Smith 8

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<TEI.2><text><body><div1 type="alphabetic letter" n="A" org="uniform"
sample="complete"><div2 type="entry" id="abydus-geo" org="uniform"
sample="complete"><div3 type="subentry" id="abydus-geo-1" org="uniform"
sample="complete"><plaintext><pb id="p.1.8" n="8" /></plaintext> </div3>
<div3 type="subentry" id="abydus-geo-2" org="uniform"

sample="complete"><head>2.</head>
<plaintext>In ancient times termed </plaintext><ref

targOrder="U">THIS</ref><plaintext> in Coptic *Ebôt,* now *Arábat el Matfoon,* was
the chief town of the </plaintext><hi rend="smallcaps">NOMOS
THINITES,</hi><plaintext> and was situated on the *Bahr Yusuf,* at a short distance
from the point where that water-course strikes off from the Nile, being about 7 1/2
miles to the west of the river, in lat. 26° 10′ N., long. 32° 3′ E.
It was one of the most important cities in Egypt under the native kings, and in the
Thebaid ranked next to Thebes itself. Here, according to the belief generally
prevalent, was the burying-place of Osiris: here Menes, the first mortal monarch,
was born, and the two first dynasties in Manetho are composed of Thinite monarchs.
In the time of Strabo it had sunk to a mere village, but it was still in existence
when Ammianus Marcellinus wrote, and the seat of an oracle of the god
Besa.</plaintext>
<plaintext>Abydus has acquired great celebrity of late years in consequence of

the important ruins, nearly buried in sand, discovered on the ancient site, and
from the numerous tombs, some of them belonging to a very remote epoch, which are
found in the neighbouring hills. Indeed Plutarch expressly states that men of
distinction among the Egyptians frequently selected Abydus as their place of
sepulture, in order that their remains might repose near those of Osiris.
The two great edifices, of which remains still exist, are:--1.
An extensive pile, called the Palace of Memnon (</plaintext><foreign
lang="greek">Μεμνόνιον Βασίλειον,</foreign><plaintext> </plaintext><foreign
lang="la">Memnonis regia)</foreign><plaintext> by Strabo and Pliny; and described
by the former as resembling the Labyrinth in general plan, although neither so
extensive nor so complicated.
It has been proved by recent investigations that this building was the work of a
king belonging to the 18th dynasty, Ramses II., father of Ramses the Great. 2.
A temple of Osiris, built, or at least completed by Ramses the Great himself.
In one of the lateral apartments, Mr. Bankes discovered in 1818 the famous list of
Egyptian kings, now in the British Museum, known as the *Tablet of Abydos,* which
is one of the most precious of all the Egyptian monuments hitherto brought to
light.
It contains a double series of 26 shields of the predecessors of Ramses the
Great.</plaintext>
<plaintext>It must be observed that the identity of Abydus with This cannot be
demonstrated. We find frequent mention of the Thinite Nome, and of Abydus as its
chief town, but no ancient geographer names This except Stephanus Byzantinus, who
tells us that it was a town of Egypt in the vicinity of Abydus.
It is perfectly clear, however, that if they were distinct they must have been
intimately connected, and that Abydus must have obscured and eventually taken the
place of This. (Strab. p. 813, seq.; Plut. </plaintext><foreign lang="la">Is. et
Os.</foreign><plaintext> 18; </plaintext><bibl n="Plin. Nat. 5.9" default="NO"
valid="yes">Plin. Nat. 5.9</bibl><plaintext>; </plaintext><bibl n="Ptol. 4.5"
default="NO" valid="yes">Ptol. 4.5</bibl><plaintext>; Antonin. Itiner. p. 158, ed.
Wessel.; </plaintext><bibl n="Stephanus-bio-6" default="NO">Steph. B. sub
voce</bibl><plaintext> </plaintext><foreign lang="greek">Ξίς;</foreign><plaintext>
</plaintext><bibl n="Amm. 19.12.3" default="NO" valid="yes">Amm. Marc.
19.12.3</bibl><plaintext>; Wilkinson, *Topography of Thebes,* p. 397; Kenrick,
*Ancient Egypt,* vol. i p. 45.) [</plaintext><ref target="author.W.R"
targOrder="U">W.R</ref><plaintext>]</plaintext></div3></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="abyla-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>A

´BYLA</head>
<label lang="la">A´BYLA</label><plaintext> or </plaintext><label lang="la">A

´BILA MONS</label><plaintext> or </plaintext><label
lang="la">COLUMNA</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label
lang="greek">Ἀβύλη</label><plaintext> or </plaintext><label lang="greek">Ἀβίλη
στήλη</label><plaintext>, </plaintext><label
lang="greek">Ἄβυλυξ</label><plaintext>, Eratosth.: </plaintext><label
lang="la">Ximiera</label><plaintext>, </plaintext><label lang="la">Jebel-el-
Mina</label><plaintext>, or </plaintext><label lang="la">Monte del
Hacho</label><plaintext>), a high precipitous rock, forming the E. extremity of the
S., or African, coast of the narrow entrance from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean
(Fretum Gaditanum or Herculeum, *Straits of Gibraltar*).
It forms an outlying spur of the range of mountains which runs parallel to the
coast under the name of Septem Fratres (*Jebel Zatout,* i. e. *Ape's Hill*), and
which appear to have been originally included under the name of Abyla. They may be
regarded as the NW. end of the Lesser Atlas.
The rock is connected with the main range by a low and narrow tongue of land, about
3 miles long, occupied, in ancient times, by a Roman fortress (Castellum ad Septem
Fratres), and now by the Spanish town of *Ceuta* or *Sebta,* the citadel of which
is on the hill itself.
The rock of Abyla, with the opposite rock of Calpe (*Gibraltar*) on the coast of
Spain, formed the renowned </plaintext><quote>Columns of
Hercules</quote><plaintext> (</plaintext><foreign lang="greek">Ἡρακλείαι
στήλαι,</foreign><plaintext> or simply </plaintext><foreign
lang="greek">στήλαι</foreign><plaintext>), so called from the fable that they were
originally one mountain, which was torn asunder by Hercules. (Strab. pp. 170, 829;
Plin. iii. prooem., 5.1; Mela, 2.6 ; *Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie,* tom.
viii. p. 301.) </plaintext><byline>[</plaintext><ref target="author.P.S"
targOrder="U">P.S</ref><plaintext>]</byline></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="acacesium-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>ACACE

´SIUM</head>
<label lang="la">ACACE´SIUM</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label

lang="greek">Ἀκακήσιον</label><plaintext>: Eth. </plaintext><label
lang="greek">Ἀκακήσιος</label><plaintext>), a town of Arcadia in the district of
Parrhasia, at the foot of a hill of the same name, and 36 stadia on the road from
Megalopolis to Phigalea.
It is said to have been founded by Acacus, son of Lycaon; and according to some
traditions Hermes was brought up at this place by Acacus, and hence derived the
surname of *Acacesius.* Upon the hill there was a statue in stone, in the time of
Pausanias, of Hermes Acacesius; and four stadia from the town was a celebrated
temple of Despoena.
This temple probably stood on the hill, on which are now the remains of the church
of St. Elias. (</plaintext><bibl n="Paus. 8.3.2" default="NO" valid="yes">Paus.
8.3.2</bibl><plaintext>, </plaintext><bibl n="Paus. 8.27.4" default="NO"
valid="yes">8.27.4</bibl><plaintext>, </plaintext><bibl n="Paus. 8.36.10"
default="NO" valid="yes">8.36.10</bibl><plaintext>; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ross, *Reisen
im Peloponnes,* vol. i. p. 87.)</plaintext></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="academia-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>ACADEMI
´A</head>
<label lang="la">ACADEMI´A</label><plaintext> [</plaintext><ref target="athenae-

geo" targOrder="U">ATHENAE</ref><plaintext>]</plaintext></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="acadera-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>ACADE

´RA</head>
<label lang="la">ACADE´RA</label><plaintext> or </plaintext><label

lang="la">ACADI´RA</label><plaintext>, a region in the NW of India, traversed by
Alexander. (</plaintext><bibl n="Curt. 8.10.19" default="NO" valid="yes">Curt.
8.10.19</bibl><plaintext>.) </plaintext><byline>[</plaintext><ref
target="author.P.S" targOrder="U">P.S</ref><plaintext>]</byline></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="acalandrus-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete">

<head>ACALANDRUS</head>
<label lang="la">ACALANDRUS</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label

lang="greek">Ἀκάλανδρος</label><plaintext>), a river of Lucania, flowing into the
gulf of Tarentum.
It is mentioned both by Pliny and Strabo, the former of whom appears to place it to
the north of Heraclea: but his authority is not very distinct, and Strabo, on the
contrary, clearly states that it was in the territory of Thurii, on which account
Alexander of Epirus sought to transfer to its banks the general assembly of the
Italian Greeks that had been previously held at Heraclea. [</plaintext><hi
rend="smallcaps">HERACLEA.</hi><plaintext>] Cluverius and other topographers,
following the authority of Pliny, have identified it with the *Salandrella,* a
small river between the *Basiento* and </plaintext><foreign
lang="la">Agri;</foreign><plaintext> but there can be little doubt that Barrio and
Romanelli are correct in supposing it to be a small stream, still called the
*Calandro,* flowing into the sea a little N. of *Roseto,* and about 10 miles S. of
the mouth of the Siris or *Sinno.* It was probably the boundary between the
territories of Heraclea and Thurii. (</plaintext><bibl n="Plin. Nat. 3.11.15"
default="NO" valid="yes">Plin. Nat. 3.11.15</bibl><plaintext>; Strab. p. 280;
Cluver. *Ital.* p. 1277; Barrius *de Ant. Calabr.* 5.20; Romanelli, vol. i. p.
244.) </plaintext><byline>[</plaintext><ref target="author.E.H.B"
targOrder="U">E.H.B</ref><plaintext>]</byline></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="acamas-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete">

<head>ACAMAS</head>
<label lang="la">ACAMAS</label><plaintext>, </plaintext><label

lang="la">ACAMANTIS</label><plaintext>. [</plaintext><ref target="cyprus-geo"
targOrder="U">CYPRUS</ref><plaintext>]</plaintext></div2>
<div2 type="entry" id="acanthus-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete">

<head>ACANTHUS</head>
<label lang="la">ACANTHUS</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label

lang="greek">Ἄκανθος</label><plaintext>: Eth. </plaintext><label
lang="greek">Ἀκάνθιος</label><plaintext>）</plaintext>
<div3 type="subentry" id="acanthus-geo-1" org="uniform"

sample="complete"><head>1.</head>
<plaintext>（</plaintext><label lang="la">Erisso</label><plaintext>), a town on

the E. side of the isthmus, which connects the peninsula of Acte with Chalcidice,
and about 1 1/2 mile above the canal of Xerxes. [</plaintext><ref target="athos-
geo" targOrder="U">ATHOS</ref><plaintext>] It was founded by a colony from Andros,
and became a place of considerable importance. Xerxes stopped here on his march
into Greece (B.C. 480) and praised the inhabitants for the zeal which they
displayed in his service. Acanthus surrendered to Brasidas B.C. 424, and its
independence was shortly afterwards guaranteed in the treaty of peace made between
Athens and Sparta. The Acanthians maintained their independence against the
Olynthians, but eventually became subject to the kings of Macedonia.
In the war between the Romans and Philip
</plaintext></div3></div2></div1></body></text></TEI.2>

Smith 8

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?

<div3 type="subentry" id="abydus-geo-2" org="uniform"

<p><plaintext>In ancient times termed </plaintext><ref

<p><plaintext>Abydus has acquired great celebrity of late years in consequence of

<div2 type="entry" id="abyla-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>A

<p><label lang="la">A´BYLA</label><plaintext> or </plaintext><label lang="la">A

<div2 type="entry" id="acacesium-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>ACACE

<p><label lang="la">ACACE´SIUM</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label

<p><label lang="la">ACADEMI´A</label><plaintext> [</plaintext><ref target="athenae-

<div2 type="entry" id="acadera-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete"> <head>ACADE

<p><label lang="la">ACADE´RA</label><plaintext> or </plaintext><label

<div2 type="entry" id="acalandrus-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete">

<p><label lang="la">ACALANDRUS</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label

<div2 type="entry" id="acamas-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete">

<p><label lang="la">ACAMAS</label><plaintext>, </plaintext><label

<div2 type="entry" id="acanthus-geo" org="uniform" sample="complete">

<p><label lang="la">ACANTHUS</label><plaintext> (</plaintext><label

<div3 type="subentry" id="acanthus-geo-1" org="uniform"

<p><plaintext>（</plaintext><label lang="la">Erisso</label><plaintext>), a town on

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