatan berbasis untuk mendukung masalah kontekstual dalam
pendekatan pendidikan matematika realistik.
Kata kunci: Etnomathematika, Matematika Formal, Pendekatan Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) ------------
------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Tanggal
Pengajuan: 04-07-2019 Tanggal penerimaan: 19-07-2019 --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
----------- -------------------------------------------------- -
I. Pendahuluan
Dengan menghubungkan budaya dalam proses belajar mengajar, pembelajaran menjadi lebih bermakna.
Khususnya dalam pembelajaran matematika, pembelajaran kontekstual sangat relevan dengan komunitas budaya dan
menjadikan pembelajaran menarik dan menyenangkan bagi anak-anak. Baik Kurikulum 2006 (Kurikulum Berbasis
Sekolah) maupun Kurikulum 2013 di Indonesia tidak menonjolkan peningkatan kemampuan siswa terhadap budaya
dan pendekatan pusat siswa [1,2]. Sebagaimana dikemukakan Danoebroto [3], permasalahan internal di Indonesia
terkait dengan konflik SARA (suku, agama, ras dan golongan), ketimpangan dan krisis identitas menjadi
permasalahan bagi Indonesia sebagai negara multikultural. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, kesadaran masyarakat
mulai dari tingkat sekolah sangat penting untuk memahami keragaman budaya dan menghormati identitas etnis orang
lain. Dengan mengintegrasikan mata pelajaran di sekolah termasuk matematika, pemerintah mengharapkan
pembelajaran yang bermakna bagi anak-anak dan membantu siswa dalam meningkatkan pemahamannya dalam
pembelajaran matematika. Meskipun penting, memasukkan pembelajaran berbasis budaya ke dalam kurikulum
merupakan tugas yang sulit bagi pengembang kurikulum. Sebagai hasil tinjauan kritik dan kontradiksi
etnomathematika oleh Pais [4] etnomathematika memiliki dua kategori yang berkaitan dengan epistemologis dan
pedagogis. Secara epistemologis berkaitan dengan posisi etnomathematika dalam pengetahuan matematika
sedangkan sebagai pedagogis, berkaitan dengan implikasinya dalam pendidikan formal ide-ide etnomathematik. Ia
berpendapat bahwa dengan memperhatikan kontradiksi etnomathematika dapat menjadi niat baik untuk menjaga
tujuan pedagogik para guru. Seperti yang disebutkan oleh Howson, dll. [5] juga, ada empat hambatan pengembangan
kurikulum yang harus diperhatikan oleh pengembang kurikulum. Yang pertama terkait dengan hambatan nilai yang
terkait dengan ideologi dan kepentingan seseorang. Ini memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pengembangan
kurikulum dalam pendidikan matematika. Yang kedua adalah power barriers yang memiliki inovasi signifikan dengan
menggeser kekuatan keseimbangan. Yang ketiga adalah hambatan praktis, dan yang terakhir adalah hambatan
psikologis. Di negara lain, juga ditemukan bahwa tipikal kurikulum di sekolah dangkal namun kelebihan beban, tidak
menuntut, terfragmentasi, tidak fokus dan tidak koheren. Uskup [6] juga mencoba merestrukturisasi tiga aspek
penting dalam tiga tingkatan dalam kurikulum berdasarkan pengenalan konflik budaya. Seperti yang
direpresentasikan dalam kurikulum yang dimaksudkan, pengetahuan matematika harus diperhatikan dengan tiga
struktur pendidikan yang berbeda (pendidikan matematika formal, non-formal dan informal). Terkait penerapan ilmu
matematika di sekolah dan kelas, guru harus sadar dengan kurikulum dimaksudkan buta budaya, multikultural di
kelas dan guru sebagai antropolog sosial. Dan pada hal terakhir kurikulum yang dicapai, pengetahuan matematika
harus menyadari lingkungan peserta didik terkait dengan apa yang mereka pelajari di luar sekolah dan budaya mereka.
Beberapa hal penting dalam pengembangan kurikulum adalah tujuan kurikulum matematika, standar isi dan sebagai
pelengkap, bahan ajar untuk menunjang semua standar tersebut. Dalam kasus Indonesia, meskipun pemerintah
mempunyai tujuan dalam pendidikan matematika yaitu terkait dengan pemahaman konsep matematika (KLH, 2006),
namun kenyataannya menunjukkan bahwa prestasi siswa dalam memahami konsep dan konstruk matematika serta
menyelesaikan matematika
Ethnomathematics di Indonesia dulu digunakan baru-baru ini karena fokusnya adalah mengacu pada
lingkungan budaya yang dapat dianggap telah diidentifikasi berbagai tradisi budaya di Indonesia. Misalnya Supriadi dkk
[17] mengambil budaya Sunda dalam pembelajaran matematika. Masalah dibuat dengan memanfaatkan budaya Sunda
agar siswa lebih sadar dengan budayanya dan merasa lebih nyaman dan percaya diri dalam berdiskusi tentang konsep
matematika. Kegiatan lain yang dapat dirujuk untuk mengajar matematika adalah dengan menggunakan permainan
tradisional. Banyak permainan tradisional di Indonesia yang dapat disesuaikan dan disesuaikan dengan konsep
matematika.
2.2 Pemanfaatan Etnomathematika dalam Pendidikan Matematika
Banyak peneliti juga yang mencoba menerapkan etnomathematika dalam proses pembelajarannya. Seperti
yang disebutkan oleh Zhang, Zhang [18], sebagian besar masyarakat Afrika di selatan Sahara secara tradisional
membangun rumah mereka dengan dasar berbentuk lingkaran atau persegi panjang. Hasil penelitian mereka
menyebutkan perbedaan asal muasal sejarah budaya bangsa yang berbeda harus digali dengan hati-hati. Di Indonesia
sendiri, sebagai negara yang sangat luas, Indonesia memiliki banyak suku dan keragaman mulai dari bagian barat hingga
Indonesia bagian timur.
Beberapa peneliti menggunakan kombinasi pendekatan budaya dan RME misalnya (1) Wijaya [19], ia
melakukan penelitiannya di tingkat sekolah dasar, di mana sejumlah pembelajaran dalam pengukuran linier
dikembangkan dengan menggunakan permainan tradisional. (2) Prahmana, RCI, Zulkardi, Hartono, Y [20] di tingkat
SD untuk pembelajaran perkalian menggunakan permainan tradisional dan (3) Prahmana [21], di tingkat siswa guru
untuk pembelajaran operasi divisi desain Math Gasing. Ketiga studi sebelumnya hanya berfokus pada sekolah dasar di
mana siswa dengan mudah terlibat dengan konsep konkret. Sedangkan untuk sekolah menengah misalnya siswa sekolah
menengah pertama hanya biasa mengkomitmenkan diri pada konsep yang abstrak. Para peneliti juga tidak secara
eksplisit menyebutkan tentang etnomathematika. Mereka hanya menganggap permainan tradisional sebagai lingkungan
belajar bagi para siswa. Padahal seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa banyak kegiatan siswa yang berkaitan dengan latar
belakang budayanya.
Gerdes [22] memberikan contoh lain terkait geometri dalam tradisi menggambar Tchokhwe di Angola. Tradisi
ini dinamakan Sona dimana gambarnya terbuat dari pasir dan membentuk berbagai pola geometri. Meskipun begitu
banyak kegiatan budaya yang dapat menjadi penunjang bagi anak-anak, banyak peneliti yang berpendapat juga mengenai
hubungan antara pendidikan etnomathematika dan matematika. Seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Bishop [23], apa
pentingnya pembelajaran matematika bagi anak-anak terkait ketiga aspek kurikulum tersebut? Memperkuat
etnomathematics kepada anak-anak bagaimanapun juga membuat mereka tidak dapat melampaui matematika modern.
Vithal dan Skovsmove [14] mencontohkan di Afrika Selatan, membawa dan menekankan terlalu banyak pada budaya
berkonotasi negatif bagi sebagian orang. Mereka berpendapat bahwa pendekatan budaya terhadap pendidikan dalam
masyarakat multikultural sering mengasumsikan bahwa budaya itu kompatibel dan selaras di dalam diri mereka sendiri
dan satu sama lain. Itu membuat guru yang menggunakan pendekatan budaya tampak tidak memperhatikan konflik yang
memang ada atau dalam menghadapi konflik hanya berhenti menggunakan pendekatan tersebut [14]. Untuk mengurangi
dampak penggunaan pendekatan budaya, Pais [4] mengusulkan untuk mempertimbangkan mengaitkan masalah
pedagogis terkait dengan implikasi etnomathematika.
Beberapa studi sebelumnya yang berfokus pada RME di Indonesia seperti: Fiangga [28], dengan menggunakan
pendekatan RME untuk bantuan siswa sekolah dasar memahami konsep konservasi daerah dalam pengukuran daerah
dengan menggunakan instruksional lokal. Dalam studinya, ia menemukan bahwa Tangram sebagai media yang nyata
dan berharga untuk mempelajari bentuk. Beberapa peneliti menargetkan pengembangan RME untuk guru dalam jabatan
dan guru pra-jabatan; mereka mencoba untuk melakukan proyek atau mengembangkan pelatihan semacam itu untuk
mereka [27]. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, peneliti hanya berfokus pada guru atau siswa saja.
Banyak aktivitas siswa yang berasal dari aktivitas siswa yang berkaitan dengan lingkungannya mulai dari
permainan dan aktivitas sehari-hari yang juga merupakan bagian dari aktivitas budaya. Misalnya, bermain, membuat
bentuk (desain), dll. Dalam permainan siswa, kita dapat menemukan enam kegiatan universal oleh Bishop [16].
Permainan tradisional Indonesia banyak yang terdiri dari enam kegiatan tersebut juga. Misalnya menghitung (lompat
tali), mencari lokasi (petak umpet), mengukur (kelereng), mendesain (tangram), bermain, dan menjelaskan (lebih terkait
dengan keterampilan berkomunikasi anak). Semua kegiatan tersebut berkaitan dengan kegiatan matematika untuk
mengembangkan pemahaman siswa terhadap suatu konsep matematika. Penelitian ini menemukan betapa pentingnya
kegiatan budaya bagi anak-anak khususnya pada usia perkembangannya.
Meskipun pendekatan ini tampaknya merupakan metode pedagogis yang sempurna dalam pembelajaran,
namun terdapat beberapa masalah yang perlu mendapat perhatian lebih untuk ditingkatkan seperti: (1) Pada tataran
situasional yang dulunya merupakan konteks kehidupan sehari-hari siswa, dalam implementasi nyata ditampilkan
sebagai aplikasi. masalah tidak hanya sebagai masalah kontekstual. (2) Memisahkan budaya siswa selama mengajar
dengan menggunakan pendekatan ini dapat mempengaruhi pemikiran mereka [12] dan yang terakhir (3)
Mempertimbangkan sumber pengajaran yang berbeda dari budaya.
III. Metodologi
Peneliti mencoba menjawab pertanyaan penelitian dengan mengidentifikasi dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya
yang berkaitan dengan teori-teori tersebut, dan cara-cara untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut ditunjukkan di bawah ini:
a. Peneliti mencoba mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan kelemahan kedua teori tersebut.
b. Peneliti mencoba mengintegrasikan kerangka kerja berdasarkan kekuatan dan kelemahan tersebut.
c. Peneliti mencoba memberikan contoh bentuk kerangka integrasi untuk menjelaskan lebih jelas bagaimana kerangka
tersebut akan bekerja.
1. Perspektif Byintegratinganethnomathematics ke 1. Guru terbiasa dengan cara baru dalam mengajar apalagi jika
dalammatematika kurikulum� dampak sosial pada sikap tidak ada dalam kurikulum. Untuk mencegah masalah ini,
siswa terhadap latar belakang budayanya sendiri [11] Rosa [11] menyatakan bahwa perlu untuk mengusulkan
2. Penerapan etnomathematika sebagai tindakan pedagogis diskusi tentang relevansi budaya ke dalam kurikulum
mengembalikan rasa senang atau keterikatan dan dapat matematika untuk membantu guru mengetahui hubungan
meningkatkan kreativitas dalam mengerjakan matematika antara budaya dan pengetahuan matematika sekolah.
[11] 2. Dalam dua pandangan dalam kerangka teori etnomathematika
3. Membantu siswa memahami kontribusi budaya orang lain, (Albanese et al, 2017), aktivitas mathematization muncul �
menghargai memperhatikan keberagaman, menghindari QRS (kuantitas, relasi dan aspek spasial pengalaman
eksklusi dan isolasi dan yang terakhir menunjukkan manusia� terletak) tetapi tidak ada penjelasan yang cukup
matematika sebagai aktivitas manusia (UNESCO, 2012). mengenai kategorisasi siswa kinerja berdasarkan aktivitas.
Dari tabel tersebut terlihat bahwa kekuatan etnomathematika berpengaruh besar terhadap pengembangan
kurikulum matematika. Tindakan pedagogis juga dapat menarik minat siswa dan meningkatkan kreativitas mereka.
Namun masalah pedagogik juga menjadi kelemahan dari pendekatan ini karena dalam implementasinya membutuhkan
guru yang kreatif yang peduli dan menyadari pentingnya budaya dan bagaimana menghubungkan pengetahuan dan
budaya matematika. Untuk menekankan masalah ini ke dalam kurikulum matematika, Adam [29] menyatakan lima
kemungkinan untuk kurikulum etnomathematical dapat diidentifikasi sebagai berikut:
e. Integrasi konsep dan praktik matematika yang berasal dari budaya peserta didik dengan konsep dan praktik
matematika konvensional dan formal.
4.2 Kekuatan dan Kelemahan dari Studi-studi Pendidikan Matematika Realistis Sebelumnya Berdasarkan studi-
studi sebelumnya, peneliti mencoba merangkum kekuatan dan kelemahan etnomathematika sebagai tabel berikut:
Tabel 2: Kekuatan dan Kelemahan Pendidikan Matematika Realistis
Kekuatan Pendidikan Matematika RealistisPendidikan KelemahanMatematika Realistis Pendidikan
a. Memberikan pemahaman yang jelas kepada siswa tentang a. Masalah kontekstual berbasis tes tidak mudah ditemukan
keterkaitan antara matematika dengan kehidupan sehari-hari untuk topik matematika apa pun.
serta kegunaan matematika secara umum bagi manusia. b. Proses pembelajaran di IRME lebih rumit dibandingkan
b. Matematika merupakan bidang studi yang dapat dikonstruksi dengan metode konvensional.
dan dikembangkan oleh siswa sendiri dan oleh orang lain, c. Pemilihan alat peraga harus cermat agar dapat membantu
tidak hanya oleh mereka yang disebut ahli matematika. proses berfikir siswa.
c. Cara mengatasi suatu masalah atau masalah tidak boleh Suwarsono dalam Hadi (2003)
tunggal, dan tidak harus sama satu sama lain. d. Proses d. Pendekatan berbasis konteks oleh kurikulum Indonesia dapat
pembelajaran matematika menjadi perhatian utama dan untuk membatasi pelaksanaan � situasi kontekstual lebih
itu mereka perlu mencari tahu sendiri konsep-konsep sederhana digunakan sebagai aplikasi daripada sumber
matematika tersebut dengan bimbingan guru. belajar.
e. Mengintegrasikan keunggulan berbagai pendekatan e. Guru mengalami kesulitan untuk membuat hubungan antara
pembelajaran yang dianggap unggul pula. Misalnya untaian matematika yang lain (untaian matematika yang
pendekatan pemecahan masalah, pendekatan berbeda terintegrasi)
konstruktivisme dan pendekatan pembelajaran berbasis f. Masalah kontekstual harus memiliki beberapa solusi agar
lingkungan. dapat digeneralisasi tetapi biasanya hanya 1 solusi yang
Suwarsono dalam Hadi (2003) muncul dalam proses pembelajaran.
g. Dikarenakan alat peraga, berdasarkan prinsip yang
sebenarnya harus digunakan skema introduksi tetapi di
Indonesia terkadang hanya menggunakan metode standar
(Revina, 2017).
Dari tabel tersebut terlihat bahwa pendidikan matematika realistik merupakan metode yang tepat untuk
diintegrasikan dengan etnomathematika karena prinsip pendekatan ini yang menekankan pada kreasi siswa. Jenis model
siswa yang berbeda dapat membuat mereka sadar akan ide dan sudut pandang lain dari sudut yang berbeda. Fokus yang
sama juga dengan etnomathematics, siswa berasal dari latar belakang budaya yang berbeda dan ditempatkan di kelas
yang memiliki tipe karakter siswa yang beragam, budaya, dll. Pentingnya pendekatan ini adalah bagaimana membuat
kesepakatan di dalam kelas. untuk mencapai ide yang sama untuk mencapai tujuan pelajaran.
Berdasarkan tabel 1 dan tabel 2 yang diintegrasikan untuk melihat bagaimana kedua teori tersebut dapat saling
melengkapi.
Untuk mengembangkan kerangka kerja berdasarkan tabel 3 ini, kita perlu memikirkan kembali tujuan
pendidikan matematika di Indonesia dan tujuan kurikulum saat ini. Bagaimana kurikulum di Indonesia ingin memiliki
karakteristik yang sama dengan integrasi teori-teori tersebut.
Kerangka yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 1 di bawah ini adalah kerangka yang diusulkan untuk integrasi
etnomathematics dan pendidikan matematika realistik. Bagaimana kerangka kerja ini akan bekerja dan bagaimana
etnomathematics itu sendiri dapat mencapai matematika formal di tingkat pendidikan matematika realistik akan
dijelaskan di bagian selanjutnya. Kerangka kerja ini menunjukkan bahwa kurikulum etnomathematika harus dimulai dari
fenomena / situasi baik dalam domain matematika maupun domain tertentu. Setiap aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan
budaya atau aktivitas sehari-hari, baik disadari maupun tidak, yang dilakukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
mempromosikan aktivitas dalam
budaya [31]. Berdasarkan Adam [29] sekalian mempertimbangkan seperti apa etnomathematika dalam konteks level
situasional yang terdiri dari aktivitas matematika dari budaya lain dan budaya mereka sendiri. Kerangka ini juga mirip
dengan Bishop [6] di mana pendekatan akomodasi mencoba untuk merestrukturisasi kurikulum berdasarkan budaya
anak. Hal penting lainnya dari framework ini adalah pemanfaatan model. Model dapat melayani perangkat penting untuk
menjembatani kesenjangan antara informal, matematika terkait konteks dan matematika yang lebih formal [32,33,34,35].
Gambar 1. Kerangka desain kurikulum etnomathematika
Gambar 1 ini akan digunakan untuk mendesain pengaturan ruang kelas dan akan direvisi seperti yang
ditunjukkan pada gambar 3 di mana etnomathematika dapat diberi label di setiap level RME. Revina, S [12] menyatakan
bahwa menggunakan budaya asli dalam implementasi RME lebih konsisten dengan teori RME daripada rekan mereka
di tempat lain. Penerapan kurikulum etnomathematis tidak hanya tentang penerapan konteks yang relevan dalam
pembelajaran matematika tetapi juga tentang menghasilkan matematika formal dari ide-ide budaya.
Kurikulum etnomathematika yang dapat diberi label pada level ini adalah matematika dalam konteks yang
bermakna [30]. Permainan budaya yang memanfaatkan pengalaman siswa yang umum di lingkungan mereka
membantu
mereka untuk menjembatani pemikiran mereka antara matematika misalnya jumlah, simbol, tanda dan pengalaman
mereka. Singkatnya, etnomathematika yang muncul pada level ini adalah etnomathematika sebagai konteks.
Pada kegiatan 2 yang merupakan jembatan antara situasi nyata dan model level, siswa akan membuat ekspresi
matematika berdasarkan situasi yang ada di dalam game kemudian mereka akan diminta untuk menemukan kesamaan
ekspresi matematika dari data yang mereka kumpulkan melalui. lembar observasi.
Kurikulum etnomathematik yang dibangun di atas gagasan bahwa etnomathematika adalah tahapan dalam
perkembangan pemikiran matematis yang dijalani seorang anak dalam pendidikan matematikanya. Pembenaran untuk
kurikulum ini adalah bahwa matematika harus dimulai dari tempat siswa kemudian menjalin hubungan dengannya.
matematika dalam budaya mereka, dan kemudian menghubungkannya dengan matematika dunia. Kurikulum semacam
ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembelajaran siswa dalam hal siswa menyadari matematika yang ditemukan dalam budaya
mereka sendiri dan melihat matematika sebagai disiplin yang hidup dan berkembang. Etnomathematika sebagai alat
matematisasi dapat diberi label pada level model ini-artinya etnomathematika membantu siswa menjalin hubungan untuk
merepresentasikan gagasannya dari konteks yang diberikan.
Untuk kegiatan 3, siswa diharuskan menyusun bilangan sendiri untuk membuat matematikanya. ekspresi.
Tujuan dari pengembangan model kurikulum etnomathematis adalah untuk membantu siswa untuk menyadari
bagaimana orang-orang melakukan matematika atau berpikir secara matematis dalam budaya mereka, menggunakan
kesadaran ini untuk belajar tentang matematika formal, dan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mereka untuk melakukan
matematika dalam konteks apa pun di masa depan [ 36]. Ini juga memiliki hubungan antara menjadi pemikir matematika
kritis dan melihat pengetahuan secara kritis dalam arti luas (kesadaran akan tanda "-"). Kurikulum etnomatematik yang
dapat dikembangkan pada jenjang ini adalah kurikulum etnomatematik yang lebih menitikberatkan pada matematika
sebagai proses, bukan kumpulan fakta. Model tersebut didasarkan pada gagasan bahwa matematika adalah ciptaan
manusia yang muncul sebagai upaya manusia untuk memahami dunianya. Dengan kata lain, etnomathematika dapat
dianggap sebagai alat untuk mathematization (membantu siswa mengembangkan representasi mereka sendiri dari
konteks yang berbeda).
Dari hasil kegiatan 3, pada kegiatan 4 siswa diharuskan mempresentasikan hasilnya dan mereka akan dibimbing
untuk mengetahui persamaan ungkapan serta hasil jawaban yang sama. Keempat level RME berkaitan dengan
matematika formal dimana siswa akan berangkat dari konteks terikat menjadi batas bebas. Dalam tahap ini, beberapa
ekspresi sulit diekspresikan ke situasi permainan lagi. Namun dengan menggunakan model-for table yang mereka buat
pada kegiatan 3 siswa dapat menemukan rumus sebagai kesimpulan dari tujuan pembelajaran ini. Kurikulum
etnomathematis yang dapat dibangun adalah pengalaman yang tidak akan digunakan sebagai motivasi, atau sebagai
pengantar, tetapi sebagai bagian dari pemahaman bagaimana ide-ide matematika berkembang, bagaimana ide-ide itu
dibangun ke dalam sistem, bagaimana mereka dirumuskan, dan bagaimana mereka kemudian diterapkan di dalamnya.
berbagai cara dalam budaya. Dalam tahap ini, peran guru untuk mengapresiasi model setiap siswa serta siswa akan
belajar bagaimana mengapresiasi keragaman budaya dan pendapat di antara mereka sangat penting. Menilai
keberagaman muncul kembali tidak hanya berkaitan dengan latar belakang siswa tetapi juga preferensi mereka. Siswa
mulai berpikir sebagai orang yang sosial untuk mempertimbangkan preferensi teman mereka dan mendiskusikan
kesepakatan sebagai teman sekelas. Di sini etnomathematika dapat diberi label sebagai proses nilai.
Gambar 3 berikut ini adalah gambaran keseluruhan bagaimana etnomathematics dapat ditemukan di setiap
level RME sebagai kerangka kurikulum ethnomathematics.
Referensi
[1]. MoE Ministry of National Education. Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2006.
[2]. MoEC Development of curriculum 2013. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2013. [3]. Danoebroto, SW, A Model of
Mathematics Teaching Based on MulticulturalEducation (Model PembelajaranMatematikaBerbasis Pendidikan Multikultural). Jurnal
Pembangunan Pendidikan: Fondasi dan Aplikasi,1(1), 2012.
[4]. Pais, A, Criticism and Contradiction of Ethnomathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics,76(2).2011,209-230. [5]. Howson, G.,
Keitel, C., and Kilpatric, J, Curriculum development in mathematics (Cambridge: University Press, 1981). [6]. Bishop, A. J, Cultural
Conflicts in Mathematics Education: Developing a Research Agenda. For the Learning of Mathematics,14(2).1994.
[7]. Sembiring, RK, Hadi, S., Dolk, M, Reforming Mathematics Learning in Indonesian Classroom through RME. ZDM Mathematics
Education,40.2008,927-939
[8]. Arsaythamby, V. and Zubainur, CM, How A Realistic Mathematics Educational Approach Affect Students' Activities in Primary
School, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences,159.2014, 309–313.
[9]. Ekowati, K. CH., Ardi, M., Darwis, M., Upa, HMDP, Tahmir, S., Dirawan, GD, The Application of Realistic Mathematics Education
Approach in Teaching Mathematics in PenfuiKupang. International Journal of Education and Information Studies,5(1).2015, 35-43.
[10]. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM),Realistic Mathematical, 1997
[11]. Freudenthal, H, Revisiting mathematics education. China Lectures (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991). [12]. Revina,
Influence of Culture on the Adaptation of Realistic Mathematics Education in Indonesia, doctoral thesis, University of Hongkong, 2017.
[13]. Rosa M and Orey DC 2011 RevistaLatinoamericana de Ethnomatematica 4 32
[14]. Vithal, R., Skovsmose, O, The End of Innocence: A Critique of Ethnomathematics. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 34(2).1997,
131-157.
[15]. D'Ambrosio, U, Ethnomathematics and Its Place in the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics. For the Learning of Mathematics,
5(1).1985, 44-48.
[16]. Bishop, AJ (1991). Mathematics Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer
Academic Publisher.
[17]. Supriadi, Suryadi, D., Sumarmo, U., Rakhmat, C. (2014). Developing Mathematical Modeling Ability Students Elementary School
Teacher Education through Ethnomathematics-Based Contextual Learning. In International Journal of Education and Research, 2(8),
439-452.
[18]. Zhang, W., Zhang Q. (2010). Ethnomathematics and Its Integration within the Mathematics Curriculum. In Journal of Mathematics
Education, 3(1), 151-157.
[19]. Wijaya, A. (2008). Design Research in Mathematics Education: Indonesia Traditional Games as Means to Support Second Graders'
Learning of Linear Measurement. Master Theses. Utrecht University. Belanda.
[20]. Prahmana, RCI, Zulkardi, Hartono, Y. (2012). Learning Multipication Using Indonesian Traditional Game in Third Grade. IndoMS.
JME 3(2), 115-132.
[21]. Prahmana, RCI (2013). Designing Division Operation Learning in the Mathematics of Gasing. Proceeding in the First South East Asia
Design/Development Research (SEA-DR) Conference 2013, 391-398. Palembang: Sriwijaya University. [22]. Gerdes, P. (1990). On
Mathematical Elements in the Tchokwe “Sona” Tradition. For the Learning of Mathematics, 10(1), 31-34. [23]. Bishop, AJ (1994). Cultural
Conflicts in Mathematics Education: Developing a Research Agenda. For the Learning of Mathematics,14(2), 15-18.
[24]. Freudenthal, H. (1991). Revisiting Mathematics Education. China Lectures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. [25]. Zulkardi.
(2002). Developing a Learning Environment on Realistic Mathematics Education for Indonesian Student Teachers. Disertasi doktoral.
Enschede: University of Twente.
[26]. van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, M. (1996). Assessment and Realistic Mathematics Education. Doctor Dissertation. Utrecht University.
Netherlands
[27]. Hadi, S. (2002). Effective teacher professional Development for Implementation of Realistic Mathematics Education in Indonesia.
Disertasi doktoral. Enschede: University of Twente.
[28]. Fiangga, S. (2013). Designing Tangram Game Activity as An Introduction to the Concept of Area Conservation in the Topic of Area
Measurement. Master Theses. Surabaya State University. Surabaya.2016
[29]. Adam, S. (2004). Ethnomathematical Ideas in the Curriculum. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 16(2), 49-68. [30]. bishop
1998 Bishop, AJ (1998). Mathematics Education in Its Cultural Context. Educational Studies in Mathematics,19, 179-191. [31]. baba 2002
Baba, T. (2002). Significance of Ethnomathematical Research: Towards International Cooperation with the Developing Countries. Paper
presented at the Biennial ICME.
[32]. Streefland, L. (1991). Fractions in Realistic Mathematics Education: A paradigm of developmental research. Dordrecht: Kluwer. [33].
Treffers, A. (1991). Realistic Mathematics Education in The Netherlands 1980-1990. In L. Streefland (ed), Realistic Mathematics Education
in Primary School. Utrecht: CD-b Press/Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University.
[34]. Gravemeijer, KPE (1994). Developing realistic mathematics education. Utrecht: CD-Beta Press/Freudenthal Institute. [35]. van den
Heuvel-Panhuizen, M. (1996). Assessment and Realistic Mathematics Education. Doctor Dissertation. Utrecht University. Netherlands
[36]. Lipka, J. (2002). Connecting Yup`ik Elders Knowledge to School Mathematics, in M. de Monteiro (ed), Proceedings of Second
International Conference, Centre for Research in Learning Mathematics, Roskilde University, Copenhagen, pp.144-153.
Nur RobiahNofikusumawati Peni"Development Framework of Ethnomathematics Curriculum
through Realistic Mathematics Education Approach." IOSR Journal of Research & Method in
Education (IOSR-JRME) , vol. 9, tidak. 4, 2019, pp. 16-24.
Sumber : https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jrme/papers/Vol-9%20Issue-4/Series-
1/B0904011624.pdf
B. Definisi Etnomatematika
C. Metode Penelitian
Dalam jurnal ini dijelaskan dalam bab metodologi, Peneliti mencoba menjawab
pertanyaan penelitian dengan mengidentifikasi dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya yang
berkaitan dengan teori-teori tersebut, dan cara-cara untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut
ditunjukkan di bawah ini:
Tetapi peneliti juga memberikan berbagai contoh tentang pembelajaran matematika dengan
etnomatematika berbasis pendidikan matematika realistis, pada negara lain. Contohnya