MULTIPLE ANGLE PIPE BENDING MACHINE

PROJECT REPORT 2012-2013

Submitted by:

(Team name)

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of

Diploma in -----------------------------------------By the State Board of Technical
Education Government of Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department:

College name:

Place:
 DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of Examinations, State

Board of Technical Education, Chennai,

TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------ (college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our project, we

wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college
and our beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate duration
in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for her/him

constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks to our
guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and
encouragement during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, ----------
(college Name).
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER

NO TITLE

10

11
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

This project helps us to bend the pipe in multi angles. It consists of ratchet arrangement

and pulley. It is the easy way to bend the pipes. Time can be reduced by using this process.

Mechanical Engineering without production and manufacturing is meaningless. Production and

manufacturing process deals with conversion of raw materials inputs to finished products as per

required dimension, specification and efficiently using recent technology. The new development

and requirements inspired us to think of new improvements in manufacturing field.

In our project Pipe Bending Machine various diameters of pipe is being bend with the help of this

machine and various shapes is obtained like v-shape, circular, square, channel etc. It is widely

used in various industrial operation such as bending a tube to make coil or sheet metal to make

certain shape such as ‘V’ shape.

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Bending is a manufacturing process that produces a V-shape, U-shape, or channel shape along a

straight axis in ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal. Commonly used equipment

includes box and pan brakes, brake presses, and other specialized machine presses.

1.1 Overview

A bending is a process of bending a metal. The metal can be a sheet metal, tubes,

square hollow, rod, and iron angle. This type of metal has its own thickness. In

bending machine designing several considerations is taken into including type of

metal, type of the roller bender, power driven or manual and the size of the bending

machine. Usually, the difference of these types of bending machine is only on the

capacity of the bending machine that can bend a sheet metal or tube. Today, the

bending machine that available in the market is for the sheet metal and tube

bending machine. Many machine makers vary their products based on the capacity

of the bending machine and power driven or manual. Moreover, most of the

machine uses roll bending type. This type of machine has 3 rolls which is 1 roll is

fixed and the other 2 are adjustable. The sheet metal needs to put in the roller and

then rolls around it until the desire shape is acquired. The products that can be

produced with this machine are coil, truncated cone, etc.

1.2 Need for Pipe Bending Machine

As we know that pipe bends are used in various household things therefore it is

necessary to build a economical pipe bending machine. It is also used in designing of

various machine components, without this bending device a machine can’t work

properly. As far as industrial application is concerned it is used for piping purpose.

The reason to design a bending machine is because there is no proper bending

machine to bend a solid or hollow pipe for small scale. The bending machines found

in the market come from variety of types. There are bending machine such as press

brake bending machine, roll bending machine and a folding machine.

 CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF BENDING MACHINE
2.1 Tube Bending

The Forming Roller method of tube bending is recommended for all large bends

where the centerline radius is at least 4 times the outside diameter of the tube. It

can also be successfully employed for bending pipe or heavy wall tubing to smaller

radii and is the most practical method of bending very small diameter tubing.

The Forming Roller and Radius Collar must be grooved to exactly fit the tube and the

tube must not be allowed to slip during the bending operation as even a slight

amount of slippage will cause distortion

2.2 Circle Bending:

This operation is somewhat involved by the fact that most materials “spring back”

after they have been formed. To compensate for this, it is often necessary to use a

Radius Collar having a smaller diameter than that of the circle required. Actual size

can best be determined by experiment, as the “spring back” varies in different

materials. Material should be precut to exact length before forming

 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The ratchet mechanism is the heart of the project. With the help of the handle

attached to it the ratchet mechanism is applied in this project. The pipe rod should

be placed as shown in the figure. When the handle is operated the ratchet gear

attachment also starts to work, after this operation the pulley rotates in a particular

direction. When the pulley rotates the pipe starts to bend to a certain angle. The

pulley can be adjusted according to the required angle. This process continues until

the requirement is fulfilled.

Channel Bending:

The same general bending rules which cover the forming of channel with “flanges out” also apply

when it is formed with “flanges in.” Since it is necessary to compress the flanges as they are bent

inward, the operation shown below requires considerably more bending pressure than when forming

with the “flanges out” and it is recommended that the largest possible radius be used to allow for

compression of the material. if a sharp 90° bend is desired, it can be obtained by cutting a notch out

of the channel flanges before forming around a special Zero.

Radius Block as illustrated. It is sometimes possible to make a circle in channel by using a segment

of a Radius Collar similar. By following the procedure outlined on, the circle can be formed in

three operations. To form channel with the flanges facing upward it is necessary to first fill it with

Cerro bend or some other commercial filler as it is not possible to support the flanges in this

position with a radius Collar

Square Bending:

Forming zero radius bends around square, rectangular, or other multisided blocks employs the

same principle used in scroll bending. Forming Nose “leads” material between corners of the

block. Any number of zero radius bends can be obtained in one operation by this method in all

types of solid materials. Both centered and off-center square eye can also be formed by following

the same procedure outlined on.

This method of bending is limited by the size of the square block and the ductility of the material.

In general, when squares larger than 1” are needed, they should be formed in progressive

operations using the zero radius blocks.

 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BENDING MACHINE

3.1 Design
It consists of several parts namely:-

a) FRAME- The frame provides support to the entire machine components.

b) MOTOR- It is fastened to the frame and draws power from a.c source and it also consists of a

bending die.

c) DIE- A bending die consists of a vice which is welded to it and which is used to hold a pipe

firmly.

d) STAND- It is used to support the rod or pipe at other side.

e) VICE- It is located on the stand which provides strength to the rod.

3.2 Specification Sr. No Components Specification

1. FRAME 2m x 1m
2. MOTOR power= .5hp and speed=
40 rpm
3. STAND .5m x 5m
4. DIE Radius=8cm and
thickness=3cm
 CHAPTER 4

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The ratchet mechanism is the heart of the project. With the help

of the handle attached to it the ratchet mechanism is applied in this

project. The pipe rod should be placed as shown in the figure. When

the handle is operated the ratchet gear attachment also starts to work,

after this operation the pulley rotates in a particular direction. When

the pulley rotates the pipe starts to bend to a certain angle. The pulley

can be adjusted according to the required angle. This process

continues until the requirement is fulfilled.

CHAPTER 5
CALULATION

Given,
Power of motor, P = .5hp

Speed of motor, N = 40rpm

Radius of circular die = 8cm

Modulus of Elasticity of iron rod = 210GPa

To find,

Torque produced by motor = T

Minimum diameter of rod = d

Therefore

P=.5hp = 372.8W

P= (2ΠNT) /60 W

T=89000 N-m

Applying bending equation,

Using,

M/I=E/R, where

M=moment or torque produced by motor

I =polar moment of inertia of rod

E =modulus of elasticity of rod

R=radius of bend or die radius

Therefore,
I = (π÷64) ×d4
89000/[(π÷64) ×d4] =(210 * 109)/(8*10-2)
d4 = (64*89000*8*10-2)/(3.14*210*109)
d4 = 6.91*10-7
d = .0288 m
d = 2.8 cm
Diameter of rod, d ≤ 2.8 cm
 CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES
6.1 Applications:
1. Angle Bending
2. Metal Folding
3. U Hook
4. Marine Tube
5. Heat Exchanger
6. Scroll Bending

6.2 Advantages
1. Easily operated
2. Simple construction
3. Low cost
4. Rigid construction
 MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS

The relevant advantages are

1. quite simple
2. compact
3. easy maintenance
4. noise of operation is reduced

DEMERITS

 Noised operation

 Cylinder stroke length is constant

 Need a separate compressor

APPLICATION

 We can implement to fix the label in object.

 Put the holes or shape the objects.

 Used in the product packing.

DRAWING
DRAWING FOR MULTIPLE ANGLE PIPE BENDING MACHINE
Type of bending

Hydraulic

Control unit

The control unit coordinates the components of a computer system. It

fetches the code of all of the instructions in the program. It directs the
operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals.
All computer resources are managed by the CU. It directs the flow of
data between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the other
devices.

The control unit was historically defined as one distinct part of the
1946 reference model of Von Neumann architecture. In modern
computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of
the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged.

The control unit is the circuitry that controls the flow of data through
the processor, and coordinates the activities of the other units within
it. In a way, it is the "brain within the brain", as it controls what
happens inside the processor, which in turn controls the rest of the
computer. The examples of devices that require a control unit are
CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs). The modern information
age would not be possible without complex control unit designs. The
control unit receives external instructions or commands which it
converts into a sequence of control signals that the control unit applies
to the data path to implement a sequence of register-transfer
level operations.
Hardwired control unit

Hardwired control units are implemented through use of sequential

logic units, featuring a finite number of gates that can generate
specific results based on the instructions that were used to invoke
those responses. Hardwired control units are generally faster than
microprogrammed designs.

Their design uses a fixed architecture — it requires changes in the

wiring if the instruction set is modified or changed. This architecture
is preferred in reduced instruction set computers (RISC) as they use a
simpler instruction set.

The hardwired approach has become less popular as computers have

evolved as at one time, control units for CPUs were ad-hoc logic, and
they were difficult to design.

Microprogram control unit

The idea of microprogramming was introduced by Maurice Wilkes in

1951 as an intermediate level to execute computer program
instructions. Microprograms were organized as a sequence
of microinstructions and stored in special control memory. The
algorithm for the microprogram control unit is usually specified
by flowchart description. The main advantage of the microprogram
control unit is the simplicity of its structure. Outputs of the controller
are organized in microinstructions and they can be easily replaced.

Functions of the control unit

The control unit implements the instruction set of the CPU. It
performs the tasks of fetching, decoding, managing execution and
then storing results. It may manage the translation of instructions (not
data) to micro-instructions and manage scheduling the micro-
instructions between the various execution units. On some processors
the control unit may be further broken down into other units, such as a
scheduling unit to handle scheduling and a retirement unit to deal with
results coming from the pipeline; It is the main function of CPU.

Solenoid valve

Solenoid valves.

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled

by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is
switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched
between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on
a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their
tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many
application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long
service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power
and compact design.
Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature
actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

Operation

A solenoid valve has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes
the valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a small flow circuit, shown
within section E of this diagram (this section is mentioned below as a pilot valve).
In this example, adiaphragm piloted valve multiplies this small pilot flow, by using
it to control the flow through a much larger orifice.

Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical
interfaces to allow for easy control. A spring may be used to hold the valve opened
(normally open) or closed (normally closed) while the valve is not activated.
A- Input side
B- Diaphragm
C- Pressure chamber
D- Pressure relief passage
E- Solenoid
F- Output side

The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve, controlling the flow of
water in this example. At the top figure is the valve in its closed state. The water
under pressure enters at A. B is an elastic diaphragm and above it is a weak spring
pushing it down. The function of this spring is irrelevant for now as the valve
would stay closed even without it. The diaphragm has a pinhole through its center
which allows a very small amount of water to flow through it. This water fills the
cavity C on the other side of the diaphragm so that pressure is equal on both sides
of the diaphragm, however the compressed spring supplies a net downward force.
The spring is weak and is only able to close the inlet because water pressure is
equalized on both sides of the diaphragm.

In the previous configuration the small passage D was blocked by a pin which is

the armature of the solenoid Eand which is pushed down by a spring. If the
solenoid is activated by drawing the pin upwards via magnetic force from the
solenoid current, the water in chamber C will flow through this passage D to the
output side of the valve. The pressure in chamber C will drop and the incoming
pressure will lift the diaphragm thus opening the main valve. Water now flows
directly from A to F.

When the solenoid is again deactivated and the passage D is closed again, the
spring needs very little force to push the diaphragm down again and the main valve
closes. In practice there is often no separate spring, the elastomer diaphragm is
molded so that it functions as its own spring, preferring to be in the closed shape.

From this explanation it can be seen that this type of valve relies on a differential
of pressure between input and output as the pressure at the input must always be
greater than the pressure at the output for it to work. Should the pressure at the
output, for any reason, rise above that of the input then the valve would open
regardless of the state of the solenoid and pilot valve.

In some solenoid valves the solenoid acts directly on the main valve. Others use a
small, complete solenoid valve, known as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While
the second type is actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically
actuated valve, they are sold and packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid
valve. Piloted valves require much less power to control, but they are noticeably
slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at all times to open and stay
open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for a short period of
time to open it, and only low power to hold it.

Production

Solenoid valves are often mass produced in 3 main parts: the core tube, the nucleo
and the coil.

deep drawn Core Tube made by Pressteck (Italy)

The core tube[1] is a metal shell that is produced by deep drawing because this
process requires considerably less raw material and permits complex designs that
integrate solutions (example O-ring seats, formed flanges and closed tube ends )
which reduce the amount of parts per valve .

The nucleo is typically a turned metal part, that slides within the core tube, opening
or closing the valve. Its' initial position is normally maintained by a spring.

The coil is a tightly bound copper wire which is wrapped around the core tube and
induces the movement of the nucleo.

Types

Many variations are possible on the basic, one way, one solenoid valve described
above:

 one or two solenoid valves;

 direct current or alternating current powered;

 different number of ways and positions;

Common uses

Solenoid valves are used in fluid power pneumatic and hydraulic systems, to

control cylinders, fluid power motors or larger industrial valves.
Automatic irrigation sprinkler systems also use solenoid valves with an
automatic controller. Domestic washing machines and dishwashers use solenoid
valves to control water entry into the machine. Solenoid valves are used in dentist
chairs to control air and water flow. In the paintball industry, solenoid valves are
usually referred to simply as "solenoids." They are commonly used to control a
larger valve used to control the propellant (usually compressed air or CO 2). In
addition to this, these valves are now been used in household water purifiers (RO
systems).

Besides controlling the flow of air and fluids, solenoids are used in pharmacology
experiments, especially for patch-clamp, which can control the application of
agonist or antagonist.[2]

Hydraulic cylinder

The hydraulic cylinders on this excavator control the

machine'slinkages.

A Hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a

mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional force through a
unidirectional stroke. It has many applications, notably in engineering vehicles,
industrial application, civil applications.

Operation

Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is

typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which
a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on
one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the
cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the
cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the
cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side
chamber (rod end / head end).

Flanges, trunnions, clevises, Lugs are common cylinder mounting options. The

piston rod also has mounting attachments to connect the cylinder to the object or
machine component that it is pushing / pulling.

A hydraulic cylinder is the actuator or "motor" side of this system. The "generator"
side of the hydraulic system is the hydraulic pump which brings in a fixed or
regulated flow of oil to the hydraulic cylinder, to move the piston. The piston
pushes the oil in the other chamber back to the reservoir. If we assume that the oil
enters from cap end, during extension stroke, and the oil pressure in the rod end /
head end is approximately zero, the force F on the piston rod equals the
pressure P in the cylinder times the piston area A:

During retraction stroke if oil is pumped into the rod end / head end and the oil
from the cap end flows back to the reservoir without pressure. The fluid
pressure in the rod end is (Pull Force) / (piston area - piston rod area):

where P is the fluid pressure, Fp is the pulling force, Ap is the piston face
area and Ar is the rod cross-section area.

Parts of a hydraulic cylinder

A hydraulic cylinder consists of the following parts:[1]

Cylinder barrel

The main function of cylinder body is to hold cylinder pressure. The

cylinder barrel is mostly made from a seamless tube. The cylinder barrel is
ground and/or honed internally with a typical surface finish of 4 to 16
microinch. Normally hoop stress are calculated to optimize the barrel size.

Cylinder base or cap

The main function of cap is to enclose the pressure chamber one end. The
cap is connected to the body by means of welding, threading, bolts, tie rod.
Cap also perform as a cylinder mounting components [ cap flange, cap
trunnion, cap clevis]. Cap size determined based on the bending stress.
A static seal / o-ring used in between cap and barrel (except welded
construction).

Cylinder head

The main function of head is to enclose the pressure chamber from other
end. Head contains an integrated rod sealing arrangement or option to
accept a seal gland. The head is connected to the body by means of
threading, bolts, tie rod. A static seal / o-ring used in between head and
barrel.

Piston

The main function of piston is to separate pressure zone in side barrel. The
piston is machined with grooves to fit elastomeric or metal seals and bearing
elements. These seals can be single acting or double acting. This difference
in pressure between the two sides of the piston causes the cylinder to extend
and retract. Piston is attached with the piston rod by means of threads, bolts,
nuts to transfer the linear motion.
Piston rod

The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel

which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-
end head. In double rod-end cylinders, the actuator has a rod extending from
both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. The piston rod
connects the hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the work.
This connection can be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting
attachment.

Seal gland

The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from
leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. This area is called
the seal gland. The advantage of seal gland is easy removal and seal
replacement. The seal gland contains primary seal, secondary seal / buffer
seal, bearing elements, wiper / scraper and static seal. In some cases,
especially in small hydraulic cylinders, the rod gland and the bearing
elements are made from a single integral machined part.

Seals

The seals are considered / design as per the cylinder working pressure,
cylinder speed, operating temperature, working medium and application.
Piston seals are dynamic seals, can be single acting or double acting.
Generally speaking, Elastomers seals made from nitrile rubber,
Polyurethane or other materials are best in lower temperature environments,
while seals made of Fluorocarbon Viton are better for higher temperatures.
Metallic seals are also available commonly used cast iron for seal material.
Rod seal are dynamic seals and generally single acting. The compounds of
rod seals are nitrile rubber, Polyurethane, Fluorocarbon Viton. Wiper /
scraper are used to eliminates contaminants such as moisture, dirt, and dust,
which can cause extensive damage to cylinder walls, rods, seals and other
components. The common compound for wiper is polyurethane. Metallic
scraper are used for sub zero temperature application, application where
foreign material can deposit on rod. The bearing element / wear bands are
use to eliminate metal to metal contact. The wear bands are design as per
the side load requirements. The primary compounds for wear bands are
filled PTFE, Woven fabric reinforced polyester resin, bronze.

Other parts

 Cylinder base connection

 Cushions

Single acting vs. double acting

 Single acting cylinders are economical and the simplest design.

Hydraulic fluid enters through a port at one end of the cylinder, which
extends the rod by means of area difference. An external force or gravity
returns the piston rod.

 Double acting cylinders have a port at each end, supplied with hydraulic
fluid for both the retraction and extension.

Hydraulic cylinder designs

There are primarily two styles of hydraulic cylinder construction used in

industry: Tie rod style cylinders and welded body style cylinders.
Tie rod cylinder

Tie rod style hydraulic cylinders use high strength threaded steel rods to
hold the two end caps to the cylinder barrel. This method of construction is
most often seen in industrial factory applications. Small bore cylinders
usually have 4 tie rods, while large bore cylinders may require as many as
16 or 20 tie rods in order to retain the end caps under the tremendous forces
produced. Tie rod style cylinders can be completely disassembled for
service and repair.

The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) has standardized the

dimensions of hydraulic tie rod cylinders. This enables cylinders from
different manufacturers to interchange within the same mountings.

Welded body cylinder

Welded body cylinders have no tie rods. The barrel is welded directly to the
end caps. The ports are welded to the barrel. The front rod gland is usually
threaded into or bolted to the cylinder barrel. This allows the piston rod
assembly and the rod seals to be removed for service.

A Cut Away of a Welded Body Hydraulic Cylinder showing

the internal components

Welded body cylinders have a number of advantages over tie rod style
cylinders. Welded cylinders have a narrower body and often a shorter
overall length enabling them to fit better into the tight confines of
machinery. Welded cylinders do not suffer from failure due to tie rod stretch
at high pressures and long strokes. The welded design also lends itself to
customization. Special features are easily added to the cylinder body. These
may include special ports, custom mounts, valve manifolds, and so on.

The smooth outer body of welded cylinders also enables the design of multi-
stage telescopic cylinders.

Welded body hydraulic cylinders dominate the mobile hydraulic equipment

market such as construction equipment (excavators, bulldozers, and road
graders) and material handling equipment (forklift trucks, telehandlers, and
lift-gates). They are also used in heavy industry such as cranes, oil rigs, and
large off-road vehicles in above-ground mining.

Piston rod construction

The piston rod of an hydraulic cylinder operates both inside and outside the
barrel, and consequently both in and out of the hydraulic fluid and
surrounding atmosphere.

Coatings

Wear and corrosion resistant surface are desirable on the outer diameter of
the piston rod. The surfaces are often applied using coating techniques such
as Chrome (Nickel) Plating, Lunac 2+ duplex, Laser Cladding, PTA
welding and Thermal Spraying. These coatings can be finished to the
desirable surface roughness (Ra, Rz) where the seals show optimum
performance. All these coating methods have their specific advantages and
disadvantages. It is for this reason that coating experts play a crucial role in
selecting the optimum surface treatment procedure for protecting Hydraulic
Cylinders.

Cylinders are used in different operational conditions and that makes it a

challenge finding the right coating solution. In dredging there might be
impact from stones or other parts, in salt water environment there is extreme
corrosion attack, in off-shore cylinderes facing bending and impact in
combination with salt water, steel industry there are high temperatures
involved, etc... It is important to understand that currently there is no single
coating solution which successfully combats all the specific operational
wear conditions. Every single technique has its own benefits and
disadvantages.

Length

Piston rods are generally available in lengths which are cut to suit the
application. As the common rods have a soft or mild steel core, their ends
can be welded or machined for ascrew thread.

Special hydraulic cylinders

Telescopic cylinder

Telescopic cylinder (ISO 1219 symbol)

The length of an hydraulic cylinder is the total of the stroke, the thickness of
the piston, the thickness of bottom and head and the length of the
connections. Often this length does not fit in the machine. In that case the
piston rod is also used as a piston barrel and a second piston rod is used.
These kinds of cylinders are called telescopic cylinders. If we call a normal
rod cylinder single stage, telescopic cylinders are multi-stage units of two,
three, four, five or more stages. In general telescopic cylinders are much
more expensive than normal cylinders. Most telescopic cylinders are single
acting (push). Double acting telescopic cylinders must be specially designed
and manufactured.

Plunger cylinder

An hydraulic cylinder without a piston or with a piston without seals is

called a plunger cylinder. A plunger cylinder can only be used as a pushing
cylinder; the maximum force is piston rod area multiplied by pressure. This
means that a plunger cylinder in general has a relatively thick piston rod.

Differential cylinder

Differential cylinder (ISO 1219 symbol)

A differential cylinder acts like a normal cylinder when pulling. If the

cylinder however has to push, the oil from the piston rod side of the cylinder
is not returned to the reservoir, but goes to the bottom side of the cylinder.
In such a way, the cylinder goes much faster, but the maximum force the
cylinder can give is like a plunger cylinder. A differential cylinder can be
manufactured like a normal cylinder, and only a special control is added.
Rephasing cylinder

Rephasing cylinders are two or more cylinders plumbed in series or parallel,

with the bores and rods sized such that all rods extend and/or retract equally
when flow is directed to the first, or last, cylinder within the system.

In "parallel" applications, the bore and rod sizes are always the same, and
the cylinders are always used in pairs. In "series" applications, the bore and
rod sizes are always different, and two or more cylinders may be used. In
these applications, the bores and rods are sized such that all rods extend or
retract equally when flow is applied to the first or last cylinder within the
system.

This hydraulic synchronization of rod positions eliminates the need for a

flow divider in the hydraulic system, or any type of mechanical connection
between the cylinder rods to achieve synchronization.[1]

Position sensing "smart" hydraulic cylinder

Position sensing hydraulic cylinders eliminate the need for a hollow

cylinder rod. Instead, an external sensing “bar” using Hall-Effect
technology senses the position of the cylinder’s piston. This is accomplished
by the placement of a permanent magnet within the piston. The magnet
propagates a magnetic field through the steel wall of the cylinder, providing
a locating signal to the sensor.

A note about popular terminology

In the United States, popular usage refers to the whole assembly of cylinder,
piston, and piston rod (or more) collectively as a "piston", which is
incorrect. Instead, the piston is the short, cylindrical metal component that
separates the two parts of the cylinder barrel internall
Clamp (tool)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A clamp is a fastening device to hold or secure objects tightly together to prevent

movement or separation through the application of inward pressure. In the United
Kingdom andAustralia, the term cramp is often used instead when the tool is for
temporary use for positioning components during construction and woodworking;
thus a G cramp or a sash cramp but a wheel clamp or a surgical clamp.

There are many types of clamps available for many different purposes. Some are
temporary, as used to position components while fixing them together, others are
intended to be permanent. In the field of animal husbandry, using a clamp to attach
an animal to a stationary object is known as "rounded clamping." A physical clamp
of this type is also used to refer to an obscure investment banking term; notably
"fund clamps." Anything that performs the action of clamping may be called a
clamp, so this gives rise to a wide variety of terms across many fields.

Although technically not a clamp, gripping elements mounted on the buckets

of heavy duty equipment are referred to as clamps too.[1]
Types

Temporary

A selection of woodworking clamps. Top: Pipe clamp; 2nd row: F-

clamp or bar clamp, one-handed bar clamp ("Quick Grip"), wooden
handscrew; 3rd row: spring clamp, C-clamp (G-clamp), wooden cam
clamp.
A push-pull toggle clamp. Although these are typically used for
machining applications, this clamp serves as a theatrical wagonbrake.

Operation of a latch clamp

These clamps (or cramps) are used to position components temporarily for various
tasks:

 Band clamp or web clamp

 Bar clamp F-clamp or sliding clamp (upper left in the photo)

 Bench clamp (for holding things to a bench top) The bench forms the fixed
jaw.

 Cardellini clamp – jaw-style clamp that clamps onto round, square, or

rectangular tubing; or onto flat objects, such as dimensional lumber or plywood
sheets—to mount motion picture lights, or grip equipment such as gobo heads

 C-clamp (also G-clamp) (lower centre in the photo) (UK G-cramp)

 Flooring clamp A carpenter's clamp used to cramp up floorboards prior to

fixing.

 Forked clamp stainless steel for ST ground glass

joints with/without setscrew. Sizes for: ST 14, 19, 24, 29 änd 45.
 Gripe (a specialized clamp, tightened with a wedge, for holding strakes in
position when building a clinker boat)

 Handscrew (upper right in the photo)

 Kant-Twist clamp

 Magnetic clamp (see Magnetic base)

 Mitre clamp

 Pipe clamp (top of photo)

 Sash clamp (a specialized, long form of the bar clamp)

 Set screw

 Speed clamp

 Toggle clamp

 Toolmakers' clamp (a smaller, precision version of the handscrew, all in

steel)

 Pinch Dog (a small "staple" shaped device, designed to straddle a joint, and
pull the joint tightly together during the glue up process)

Permanent

 Hose clamp
 Marman clamp

 Wire rope clamp

 Joiner's dog[2]
Medical

 Foerster clamp
 Hemostatic clamp

 Pennington clamp

 Umbilical cord clamp

 Aortic clamp

 Debakey clamp

 Glover clamp

 Gomco clamp

 Mogen clamp

Other

 Wheel clamp
 Pandrol clip

 Tube clamp (name for the different clamps used in a tube and clamp
scaffold)

 workpiece 

(Engineering / General Engineering) a piece of metal or other

material that is in the process of being worked on or made or
has actually been cut or shaped by a hand tool or machine
 Bending Machine

The bending machine used for copper tubes differs greatly from the
hydraulic machine used for mild steel pipe in that hand pressure only
forms the bend on copper tube.

The main components of the copper tube bending machine are

illustrated below.

Figure 1. Components of Copper Tube Bending Machine

To form a square bend with a copper bending machine, mark the

bending line on the tube and place the tube into the machine. Place a
square against the bending mark on the tube and slide the tube along
until the square touches the outside edge of the former at X. The tube
is now in the correct position for bending.
Figure 2. Tube Positioning for Bending

To form an offset with the machine pull the first bend to the required
angle (usually 45º). Now place the tube in the machine as shown
opposite sliding it back or forward until the required amount if offset
is obtained between the pipe and the straight edge resting on the
outside edge of the former. When the correct measurement is obtained
pull the second bend until the pipes are parallel.

Figure 3. Copper Tube Bending

Hydraulic drive system

A hydraulic drive system is a drive or transmission system that uses

pressurized hydraulic fluid to drive hydraulic machinery. The term hydrostatic
refers to the transfer of energy from flow and pressure, not from the kinetic
energy of the flow.

A hydraulic drive system consists of three parts: The generator (e.g. a hydraulic
pump), driven by an electric motor, a combustion engine or a windmill; valves,
filters, piping etc. (to guide and control the system); the motor (e.g. a hydraulic
motor or hydraulic cylinder) to drive the machinery.
Principle of a hydraulic drive

Principle of hydraulic drive system

Pascal's law is the basis of hydraulic drive systems. As the pressure in the system is
the same, the force that the fluid gives to the surroundings is therefore equal to
pressure × area. In such a way, a small piston feels a small force and a large piston
feels a large force.

The same principle applies for a hydraulic pump with a small swept volume that
asks for a small torque, combined with a hydraulic motor with a large swept
volume that gives a large torque. In such a way a transmission with a certain ratio
can be built.
Most hydraulic drive systems make use of hydraulic cylinders. Here the same
principle is used — a small torque can be transmitted in to a large force.

By throttling the fluid between the generator part and the motor part, or by using
hydraulic pumps and/or motors with adjustable swept volume, the ratio of the
transmission can be changed easily. In case throttling is used, the efficiency of the
transmission is limited. In case adjustable pumps and motors are used, the
efficiency, however, is very large. In fact, up to around 1980, a hydraulic drive
system had hardly any competition from other adjustable drive systems.

Nowadays, electric drive systems using electric servo-motors can be controlled in

an excellent way and can easily compete with rotating hydraulic drive systems.
Hydraulic cylinders are, in fact, without competition for linear forces. For these
cylinders, hydraulic systems will remain of interest and if such a system is
available, it is easy and logical to use this system for the rotating drives of the
cooling systems, also.

Hydraulic press

Hydraulic Press in a machine shop. This press is commonly used

for hydroforming.
A hydraulic is a machine (see machine press) using a hydraulic cylinder to
generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a
mechanical lever, and was also known as a Bramah press after the
inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented and was issued a patent on this
press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also known for his development of the flush
toilet) installed toilets, he studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and
put this knowledge into the development of the press.

Hydraulic cylinder

Hydraulic cylinders (also called linear hydraulic motors) are

mechanical actuators that are used to give a linear force through a linear stroke.
Hydraulic cylinders are able to give pushing and pulling forces of millions of
metric tons with only a simple hydraulic system. Very simple hydraulic cylinders
are used in presses; here, the cylinder consists of a volume in a piece of iron with a
plunger pushed in it and sealed with a cover. By pumping hydraulic fluid in the
volume, the plunger is pushed out with a force of plunger-area pressure.

More sophisticated cylinders have a body with end cover, a piston rod, and
a cylinder head. At one side the bottom is, for instance, connected to a
single clevis, whereas at the other side, the piston rod is also foreseen with a single
clevis. The cylinder shell normally has hydraulic connections at both sides; that is,
a connection at the bottom side and a connection at the cylinder head side. If oil is
pushed under the piston, the piston rod is pushed out and oil that was between the
piston and the cylinder head is pushed back to the oil tank.

The pushing or pulling force of a hydraulic cylinder is as follows:

 F = Ab * pb - Ah * ph
 F = Pushing Force in N
 Ab = (π/4) * (Bottom-diameter)^2 [in m2]

 Ah = (π/4) * ((Bottom-diameter)^2-(Piston-rod-diameter)^2)) [in m2]

 pb = pressure at bottom side in [N/m2]

 ph = pressure at cylinder head side in [N/m2]

Apart from miniature cylinders, in general, the smallest cylinder diameter is 32

mm and the smallest piston rod diameter is 16 mm.

Simple hydraulic cylinders have a maximum working pressure of about 70 bar.

The next step is 140 bar, 210 bar, 320/350 bar and further. In general, the cylinders
are custom built. The stroke of a hydraulic cylinder is limited by the manufacturing
process. The majority of hydraulic cylinders have a stroke between 0, 3, and 5
meters, whereas 12-15 meter stroke is also possible, but for this length only a
limited number of suppliers are on the market.

In case the retracted length of the cylinder is too long for the cylinder to be built in
the structure, Telescopic cylinder can be used. One has to realize that for simple
pushing applications telescopic cylinders might be easily available; for higher
forces and/or double acting cylinders, they must be designed especially and are
very expensive. If hydraulic cylinders are only used for pushing and the piston rod
is brought in again by other means, one can also use Plunger cylinders. Plunger
cylinders have no sealing over the piston, if the cylinder even exists. This means
that only one oil connection is necessary. In general the diameter of the plunger is
rather large compared with a normal piston cylinder, whereas a hydraulic motor
will always leak oil. A hydraulic cylinder does not have a leakage over the piston
nor over the cylinder head sealing so that there is no need for a mechanical brake.
Hydraulic motor

Principal circuit diagram for open loop and closed loop system.

The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of the hydraulic cylinder.

Conceptually, a hydraulic motor should be interchangeable with the hydraulic
pump, due to the fact it performs the opposite function. However, most hydraulic
pumps cannot be used as hydraulic motors because they cannot be backdriven.
Also, a hydraulic motor is usually designed for the working pressure at both sides
of the motor. Another difference is that a motor can be reversed by a reversing
valve.

Pressure in a hydraulic system is like the voltage in an electrical system and fluid
flow rate is the equivalent of current. The size and speed of the pump determines
the flow rate, the load at the motor determines the pressure.
Hydraulic valves

These valves are usually very heavy duty to stand up to high pressures. Some
special valves can control the direction of the flow of fluid and act as a control unit
for a system.
References

1. ^ Barkalov, Alexander (2009). Logic synthesis for FSM based control

units / Alexander Barkalov and Larysa Titarenko. Berlin:
Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-04308-6.

1. ^ Wiśniewski, Remigiusz (2009). Synthesis of compositional

microprogram control units for programmable devices. Zielona Góra:
University of Zielona Góra. pp. 153. ISBN 978-83-7481-293-1. ^ Core tube
examples. 2012-08-
3. http://www.pressteckspa.com/com/index.php/products/industrial.
Retrieved 2012-08-3.

2. ^ Industrial Valve Resource. 2010-03-

18. http://industrialvalveresource.com/category/valves/new-product-
releases.html#item1186 Miniature Solenoid Valves for Medical Devices.
Retrieved 2010-07-21.

2. ^ Energy Manufacturing Explanation of Rephasing Cylinder

3. ^ Energy Definition of Position Sensing Hydraulic Cylinder

4. ^ Position Sensing Hydraulic Cylinders

5. ^ Attachments with Top Clamps

6. ^ Hillman-Crouch, Barry (2003). Historic Ironwork Repairs to Timber

Framed Buildings. Retrieved 2012-08-02.
COMMON TYPES OF CYLINDERS
COMMON TYPES OF CYLINDERS

There are many different cylinder types. The most common are listed

below:

Single acting cylinder

a cylinder in which air pressure is applied to the movable element

(piston) in only one direction.

Spring return cylinder

A cylinder in which a spring returns the piston assembly

Ram cylinder

A cylinder in which the movable element is the piston rod

Double acting cylinder

A cylinder in which air pressure may be alternately applied

to the piston to drive it in either direction.

Double acting – double rod cylinder

 Double acting cylinder with a piston rod extending from each end. The

piston rods are connected to the same piston. Double rod cylinders provide equal

force and speed in both directions.

CONTROL OF PNEUMATIC ENERGY
Control of Pneumatic Energy

Working energy transmitted pneumatically must be directed and under

complete control at all times. If not under control, useful work will not be done and

machinery or machine operators might be harmed. One of the advantages of

transmitting energy pneumatically is that energy can be controlled relatively easily

by using valves.

Control of Pressure

Pressure in a pneumatic system must be controlled at two points - after the

compressor and after the air receiver tank. Control of pressure is required after the

compressor as a safety for the system. Control of pressure after an air receiver tank

is necessary so that an actuator receives a steady pressure source without wasting

energy.

Control of Pressure after A Compressor

In a pneumatic system, energy delivered by a compressor is not

generally used immediately, but is stored as potential energy in air receiver tank in

the form of compressed air. In most instances, a compressor is designed into a

system so that it operates intermittently. A compressor usually delivers compressed

air to a receiver tank until high pressure is reached, and then it is shut down. When
air pressure in the tank decreases, the compressor cuts in and recharges the tank.

Intermittent compressor operation in this manner is a power saving benefit for the

system. A common way of sensing tank pressure and controlling actuation and

deactivation of relatively small (2-15 HP) compressors is with a pressure switch.

Pressure Switch

System pressure is sensed with a spring-loaded piston within the

switch housing. When pressure in the system is at its low level, the spring pushes

the piston down. In this position a contact is made causing an electrical signal to

turn on the compressor. As pressure in the receiver tank rises, it forces the piston

upward. With system pressure at its high level, the piston breaks the electrical

contact shutting down the compressor.

Safety Relief Valve

Maximum pressure developed by a compressor is designed to be

regulated by a control system which senses discharge or tank pressure. In case of

an emergency, such as the failure of a control system to function properly, a

positive displacement compressor system is generally equipped with a safety relief

valve. A safety relief valve is a normally closed valve. The poppet of the safety

relief valve is seated on the valve inlet. A spring holds the poppet firmly on its
seat. Air cannot pass through the valve until the force of the spring biasing the

poppet is overcome. Air pressure at compressor outlet is sensed directly on the

bottom of the poppet. When air pressure is at an undesirably high level, the spring

will be compressed, the poppet will move off its seat, and air will exhaust through

the valve.

A safety relief valve on a compressor is not intended to operate

frequently. A safety relief valve is designed only to be a safety device. Many times

safety relief valves are equipped with whistles or horns to alert personnel that

something has failed or a problem exists.

Pressure Regulator

In a pneumatic system, energy that will be used by the system and

transmitted through the system is stored as potential energy in an air receiver tank

in the form of compressed air. A pressure regulator is positioned after a receiver

tank and is used to portion out this stored energy to each leg of the circuit. A

pressure regulator is a normally open valve.

With a regulator positioned after a receiver tank, air from the receiver

can expand (flow) through the valve to a point downstream. As pressure after the

regulator rises, it is sensed in an internal pilot passage leading to the underside of

the piston. This piston has a large surface area exposed to downstream pressure

and for this reason is quite sensitive to downstream pressure fluctuations. When

downstream pressure nears the preset level, the piston moves upward pulling the

poppet toward its seat. The poppet, once it seats, does not allow pressure to

continue building downstream. In this way, a constant source of compressed air is

made available to an actuator downstream.

NEED FOR AUTOMATION:
Need for Automation:

Automation can be achieved through computers,

hydraulics, p n e u m a t i c s , r o b o t i c s , e t c . , o f t h e s e s o u r c e s ,

p n e u m a t i c s f o r m a n attractive medium for low cost automation. The

main advantages of all pneumatic systems are economy and simplicity.

Automation plays an important role in mass production.

For mass production of the product, the machining

operations d e c i d e t h e s e q u e n c e o f m a c h i n i n g . T h e

m a c h i n e s d e s i g n e d f o r p r o d u c i n g a p a r t i c u l a r pr o d u c t a r e

called transfer machines. The components must be moved

automatically from the pins to various m a c h i n e s s e q u e n t i a l l y

a n d t h e f i n a l c o m p o n e n t c a n b e p l a c e d separately for

packaging. Materials can also be repeatedly transferred from the moving conveyors

to the work place and vice versa.

Nowadays, almost all the manufacturing

process is being atomized in order to deliver the

p r o d u c t s a t a f a s t e r r a t e . T h e manufacturing operation is being

atomized for the following reasons.

1. To achieve mass production

2. To reduce man power

3. To increase the efficiency of the plant

4. To reduce the work load

5. To reduce the production cost

6. To reduce the production time

7. To reduce the material handling

8. To reduce the fatigue of workers

9. To achieve good product quality

10. Less maintenance

PNEUMATIC ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES

Pneumatics is the science of using gas under pressure to obtain a rapid motion.

This motion is utilized in pneumatic drilling machines that have several

applications in the construction industry, including drilling into rocks.

A pneumatic drill, also known as an air drill, is a good choice for those

who find themselves spending more time in the workshop than ever. It is the

choice of professionals who do constant drilling work because of their efficiency

and known lesser cost to operate and maintain.

Pneumatics is the study and technique that utilizes high pressure gas to

obtain a mechanical movement. Compressed air is normally used to obtain

pneumatic energy in industries. However, other inert gases at high pressures are

also used. Pneumatics has widespread application in the construction and mining

industries. A pneumatic drilling machine is designed to perform functions other

than drilling, such as reaming, countersinking, and tapping small or large holes.

The construction industry, workshops, and production lines depend on pneumatic

drill machines for numerous tasks

 DISADVANTAGES

Air Compressors

 Pneumatic tools require air compressors to function properly. The obvious

drawback linked with air compressors is that they can be rather bulky and heavy.

Pneumatic tools are just as compact as similarly functioning power tools. However,

adding huge air compressors and lengthy hoses into the equation makes pneumatic

tools much less portable.

Costs

 Pneumatic tools are generally quite expensive. It is recommended that

consumers purchase abrasion-resistant flexible hoses for their pneumatic tools.

These hoses however, are linked with high price tags further driving up the costs

associated with pneumatic tools.

Maintenance

 Pneumatic tools require a considerable amount of maintenance to keep in

proper working order according to the sources at Canada's Centre for Occupational

Health and Safety. It is recommended that the oil in pneumatic tools get changed

every six months or so to keep the tool properly functioning.

 Noisy

 Power tools and pneumatic tools are going to make a lot of noise while in

use. The air compressor feature of pneumatic tools also makes a lot of noise, which

makes operating pneumatic tools a louder process than operating power tools.

Other disadvantages

 Monster Guide claims that pneumatic tools can spit oil while in use. Another

disadvantage with air tools is that the excess air that gets trapped in them must be

blown out before using the tools. Not blowing out any air left in the tool can lead

to performance problems and safety risks according to Ask The Builder.

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
Pneumatic cylinder

Double acting cylinder

In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the

relative surface of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force

As the effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during retraction is

relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made

of steel. The working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to

reduce friction.

Cross section of a double acting cylinder

(b) Pneumatic symbol of a double

(a) Double acting cylinder

Design

Construction

Depending on the job specification, there are multiple forms of body constructions

available 

Tie rod cylinders: The most common cylinder constructions that can be

used in many types of loads. Has been proven to be the safest form.

Flanged-type cylinders: Fixed flanges are added to the ends of cylinder;

however, this form of construction is more common in hydraulic cylinder

construction.

One-piece welded cylinders: Ends are welded or crimped to the tube; this

form is inexpensive but makes the cylinder non-serviceable.

Threaded end cylinders: Ends are screwed onto the tube body. The

reduction of material can weaken the tube and may introduce thread concentricity

problems to the system.

Material

Upon job specification, the material may be chosen. Material range from

nickel-plated brass to aluminum, and even steel and stainless steel. Depending on

the level of loads, humidity, temperature, and stroke lengths specified, the

appropriate material may be selected.

Mounts

Depending on the location of the application and mach inability, there exist

different kinds of mounts for attaching pneumatic cylinders 

Type of Mount Ends

Rod End Cylinder End

Plain Plain

Threaded Foot

Clevis Bracket-single or double

Torque or eye Trunnion

Flanged Flanged

Clevis etc.
Sizes

Air cylinders are available in a variety of sizes and can typically range

from a small 2.5 mm air cylinder, which might be used for picking up a small

transistor or other electronic component, to 400 mm diameter air cylinders which

would impart enough force to lift a car. Some pneumatic cylinders reach 1000 mm

in diameter, and are used in place of hydraulic cylinders for special circumstances

where leaking hydraulic oil could impose an extreme hazard.

Following are typical symbols associated with Fluid Cylinders
Pressure, radius, area and force relationship

Rod stresses

Due to the forces acting on the cylinder, the piston rod is the most

stressed component and has to be designed to withstand high amounts of bending,

tensile and compressive forces. Depending on how long the piston rod is, stresses

can be calculated differently. If the rods length is less than 10 times the diameter,

then it may be treated as a rigid body which has compressive or tensile forces

acting on it. In which case the relationship is:

Where:

 is the compressive or tensile force

 is the cross-sectional area of the piston rod

 is the stress

However, if the length of the rod exceeds the 10 times the value of the diameter,

than the rod needs to be treated as a column and buckling needs to be calculated as

well.
In stroke and Outstroke

Although the diameter of the piston and the force exerted by a

cylinder are related, they are not directly proportional to one another. Additionally,

the typical mathematical relationship between the two assumes that the air

supply does not become saturated. Due to the effective cross sectional area reduced

by the area of the piston rod, the in stroke force is less than the outstroke force

when both are powered pneumatically and by same supply of compressed gas.

The relationship between the force, radius, and pressure can derived from simple

distributed load equation 

Where:

 is the resultant force

 is the pressure or distributed load on the surface

 is the effective cross sectional area the load is acting on

Outstroke

Using the distributed load equation provided the   can be replaced with area of

the piston surface where the pressure is acting on.

Where:

 represents the resultant force

 represents the radius of the piston

 is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.

In stroke

On in stroke, the same relationship between force exerted, pressure and effective

cross sectional area applies as discussed above for outstroke. However, since the

cross sectional area is less than the piston area the relationship between force,

pressure and radius is different. The calculation isn't more complicated though,

since the effective cross sectional area is merely that of the piston surface minus

the cross sectional area of the piston rod.

 For in stroke, therefore, the relationship between force exerted, pressure,

radius of the piston, and radius of the piston rod, is as follows:

Where:

 represents the resultant force

 represents the radius of the piston

 represents the radius of the piston rod

 is pi, approximately equal to 3.14159.

HAND LEVER VALVES WITH DETENT
Hand lever valves with detent

3/2-, 5/2- and 5/3-way, G 1/8 – G 1/2,

750 – 3300 Nl/min (0.762 – 3.354 Cv)

Technical data for series

HR

HR-18-320, HR-18-320-Q

HR-14-320, HR-14-320-Q

HR-18-520, HR-18-520-Q
HR-14-520, HR-14-520-Q

HR-18-530, HR-18-530-Q

HR-14-530, HR-14-530-Q

HR-18-533, HR-18-533-Q

HR-14-533, HR-14-533-Q

Dimensions for series

HF, HR

HF-18-310, HF-18-310-Q, HR-18-320, HR-18-320-Q

1 = pressure inlet

2 = outlet

3 = exhaust

All ports are interchangeable

HF-14-310, HF-14-310-Q, HR-14-320, HR-14-320-Q

1 = pressure inlet

2 = outlet

3 = exhaust

All ports are interchangeable

Dimensions for series

HF, HR

HF-18-510, HF-18-530, HF-18-533, HR-18-520, HR-18-530, HR-18-533

HF-18-510-Q, HF-18-530-Q, HF-18-533-Q, HR-18-520-Q, HR-18-530-Q, HR-18-

533-Q

1 = pressure inlet
2, 4 = outlets

3, 5 = exhausts

All ports are interchangeable

HF-14-510, HF-14-530, HF-14-533, HR-14-520, HR-14-530, HR-14-533

HF-14-510-Q, HF-14-530-Q, HF-14-533-Q, HR-14-520-Q, HR-14-530-Q, HR-14-

533-Q

1 = pressure inlet
2, 4 = outlets

3, 5 = exhausts

All ports are interchangeable

 POLYURETHANE TUBES

Polyurethane tubes
Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is a polymer composed of a chain of organic units

joined by carbamate (urethane) links.

Polyurethane polymers are formed by combining two or several bi- or higher

functional monomers. One contains two or more isocyanate functional

groups (with formula –N=C=O) and the other contains two or more hydroxyl

groups (with formula –OH). This combining process, sometimes called

condensation, typically requires the presence of a catalyst. More complicated

monomers are also used.

Polyurethanes are used in the manufacture of flexible, high-resilience foam

seating; rigid foam insulation panels; microcellular foam seals and gaskets; durable

elastomeric wheels and tires; automotive suspension bushings; electrical potting

compounds; high performance adhesives; surface coatings and surface

sealants; synthetic fibers (e.g., Spandex); carpet underlay; and hard-plastic parts

(e.g., for electronic instruments).

Polyurethane is also used for the manufacture of hoses and skateboard wheels as it

combines the best properties of both rubber and plastic.

 COST ESTIMATION

COST ESTIMATION
Sl.NO PARTICLES AMOUNT

1 Material cost

2 Welding

3 Drilling

4 Manufacturing cost

5 Labor cost

6 Transport cost

7 Over head charges

TOTAL COST
PHOTOGRAPHY
CONCLUSION
Conclusion

The progress in science & technology is a non-stop process. New things and

new technology are being invented. As the technology grows day by day, we can

imagine about the future in which thing we may occupy every place.

The proposed system is found to be more compact, user friendly and less

complex, which can readily be used in order to perform several tedious and

repetitive tasks. Though it is designed keeping in mind about the need for industry,

it can extended for other purposes such as commercial & research applications.

The feature makes this system is the base for future systems.
 The principle of the development of science is that “nothing is impossible”.

So we shall look forward to a bright & sophisticated world.