Abarientos - PTS 8 CBLM

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector:
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERY
Qualification:
AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

Unit of Competency:
CARRY-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST OPERATION
Module Title:
CARRYING-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST OPERATION
Name of School:
PROVINCIAL TRAINING CENTER - AKLAN
HOW TO USE THE MODULE
Welcome to the Module "Carrying-out Harvest and Postharvest Operations."

This module contains training materials and activities for you to complete. The unit of
competency "Carry-out Harvest and Postharvest Operation" contains knowledge,
skills, and attitudes required for the Agricultural Crops Production NC II course. You
are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of
the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome, there are Information
Sheets, Operation Sheets, & Job Sheet. Follow these activities on your own and
answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, don't hesitate to ask your trainer/facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module
because you have:
 been working for some time
 already have completed training in this area
If you can demonstrate to your teacher that you are competent in a particular
skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized, so you don't have
to do the same training again. Suppose you have a qualification or Certificate of
Competency from previous training show it to your teacher. If the skills you acquired
are still current and relevant to this module, they may become part of the evidence you
can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss it
with your teacher.
After completing this module, ask your teacher to assess your competency.
Results of your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the
learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module, you will find the activities for you to complete, followed by
relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may
have more than one learning activity.
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March 2021
Training PRODUCTION NC II Page 1 of 42
Center - Carrying-out harvest Developed by:
Revision # 00
Aklan and postharvest Loren Ann I. Abarientos
operation
SUMMARY OF COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Core Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1. Performing nursery
Perform nursery operation AFF 610301
operation
2. Plant crops Planting crops AFF 610302
Caring and maintaining

3. Care and maintain crops AFF 610303
crops
Carrying-out harvest
Carry-out Harvest and Post-
4. and postharvest AFF 610304
harvest Operations
operation
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Table of Contents
HOW TO USE THE MODULE -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

SUMMARY OF COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS ------------------- 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
MODULE CONTENT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-5
LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY --------------------------------------------------------- 5-6
LEARNING EXPERIENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------- 6-7
Information Sheet 4.4-1 – Identification of Storage Pests and Diseases----- 8-18
Self-check 4.4-1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---19-20
Answer key 4.4-1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Information Sheet 4.4-2 – Monitoring Storage Pests ----------------------------- 22-31
Self-check 4.4-2 --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- 32-33
Answer key 4.4-2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34
JOB SHEET 4.4-1 Identification of Storage Pests and Disease-------------------- 35
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.4-1 ------------------------------------------ 36
JOB SHEET 4.4-2 Monitoring Storage Pests -------------------------------------------- 37
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.4-2 ------------------------------------------ 38
REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
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MODULE CONTENT
QUALIFICATION Agricultural Crops Production NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY Carry-out Harvest and Postharvest operation
MODULE TITLE Carrying-out Harvest and Postharvest operation
INTRODUCTION:
This This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to carry-out
harvest and postharvest operation.
NOMINAL DURATION: 65 HRS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
4.1 Perform pre – harvest operations
4.2 Perform harvesting activity
4.3 Perform postharvest operation
4.4 Monitor storage pest and diseases
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Identifies of crop maturity according to parameters affecting physiological
growth and physical indicators.
2. Recording of crop agronomic history for reference for maturity.
3. Removal of obstructions from the field for efficient harvesting.
4. Preparation of harvesting tools, materials, and temporary shed.
5. Recording regarding crops to be harvested are checked.
6. Implementing appropriate harvesting methods based on best cultural practices
for each crop using suitable tools.
7. Handling of crops according to the postharvest treatment.
8. Harvesting of crops based on maturity indices and characteristics affecting
harvest quality.
9. Perform harvesting while observing GAP principles.
10. Following postharvest operations, employed based on standard.
11. Monitoring the use of postharvest equipment to avoid crop damage in line with
manufacturer/enterprise procedures.
12. Handling and packaging according to variety and destination.
13. Storing and stacking of crops in a cool dry place before distribution in line with
enterprise procedures.
14. Identification of storage pest and diseases based on references.
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15. Logging and reporting identified storage pest and diseases to immediate
authority.
Prerequisite: None
LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY
LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 Identification of Storage Pest and

Diseases
CONTENTS:
 Identification of Storage Pests and Diseases
 Monitoring Storage Pests and Diseases
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Identifies storage pests and diseases (insect pests, Rodents, Fungi, & Bacteria)
based on references.
2. Logs and reports identified storage pest and diseases to immediate authority.
CONDITION:
Trainees are to be provided with the following:
1. Workplace location: Agricultural Crops Production NC II Training laboratory
2. Equipment
 Laptop
 Projector
 Printer
3. Tools, accessories and supplies
 Magnifying lens
 Logbook
Training materials
 CBLM
 Ball pen
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 White board marker
 Manuals
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
 Interview
 Demonstration
 Written Exam
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 : Monitoring Storage Pest and Diseases
Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information sheet 4.4-1 If you have some concerns about the content
Identification of Storage Pest and of the information sheet, don't hesitate to
Diseases approach your facilitator.
If you feel that you are knowledgeable on the
content of the information sheet, you can now
answer self-check 4.4-1 provided in the
module.
2. Answer self-check 4.4-1 Refer your answers to the answer key 4.4 -1
for self-check. You are required to get all
answers correct. If not, read the information
sheet again to answer all questions correctly.
3. View the video presentation about the If you feel that you are not knowledgeable
common storage pests and diseases. about the content of the presentation, you can
start in making your oral questioning.
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4. Answer oral questioning See to it that you got all answers correctly
before you could proceed to the next activity.
5. Read Information sheet 4.4-2 Storage If you have some concerns about the content
Pest and Diseases Monitoring of the information sheet, don't hesitate to
approach your facilitator.
If you feel that you are knowledgeable on the
content of the information sheet, you can now
answer self-check 4.4-2 provided in the
module.
6. Answer self-check 4.4-2 Refer your answers to the answer key 4.4-2
for self-check. You are required to get all
answers correct. If not, read the information
sheet again to answer all questions correctly.
7. View the video presentation about the If you feel that you are not knowledgeable
Storage Pest and Diseases Monitoring about the content of the presentation, you can
start in making your oral questioning.
8. Answer oral questioning See to it that you got all answers correctly
before you could proceed to the next activity.
14. Perform Task Sheet 4.4-1 Identify Compare your work to the performance
storage pests and diseases criteria checklist 4.4-1.
15. Perform Job Sheet 4.4-2 Monitor and Compare your work to the performance
report storage pests and diseases to criteria checklist 4.4-2.
supervisor.
Congratulations on a job well done!!! You have now successfully completed the
learning activities of LO4 of Core 4 and now ready for the Institutional Assessment.
Good luck and use what you have learned here well!!!
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Information Sheet 4.4-1
Identification of Storage Pest and Diseases
Learning Objective:
This course mainly aims to identify pests and pathogens that cause economic
damage to stored commodities.
Introduction:
Insect pests and pathogens cause huge economic loss within the fresh produce
supply chain across the globe affecting food production, which is essential to meet the
demands of the growing human population. Avoiding such loss is of immediate
concern for all; that is why it is important to identify the main pest species in order to
assess whether the insects or pathogen found are likely to cause serious damage and
to choose appropriate control measures, as the effectiveness of control measures may
be greatly increased by applying an elementary knowledge of the biology of the pest
and pathogen species.
Insect Pests
Stored product or pantry pests include several beetles, moths, and a mite that can
infest whole grains or processed foods.
Maize weevils/Rice weevils: Sitophilus spp. (Col.,

Curculionidae).
Rice Rice weevils are the most distinguishable from all
other common storage pests by the long beak (or rostrum)
characteristic of all the weevils. They are 1/8- to 1/4-inch
long, reddish brown to black snout beetles. Adults can live
for 6 to 8 months and may be found some distance from
infested articles.
The The larval stage is a legless grub that develops
inside kernels of wheat or corn, or other whole grains or
caked materials. Development from egg to adult takes as
little as 1 month.
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Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Lep.,
Gelechiidae).The
The The Angoumois grain moth is 1/2 inch long and pale
yellow brown. It may be seen fluttering in the house. As
with the weevils, the larval stage develops in whole
kernels or caked grain. Sorghum, barley, rye, corn, oats,
rice and various other seeds can be infested. Decorative
ear corn is a common source of the insect. The life cycle
takes about 6 weeks. The adult resembles a clothes moth
but can be recognized by the finger-like projection of the
hind wing tip.
Red Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and

confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), cigarette
beetles (Lasioderma serricorne), drugstore beetles
(Stegobium paniceum), and the sawtoothed grain
beetles (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) are 1/8 inch long red
brown insects. The immature or larval stages usually
occur only in infested products and usually are not seen.
F Flour beetles and the Sawtoothed grain beetle cannot

attack whole or undamaged grains but will feed on a wide
variety of processed grains (flour, meal), as well as dried Sawtoothed
grain beetle
fruits, dry dog food, dried meats, candy bars, drugs,
tobacco, and a variety of other products. The life cycle of
the flour beetles takes about 7 weeks. Adult females can
live for several months to more than a year. Confused
flour beetles fly and are attracted to lights; red flour
beetles crawl toward light but apparently do not fly.
Sawtoothed grain beetles neither fly nor are they attracted
to light.
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The drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum), also known
as the bread beetle, biscuit beetle, and misnamed as the
biscuit weevil, is a tiny, brown beetle that can be found
infesting a wide variety of dried plant products, where it is
among the most common non-weevils to be found.
Lasioderma serricorne, commonly known as the cigarette

beetle, cigar beetle, or tobacco beetle, is an insect that is
very similar in appearance to the drugstore beetle.
TheyThey are quite small, measuring about 2 to 3 mm
(about 1/8 of an inch), and are reddish brown. They have
a rounded, oval shape and the head is often concealed by
the pronotum (plate covering the first region of the thorax)
when the beetle is viewed from above.
As As indicated by its common name, the cigarette beetle
is a pest of tobacco, both in the refined cigarette packet
presentation and also as stored in hogsheads and bales,
but is also a minor pest of oilcake, oilseeds, cereals, dried
fruit, sage, flour, and some animal products.
The The Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctellais) a very
common household pest. The distinctive 1/2-inch long
adult is easily recognized by the pale gray and coppery
brown front wings. The dirty white to pink larval stage is a
caterpillar that crawls away from the infested products to
find a place in which to transform to the adult. The
caterpillars feed on the surface and produce silk webbing
throughout the food source. The life cycle can be as short
as 25 days.
TheyThey can feed in dried fruits, powdered milk,
chocolate, flour, meal, dried dog food, bird seed and a
variety of food stuffs. They prefer coarse flours and corn
meal.
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Mites Mites are common pests in grain storages and
mostly occur in damp or moist grain, residues, oilseeds
and animal feeds. They are not readily seen because they
are the size of specks of dust. Mites are not insects
(which have six legs) but are related to ticks and spiders
and have eight legs.
 When present in large numbers mites appear as a

moving carpet of brown dust on the grain, silos and
sheds or on stacks of commodities, sometimes
emitting a damp or pungent smell. The mould mite
Tyrophagus putrescentiae is the most common
grain storage mite.
 The grain or flour mite, Acarus siro is also
widespread and sometimes the ‘straw-itch
mite’, Pymotes tritici can cause problems in
storages.
 A predatory (and therefore, beneficial)
species Chelyletus malaccensis is also
encountered where the above species are present.
Generally, 2-3 species are present in an
infestation.
Rodents
Stored foods are particularly prone to rodent attacks, with the items concerned
varying in different regions. The most common and, therefore, most vulnerable are
maize, rice, sorghum, millet, barley, oats, wheat and cereal products. Much food loss
occurs as the result of contamination, supplies being rendered unfit for human
consumption by rodents hairs, faecal droppings, and urine, which are shed liberally as
the animals forage nightly for their food.
The major species affecting food in storage in the Philippines are Rattus norvegicus,
the Norway rat, Rattus rattus, the roof rat, and Mus musculus, the house mouse.
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1. Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - is a
rather large member of the rodent family. On
average, these rats reach nearly 400 mm nose-
to-tail, and weigh 140 to 500 g. Males are
usually larger than females. In natural
populations, these rats are covered with coarse,
brownish fur (sometimes splotched with black or
white hairs) on their dorsal surface, which
usually lightens to a gray or tan color nearing
the underside. The ears of Norway rats are
typically shorter than those of related species,
and do not cover up the eyes when pulled down.
Norway rats can be easily mistaken for black
rats, however, the temporal ridges of the
Norway rat are straight, whereas those of the
black rat are curved.
This species frequently live in and around
residences, in cellars stores, warehouses,
slaughterhouses, docks and sewers. On farms,
they infest silos, granaries, piggeries, poultry
houses, stables, warehoused and dockside
structures in port areas.
2. Roof Rat or Black rat (Rattus rattus) - The
black rat is a medium-sized, slender brownish-or
grayish-black rat with coarse fur and a long,
sparsely haired, scaly tail. The tail is longer
( approximately 110 percent) than the combined
length of the head and body. This feature serves
as a key identification character in differentiating
this species from the Norway rat. The
underparts are grayish-white.
It is a semi arboreal species, climbing shrubs,
vines and trees in habitats ranging from river
banks to tropical rain forest.
This species inhabits a wide range of buildings
in temperate areas, including houses, shops
and large food store, warehouses, poultry
houses, barns, market, restaurants and grain
elevators. It also lives in close association with
man in many cities and villages in the tropics.
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3. House Mouse (Mus musculus) - House
mice are typically dusty gray with cream-colored
bellies. Fur colour varies from light brown to
dark grey depending on the mouse's
location. House mice have a round shaped
body. Their muzzles are pointed, and their ears
are large with some hair. House mice range
from 2.5 to 3.75 inches long. Their tails are
usually 2.75 to 4 inches long.
The house mouse is the most commonly
encountered and economically important of the
commensal rodents. They are not only a
nuisance, but they can pose significant health
and property threats.
In nature, mice prefer to eat cereal and seeds,
but they will also eat insects, nuts, and
fruits. Inside structures, mice will consume
almost any human food but prefer grain-based
products.
Postharvest Diseases
Virtually all postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables are caused by fungi and
bacteria. In some root crops and brassicas, viral infections present before harvest can
sometimes develop more rapidly after harvest. In general, however, viruses are not an
important cause of postharvest disease.
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Postharvest diseases are often classified according to how infection is initiated.
The so-called 'quiescent' or 'latent' infections are those where the pathogen initiates
infection of the host at some point in time (usually before harvest), but then enters a
period of inactivity or dormancy until the physiological status of the host tissue changes
in such a way that infection can proceed. The dramatic physiological changes which
occur during fruit ripening are often the trigger for reactivation of quiescent infections.
Examples of postharvest diseases arising from quiescent infections include
anthracnose of various tropical fruit caused by Colletotrichum spp. and grey mould of
strawberry caused by Botrytis cinerea.
The other major groups of postharvest diseases are those which arise from
infections initiated during and after harvest. Often these infections occur through
surface wounds created by mechanical or insect injury. Wounds need not be large for
infection to take place and in many cases may be microscopic in size. Common
postharvest diseases resulting from wound infections include blue and green mould
(caused by Penicillium spp.) and transit rot (caused by Rhizopus stolonifer). Bacteria
such as Erwinia carotovora (soft rot) are also common wound invaders. Many
pathogens, such as the banana crown rot fungi, also gain entry through the injury
created by severing the crop from the plant.
Fungi (eukaryotes): • Most important • Reproduction and dissemination by abundantly

produced spores • Infection through wounds or sometimes through intact fruit surface.
Aspergillus flavus is a fungal pathogen

that causes Aspergillus ear and Kernel rot.
flavus colonies appear yellow-green in color, but
with time, they turn a darker green. The texture
is wool- or cotton-like and sometimes granular.
The fungus is mostly found in soil as
saprophytes, but it has a broad host range as
an opportunistic pathogen. It causes significant
losses in corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree A.flavus in corn
nuts.
In addition to causing pre-harvest and
postharvest infections, many strains produce
significant quantities of toxic compounds known
as mycotoxins, which, when consumed, are toxic
to mammals. A. flavus is also an opportunistic
A.flavus spore structure
human and animal pathogen, causing
aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.
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Found on a wide range of plants, gray
mold (Botrytis cinerea) is a fungal disease that
travels quickly through gardens, especially
during damp, cool to mild weather. Disease
symptoms appear as grayish colored soft, B.cinerea spore structure
mushy spots on leaves, stems, flowers, and on
produce. Spots may become covered with a
coating of gray fungus spores, especially if
humidity is high. Fruit or plants shrivel and rot
and often develop black, stone-like sclerotia — a
compact mass of hardened fungal
filaments — under rotted parts.
B.cinerea on strawberry
Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum (most
Penicillium fungi are a common cause of food important
on citrus)
spoilage, especially fruits and vegetables.
Penecillium italicum and
Penicillium digitatum are the most common fungi
attacking citrus. Rots caused
by Penicillium italicum are less common than
those caused by Penicillium digitatum.
Both prefer cool temperatures, and are often
found spoiling food kept in refrigerators. Of the
two, Penicillium digitatum is considered the more
important cause of postharvest decay;
however, Penicillium italicum grows more quickly
at temperatures below 10°C, and may be the
more common of the two in cold storage. Blue mold caused by P. italicum
At first, small water-soaked areas - greyish,
lacking a clear margin - on the fruits, enlarging
rapidly to form white rots several centimetres in
diameter. Spore masses develop giving the
moulds their characteristic colours - green
(Penicillium digitatum) and blue
(Penicillium italicum). The diseases caused by
these moulds mostly occur in storage. In both
cases, fruit rapidly spoils and collapses; at low
humidity, the fruit may shrink and mummify.
The two Penicillium species are recognised by
the size of their spores, the length of the stalks
that hold the spores, and to a lesser extent the
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colour of the spores on their hosts.
Brown rot is caused by multiple species
of Phytophthora spp. when conditions are cool
and wet. Brown rot develops mainly on fruit
growing near the ground
when Phytophthora spores from the soil are
splashed onto the tree skirts during rainstorms;
infections develop under continued wet
conditions. Fruit in the early stage of the disease
may go unnoticed at harvest and infect other fruit
during storage.
Symptoms appear primarily on mature or nearly
mature fruit. Initially, the firm, leathery Brown rot caused by Phytophthora citrophthora
lesions may have a water-soaked appearance.

Lesions are tan to olive brown, have a pungent
odor, and may turn soft from secondary
infections. Infected fruit eventually drop.
Occasionally, twigs, leaves, and blossoms are
infected, turning brown and dying.
Rhizopus soft rot caused by R. stolonifer is a
postharvest disease that can be economically
important without proper harvest and
postharvest practices. It can destroy storage
roots that are bruised or wounded during
harvest, left overnight in the field after harvest,
and are not properly cured before storage.
A water-soaked lesion starts to develop a few
hours after the root has been wounded or
bruised during harvest or handling. The lesion
becomes covered by a web-like outgrowth with Sweet potato infected with R.stolonifer
scattered pinhead-like structures which are
the mycelia and sporangia of the fungus. In 4 to
5 days, the entire inner tissues of the root rot
become soft, slimy and watery as they liquefy.
However, the periderm remains almost intact
except for small cracks and wrinkled
appearance. Black brush- like domes, which are
the sporangiophores, sporangia, and spores,
emerge from these cracks, giving a whisker-like
appearance.
Rotting starts at either end where the fleshy root
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has been separated from the rest of the stem Tomato infected with R.stolonifer
and the root system during harvest but any

bruise or a slight scratch can initiate rotting.
Soft rot caused by Rhizopus has some
similarities with bacterial soft rot, as both
produce the watery, flesh decaying rot and both
attract fruit flies. However, bacterial rot produces
an unpleasant smell while Rhizopus rot emits a
pleasant fermented odour that attracts fruit flies.
Also, bacterial rot does not produce whiskers
unlike Rhizopus soft rot
Lesions caused by Colletotrichum karstii (isolate C35)

The anthracnose disease is a common disease on artificially inoculated fruits of Valencia sweet
orange (A and B) and on fruits of Eureka lemon (F).
with wide host range causing severe economic Lesions caused by C. gloeosporioides (isolate C31)
loss. The disease has been reported on a wide on artificially inoculated fruit of Valencia sweet orange
(C) and on fruits of Eureka lemon (D and E).
variety of crops including avocado, almond,
coffee, guava, apple, dragon fruit, cassava,
mango, tomato, sorghum, and strawberry. The
causal agents of this disease are the species of
the genus Colletotrichum. Such species
includes C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, C.
boninense, C. karstii, and C. godetiae.
Symptoms of anthracnose appear as pepper

spot or speckle spot on immature fruit while still
on tree and after fruit harvest during ripening as Necrotic lesions on mangoes caused by C.
gloeosporioides
darkly, black coloured, sunken rounded spots
with raised margins on fruit skins. These lesions
enlarge rapidly on the fruit skin and into the pulp
leading to the death and rotting of the infected
plant tissues. The lesions may develop salmon-
coloured, sticky spore masses typical of
anthracnose diseases of this and many other
plant species.
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Bacteria (prokaryotes): • Mostly on vegetables. • Infections only through wounds.
Bacterial soft rots are a group of diseases that cause more crop loss worldwide
than any other bacterial disease. Bacterial soft rots damage succulent plant parts such
as fruits, tubers, stems and bulbs of plants in nearly every plant family. Soft rot
bacteria degrade pectate molecules that bind plant cells together, causing plant
structure to eventually fall apart. Woody tissues are not susceptible. Soft rots
commonly affect vegetables such as potato, carrot, tomato, cucurbits (e.g., cucumbers,
melons, squash, pumpkins), and cruciferous crops (e.g., cabbage, cauliflower, bok
choy). These diseases can occur on crops in the field, as well as on harvested crops
in storage. Rot can occur over a wide temperature range, with the worst decay
between 70 and 80°F, particularly when oxygen is limited.
What does bacterial soft rot look like? Initially, bacterial soft rots cause water-
soaked spots. These spots enlarge over time and become sunken and soft. Interior
tissues beneath the spots become mushy and discolored, with the discoloration
ranging anywhere from cream to black. Seepage from affected areas is common. Soft
rots are known for a strong, disagreeable odor that accompanies the breakdown of
plant tissue.
Where does bacterial soft rot come from? Soft rots are caused by several bacteria,
most commonly Pectobacterium carotovorum (previously called Erwinia carotovora),
Dickeya dadantii (previously called Erwinia chrysanthemi), and certain species of
Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Clostridium. These bacteria can enter plants through
wounds caused by tools, insects, severe weather such as hail, or through natural
openings. The bacteria can be spread from plant to plant by insects, on contaminated
tools, or by movement of infested plant debris, soil, or contaminated water. Bacterial
soft rots tend to be more of a problem during wet weather and can be more severe
when plants lack sufficient calcium.
Bacter ial soft rot in

by Pectobacterium carotovorum by Diceya danti
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SELF-CHECK 4.4-1
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided
before the number.
1. The __________ (Stegobium paniceum), also known as the bread beetle, biscuit
beetle, and misnamed as the biscuit weevil, is a tiny, brown beetle that can be found
infesting a wide variety of dried plant products, where it is among the most common
non-weevils to be found.
A. Drugstore beetle C. Cigarette beetle
B. Rice weevil D. Grain weevil
2. _______ are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist
grain, residues, oilseeds and animal feeds. They are not readily seen because they are
the size of specks of dust.
A. Rice weevil C. Grain weevil
B. Ticks D. Mites
3. As indicated by its common name, the ____________ is a pest of tobacco, but is
also a minor pest of oilcake, oilseeds, cereals, dried fruit, sage, flour, and some animal
products.
A. Grain weevil C. Cigarette weevil
B. Rice weevil D. Cigarette beetle
4. The ___________ (Plodia interpunctellais) a very common household pest. The
distinctive 1/2-inch long adult is easily recognized by the pale gray and coppery brown
front wings
A. Indian meal moth C. Grain moth
B. Angoumois grain moth D. Cloth moth
5. _________ are the most distinguishable from all other common storage pests by the
long beak (or rostrum) characteristic of all the weevils.
A. Cigarette weevil C. Grain weevil
B. Grain beetle D. Drugstore weevil
6.______ are not insects (which have six legs) but are related to ticks and spiders and
have eight legs.
A. Ticks C. Weevils
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B. Mites D. Beetles
7. Is a rather large member of the rodent family.
A. House mice C. Norway rat
B. Roof mouse D. Roof rat
8. The ________ is a medium-sized, slender brownish-or grayish-black rat with
coarse fur and a long, sparsely haired, scaly tail.
A. Roof mice C. Roof rat
B. Roof mouse D. Roof rodent
9. Is the most commonly encountered and economically important of the commensal
rodents. They are not only a nuisance, but they can pose significant health and
property threats.
A. House mice C. Roof mice
B. Norwegian mice D. House rodent
10. Penicillium digitatum causes ___________ .
A. Green mould C. Blue mould
B. Gray mould D. Brown mould
11. Which pathogen species cause gray moulds in strawberries.
A. Colletotrichum spp. C. Penicillium spp.
B. Phytopthora spp. D. Botrytis cinerea
12. Penicillium italicum causes ____________.
A. Brown mould C. Green mould
B. Blue moulds D. Gray mould
13. Phytopthora spp. Causes __________.
A. Brown mould C. Green mould
B. Blue moulds D. Gray mould
`14. ________ are known for a strong, disagreeable odor that accompanies the
breakdown of plant tissue.
A. Rhizopus rot C. Gray rot
B. Soft rot D. Viral rot
15. Virus has an important role in postharvest diseases.
A. True
B. False
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ANSWER KEY 4.4-1
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. A
11.D
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. B
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Information Sheet 4.4-2
Storage Pests and Diseases Monitoring
Learning Objective:
The lesson deals with the use of pest and disease monitoring tools and
techniques.
Introduction:
In order to address and manage food safety, it is imperative to have knowledge

on the current situation and trends with regard to the occurrence and spread of storage
pests and pathogens in the food production chain. This knowledge needs to be
updated continuously so that appropriate responses can be prepared. Activity involved
in such a system is gathered under the term 'monitoring'. Monitoring can be defined as:
"the performance and analysis of routine measurements, aimed at detecting changes
in the environment or health status of populations". (WHO/CDS/CSR).
The primary goal of monitoring is to locate, identify, and rank the severity of pest
infestations. These data may also be used to project future populations through pest
management models. In addition to giving solid data for making a management
decision, regular monitoring works well for checking the success or failure of a control
strategy. Pest populations vary from field to field, building to building, and year to year.
Managing pests requires flexibility and an absolute commitment to pest monitoring.
Pest monitoring is site-, crop/commodity-, and pest-specific. Each situation will
require specialized knowledge and tools.
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Monitoring pests involves:
PROPER IDENTIFICATION OF PESTS. is an extremely important prerequisite to
handling problems effectively. For example, the brown banded and German cockroach
can be easily confused with each other. Identification is important because certain
management practices may control only one species and not the other. Correct
identification enables you to manage the real source of the problem and avoid merely
treating the symptoms (or controlling organisms that are not pests). Some pests cause
similar damage. Unless the pest is identified, the control program may have the wrong
pest as its target. Identification enables you to target the pest problem and avoid injury
to non-target organisms, particularly if you use a pesticide that is specific to the pest.
Facilities that process food come in many different forms — from those that
process whole grains into raw ingredients to those that manufacture grain-based
products, bakeries, beverage production, pet food processors and meat-packing
facilities. Each is unique in its design and purpose, building maintenance, location, and
pest threats and issues. The pest management plan should be specific to each facility,
although many pest management strategies remain constant for all food processing,
packaging and storage.
SITE SURVEY. The facility type and layout of
the building determines much of the strategy
for placement of insect monitoring devices. For
example, a facility making baked goods (i.e.,
bread) likely requires monitoring in raw
ingredients storage, in production (including
some of the machines), and in the shipping
warehouse. A facility that produces packaged
meat products (i.e., canned meats) may
primarily require monitoring for stored product
pests in the area where grain-based
ingredients and/or spices are located. A facility located in a rural area near farms may
also require outdoor monitoring stations.
Interviewing the supervisor and asking to examine past pest activity records
helps greatly in determining which types of insects to target and which areas require
monitoring. Facilities with grain-based products will almost always want to target
Indianmeal (IMM) and other moths and possibly flour beetles and warehouse beetles
(Trogoderma spp.). Pet food manufacturers may also want to monitor for cigarette or
drugstore beetles in addition to IMM and maybe larder beetles.
Last, a visual inspection may detect insect activity in sites where it previously
has not been noted. Food plants are huge and complicated facilities and limited activity
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may go unnoticed until populations grow large, especially for some types of beetles
(e.g., flour beetles, fungus-feeding beetles). For example, in a bakery facility, the flour
dust collecting on top of big pieces of machinery and overhead pipes can be a ground
for confused flour beetles. Such sites are not suitable for placing beetle traps but
required routine checks by a pest professional and the facility’s QA manager. Areas
that require routine visual inspections should also be part of the monitoring program.
FLOOR PLAN. Use a floor diagram to chart the location of

pheromone devices, beetle traps, insect light traps and
general insect and rodent monitoring traps/devices. The
same floor plan can be used to diagram the locations where
insect activity has been noted. Different-colored ink or
symbols can be used to denote current vs. old activity. For
digitally savvy professionals, the floor diagram can be
inputted into whatever software is being used and the appropriate symbols used to
show locations of both activity and placement of various monitoring devices.
Common monitoring tools include:
Monitoring sheets Screwdriver

Logbooks and pens Putty knife
Face masks
Latex gloves
Safety goggles
Camera
Flashlight
UV/ Blacklight (for detecting rodent urine)
Monitoring pest populations with traps. The use of monitoring traps is highly
recommended for certain insects, rodents and diseases. Practically speaking, these
devices are a must. They extend the eyes of the pest manager to places they cannot
see and provide ongoing coverage.
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Insect Monitoring Traps
All these devices can be used for both monitoring and mass trapping of stored
grain insects. It is important to note that even a single live insect presence in food grain
can’t be tolerated as they build up and cause enormous loss in storage due to their
high reproductive rate.
Beetle Traps- Traps designed for capturing crawling beetles

(e.g., flour beetles, sawtoothed grain beetles) are available for
monitoring these species. Such traps should be placed close
to sites where such beetles are most likely to occur such as
beside the bases of storage racks in warehouses where dried
foods are stored. In processing areas, beetle traps may be
placed inside machinery where these can be safely placed,
usually machines that are enclosed. They may also be
placed/secured on top of beams, pipes and other horizontal
surfaces where they are (1) off floor level and (2) secure from
falling into processing machinery. Beetle traps should not be
placed in the open along floors in processing and packaging
areas. Use the initial survey to decide trap placement, taking
into account those sites that have higher risk for activity.
TNAU (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) insect probe trap - Its components are
a main tube, insect trapping tube and a detachable cone at the
bottom with equispaced perforations of 2 mm diameter in the
main tube.
Method of working
 The insect trap has to be kept in the grain like rice, wheat
etc., vertically with the white plastic cone downside as
shown the figure.
 The top red cap must be with the level of the grain.
Insects will move towards air in the main tube and enter
through the hole.
 Once the insect enters the hole it falls down into the detachable white cone at
the bottom. Then there is no way to escape and the insects are trapped forever.
 The white detachable cone can be unscrewed once in a week and the insects
can be destroyed.
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Pitfall Traps
Pitfall traps are used for capturing insects active on grain surface and in other
layers of grain in stored grain bins. (Monitoring and mass trapping tool). The species
and number of insects found in a trap should be recorded and charts constructed so
that changes in population size can be easily noticed.
Standard Model TNAU Model
Standard Model
 Standard model of pitfall trap has 2 parts, perforated lid (2 mm (or) 3 mm) and a
cone shaped bottom portion.
 Application of special coating with sticky material on the inner side of cone to
hold trapped insects is necessary
TNAU Model
 TNAU model has perforated lid, cone shaped bottom which tapers into a funnel
shaped trapping tube.
 Hence sticky coating is dispensed with.
TNAU two-in-one model trap
 The probe trap containing the components namely the

perforated tube, pitfall mechanism, a collection tube and the
cone shaped pitfall trap with a perforated lid and the bottom
tapering cone were combined as a single unit.
 Combination of probe and pitfall increase the trapping
efficiency of insects. Best suited for pulse beetles as they are
seen only on grain surface wandering here and there.
 It does not require tedious procedures like coating the inner
surface of pitfall cone with sticky materials before trapping to hold pulse beetles.
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 Beetles are captured alive in this trap, which may facilitate release of
pheromone and there by attract more insects.
Model Indicator device
 Device consists of a cone shaped perforated cup (3mm

perforation) with a lid at the top.
 The cup is fixed at the bottom with a container and circular dish,
which are to be smeared with sticky material like vaseline.
Farmers, before storing their pulses, should take 200 g of pulses
to be stored and put them in the cup.
 When the field carried over beetles start emerging, due to their
wandering behaviour, they enter the perforations and get slipped
off and fall into the trapping portions.
 As they stick on to the sticky materials, farmers can easily locate
the beetles and can take out the bulk-stored pulses for sun drying. The device
with 2mm perforations can be used for cereals.
 This will help in eliminating the initial population, which acts as the major source
for further build up. Thus, timely detection will help the farmers to preserve their
valuable pulses during storage.
UV – light trap for grain storage warehouses
 The UV light trap mainly consists of an ultraviolet source

(4Watts germicidal lamp).
 The lamp produces ultra-violet rays of peak emission around
250 nanometer.
 The light is fitted at the center of a funnel of 310 mm diameter at
the top and 35 mm diameter at the bottom.
 The bottom end of the funnel is attached with a transparent
plastic container for collecting the trapped insects.
 To hang the unit at desired points, three hooks have been
provided at the periphery of the funnel. The unit is also provided
with a tripod stand.
 The UV light trap can be placed in food grain storage areas at 1.5 m above
ground level, preferably in places around warehouse corners, as it has been
observed that the insect tends to move towards these places during the evening
hours.
 The trap can be operated during the night hours.
 Lesser grain borer the light trap attracts stored product insects of paddy like
lesser grain borer, red flour beetle, and saw toothed beetle, in large numbers.
 Normally 2 numbers of UV light trap per 60 x 20 m (L x B) warehouse with 5 m
height is suggested.
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 The trap is ideal for use in warehouse meant for long term storage of grains,
whenever infested stocks arrive in the warehouse and during post fumigation
periods to trap the resistant strains and left over insects to prevent build up of
the pest populations.
 In warehouses of frequent transactions, the trap can be used for monitoring.
Efficiency
It has been found that two traps kept at the corners of the warehouse (60m x
20m x 5m) can catch around 200 insects/day even from a warehouses where
normal sampling did not show any insect presence, thus indicating its effectiveness
as a monitoring and mass trapping device.
Pheromone Traps: Individually packaged pheromone

attractant traps are available for monitoring some species of
moths. The traps are baited with a lure that mimics the odor
given off by female moths to attract males for mating. The
traps are used to find out when the main flights of adult
insects occur so that management tactics can be instituted
early to have the greatest effect.
Exterior Trapping - Some food warehouses and food

plants may be located in areas near cropland, grain elevators or similar locations
where certain stored product pests may be prevalent outdoors.
Weather-resistant monitoring pheromone traps are available to use for monitoring the
levels of target moths or beetles outside. Also, where outdoor target insects may be
prevalent, avoid locating traps close to doorways in warehouses where doors may be
opened for periods of time. Otherwise, you may attract insects inside.
Vertebrate monitoring traps - Small, secretive and sometimes nocturnal vertebrate

pests are difficult to monitor. Traps are very important when checking on domestic
rodent populations such as mice and rats. Types of traps include:
 Snap trap (single catch) - Snap traps are placed along

pathways rodents travel, and an attractant such as food or
nesting material can be used. When the spring
mechanism is triggered, a metal bar snaps and kills the
rodent. When used properly, kills the mouse instantly with
a bar that comes down on its neck
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 Sticky trap (glue boards) - Sticky traps are comprised of
an extremely sticky adhesive glue board, usually made
from either cardboard or plastic, and involve little to no
set-up or mechanical skill. These traps often don't even
need to be baited - their adhesive surface simply traps
mice and prevents them from escaping.
 Single catch cage or box traps - A rat cage trap is a

metal cage box-shaped device that is designed primarily
to catch rats without killing them. Food bait (not
poisoned) is put in the cage trap. When an animal enters
the cage and moves toward the bait, the mechanism
triggers and closes a door over the entry point.
 Automatic trap (multiple catch) - This multi-catch

mouse trap is a humane method of controlling a mouse
infestation and can hold up to 10 mice at any one time
without harming them. The device is self-setting and
the flap at the entrance resets after being triggered to
allow more mice to enter the trap. The clear panel on
the top of the trap allows you to see when you have
caught something and the air vents on the side provide
the captured mice with good ventilation to reduce
stress.
High-tech sensors are also available wherein

each trap monitors and broadcasts their status
through radio signals. These radio signals are
then transferred to the cloud via cellular
communication. The cloud software sends real-
time notifications to users (email, text message)
whenever a rodent is caught. Alternatively, users
can direct the system to count bait station
activity rather than issue immediate alerts.
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The real time Rodent Monitoring System portal
displays the network of monitors and the current status of
each individual monitor. This enables the operator to
focus on proper inspection and the area of the infestation
and eliminates the need to spend hours manually
checking every trap.
The system automatically sends real-time capture alerts

and regular system status reports every 24 hours:
 Daily heartbeat messages

 Movement detection
 Battery levels
Monitoring should be organized formally and regularly; that is, specific staff should be
made responsible for it and report regularly, maybe once a week to a superior on the
situation. The report should include the following aspects:
 dates monitored;
 number, types and positions

of signs of pests;
 dates of baiting;
 number of bait stations

used and positions;
 amount of bait and labour

used;
 qualitative reports by
others;
 condition of the building (broken pipes, walls etc., state of produce, tidiness or
cleanliness);
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 conditions immediately outside the building with respect to potential infestation
points;
 recommendations for improvement, such as repairs to structures, or further

action required.
The common signs of a stored product insect infestation are:
 A product shows signs of damage

 Live or dead insects in the food storage areas, beams, windowsills, food
processing machinery, packaging and food products
 Food spillages containing live insects, larvae, pupae or silken webbing
 Holes in packaging
 Beams and window sills: where food is stored these have larvae, pupae or
silken webbing
The common signs of a rodent infestation are:
 Gnaw marks
 Holes in packaging/ Food spills
 Rotting/Musky Odor
 Tracks/Grease marks
 Droppings
 Noise
Poor sanitation, irregular baiting programs and improper warehouse design, i.e.
unfit doors, drainage canals and gutters, are some of the factors that contribute to the
pest and rodent problem in both private and government warehouses.
Control of an infestation is rarely completely successful; but if it is, it is usually

only for a very short period. Therefore there is a need for continuous monitoring even
after a successful control campaign regardless of the techniques and bait used.
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SELF-CHECK 4.4-2
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided
before the number.
1. ________ are used for capturing insects active on grain surface and in other
layers of grain in stored grain bins. (Monitoring and mass trapping tool).
A. Pitfall traps C. Insect probe trap
B. UV light traps D. Sticky traps
2. The ________ trap has to be kept in the grain like rice, wheat etc., vertically
with the white plastic cone downside.
A. Pitfall traps C. Insect probe trap
B. UV light traps D. Sticky traps
3. You could place beetle traps in these areas except:

A. in the open along floors in processing areas C. bases of storage racks
B. safe places inside machineries D. all of the above
4. Is a diagram that can be also used to chart the location of pheromone devices,
beetle traps, insect light traps and general insect and rodent monitoring
traps/devices?
A. Monitoring sheet C. Site Inspection
B. Floor Plan D. Monitoring traps
5. Monitoring should be ________ and _________ .

A. formally and irregularly C. casually and regularly
B. formally and regulary D. informally and casually
6. The following are some of the factors that contribute to the pest and rodent
problem in both private and government warehouses, except?
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A. improper sanitation C. proper storage of commodities
B. irregular baiting program D. improper warehouse design
7. These traps often don't even need to be baited - their adhesive surface simply

traps mice and prevents them from escaping
A. snap trap C. box trap
B. automatic trap D. sticky trap
8. This is a trap that uses an attractant/bait for the spring mechanism to be

triggered, thus snapping the metal bar that can instantly kill the rodent.
A. snap trap C. box trap
B. automatic trap D. sticky trap
9. _________ can also be defines as the performance and analysis of routine

measurements, aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of
populations.
A. Site Inspection C. Sanitation
B. Monitoring D. Surveillance
10. Monitoring becomes __________ when data is analyzed centrally an information

leads to action.
A. Site Inspection C. Sanitation
B. Monitoring D. Surveillance
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ANSWER KEY 4.4-2
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. D
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JOB SHEET 4.4-1
Title: Performing Identification of Storage Pests and Diseases
Performance Objective:
Given the necessary tools and materials, you need to identify common
storage pests and diseases. You are given 1 hour to identify common storage
pests and diseases on the proper standard procedure for identification.
Supplies/Materials :
 Face mask
 Cured insect pests / printed pictures
Tools/Equipment
 Magnifying lens
Steps/Procedure
1. Wear complete personal protective equipment (PPE).
2. Remove all jewelries.
3. Identify the storage pests and diseases presented to you.
4. Wash hands after touching curated insects.
5. Clean tools after using.
6. Return tools into proper place.
Assessment Method:
Direct Observation, Performance Criteria Checklist
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Performance Criteria Checklist 4.4-1
Performance Criteria
Did I? Yes No
1. Wear complete personal protective equipment (PPE)?
2. Remove all jewelries?
3. Identify the storage pests and diseases presented?
4. Wash hands after touching curated insects?
5. Clean tools after using?
6. Return tools into proper place?
Comments/Suggestions:
Trainer: __________________________________________ Date: ____________
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JOB SHEET 4.4-2
Title: Performing Monitoring Storage Pests
Performance Objective:
Given the necessary tools and materials, you need to prepare a
monitoring sheet according to your choice of site, crop/commodity, and pest.
You are given 2 hours and must be able to draft a monitoring sheet based on
the list of aspects by standard procedure given for monitoring storage pests.
Supplies/Materials:
 Information sheet no. 2
 Bond paper
 Ruler
 pencils
 pens/ markers
Tools/Equipment
Laptop/ computer with internet connection
Steps/Procedure
1. Think of a place, a commodity/crop, and a target pest you want to monitor.
2. From there, draw a simple floor plan of your location of choice.
3. After finishing your floor plan, plot or mark the areas where should you place
your monitoring traps.
4. Prepare and assemble your monitoring sheet.
5. Fill out your monitoring sheet accordingly.
6. Clean tools and equipment after using.
7. Return tools and equipment into proper place.
Assessment Method:
Direct Observation, Performance Criteria Checklist
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Performance Criteria Checklist 4.4-2
Performance Criteria
Did I? Yes No
1. Think of a place, a commodity/crop, and a target pest I want to
monitor?
2. From there, did I draw a simple floor plan of the location of my
choice?
3. After finishing my floor plan, have I plot or mark the areas where
should I place my monitoring traps?
4. Prepare and assemble my own monitoring sheet.
5. Fill out my monitoring sheet accordingly.
6. Clean tools and equipment after using.
7. Return tools and equipment into proper place.
Comments/Suggestions:
Trainer: ____________________________________________ Date: ___________
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REFERENCES
1. SPIs – the world of insects that live inside our food, 29 May 2018, by Harry Wood
https://www.rentokil.com/blog/stored-product-insects-food-
processing/#.YEYB6_YzbMw
2. Preharvest and harvest factors influencing the postharvest quality of tropical and
subtropical fruits
N. Benkeblia, ... P.S. Gill, in Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and
Subtropical Fruits: Fundamental Issues, 2011,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/postharvest-
diseases
3. S. K. Kimaru, E. Monda, R. C. Cheruiyot, J. Mbaka, A. Alakonya, "Morphological and
Molecular Identification of the Causal Agent of Anthracnose Disease of Avocado in
Kenya", International Journal of Microbiology, vol. 2018, Article
ID 4568520, 10 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/11.
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/ina-garten/soppressata-and-cheese-in-puff-
pastry-recipe-2106576
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312490441_Insect_Pests_of_stored_
commodities
5. https://www.plantwise.org/knowledgebank/datasheet/46830
6. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus_norvegicus/
7. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/VI.C.3_Storage_pests.
8. https://www.planetnatural.com/pest-problem-solver/plant-disease/
9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/
10. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/bacterial-soft-rot/
11.https://www.environmentalscience.bayer.us/pest-management-and-public-
health/business-assurance/digital-pest-management/how-it-works
12. https://www.pest-expert.com/humane-multi-catch-mouse-trap-30-p.asp
13. https://pesticidestewardship.org/ipm/monitoring/
14. http://www.fao.org/3/t1838e/T1838E1L.HTM
15. https://extension.psu.edu/management-of-stored-grain-pests-in-organic-systems
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Abarientos - PTS 8 CBLM

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II

Welcome to the Module "Carrying-out Harvest and Postharvest Operations."

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

List of Core Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

2. Plant crops Planting crops AFF 610302

Caring and maintaining

HOW TO USE THE MODULE -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

UNIT OF COMPETENCY Carry-out Harvest and Postharvest operation

MODULE TITLE Carrying-out Harvest and Postharvest operation

NOMINAL DURATION: 65 HRS

LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY

LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 Identification of Storage Pest and

LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 : Monitoring Storage Pest and Diseases

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Identification of Storage Pest and Diseases

Maize weevils/Rice weevils: Sitophilus spp. (Col.,

Red Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and

F Flour beetles and the Sawtoothed grain beetle cannot

Lasioderma serricorne, commonly known as the cigarette

 When present in large numbers mites appear as a

Fungi (eukaryotes): • Most important • Reproduction and dissemination by abundantly

Aspergillus flavus is a fungal pathogen

lesions may have a water-soaked appearance.

and the root system during harvest but any

Lesions caused by Colletotrichum karstii (isolate C35)

Symptoms of anthracnose appear as pepper

Bacter ial soft rot in

Storage Pests and Diseases Monitoring

In order to address and manage food safety, it is imperative to have knowledge

FLOOR PLAN. Use a floor diagram to chart the location of

Monitoring sheets Screwdriver

Beetle Traps- Traps designed for capturing crawling beetles

Standard Model TNAU Model

TNAU two-in-one model trap

 The probe trap containing the components namely the

Model Indicator device

 Device consists of a cone shaped perforated cup (3mm

UV – light trap for grain storage warehouses

 The UV light trap mainly consists of an ultraviolet source

Pheromone Traps: Individually packaged pheromone

Exterior Trapping - Some food warehouses and food

Vertebrate monitoring traps - Small, secretive and sometimes nocturnal vertebrate

 Snap trap (single catch) - Snap traps are placed along

 Single catch cage or box traps - A rat cage trap is a

 Automatic trap (multiple catch) - This multi-catch

High-tech sensors are also available wherein

The system automatically sends real-time capture alerts

 Daily heartbeat messages

 number, types and positions

 number of bait stations

 amount of bait and labour

 recommendations for improvement, such as repairs to structures, or further

The common signs of a stored product insect infestation are:

 A product shows signs of damage

The common signs of a rodent infestation are:

Control of an infestation is rarely completely successful; but if it is, it is usually

3. You could place beetle traps in these areas except:

5. Monitoring should be ________ and _________ .

7. These traps often don't even need to be baited - their adhesive surface simply

8. This is a trap that uses an attractant/bait for the spring mechanism to be

9. _________ can also be defines as the performance and analysis of routine

5. Monitoring should be and _ .

Trainer: ______________________________ Date:

Trainer: __________________________________ Date: _