Ejemplo 1

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, XX(X), 2020, 1–21
doi: 10.1093/aesa/saaa044
Review Review
A Review of Terrestrial and Canopy Malaise Traps

Michael J. Skvarla,1,4, Jonathan L. Larson,2 J. Ray Fisher,3 and Ashley P. G. Dowling3
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

1
Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 2Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY, 3Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Fayetteville, AR, and 4Corresponding author, e-mail: mxs1578@psu.edu
Subject Editor: Gadi V. P. Reddy
Received 10 September 2020; Editorial decision 12 October 2020
Abstract
Malaise traps are important tools for the large-scale collection of arthropod taxa. Here, an extensive review
of the history and literature concerning Malaise and canopy traps is given. This review highlights how trap
design and placement can affect trap catch, which will help researchers to make more informed choices when
planning research endeavors. Additionally, terrestrial and canopy-style Malaise traps are compared to each
other and other types of arthropod traps.
Key words: Malaise trap, insect collecting, review, intercept trap
“Since the time of Linnaeus the techniques of catching insects ‘rarefaction curve’, and combinations of those terms. Once rele-
has not improved very much.” vant literature was acquired, additional references were found by
– René Malaise 1937. scouring the citations. Steyskal (1981) and Achterberg (2009) pro-
vided extensive bibliographies on Malaise trap research and were
Malaise traps—which are large, tent-like structures made of fine
invaluable resources. The number of days between specific dates was
mesh netting—are one of the most widely used nonattractant, static
calculated using ConvertUnits (2020).
insect traps (Muirhead-Thomson 1991). They were first devel-
Herein, we use ‘Malaise trap’ to refer specifically to terrestrial
oped by René Malaise after he observed insects trapped inside of
Towne’s style Malaise traps (e.g., those traps set near, or in contact
a tent and provided the first passive method to survey and collect
with, the ground or over streams) and ‘canopy trap’ to refer to those
large numbers of flying insects. Malaise traps take advantage of the
traps suspended at considerable height above the ground, generally
fact that many insect species climb up after encountering a barrier.
in the forest canopy. While Malaise and canopy traps are based on
The traps primarily sample flying insects, especially Diptera and
similar designs and Malaise traps set in different environments (e.g.,
Hymenoptera, which are intercepted by the mesh walls, but also col-
field, forest, and over streams) may sample diversity as different as
lect numerous ground-dwelling species as well (Zilihona et al. 1998,
that sampled by Malaise and canopy traps, we make the distinction
Achterberg 2009).
between Malaise and canopy traps herein as such a distinction is
While Malaise traps are used extensively to survey insects and
made in the published literature. Other styles of Malaise traps (e.g.,
various short reviews have been written about them, there is no
Gressit Malaise traps) are referred to by their full names.
comprehensive review that cites much of the underlying literature.
Herein, we provide a review of Malaise traps, including the history
of their development, commonly collected taxa, factors that influ- History
ence the arthropods collected by the traps, and various uses and René Malaise (1892–1978) was inspired to invent a new type of in-
questions that have been investigated using Malaise traps. We also sect trap after watching insects fly into a tent and become trapped
compare Malaise traps to other arthropod survey methods and com- despite the open flaps. His design consisted of mesh fabric stretched
ment on potential problems concerning the use of Malaise traps. We over a wooden box frame open at one end with a collection cylinder
hope that this review will serve as a resource for anyone who uses at the top (Fig. 1; Malaise 1937). It would revolutionize the collec-
Malaise traps to collect insects. tion of flying insects.
Vecht (1939) was the first person to utilize Malaise’s design when
he successfully tested it in Burma and translated the design into
Material and Methods Dutch. However, it is unclear if his contribution had much impact
The first author conducted an extensive literature search on Google on the history of the trap design.
Scholar for terms such as ‘Malaise trap’, ‘canopy trap’, ‘SLAM trap’, Henry Townes (1913–1990) elaborated upon Malaise’s design
arthropod order and family names (e.g., ‘Diptera’ and ‘Tachinidae’), and presented a modified version of the trap at the 1959 Annual
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. 1
All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
2 Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX

Fig. 3. Townes’ light-weight Malaise trap. After Townes (1972), used with
permission.
Others continued to experiment with the design of Townes’

Malaise trap in the hopes of maximizing various aspects of it.
Schroeder et al. (1975) proposed a more durable design that used
a metal frame instead of wood and a bronze screen funnel instead
of plastic for use on wind-swept rangelands. Masner and Goulet
(1981) noticed some Hymenoptera would not readily climb up the
Fig. 1. Malaise’s original trap. After Malaise (1937), used with permission. mesh into the collector, so designed a Malaise-type trap impregnated
with fast-acting insecticide and a collecting trough underneath.
Hutcheson (1991) suggested a modified collection jar to facilitate
easier servicing while Achterberg (2009) suggested angling the en-
trance of the collection jar at 45° instead of horizontally, as is the
case in commercial designs, in order to increase trap catch.
Additional modifications have been proposed so that Malaise-
type traps are more efficient at collecting specific taxa, including
Odonata (Glotzhober and Riggs 1998) and migrating Lepidoptera
(Walker and Lenczewki 1989), or answering specific questions, such
as periodicity by automatically segregating trap catch at certain time
intervals using a rotary device (Murchie et al. 2001).
Some designers have worked from Malaise’s concept rather than
simply modifying Townes’ trap design. For example, Gressitt and
Gressitt (1962) introduced a trap that consists of a large (7 m long
by 3.6 m high) sheet of fabric with collectors at either end that is sup-
ported between two poles or trees (Fig. 4). Walker (1978) modified
the Gressitt design so that insects from either side are collected sep-
arately and flight direction can be determined. Other designs include
Fig. 2. Large Malaise trap utilizing a prefabricated aluminum frame. After
large square traps only open to one side (Walker and Lenczewki
Marston (1965), used with permission.
1989) and small triangular traps (Fig. 13 in Achterberg 2009). Traps
with four fabric panes open to 360°, which were first proposed by
Meeting of the Entomological Society of America. After ‘many re- Nishida and Torii (1970) and modified by Yano et al. (1975), are
quests for plans of the trap’, he published schematics for his design, commercially available as BugDorm SLAM (Sea, Land, and Air
though was worried the publication might ‘freeze the model at this Malaise) traps (MegaView Science Co., Ltd., Taiwan) (Fig. 5). SLAM
stage of development rather than encourage further experimentation traps are often used as canopy traps as they are easily raised into the
with it’ (Townes 1962). His fear may be correct in part: the most air and can be fitted with optional bottom collectors.
widely available and commonly used Malaise traps are only slightly Other modifications or redesigns have aimed to produce inex-
modified from Townes’ design. pensive, homebuilt traps, including designs proposed by Butler
Marston (1965) proposed improvements to Townes’ design, (1965, 1966), which consist of a modified bed net with a polythene
including the use of a prefabricated tubular aluminum frame instead collecting bag placed in the hole in the roof; Walker and Lenczewki
of using a wooden frame (Fig. 2). Móczár (1967) proposed add- (1989), which utilizes mosquito netting and monofilament shrimp
itional modifications to Marston’s to lighten Townes’ 13.5 pound nets; and Platt et al. (1999), which uses wooden legs in a tripod
trap design. Townes (1972), after possibly reading of this improve- design. Will and Steplowski (2016) even presented designs for a 3D
ment, also designed a light-weight Malaise trap (Fig. 3). printed Malaise trap head.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX 3

Fig. 4. Gressit and Gressit-style Malaise trap. After Gressitt and Gressitt
(1962), used with permission courtesy of the Bishop Museum.
Various methods have been described for using Malaise traps to

sample canopy arthropods. Some researchers have attached Malaise
traps to tall scaffolding or platforms constructed in the canopy
(Coulson et al. 1971, Crossley et al. 1973, Southwood et al. 1979).
Others tied Townes-style Malaise traps off to a wooden frame and
used ropes and pulleys in order to raise the structure into the canopy
(Hammond 1990, Faulds and Crabtree 1995, Basset et al. 1997).
However, the advent of SLAM traps has made using Malaise-type Fig. 5. BugDorm SLAM (sea, land, air Malaise) trap with bottom collector.
traps in the canopy much easier and is now the design used almost
exclusively in such studies. collector depending on whether the trap is set in the understory or
Malaise traps have been combined with other traps, including canopy (Vance et al. 2007). However, the bottom collector may
light traps (Dufour 1980), window traps (Basset 1988; Fig. 6), and interfere with the collection of certain taxa (e.g., Cerambycidae), so
intercept traps, including colored pan traps (Fig. 7), in order to it may not be appropriate to always include one (DiGirollomo and
modify taxa collected or increase efficiency. The addition of yellow Dodds 2017).
pan traps beneath Malaise traps increases the trap effectiveness in Wet or dry killing agents may be used in the collecting head.
catching Diptera, Hymenoptera, Heteroptera, and Thysanoptera Both have advantages depending on the taxa targeted. Wet killing
(Darling and Packer 1988, Campos et al. 2000). Henry et al. (2018) agents—such as 70–90% ethanol or propylene glycol—also function
presented an ‘alpine Malaise trap’, which consists of two interlocking as a preservative, which is needed if traps are serviced on a weekly
clear plastic panes rather like a flight intercept trap, that can be com- or longer basis. Delicate specimens, especially Lepidoptera, may be
bined with a drop trap or colored sticky cards for use in windy, high- damaged by wet killing agents and unidentifiable beyond higher
altitude environments. taxonomic levels (e.g., family or genus). Dry killing agents—such
as naphthalene and insecticide-permeated strips—help alleviate this
Trap Setup and Implementation but require traps be serviced more often, potentially daily, as insects
Malaise traps can be erected in any location where flying insects are may damage themselves or other specimens before succumbing to
expected, including forests, open grassy areas and prairies, and wind- the killing agent, especially if an excess of specimens builds up in the
swept ridges, although care must be taken to secure them when high trap head. If interested in ectoparasites or phoretics present on flying
winds are expected. Trap location affects the taxa collected (Ozanne insects, dry killing agents have shown to be effective at killing the
2005). Insects often follow specific flight paths through vegetation ectoparasites on-host, often preserving the host–symbiont relation-
and a trap located along a flight path will catch more specimens than ship. Wet killing agents often result in detachment of the symbiont
one that is not (Matthews and Matthews 1983, Hutcheson 1990, and mixing of symbionts among individuals in the collection jar.
Southwood and Henderson 2000). Traps set in sunny, exposed areas
collect more insects than those in sheltered, shaded areas (Noyes 1989, Taxa Collected
Irvine and Woods 2007). Topography, wind, water, light, and other Diptera and Hymenoptera are generally the numerically dominant
abiotic conditions should also be taken into consideration (Gressitt taxa in Malaise traps, with Diptera often representing the majority
and Gressitt 1962, Richards and Windsor 2007). Additionally, some of specimens collected (Table 1). Because of this, Malaise traps are
researchers have suggested setting traps in a north-south orientation often used to generally survey diversity of diptera diversity. However,
with the trap head facing the sun’s zenith (Noyes 1989). they have also been used to specifically collect and survey many spe-
While environmental factors have been little studied, Matthews cific Dipteran taxa, including Tabanidae, Syrphidae, and Tachinidae
and Matthews (1969) reported temperature and precipitation had a (Table 2). Hymenoptera are generally the second most-collected
strong influence on trap catch, with the largest catches happening on taxa, though usually represent a much smaller percentage of the
hot, sunny days following rain. total catch than flies. Similar to Diptera, Malaise traps are often
The addition of a bottom collector to canopy traps can be im- used to survey general hymenopteran diversity but have also been
portant, as some taxa are preferentially caught in the top or bottom used to target specific taxa, including Braconidae, Ichneumonidae,

Fig. 6. Diagram of a combined Malaise/window trap. After Basset (1988), used with permission.
and Vespidae (Table 3). Besides Diptera and Hymenoptera, Malaise sequences of one of a few genes to identify the taxa in a sample
traps have been used to collect a variety of Arachnida, Odonata, (Aagaard et al. 2016, Geiger et al. 2016, Morinière et al. 2016,
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and other insects (Table 4). Canopy traps Aagaard et al. 2017, Cancian de Araujo et al. 2017, Schmidt et al.
have been used to specifically collect Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, 2017, Cancian de Araujo et al. 2018, Watts et al. 2019).
Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera Malaise traps have been shown to be some of the most consistent
(Table 5). traps in terms of the composition of higher taxa collected, giving
Malaise traps run with wet collecting heads are generally con- credence to the confidence hymenopterists and diperists have that
sidered to be a poor choice when targeting Lepidoptera, as many they will invariably collect those taxa (Kitching et al. 2001). While
specimens lose their scales in liquid preservative (Walker and Crosby such consistency has not been studied in canopy traps, there is no
1988, Brown 2005, Krogmann and Holstein 2010). However, a reason to believe they do not sample similar groups irrespective of
number of studies have used Malaise trap-caught Lepidoptera for site locality.
genitalia studies (Schmidt 2014a,b, 2016, 2017; van Nieukerken
et al. 2016) and Schmidt et al. (2019) proposed a workflow for cur-
ating wet Lepidoptera that can be used to prepare pinned moths Application in Entomology Field Studies
and butterflies. Additionally, DNA work can still be conducted on Malaise traps are excellent tools for surveying biodiversity (e.g.,
wet lepidopterans, including metabarcoding of Malaise trap sam- Collections Unit 2017, Karlsson et al. 2020), especially when used
ples, which uses high-throughput DNA sequencing targeting short in conjunction with traps that collect nonoverlapping assemblages
2008, Rohr et al. 2009, Banks et al. 2010, Sellars and Hicks 2015,
Carey et al. 2017, Wolton et al. 2017, Pérez-Urbina et al. 2018,
Westwood et al. 2018). Additionally, Malaise and canopy traps have
been used to investigate community differences in monospecific and
highly diverse tree canopies in agroforestry (Sperber et al. 2004),
how arthropod communities change during plant succession (Hollier
and Belshaw 1992, Hutcheson 1999, Shlyakhtenok and Agunovish
2001, Nol et al. 2006, Missa et al. 2009, Rohr et al. 2009), crop
stage (Silva et al. 2020), stand growth (Hutcheson and Jones 1999,
Luqman et al. 2018), invasion by foreign plant species (Toft et al.

2001), or along environmental (Harris et al. 2000; Vas et al. 2001;
Lynch et al. 2002; Kato et al. 2004; Kitching et al. 2004; Karem et al.
2006; Hirao et al. 2008a, b; Carr 2010), latitudinal (Kitching et al.
2004, Veijalainen et al. 2013), elevational (Kumar et al. 2009, Le
Cesne et al. 2015, Musthafa and Abdullah 2019, Plant et al. 2020),
and farming intensity gradients (Volpato et al. 2019). Differences
between arthropod communities associated with different tree
species (Basset et al. 1996); vertical stratification within a habitat
(Roberts 1976a, Rose 1978, Hollier and Belshaw 1993, Asquith and
Kido 1994, Sárospataki and Markó 1995, Hammond et al. 1997,
Fig. 7. Bugdorm Townes-style Malaise trap with colored pan traps.
Preisser et al. 1998, Charles and Basset 2005, Grimbacher and Stork
2007, Sobek et al. 2009, Ulyshen 2011, Birtele and Hardersen 2012,
of arthropods, such as pitfall traps (e.g., Peck 1989, Benton 1995, Somavilla et al. 2019); and attractiveness of flowers (Rohrig et al.
Winchester and Ring 1996, Handler 2007, Missa et al. 2009, 2008) have also been studied.
Oxbrough et al. 2010, Skvarla 2015, Skvarla and Dowling 2017). When operated for long periods of time (e.g., weeks to years),
They can also be used to sample a specific subset of biodiversity, such Malaise and canopy traps can be used to investigate meteorological
as natural enemies or specific pests (e.g., Nishida and Torii 1970, variables affecting flight activity (Matthews and Matthews 1969,
Steinbauer et al. 2000, Toft and Changler 2004). McCravy (2018) Burnett and Hays 1974, Nyrop and Simmons 1986, Isard et al. 1999,
reviewed sampling and monitoring methods in agroecosystems, Briers and Cariss 2003, Witter et al. 2012), diel activity (Rickleps
including the use of Malaise traps. 1975, Hammond 1990, Basset and Springate 1992, Springate and
While such biodiversity surveys have traditionally relied upon visu- Basset 1996, Spencer et al. 1998, Isard et al. 2000, Murchie et al.
ally sorting and identifying specimens, more recently, metabarcoding 2001, Shlyakhtenok and Agunovish 2001), and seasonal or pheno-
has been used to quantify arthropod diversity and abundance in logical cycles (Evans and Owen 1965, Rickleps 1975, Denlinger 1980,
bulk collection samples, including Malaise traps (Gibson et al. 2014, O’Neill and Evans 1983, Wright et al. 1984, Elliott 1986, Hammond
Morinière et al. 2018, Barsoum et al. 2019, deWaard et al. 2019, 1990, Hollier and Belshaw 1993, Dutra and Marinoni 1994, Ellis
Watts et al. 2019). A number of studies have examined how various and Simon Thomas 1994, Jackman and Nelson 1995, Toft and Beggs
issues affect metabarcoding results of Malaise trap samples, including 1995, Flint 1996, Tereshkin 1996, Spencer et al. 1998, Kaspari et al.
how field conditions affect DNA degradation in Malaise trap samples 2001, Shlyakhtenok and Agunovish 2001, Noguera et al. 2002,
(Krehenwinkel et al. 2018) and quantifying the difference between Hicks et al. 2003, Sperber et al. 2004, Winterbourn 2005, Maleque
using preservative ethanol or homogenate (Marquina et al. 2019). et al. 2006, Ulber and Nitzsche 2006, Eveleigh et al. 2007, Noriega
One study even screened Malaise trap samples for vertebrate DNA, et al. 2007, Pinheiro et al. 2002, Whitemore et al. 2008, Choi et al.
which presumably came into the samples via hematophagous insects 2010, Yuen and Dudgeon 2016).
such as mosquitoes (Lynggaard et al. 2019). Malaise and canopy traps can also be used to investigate insect
Malaise and canopy traps have be used to investigate the movement, such as movement within and between habitat patches
arthropod community associated with specific habitats, such as (Naranjo 1991, Spencer et al. 1999, Hossain et al. 2002, Briers et al.
specific tree species (Basset and Arthington 1992), tree fall gaps 2004, Gangurde 2007, Williams et al. 2007a, Macfadyen and Muller
(Horn et al. 2005, Ozanne 2005, Nol et al. 2006, Ulyshen et al. 2013), including into agricultural areas (Dutcher et al. 1986, Dyer
2006, Richard and Windsor 2007, Hirao et al. 2008a, b), and dead and Landis 1997, Spencer et al. 1998, Isard et al. 1999, Irwin et al.
wood (Hutcheson and Jones 1999, Ozanne 2005). They have also 2000, Nicholls et al. 2001, Ulber and Nitzsche 2006, Samaranayake
been used to investigate differences between patches of similar and Costamagna 2019), flight patterns in relation to wind direction
habitat (Hutcheson and Jones 1999, Choi et al. 2010, Fraser et al. (Pruess and Pruess 1966, Isard et al. 1999), and movement during
2007, Fraser et al. 2008), habitat patches under different treat- mate-seeking (Abbott 2006). They are also used to investigate move-
ments (burning: Cancelado and Yonke 1970, Campbell et al. 2007, ment and dispersal (Cookset and Wright 1987), especially of adult
McCracy and Baxa 2011, McCravy 2017, harvesting: Deans et al. aquatic insects (Buskirk 1975, Mendl and Müller 1979, Müller 1982,
2005, Newell and King 2009; herbicide treatment: McCravy and Jones and Resh 1988, Sode and Wiberg-Larsen 1993, Williams and
Berisford 2011; insecticide treatment: Dilling 2007, Dilling et al. Williams 1993, Griffith et al. 1998, Briers et al. 2004, Peterson et al.
2007, Santos et al. 2007; organic vs. conventional crop manage- 2004, Winterbourn 2005, Solem and Bongard 1987, Winterbourn
ment: Bleicher et al. 2006, Silva et al. 2020) and between different et al. 2007). However, caution should be used as mark–recapture
habitat types (Coulson et al. 1971, Crossley et al. 1973, Greiler and studies have shown that instantaneous direction, which is indicated
Tcharntke 1993, Bomar 2001, Hicks et al. 2003, Warriner et al. by the side of the trap insects are collected on, may not always be
2004, Gittings et al. 2006, Tangmitcharoen et al. 2006, Cunningham a reliable way to determine overall direction of movement between
and Murray 2007, Rohr et al. 2007, Vance et al. 2007, Smith et al. habitats or along gradients (Macneale et al. 2004).
Table 1. Examples of Malaise trapping studies and taxa collected
Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Hemiptera Plecoptera Collembola ‘Other’

Citation (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Marston 1965 66.3 12.3 4.8 5.6 6.8 - 3.4 4.2

Geijskes 1968 58 19 14 4.6 2.3 - - 2.1
Matthews and Matthews 1969 52.2 16.9 7.1 3.1 9.4 8.3 1.7 11.3
Matthews and Matthews 1969 43.1 22.5 10 2 3.9 16.8 1.2 18.5
Matthews and Matthews 1969 14.7 1.2 0.8 0.3 0 76.9 0.7 83
Matthews and Matthews 1969 54.4 13 15.5 2.6 10.9 0.3 0.6 3.6

Yano et al. 1975 69.7 4.6 4.6 0.8 13.6 0 3.2 6.7
Rose 1978 84.2 5.85 3.52 0.11 3.74 - - 2.58
Cooksey and Barton 1981 57 15 17 - 8 - - 3
Moeed and Meads 1987 84.2 4 1.8 2.3 - - 4.9 2.8
Basset 1988 47.8 8.1 3.7 10.3 19.5 - - 10.7
Basset and Arthington 1992 - - - - - - - -
Dutra and Marinoni 1994 85.1 3.2 5.7 1.7 2.5 <0.01 0.9 2
Dutra and Marinoni 1994 72 3.3 13.5 2.6 1.4 0 5.3 7
Campos et al. 2000 84.4 7.8 3.2 0.8 2.9 - - 0.9
Campos et al. 2000 64.3 10 1.3 7 10 - - 7.4
Campos et al. 2000 57.4 16.5 0.9 5.3 12.2 - - 7.7
Hughes et al. 2000 69.2 14.3 - - - - - 16.5
Kwok and Corlett 2002 80.6 3.9 5.3 6.3 - - - 3.9
Brown 2005 84 - - - - - - -
Brown 2005 81 - - - - - - -
Brown 2005 64 - - - - - - -
Horn et al. 2005 68.5 4.1 9.5 7.6 - - - 10.2
Horn et al. 2005 26.6 7.3 30.8 18.1 - - - 17.2
Karlsson et al. 2020 75 15 1.0 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 3.0
Citation Number of Duration per Number of Specimens/ Locality Trap type

specimens collected trap (days) traps trap/day
Marston 1965 2,927 7 1 418.14 Kansas, USA Malaise

Geijskes 1968 90,182 - - - Suriname Malaise
Matthews and Matthews 1969 23,722 91 1 260.68 New York, USA Malaise
Yano et al. 1975 13,709 3.34 19 216.03 Thailand/China Malaise
Rose 1978 37,198 127 6 48.82 Malaysia Malaise/
canopy
Cooksey and Barton 1981 10,830 12 1 902.50 Arkansas, USA Malaise
Moeed and Meads 1987 45,965 365 1 125.93 New Zealand Malaise
Basset 1988 14,597 365 5 8.00 Queensland, Australia Composite
Basset and Arthington 1992 46,019 730 5 12.61 Queensland, Australia Composite
Dutra and Marinoni 1994 62,924 365 1 172.39 Parana, Brazil Malaise
Dutra and Marinoni 1994 38,868 365 1 106.49 Parana, Brazil Malaise
Campos et al. 2000 6,120 14 4 109.29 Minas Gerais, Brazil Malaise
Hughes et al. 2000 12,776 60 3 70.98 Colorado, USA Malaise
Kwok and Corlett 2002 53,897 940 4 14.33 Hong Kong, China Malaise
Brown 2005 4,646 5 1 929.20 Tambopata, Peru Malaise
Brown 2005 905 4 1 226.25 Tambopata, Peru Malaise
Brown 2005 1,064 3 1 354.67 Puntarenas, Costa Rica Malaise
Horn et al. 2005 - - 5 - South Carolina, USA Canopy
Horn et al. 2005 - - 5 - South Carolina, USA Canopy
Karlsson et al. 2020 20,000,000 54,268 73 368.5 Sweden Malaise
Malaise and canopy traps can be used to estimate the abundance Buskirk 1975, Kato et al. 2003, Kato et al. 2004; Odonata: Kirkton
of target pest species (Beggs et al. 1998), establish damage thresh- and Schultz 2001; Anura: Horn et al. 2005; Chiroptera: Jong and
olds (Beggs and Rees 1999), or create an index of abundance, avail- Ahlen 1991, Fukui et al. 2006; Aves: Poulin et al. 1992, Rodenhouse
ability, and biomass of captured arthropods by themselves or as a and Holmes 1992, Duguay et al. 1997, Duguay et al. 2000, Johnson
prey base for insectivorous predators (Lynch et al. 2002; Araneae: and Sherry 2001, Kwok and Corlett 2002, Murakami and Nakano
Table 2. Diptera families collected in Malaise traps Table 3. Hymenoptera taxa collected in Malaise traps
Taxon Reference Taxon Reference
General Diptera Kitching et al. 2004, Roháček and Ševčik 2009, General Hymenoptera Darling and Packer 1988, Noyes 1989, Campos
Wolton et al. 2017 et al. 2000, Shlyakhtenok 2000, Sobek et al.
Agromyzidae Scheirs et al. 1997; Papp 2009, 2018 2009
Axiniidae Colless 1994 ‘Symphyta’ Holuša 2002, Brand et al. 2003, Harris 2006
Asilidae McCracy and Baxa 2011, McCravy 2017, Aculeata Volpato et al. 2019
Martín-Park et al. 2018 Apocrita Karem et al. 2006
Brachystomatidae Plant et al. 2020 Apoidea/Anthophila Bartholomew and Prowell 2005, Ngo et al.

Calliphoridae Rosati and VanLaerhoven 2007 2013, Geroff et al. 2014, Sellars and Hicks
Cecidomyiidae Karlsson et al. 2020 2015, McCravy et al. 2016
Chironomidae Diserud et al. 2013, Karlsson et al. 2020 Aphelinidae Kissayi et al. 2017
Culicidae Graham 1969, Witter et al. 2012 Braconidae Shimbori and Shaw 2014, Shweta and
Dolochopodidae Pollet et al. 1989, Plant et al. 2020 Rajmohana 2018, Karlsson et al. 2020
Empididae Plant et al. 2020 Chalcidoidea Karlsson et al. 2020
Hybotidae Plant et al. 2020 Chrysididae Shlyakhtenok 2000, Strumia 2003
Mycetophilidae Økland 1994, Toft et al. 2001, Toft and Changler Crabronidae O’Neill and Evans 1983, Ghazi-Soltani et al.
2004, Jakovlev and Penttinen 2007, Papp 2018, 2010, Arbaei et al. 2015
Karlsson et al. 2020 Diapriidae Masner 1976a,b
‘Nematocera’ Salmela et al. 2007 Diaprioidea Karlsson et al. 2020
Odiniidae Parchami-Araghi et al. 2018 Embolemidae Amarante et al. 1999
Oestridae Capelle 1970, Cogley and Cogley 2000, Fleenor Encyrtidae Manuel Rodríguez et al. 2010, Silva et al. 2020
and Taber 2007, Witter et al. 2012 Eulophidae Silva et al. 2020
Phoridae Karlsson et al. 2020 Evaniidae Deans and Kawada 2008, Shweta and
Pipinculidae Skevington 2001 Rajmohana 2018
Psychodidae Quate 1999; Alexander 2000, 2001 Formicidae Collingwood 1981, Deyrup and Trager 1986,
Sarcophagidae Dahlem and Downes 1996, Whitemore et al. 2008 Longino and Colwell 1997, Delabie and Reis
Sciaridae Steffan 1972, Vilkamaa et al. 2007, Karlsson et al. 2000, Kaspari et al. 2001, Collingwood and
2020 van Harten 2005, Colby and Prowell 2006,
Sciomyzidae Carey et al. 2017 Framennau and Thomas 2008, Fisher et al.
Simuliidae Adler et al. 1983, Currie and Adler 2000, Witter 2009, Guerrero et al. 2010, Karlsson et al.
et al. 2012 2020
Stratiomyiidae Hauser 2008, Whitemore et al. 2008, Birtele and Ichneumonidae Noyes 1989, Bartlett et al. 1999, Sääksjärvi
Hardersen 2012 et al. 2004, Sperber et al. 2004, Sääksjärvi
Syrphidae Burgio and Sommaggio 2002, Thompson and et al. 2006, Ulber and Nitzsche 2006,
Zumbado 2002, Krčmar et al. 2005, Gittings Veijalainen et al. 2013, Gómez et al. 2018,
et al. 2006, Nol et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2008, Pérez-Urbina et al. 2018, Karlsson et al. 2020
Whitemore et al. 2008, Birtele and Hardersen Mutillidae Pitts et al. 2004, Pilgrim and Pitts 2006, Vieira
2012, Carey et al. 2017, Martín-Park et al. et al. 2017
2018 Mymaridae Vance et al. 2007, Shweta and Rajmohana
Tabanidae Roberts 1971, Anderson and Hoy 1972, Blume 2018, Silva et al. 2020
et al. 1972, Roberts 1976b, Hollander and Platygastridae Stevens and Austin 2007; Burks et al. 2013;
Wright 1980, Strickler and Walker 1993, Shweta and Rajmohana 2016, 2018; Manoj
Leprince et al. 1994, van Hennekeler et al. et al. 2017
2008, Martín-Park et al. 2018 Platygastroidea Karlsson et al. 2020
Tachinidae Cerretti et al. 2004, Inclan and Stireman III 2009, Plumariidae Penteado-Dias and Scatolini 2003, Silva et al.
Stireman et al. 2012 2020
Tephritidae Asquith and Kido 1994 Pompilidae Shlyakhtenok 2000
Tipulidae Dufour 1980, Toft and Beggs 1995, Peterson et al. Tenthredinidae Karlsson et al. 2020
2004 Trichogrammatidae Silva et al. 2020
Vespidae Archer 1990, Beggs et al. 1998, Beggs and Rees
1999, Shlyakhtenok 2000, Sackmann et al.
2001, Kumar et al. 2009, Aragão and Andena
2002, Iwata et al. 2003, Yuan and Dudgeon 2016, Law et al. 2018,
2016, Somavilla et al. 2019
Partidge et al. 2020). Collected taxa can also be associated with spe-
cific habitats and used as habitat indicators (Fraser et al. 2007).
Malaise traps can also be used to collect specific guilds of insects, Within a specific trap-style, the color and material of the trap net-
such as those attracted to corpses and potentially useful in forensic ting can affect the taxa collected. For example, coarse mesh is more
studies (De Jong 1994) or medically important species (Roberts effective in collecting Aculeata, fine mesh is more effective in collecting
1971, 1972; Alexander 2000). microhymenoptera, and both coarse and fine mesh are effective in col-
lecting Ichneumonoidea (Darling and Packer 1988). Black mesh in-
Factors Influencing Catch creases the overall number of specimens and species of Tabanidae and
Trap design significantly affects the taxa collected. Few studies have Culicidae that are collected (Roberts 1970, 1972; Hansen 1988) and
compared trap catch of different Malaise trap designs, but Matthews the addition of various colored fabric panels to commercially available
and Matthews (1983) found that Townes-style traps caught 10 times Malaise traps with black netting can influence and increase the number
as many specimens as Cornell-style Malaise traps. and diversity of pollinators collected (Campbell and Hanula 2007).
Table 4. Arthropod taxa, excluding Diptera and Hymenoptera, col- Table 5. Insect taxa collected in canopy traps
lected in Malaise traps.
Taxon Reference
Taxon Reference
Psocoptera Santos et al. 2007, Sokolova
Acari Zheng 1996; Behan-Pelletier and Winchester et al. 2010
1998; Clark 2004; Zheng 2002a, b; Ripka Thysanoptera Santos et al. 2007
and Szabó 2010; Skvarla et al. 2014 Coleoptera Tangmitcharoen et al. 2006,
Araeneae Wilkinson et al. 1980, Hauge and Midtgaard Hardersen et al. 2014
1986, Jennings and Hilburn 1988, Cerambycidae Vance et al. 2003, Dodds et al. 2010,
Oxbrough et al. 2010, Vedel et al. 2011 DiGirollomo and Dodds 2017

Coleoptera Hosking 1979, Hutcheson 1999, Hutcheson Buprestidae
and Kimberley 1999, Harris et al. 2000, Coccinellidae Santos et al. 2007
Toft et al. 2001, Kriska and Young 2002, Curculionidae, Dodds et al. 2010, DiGirollomo
Grimbacher and Stork 2007, Stork et al. Scolytinae and Dodds 2017
2008, Ohsawa 2010, Musthafa and Diptera Tangmitcharoen et al. 2006
Abdullah 2019 Stratiomyidae Whitemore et al. 2008
Buprestidae Bellamy 2000 Syrphidae Whitemore et al. 2008
Carabidae Liebherr and Mahar 1979, Ulyshen et al. 2005, Tachinidae Cerretti et al. 2004
Ulyshen et al. 2006, Cassola 2009, Meng Sarcophagidae Whitemore et al. 2008
et al. 2012, Skvarla and Dowling 2017 Tephritidae Asquith and Kido 1994
Cerambycidae Noguera et al. 2002; Warriner et al. 2002, Lepidoptera Tangmitcharoen et al. 2006
2004; Vance et al. 2003; Schiefer and Newell Tortricidae Eveleigh et al. 2007
2010; Skvarla and Dowling 2017; Barimani Zygaenidae Hoddle 2006
Varandi et al. 2018 Neuroptera Hollier and Belshaw 1993
Elateridae Steiner 2000, Nol et al. 2006 Hymenoptera Tangmitcharoen et al. 2006
Eucnemidae Hoffman et al. 2009
Lampyridae Barrows et al. 2008
Mordellidae Jackman and Nelson 1995 Disney et al. (1982) found that slightly altering the position of the
Collembola Fjellberg 1992 collecting container from the peak of a Malaise trap to just below
Ephemeroptera Peterson et al. 2004 the peak significantly reduced the overall number of certain Diptera
Hemiptera Cancelado and Yonke 1970, Hodkinson and species collected and somewhat reduced the number of species col-
Casson 1991, Le Cesne et al. 2015 lected. The age of individual Malaise traps has also been shown to
Fulgoroidea Gonzon et al. 2006, Benton and McCreadie significantly alter trap catch, possibly the result of changes in color
2009
due to exposure to sunlight (Roberts 1975, Duarte et al. 2010).
Lepidoptera Owen 1969, Butler et al. 1999, Harris et al.
Species-specific factors of target taxa such as behavior, habitat
2004, Campbell 2007
Gracillariidae Steinbauer et al. 2000 preference, and activity level influence trap catch. For instance,
Sesiidae Steinbauer et al. 2000 while many species of Syrphidae are readily collected in Malaise
Tortricidae Eveleigh et al. 2007 traps, some abundant species of this family avoid the trap al-
Mecoptera Byers 1973 together (Burgio and Sommaggio 2007). Malaise trap collections
Neuroptera Hollier and Belshaw 1992, 1993; Vas et al. of mosquitoes are biased toward Aedes Meigen, 1818 and Culex
2001; Abraham et al. 2003 Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Culicidae) (Acuff 1976) while collections
Odonata Muzón and Spinelli 1995, Roble 1995, Flint of Agromyzidae are female-biased (Scheirs et al. 1997). When used
1996, Glotzhober and Riggs 1998 to collect spiders, Malaise traps sample a greater proportion of ar-
Opiliones Hicks et al. 2003
boreal, web-building species compared to terrestrial, active-hunting
Orthoptera Samways and Moore 1991, Quinn et al. 1993,
species (Jennings and Hilburn 1988, Oxbrough 2010).
Donnelly 1995, Johnson et al. 1995, Muzon
and Spinelli 1995, Bomar 2001
Plecoptera Peterson et al. 2004, Winterbourn 2005 Use of Baits With Malaise Traps
Pseudoscorpiones Aguiar and Buhrnheim 1998 The addition of various lures can increase the catch of specific taxa.
Thysanoptera Olsen and Midtgaard 1996 For example, the addition of carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice
Trichoptera Jones and Resh 1988, Sode and Wiberg-Larsen or compressed gas released over time increases the trap catch of
1993, Peterson et al. 2004, Winterbourn
hematophagous Diptera and mammalian ectoparasites (Easton et al.
2007, Winterbourn et al. 2007
1968, Smith et al. 1965, Geijskes 1968, Witter et al. 2012; Tabanidae:
Opiliones Hicks et al. 2003
Orthoptera Samways and Moore 1991, Quinn et al. 1993, Roberts 1971, Anderson and Hoy 1972, Blume et al. 1972, Roberts
Donnelly 1995, Johnson et al. 1995, Muzon 1976b, Hollander and Wright 1980, Strickler and Walker 1993,
and Spinelli 1995, Bomar 2001 Leprince et al. 1994, van Hennekeler et al. 2008, Culicidae: Breeland
Plecoptera Peterson et al. 2004, Winterbourn 2005 and Pickard 1965, Graham 1969; Oestridae: Capelle 1970, Wright
Pseudoscorpiones Aguiar and Buhrnheim 1998 et al. 1984, Cogley and Cogley 2000, Fleenor and Taber 2007,
Thysanoptera Olsen and Midtgaard 1996 Witter et al. 2012). Most studies have found octenol/1-octen-3-ol
Trichoptera Jones and Resh 1988, Sode and Wiberg-Larsen (French and Kline 1989, Schreck et al. 1993, Krčmar et al. 2005,
1993, Peterson et al. 2004, Winterbourn van Hennekeler et al. 2008, Krčmar et al. 2010), ammonia (Hribar
2007, Winterbourn et al. 2007
et al. 1992, Krčmar et al. 2010), acetone (Krčmar et al. 2010), lactic
acid (Krčmar et al. 2010), and aged animal urine (Krčmar et al. 2012, Barimani Varandi et al. 2018). However, other studies that
2005, Krčmar et al. 2006, Krčmar et al. 2010, Tunnakundacha et al. used finer taxonomic units found that Malaise traps collect more
2017), as well as the addition of objects that reflect horizontally po- specimens of certain beetle families (e.g., Cleridae, Curculionidae,
larized light, such as large, round, black object like an inflated beach and Elateridae) or certain tribes and genera within a family (e.g.,
ball covered in black cloth (Catts 1970, Schreck et al. 1993, Blahó lebiine carabids) than light, window, and sticky, colored pan, or pit-
2009) increase the number of Tabanidae caught in Malaise and fall traps (Hosking 1979, Skvarla and Dowling 2017).
canopy traps, though some have not reported differences (Leprince Malaise and canopy traps collect fewer Stomoxys Geoffroy,
et al. 1994). 1-octen-3-ol is also attractive to Culicidae (Nilssen 1762 (Diptera: Muscidae) and Tabanidae compared to Vavoua and
1998). 2,4-hexadlenyl butyrate and heptyl butyrate are highly po- Nzi traps, respectively (van Hennekeler et al. 2008, Krčmar 2017,
tent, specific lures attractive to yellowjackets (Vespula Thomson, Tunnakundacha et al. 2017).

1869 [Hymenoptera: Vespidae]) and Malaise traps baited with these Comparison of Malaise traps and colored pan traps, including
chemicals can be used to control yellowjacket populations over white, yellow, and blue pans, are mixed and depend on the taxon
small areas such as fruit orchards (Davis et al. 1973). Methyl eu- being studied. For Hymenoptera, studies have found that pan
genol is attractive to some species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae and traps collect more diversity than Malaise traps (Campbell and
Muscidae (Asquith and Kido 1994) and rotting fruit has been used Hanula 2007, Alfred Daniel et al. 2018), pan traps collect more
to attract Odiniidae (Parchami-Araghi et al. 2018) specimens but are dominated by a few species while Malaise traps
Bouwer et al. (2020) found that different traps (standard collect fewer specimens representing more species with a more
multiple-funnel, modified multiple-funnel, panel, and canopy even distribution of species (Wells and Decker 2006), or that pan
Malaise traps) had significantly different trapping efficacy for two and Malaise traps collect significantly different assemblages with
cerambycid species during field trials and that the traps significantly very little (12%) overlap (Finnamore et al. 2002). Depending
affected the structure of CO2 odor plumes downwind of the traps; on the locality, Malaise and canopy traps collect either a similar
they speculated that the trap effect on odor plumes may contribute species diversity or higher species diversity of pollinating bee-
to the differences in trapping efficacy, but were unable to conclu- tles compared to colored pan traps (Campbell and Hanula 2007,
sively reconcile the differences. Skvarla and Dowling 2017) and are more or less as efficient as
white pan traps depending on the family of Diptera considered
Terrestrial/Canopy Trap Comparison (Disney et al. 1982).
Within temperate forests, some studies have found that Malaise traps, When focused on lower taxa, different studies have found
when compared with canopy traps, catch more insect specimens and that Malaise and pan traps collect similar assemblages of bees
sample a higher diversity at both the family (Preisser et al. 1998, (Bartholomew and Prowell 2005) or Malaise traps collect more bee
Rohr et al. 2007, Barkley 2009) and species level (Syrphidae: Birtele specimens and species (Geroff et al. 2014); the addition of colored
and Hardersen 2012; Tachinidae: Cerretti et al. 2004, Stireman et al. fabric to Malaise traps increases the number of pollinators collected
2012). However, other studies have found that Malaise and canopy (Campbell and Hanula 2007). Malaise traps compared to yellow
traps have similar observed species richness, although they capture pan traps collect more species and specimens of Platygastridae
significantly different species assemblages (Cerambycidae: Vance and Mutillidae (Shweta and Rajmohana 2016, Vieira et al. 2017)
et al. 2003, Hardersen et al. 2014 Neuroptera: Hollier and Belshaw but fewer Diapriidae (Shweta and Rajmohana 2018). Within
1993), while others have found no difference in species composition Ichneumonidae, Malaise traps collect the same species assemblage
(Stork and Grimbacher 2006). Additionally, while observed species and more specimens of Pimplinae and Rhyssinae (Gómez et al. 2018)
richness is equivalent or higher in Malaise traps, expected species compared to Möricke/yellow pan traps while the opposite is true for
richness, which is based on various species richness estimators, may Orthocentrinae and Cryptini (Mazón and Bordera 2008, Aguiar and
be higher in canopy traps (Vance et al. 2003, Stireman et al. 2012). Santos 2010).
Finally, canopy and Malaise traps collect similar feeding-guild as- Within a species, sexes may be preferentially collected by either
semblages, at least when considering Coleoptera (Grimbacher and method: Malaise traps catch more male Ichneumonidae and female
Stork 2007). Agromyzidae while Möricke/yellow pan traps collect more female
When both styles of trap collect the same taxon, relative abun- Ichneumonidae and male Agromyzidae (Scheirs et al. 1997, Aguiar
dance per trap may vary significantly depending on the taxonomic and Santos 2010).
level analyzed (family: Barkley 2009; genus: Roberts 1976b; species: In tropical environments, Malaise traps and canopy fogging col-
Eveleigh et al. 2007). lect similar assemblages of Formicidae, which is significantly dif-
ferent than the assemblage sampled by processing leaf litter; thus,
Comparisons to Other Traps and Collecting Methods a combination of Malaise traps and leaf litter sampling is more
Aside from Maliase traps, there are a number of other trap designs efficient than either method alone (Longino and Colwell 1997).
entomologists can employ to survey capture insects, including pit- Furth et al. (2003) found broad overlap between the flea beetle
fall traps (containers in the soil that capture arthropods as they (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) taxa collected by Malaise traps and
wander across), sticky traps (a surface coated in glue or tanglefoot), canopy fogging in Costa Rica; they also found fogging to be more
glass-barrier traps (a glass container with an inverted funnel in the efficient than Malaise traps on a per sample basis but Malaise traps
bottom to allow entry but no escape), pan traps (open pans or bowls were more efficient on a per individual basis, so Malaise traps are
that may be different colors and contain soapy water or another more efficient over long time spans.
collecting agent), and several others. Some comparisons between Suction traps are more efficient than Malaise traps at col-
various trap types have been made, but it is not always clear which lecting Culicidae (Lothrop et al. 2002), Neuropteroidea excluding
trap is preferable. Raphidioptera (Abraham et al. 2003), and microhymenoptera
Malaise traps collect more specimens of Diptera, Hymenoptera, (Favret et al. 2019). The comparison is more nuanced when com-
and Hemiptera, but fewer specimens of Coleoptera compared to paring brachyceran flies as ‘Malaise traps outperformed suction
glass-barrier, window, and sticky traps (Juillet 1963, Lamarre et al. traps in terms of measuring α diversity, but suction traps resolved a
10
Table 6. Target taxa and trapping statistics from publications that reported accumulation or rarefaction curves for Malaise trap collections
Number of Fold increase

days needed to
Number of traps were Malaise Number of Spe- Total number of exhaustively survey
Taxon Area surveyed (ha) traps run trap days cies collected species estimated target taxon Reference
Anthophila 12 5 12 30 68 90 7 McCravy et al. 2016

Anthophila - 6 13 78 10 - - Sellars and Hicks 2015
Asilidae 680 12 161 1,932 26 30.5 3.9 McCravy 2017
Carabidae 4 5 266 1,330 15 64.5 10.5 Skvarla and Dowling 2017
Cerambycidae (LA) - 10 118 1,180 37 39–48 - Dodds et al. 2015
Cerambycidae (MA) - 10 119 1,190 39 40–56 - Dodds et al. 2015
Cerambycidae (NY) - 10 98 980 28 30–48 - Dodds et al. 2015
Cerambycidae 4 5 266 1,330 53 92 5.3 Skvarla and Dowling 2017
Coleoptera - 2 4 8 - - - Musthafa and Abdullah 2019
Curculionoidea 4 5 266 1,330 39 70 6.4 Skvarla and Dowling 2017
Diptera (trap 1; 49 families in- 4 1 365 365 590 1,071 - Borkent and Brown 2015, Brown
cluded in analyses) et al. 2018
Diptera (trap 2; 49 families in- 4 1 365 365 116 270 - Borkent and Brown 2015, Brown
cluded in analyses) et al. 2018
Encyrtidae - 6 60 360 52 55–73.8 - Manuel Rodríguez et al. 2010
Formicidae 1,500 16 395 6,320 - - - Longino and Colwell 1997
Fulgoroidea 211,415 22 1,249 27,478 55 57–81 Gonzon et al. 2006
Ichneumonidae 40,000 10 365 3,650 - - - Mazón and Bordera 2008
Ichneumonidae: Diplazontinae, 9.3 30 30 900 55 - - Fraser et al. 2008
Pimplinae, Diacritinae, and
Poemeniinae
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae and 5600 27 105–363 5,550 88 101–114 - Sääksjärvi et al. 2004
Rhyssinae
Insecta 45,000,000 73 Various 54,268 4,000a 33,000 - Karlsson et al. 2020
Trichoptera 5 km stretch of 36 9 324 50 136–155 - Andersen and Kjaerandsen 2001
river
Vespidae: Polistinae 3069 3 365 1,095 20 - - Aragão and Andena 2016
A Malaise trap day is one Malaise trap run for one day, such that 10 Malaise trap days can be accomplished by one trap run for 10 d, two traps run for five days each, etc. Publications that reported traps were run for one
year that did not provide specific dates (e.g., June 2018–May 2019) were assumed to be 365 d.
a
After only 1% of trap catch was sorted and identified to species.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2020, Vol. XX, No. XX

higher degree of brachyceran community heterogeneity using β di- Finally, based on the handful of studies that have reported col-
versity’ (Favret et al. 2019). lection or rarefaction curves for Malaise trap collections, it is clear
Malaise traps are able to function in damp conditions so may be that it is extremely difficult to impossible to exhaustively sample
preferable to vacuum-sampling understory vegetation that is con- Malaise trap-collected arthropods in even a relatively small area
stantly wet (Noyes 1989). (Table 6). Those studies that calculated how much additional ef-
Malaise traps and sweep netting can differentially sample re- fort would be required to exhaustively sample their target taxa
lated genera; for example, within Tabanidae the majority of Tabanus reported a 3.9- to 10.5-fold increase in effort. How much effort
and Hybomitra are collected in Malaise traps while the majority of is required is determined by how large an area is being surveyed,
Chrysops are collected by netting (Tallamy et al. 1976, Strickler and how diverse the target taxa are, and how efficiently Malaise traps
Walker 1993). When targeting Ichneumonoidea, Malaise traps are collect them.

more efficient per individual compared to hand rearing adults from
parasitized hosts (Bartlett 2000) but lack associated host data. Malaise
traps are less effective for Cerambycidae and social wasps compared Summary
to hand collecting (Noguera et al. 2002, 2007; Silveira 2002). Malaise traps revolutionized the collection of insects and other
Both pitfall and Malaise traps collect highly diverse arthropod arthropods and many iterations and refinements in design have been
assemblages but generally have little overlap in the species they proposed over the last 83 yr. Malaise trap catch is generally dom-
sample, so are complimentary techniques when trying to assess inated by Diptera and Hymenoptera, with actively flying species of
overall biodiversity with a limited number of techniques (Missa et al. other orders (e.g., lebiine carabids) also commonly represented. The
2009, Skvarla 2015; Araneae: Oxbrough et al. 2010; Carabidae and traps can be used for general collecting and biodiversity surveys as
Curculionoidea: Skvarla and Dowling 2017; Platygastridae: Manoj well as investigating insect movement, vertical stratification, and diel
et al. 2017). and seasonal patterns of abundance.
Considering more specific applications, social wasps are collected Many factors influence the taxa collected. Abiotic factors, such
more efficiently with watered-down honey bait than with Malaise as weather, season can variously affect the behavior of target taxa
traps (Noll and Gomes 2009) and when sampling pecan weevil and influence the species trapped. The trap itself can vary by design,
(Curculio caryae), Malaise traps situated in the first crotch of pecan orientation, and placement or the addition of various lures, all of
trees collected more beetles than cone emergence traps (Dutcher which will impact the resulting trapped species. Biotic factors that
et al. 1986). affect trap catch include the type and density of surrounding vegeta-
Traps that are left exposed (e.g., pitfall traps without a cover) or tion and species-specific behavior.
have the collection cup is at the bottom of the trap (e.g., bottom col- Whether Malaise traps are more or less efficient at collecting cer-
lector of SLAM traps, Lindgren funnel traps, and panel and intercept tain groups compared to other trap types is taxon-specific. Pitfall
traps) can be negatively influenced by rainfall, with excess water ei- traps and leaf litter extraction have the least overlap with Malaise
ther diluting the preservative or flooding the collection cup such that traps in taxa collected and are therefore good options to pair with
specimens are lost (M.J.S., personal observation). Malaise traps do Malaise traps when trying to maximize the arthropod diversity sam-
not experience such issues due to the design of the trap, so may be pled while minimizing effort.
more suitable in areas with heavy rainfall. Malaise traps are not without their drawbacks, however.
Commercially available traps are expensive and can be easily destroyed
by strong winds or large mammals like bears. And because they often
Limitations and Considerations collect large numbers of arthropods, the use of Malaise traps may raise
While many commercially available Malaise traps are well con- concerns over the capture and killing of nontarget by-catch.
structed, they are still ultimately made from fabric. Because of this, While Townes’ fear that Malaise trap development would stop
they are easily torn in high winds or by animals, such as moose that has not fully been realized, there is still potential to refine the trap
may view them as a threat or bears that seek out the ethanol that is design. Future efforts should focus on determining the differences
often used as a preservative. between various trap designs and improvements and the effects
Because Malaise trap samples are often extremely diverse taxo- they have on the taxa collected. Additionally, efforts should also
nomically and may consist of thousands or tens of thousands of in- be made to maximize the use and storage of Malaise trap by-catch,
dividual arthropods, it can be time consuming to sort trap samples as every trap represents a unique snapshot of the environment that
when specific taxa are targeted, especially when those taxa are better will never be precisely replicated in the future. Such efforts could
collected by other methods. Additionally, Malaise traps often gen- include collaborations between institutions that result in the storage
erate large amounts of by-catch, that is, arthropods that are collected and sharing of valuable materials that would otherwise be destroyed.
and killed but are not of interest to the study in question. While this Finally, Malaise traps have proven to be useful in controlling cer-
by-catch represents a unique snapshot of an area in space and time, tain pests when specific baits are used. This suggests the trap design
it is often discarded for a variety of reasons, including lack of space has potential for controlling other pests using the correct baits or
or funding to store the samples, lack of time or expertise to process circumstances.
and curate the by-catch, and lack of interest from the investigator
when the by-catch is not the taxon of interest (Buchholz et al. 2011,
Spears and Ramirez 2015). However, analyzing by-catch, or at least References Cited
keeping samples for future investigations, is important because such Aagaard K., K. Berggren, P. D. Hebert, J. Sones, B. McClenaghan, and
samples can aid in detecting new invasive species, monitoring species T. Ekrem. 2016. Investigating suburban micromoth diversity using DNA
of concern, and provide insight into ecological questions such as pat- barcoding of malaise trap samples. Urban Ecosyst. 20: 353–361.
terns of abundance, distribution, and diversity (Rabaglia et al. 2008, Aagaard, K., K. Berggren, P. D. N. Hebert, J. Sones, B. McClenaghan, and
Haack et al. 2009, Skvarla and Holland 2011, Buchholz et al. 2011, T. Ekrem. 2017. Investigating suburban micromoth diversity using DNA
Spears and Ramirez 2015). barcoding of malaise trap samples. Urban Ecosyst. 20: 353–361.
Abbott, K. L. 2006. Spatial dynamics of supercolonis of the invasive yellow States Mid-Atlantic freshwater tidal marsh, low forest, and their ecotone.
crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes, on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Banisteria. 31: 47–52.
Divers. Distrib. 12: 101–110. Barsoum, N., C. Bruce, J. Forster, Y. Q. Ji, and D. W. Yu. 2019. The devil is
Abraham, L., V. Marko, and J. Vas. 2003. Investigations on a neuropteroid in the detail: metabarcoding of arthropods provides a sensitive measure of
community by using different methods. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. biodiversity response to forest stand composition compared with surro-
38: 199–207. gate measures of biodiversity. Ecol. Indic. 101: 313–323.
Achterberg, K., van. 2009. Can Townes type Malaise traps be improved? Some Bartholomew, C. S., and D. Prowell. 2005. Pan compared to Malaise trapping
recent developments. Entomologische Berichten. 69: 129–135. for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in a longleaf pine savanna. J. Kansas
Acuff, V. R. 1976. Trap biases influencing mosquito collecting. Mosq. News. Entomol. Soc. 78: 390–392.
36: 173–176. Bartlett, R. P. 2000. Efficiency of collection methods and flight activity of
Adler, P. H., K. C. Kim, and R. W. Light. 1983. Flight patterns of the Simulium Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in three sites in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) complex over a stream. Environ. Entomol. M.S. thesis, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
12: 232–236. Bartlett, R. P., J. Pickering, I. Gauld, and D. Windsor. 1999. Estimating global
Aguiar, N. O., and P. F. Bührnheim. 1998. Phoretic pseudoscorpions as- biodiversity: tropical beetles and wasps send different signals. Ecol.
sociated with flying insects in Brazilian Amazônia. J. Arachnol. 26: Entomol. 24: 118–121.
452–459. Basset, Y. 1985. Comparaison de quelques methods de piégeage de la faune
Aguiar, A. P., and B. F. Santos. 2010. Discovery of potent, unsuspected sam- dendrobie. Bull. Romand d’Entomologie 3: 1–14.
pling disparities for Malaise and Möricke traps, as shown for Neotropical Basset, Y. 1988. A composite interception trap for sampling arthropods in tree
Cryptini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). J. Insect Conserv. 14: 199–206. canopies. J. Aus. Entomol. Soc. 27: 213–219.
Alexander, B. 2000. Sampling methods for phlebotomine sandflies. Med. Vet. Basset, Y., and A. H. Arthington. 1992. The arthropod community of an
Entomol. 14: 109–122. Australian rainforest tree: abundance of component taxa, species richness
Alexander, B., J. M. Freitas, and L. W. Quate. 2001. Some Psychodidae and guild structure. Aus. J. of Ecol. 17: 89–98.
(Diptera) from the Atlantic forest in south-eastern Brazil, with descrip- Basset, Y., and N. D. Springate. 1992. Diel activity of arboreal arthropods as-
tions of Trichomyia dolichopogon sp. Nov. and Trichomyia riodocensis sp sociated with a rainforest tree. J. Nat. Hist. 26: 947–952.
nov. Braz. J. Biol. 61: 467–474. Basset, Y., G. A. Samuelson, and S. E. Miller. 1996. Similarities and contrasts
Alfred Daniel, J., K. Ramaraju, S. Mohan Kumar, P. Jeyaprakash, and in the local insect faunas associated with ten forest tree species of New
N. Chitra. 2018. A study on five sampling methods of parasitic hymenop- Guinea. Pac. Sci. 50: 157–183.
terans in rice ecosystem. J. Biol. Control. 32: 187–192. Basset, Y., S. D. Springate, H. P. Aberlenc, and G. Delvare. 1997. A re-
Amarante, S. T. P., C. R. F. Brandão, and J. M. Carpenter. 1999. A new view of methods for sampling arthropods in tree canopies, pp. 27–52.
species of Embolemus westwood from the Mata Atlântica of Brazil In N. E. Stork, J. Adis and R. K. Didham (eds.), Canopy Arthropod.
(Hymenoptera: Embolemidae). Am. Mus. Nov. 3266: 1–7. Chapman & Hall, London, England.
Anderson, J. R., and J. B. Hoy. 1972. Relationship between host attack rates Beggs, J. R., and J. S. Rees. 1999. Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities
and CO2-baited insect flight trap catches of certain Symphoromyia species. by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest. Oecologia.
J. Med. Entomol. 9: 373–393. 119: 565–571.
Andersen, T., and J. Kjaerandsen. 2001. Adult caddisfly diversity along a Beggs, J. R., R. J. Toft, J. P. Malham, J. S. Rees, J. A. V. Tilley, H. Moller, and
headwater stream in south-eastern Ghana (Insecta: Trichoptera). Int. Ver. P. Alspach. 1998. The difficulty of reducing introduced wasp (Vespula vul-
Theor. Angew. Limnol. 27: 3613–3618. garis) populations for conservation gains. N. Z. J. Ecol. 22: 55–63.
Aragão, M. and S. R. Andena. 2016. The social wasps (Hymenoptera: Behan-Pelletier, V., and N. Winchester. 1998. Arboreal oribatil mite diversity:
Vespidae: Polistinae) of a fragment of Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, colonizing the canopy. App. Soil Ecol. 9: 45–51.
Brazil. J. Nat. Hist. 50: 23–24. Bellamy, C. L. 2000. Buprestidae (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea). Cimbebasia
Archer, M. E. 1990. Seasonal flight activity of social Vespinae (Hym., Memoir. 9: 185–191.
Vespidae) as monitored by Malaise trap catches. Entomol.’s Mon. Mag. Benton, T. G. 1995. Biodiversity and biogeography of Henderson Island’s in-
126: 179–184. sects. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 56: 245–259.
Aslan, G. A., G. Japoshvili, B. Aslan, and I. Karaca. 2012. Flea beetles Benton, E. P., and J. W. McCreadie. 2009. A preliminary survey of the
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) collected by malaise trap method planthoppers (Hemptera: Fulgoroidea) of coastal Alabama. Proc. Entomol.
in Gölcük Natural Park (Isparta, Turkey), with a new record for Turkish Soc. Wash. 111: 354–360.
fauna. Arch. Biol. Sci. 64: 365–370. Birtele, D., and S. Hardersen. 2012. Analysis of vertical stratification of
Asquith, A., and M. Kido. 1994. Native Hawaiian insects attracted to the Syrphidae (Diptera) in an oak-hornbeam forest in northern Italy. Ecol.
semichemical methyl eugenol, used for male annihilation of the oriental Res. 27: 755–763.
fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environ. Entomol. 23: 1397–1408. Blahó, M. 2009. Polarization characteristics and attraction efficiency of con-
Arbaei, M., M. Fallahzadeh, and T. Ljubomirov. 2015. A contribution to the ventional canopy traps and a new trap based on tabanid polarotaxis.
fauna of Crabronidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in South-Western Iran. J. Tájökológiai Lapok. 7: 329–347.
Insect Biodiv. 3: 1–30. Blakely, T. J. 2008. Tree holes as habitat for aquatic and terrestrial inver-
Atkinson, T. H., R. J. Rabaglia, S. B. Peck, and J. L. Foltz. 1991. New records tebrates in mixed broadleaf-podocarp rainforest, New Zealand. Ph.D
of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera) from the United States and Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
the Bahamas. Coleopts. Bull. 45: 152–164. Bleicher, K., V. Marko, and A. Orosz. 2006. Species composition of cicada
Banks, J. E., C. Jackson, L. M. Hannon, C. M. Thomas, A. Baya, and (Auchenorrhyncha) communities in apple and pear orchards in Hungary.
L. Njorge. 2010. The cascading effects of elephant presence/absence on Növényvédelem (Plant Protection) 43: 393–405. (In Hungarian with
arthropods and an Afrotropical thrush in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. English abstract).
Afr. J. Ecol. 48: 1030–1038. Blume, R. R., J. A. Miller, J. L. Eschle, J. J. Matter, and M. O. Pickens. 1972.
Barimani Varandi, H., M. Kalashian, G. Barari, and S. A. Rezaei Taleshi. Trapping tabanids with modified Malaise traps baited with CO2. Mosq.
2018. The diversity of wood-boring beetles caught by different traps in News 32: 90–95.
northern forests of Iran. Trop. Drylands 2: 65–74. Bomar, C. R. 2001. Comparison of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) com-
Barkley, E. P. 2009. Insect communities and multicohort stand struc- munities on remnant and reconstructed prairies in western Wisconsin. J.
ture I nboreal mixedwood forests in northeastern Ontario. M.S. thesis, Orthoptera Res. 10: 105–112.
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Borkent, A., and B. V. Brown. 2015. How to inventory tropical flies
Barrows, E. M., S. B. Arsenault, and N. P. Grenier. 2008. Firefly (Coleoptera: (Diptera)—One of the megadiverse orders of insects. Zootaxa 3949: 301–
Lampyridae) flight periods, sex ratios, and habitat frequencies in a United 322. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3949.3.1
Bouwer, M. C., C. J. K. MacQuarrie, O. J. Aguirre-Gil, B. Slippers, and Capelle, K. J. 1970. Studies on the life history and development of Cuterebra
J. D. Allison. 2020. Impact of intercept trap type on plume structure: a polita (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in four species of rodents. J. Med. Entomol.
potential mechanism for differential performance of intercept trap de- 7: 320–327.
signs for Monochamus species. J. Pest Sci. 93: 993–1005. doi:10.1007/ Carey, J. G. J., S. Brien, C. D. Williams, and M. J. Gormally. 2017. Indicators
s10340-020-01204-y of Diptera diversity in wet grassland habitats are influenced by environ-
Brand, R., D. R. Smith, J. S. Strazanac, and L. Butler. 2003. Diversity, abun- mental variability, scale of observation, and habitat type. Ecol. Indic. 82:
dance, and seasonality of adult and larval symphyta (Hymenoptera) 495–504.
in the George Washington National Forest, Virginia, and the Carr, D. 2010. Canopy disturbance and reproduction in Cornus florida L.
Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. M.S. thesis. Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
Wash. 105: 756–768. Cassola, F. 2009. Studies of tiger beetles. CLXXVII. Notes on the tiger beetle fauna
Breeland, S. G., and E. Pickard. 1965. The Malaise trap – an efficient and un- of Fiji (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), pp. 27–31. In N. L. Evenhuis and D. J. Bickel

biased mosquito collection device. Mosq. News. 25: 19–21. (eds.), Fiji Arthropods XII. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 102. Bishop
Briers, R. A., H. M. Cariss, and J. H. R. Gee. 2003. Flight activity of adult Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.
stoneflies in relation to weather. Ecol. Entomol. 28: 31–40. Catts, E. P. 1970. A canopy trap for collecting Tabanidae. Mosq. News. 23:
Briers, R. A., J. H. R. Gee, H. M. Cariss, and R. Geoghegan. 2004. Inter- 472–474.
population dispersal by adult stoneflies detected by stable isotope enrich- Cerretti, P., D. Whitmore, F. Mason, and A. Vigna Taglianti. 2004. Survey
ment. Freshwater Biol. 49: 425–431. of the spatio-temporal distribution of tachinid flies – using Malaise traps
Brown, B. V. 2005. Malaise trap catches and the crisis in Neotropical (Diptera, Tachinidae), pp. 229–256. In P. Cerretti, S. Hardersen, F. Mason,
dipterology. Am. Entomol. 51: 180–183. G. Nardi, M. Tisato and M. Zapparoli (eds.). Invertebrati di una
Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, P. H. Adler, D. de Souza Amorim, K. Barber, foresta della Pianura Padana, Bosco della Fontana, Secondo contributo.
D. Bickel, S. Boucher, S. E. Brooks, J. Burger, Z. L. Burington, et al. 2018. Conservazione Habitat Invertebrati 3, Cierre Grafica, Rome, Italy.
Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site. Comm. Chandler, D. S. 1987. Species richness and abundance of Pselaphidae
Biol. 1: 21. (Coleoptera) in old-growth and 40-year-old forests in New Hampshire.
Buchholz, S., M. Kreuels, A. Krongshage, H. Terlutter, and O. Finch. 2011. Can. J. Zool. 65: 608–615.
Bycatches of ecological field studies: bothersome or valuable? Methods Charles, E., and T. Basset. 2005. Vertical stratification of leaf-beetle assem-
Ecol. Evol. 2: 99–102. blages (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in two forest types in Panama. J. Trop.
Burgio, G., and D. Sommaggio. 2002. Diptera Syrphidae caught by Malaise Ecol. 21: 329–336.
trap in Bologna province and new record of Neoascia interrupta in Italy. Choi, W. I., K. S. Choi, D. P. Lyu, J. S. Lee, J. Lim, S. Lee, S. C. Shin, and
Bull. Insectology 55: 43–47. Y. J. Chung. 2010. Seasonal changes of functional groups in coleopteran
Burgio, G., and D. Sommaggio. 2007. Syrphids as landscape bioindicators in communities in pine forests. Biodiv. Conserv. 19: 2291–2305.
Italian agroecosystems. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 120: 416–422. Clark, J. M. 2004. Observations on deutonymphs of Taranakia labmi
Burks, R. A., L. Masner, N. F. Johnson, and A. D. Austin. 2013. Systematics of Southcott 1988 (Acari: Erythraeidae) eating the eggs of Epyaxa rosearia
the parasitic wasp genus Oxyscelio Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Weta 28: 19–23.
s.l.), Part I: Indo-Malayan and Palearctic fauna. ZooKeys. 292: 1–263. Cogley, T. P., and M. C. Cogley. 2000. Field observations of the host-parasite
Burnett, A. M., and K. L. Hays. 1974. Some influences of meteorological fac- relationship associated with the common horse bot fly, Gasterophilus
tors on flight activity of female horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Environ. intestinalis. Vet. Parasitol. 88: 93–105.
Entomol. 3: 515–521. Colby, D., and D. Prowell. 2006. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in wet long-
Buskirk, R. E. 1975. Coloniality, activity patterns and feeding in a tropical leaf pine savannas in Louisiana. Fla. Entomol. 89: 266–269.
orb-weaving spider. Ecol. 56: 1314–1328. Collections Unit, Centre of Biodiversity Genomics. 2017. Global Malaise trap
Butler, G. D., Jr. 1965. A modified Malaise insect trap. The Pan-Pacific program progress report 2017. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
Entomol. 45: 51–53. p. 12. http://biodiversitygenomics.net/site/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/
Butler, G. D., Jr. 1966. An insect flight trap for crop areas. J. Econ. Entomol. GMP-Progress-Report-2017.pdf.
59: 1030–1031. Colless, D. H. 1994. A new family of muscoid Diptera from Australasia, with
Butler, L., V. Kondo, E. M. Barrows, E. C. Townsend. 1999. Effects of weather sixteen new species in four new genera (Diptera: Axiniidae). Invert. Tax.
conditions and trap types on sampling richness and abundance of forest 8: 471–534.
macrolepidoptera. Environ. Entomol. 28: 795–811. Collingwood, C. A. 1981. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Korea, 2.
Byers, G. W. 1973. Zoogeography of the Meropeidae (Mecoptera). J. Kansas Folia Entomologica Hungarica Rovartani Közlemények 42: 25–30.
Entomol. Soc. 46: 511–516. Collingwood, C. A., and A. van Harten. 2005. Further additions to the ant
Campbell, J. W., and J. L. Hanula. 2007. Efficiency of Malaise traps and col- fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Yemen. Zool. Middle East 35: 73–78.
ored pan traps for collecting flower visiting insects from three forested ConvertUnits. 2020. Date Difference Calculator - number of days between
ecosystems. J. Insect Conserv. 11: 399–408. dates [online]. https://www.convertunits.com/dates/ (accessed 31 March
Campbell, J. W., J. L. Hanula, and T. A. Waldrop. 2007. Effects of prescribed 2020).
fire and fire surrogates on floral visiting insects of the blue ridge province Cooksey, L. M., and H. E. Barton. 1981. Flying insects populations as sampled
in North Carolina. Biol. Conserv. 134: 393–404. by Malaise trap on Crowley’s Ridge in Northeast Arkansas. Ark. Acad. Sci.
Campos, W. G., D. B. S. Pereira, and J. H. Schoereder. 2000. Comparison of Proc. 35: 29–32.
the efficiency of flight-interception trap models for sampling Hymenoptera Cookset, L. M., and R. E. Wright. 1987. Flight range and dispersal activity of
and other insects. An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil. 29: 381–389. the host-seeking horse fly, Tabanus abactor (Diptera: Tabanidae), in north
Cancelado, R., and T. R. Yonke. 1970. Effect of prairie burning on insect central Oklahoma. Environ. Entomol. 16: 211–217.
populations. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 43: 274–281. Coulson, R. N., D. A. Crossley, Jr., and C. S. Gist. 1971. Patterns of Coleoptera
Cancian de Araujo, B., S. Schmidt, T. von Rintelen, H. Sutrisno, species diversity in contrasting white pine and coppice canopy communi-
K. von Rintelen, R. Ubaidillah, C. Häuser, D. Peggie, R. Narakusumo, ties. Am. Midl. Nat. 86: 145–151.
and M. Balke. 2017. IndoBioSys - DNA barcoding as a tool for the Crossley, D. A. J., R. N. Coulson, and C. S. Gist. 1973. Trophic level effects
rapid assessment of hyperdiverse insect taxa in Indonesia: a status re- on species diversity in arthropod communities of forest canopies. Environ.
port. Treubia. 44: 67–76. Entomol. 2: 1097–1110.
Cancian de Araujo, B., S. Schmidt, O. Schmidt, T. von Rintelen, A. Kilmaskossu, Cunningham, S. A., and W. Murray. 2007. Average body length of arboreal
R. Panjaitan, and M. Balke. 2018. From field courses to DNA barcoding and aerial beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages from remnant and plan-
data release for West Papua - making specimens and identifications from tation Eucalyptus forests in southwestern Australia. Oecologia 151:
university courses more sustainable. Biodiv. Data J. 6: e25237. 303–312.
Curletti, G., and A. van Harten. 2002. Records of the genus Agrilus Curtis Duarte, J. L. P., R. F. Krüger, C. J. B. de Carvalho, and P. B. Riberiro. 2010.
(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from Yemen, including a new species. Zool. Evidence of the influence of Malaise trap age on its efficiency in the collec-
Middle East 25: 53–58. tion of Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera). Internat. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 30: 115–118.
Currie, D. C., and P. H. Adler. 2000. Update on a survey of the black flies Duelli, P., M. K. Obrist, and D. R. Schmatz. 1999. Biodiversity evaluation in
(Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Northwest Territories and Nunavut Project. agricultural landscapes: above-ground insects. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 74:
Arctic Insect News 11: 6–9. 33–64.
Dahlem, G. A., and W. L. Downes, Jr. 1996. Revision of the genus Boettcheria Dufour, C. 1980. Un nouveau piège lumineux pour la capture des Tipulidae
in America North of Mexico (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Insecta Mundi. 10: et autres Diptères Nématocères: une tente ‘Malaise’ lumineuse. Mitt.
77–103. Schweiz. entomol. Ges. 53: 313–320.
Darling, D. C., and L. Packer. 1988. Effectiveness of Malaise traps in collecting Duguay, J. P. 1997. Influence of two-age and clearcut timber management
Hymenoptera: the influence of trap design, mesh size, and location. Can. practices on songbird abundance, nest success, and invertebrate biomass in

Entomol. 120: 787–796. West Virginia. Ph.D dissertation. West Virginia University, Morgantown,
Davis, H. G., R. W. Zwick, W. M. Rogoff, T. P. McGovern, and M. Berozna. West Virginia.
1973. Perimeter traps baited with synthetic lures for suppression of Duguay, J. P., P. B. Wood, and G. W. Miller. 2000. Effects of timber har-
yellowjackets in fruit orchards. Environ. Entomol. 2: 569–572. vests on invertebrate biomass and avian nest success. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 28:
Deans, A. M., J. R. Malcon, S. M. Smith, and M. I. Bellocq. 2005. Edge ef- 1123–1131.
fects and the responses of aerial insect assemblages to structural-retention Dutcher, J. D., J. A. Patne, and J. K. Sharpe. 1986. Monitoring adult pecan
harvesting in Canadian boreal peatland forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 204: weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) emergence with a Malaise trap. J.
249–266. Econ. Entomol. 79: 1397–1400.
Deans, A. R., and R. Kawada. 2008. Alobevana, a new genus of Dutra, R. R. C., and R. C. Marinoni. 1994. Insectos capturados com armadilha
Neotropical ensign wasps (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae), with three new Malaise na ilha do mel, Baía de Paranaguá, Paraná, Brasil. I. Composição
species: integrating taxonomy with the World Wide Web. Zootaxa de ordens. Rev. Bras. Zool. 11: 227–245.
1787: 28–44. Dyer, L. E., and D. A. Landis. 1997. Influence of noncrop habitats on the dis-
De Jong, G. D. 1994. An annotated checklist of the Calliphoridae (Diptera) of tribution of Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in corn-
Colorado, with notes on carrion associations and forensic importance. J. fields. Environ. Entomol. 26: 924–932.
Kansas Entomol. Soc. 67: 378–385. Easton, E. R., M. A. Price, and O. H. Graham. 1968. The collection of biting
Delabie, J. H. C., and Y. T. Reis. 2000. Sympatry and mating flight syn- flies in West Texas with Malaise and animal-baited traps. Mosq. News
chrony of three species of Cylindromyrmex (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) 28: 465–469.
in southern Bahia, Brazil, and the importance of Malaise trap for rare ants Elliott, N. C., G. A. Simmons, and R. J. Drapek. 1986. Adult emergence
inventory. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 44: 109–110. and activity patterns of parasites of early instar jack pine budworm
Denlinger, D. L. 1980. Seasonal and annual variation of insect abundance in (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ. Entomol. 15: 409–416.
the Nairobi National Park, Kenya. Biotropica 12: 100–106. Ellis, W. N., and R. T. Simon Thomas. 1994. Insect phenology and diversity in
deWaard, J. R., V. Levesque-Beaudin, S. L. deWaard, N. V. Ivanova, Malaise traps at the Veluwe. Entomolog Ber. 54: 171–175.
J. T. A. McKeown, R. Miskie, S. Naik, K. H. J. Perez, S. Ratnasingham, Erwin, T. L. 1982. Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: platyscelis-
C. N. Sobel, et al. 2019. Expedited assessment of terrestrial arthropod group systematics (Carabidae). Sys. Entomol. 7: 185–210.
diversity by coupling Malaise traps with DNA barcoding 1. Genome 62: Evans, F. C., and D. F. Owen. 1965. Measuring insect flight activity with a
85–95. Malaise trap. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Letters 50: 89–94.
Deyrup, M., and T. H. Atkinson. 1987. Comparative biology of temperate Eveleigh, E. S., C. J. Lucarotti, P. C. McCarthy, B. Morin, T. Royama, and
and subtropical bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, A. W. Thomas. 2007. Occurrence and effects of Nosema fumiferanae in-
Platypodidae) in Indiana and Florida. Great Lakes Entomol. 20: 59–66. fections on adult spruce budworm caught above and within the forest
Deyrup, M., and J. Trager. 1986. Ants of the Archbold Biological Station, canopy. Agric. For. Entomol. 9: 247–258.
Highlands County, Florida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Fla. Entomol. 69: Faulds, W., and R. Crabtree. 1995. A system for using a Malaise trap in the
206–228. forest canopy. N. Z. Entomol. 18: 97–99.
DiGirollomo, M. F., and K. J. Dodds. 2017. Comparison of the species Favret, C., V. Lessard, A. Trépanier, T. Eon-Le Guern, and T. Théry. 2019.
richness and abundance of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) and Scolytinae Voegtlin-style suction traps measure insect diversity and community het-
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) captured in aerial malaise traps with and erogeneity. Insect Conserv. Div. 12: 373–381.
without a bottom collector. Can. Entomol. 149: 408–412. Finnamore, A., A. Alonso, J. Santisteban, S. Cordova, G. Valencia, A. de la Cruz,
Dilling, C. I. 2007. Impact of imidacloprid and horticultural oil on non- and R. Polo. 2002. A framework for assessment and monitoring of arthro-
target phytophagous and transient canopy insects associated with eastern pods in a lowland tropical forest. Environ. Monit. Assess. 76: 43–53.
hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carrieré, in the southern Appalachians. Fisher, B. L. 2009. Two new dolichoderinae ant genera from Madagascar:
M.S. thesis. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Aptinoma gen. n. and Ravavy gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
Dilling, C., P. Lambdin, J. Grant, and L. Buck. 2007. Insect guild structure Zootaxa 2118: 37–52.
associated with eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians. Environ. Fjellberg, A. 1992. Hypogastrura (Mucrella) arborea sp. nov., a tree-climbing
Entomol. 36: 1408–1414. species of Collembola (Hypogastruridae) from Vancouver Island, British
Diserud, O. A., E. Stur, and K. Aagaard. 2013. How reliable are Malaise traps Columbia. Can. Entomol. 124: 405–407.
for biomonitoring? – A bivariate species abundance model evaluation Fleenor, S. B., and S. W. Taber. 2007. Description of the female and the
using alpine Chironomidae (Diptera). Insect Conserv. Div. 6: 561–571. first-instar larva of a new bot fly species from Central Texas. Southwest.
Disney, R. H. L., Y. Z. Erzinçlioğlu, D. J. de C. Henshaw, D. Howse, Entomol. 32: 37–41.
D. M. Unwin, P. Wither, and A. Woods. 1982. Collecting methods and the Flint, O. S., Jr. 1996. Odonata taken in Malaise traps, with special reference to
adequacy of attempted fauna surveys, with reference to the Diptera. Field Virginia. Banisteria 8: 37–43.
Studies 5: 607–621. Framennau, V. W., and M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Dodds, K. J., G. D. Dubois, and E. R. Hoebeke. 2010. Trap type, lure place- of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Rec.
ment, and habitat effects on Cerambycidae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera) West. Aus. Mus. 25: 45–85.
catches in the Northeastern United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 103: 698–707. Fraser, S. E. M., C. Dytham, and P. J. Mayhew. 2007. Determinants of para-
Dodds, K. J., J. D. Allison, D. R. Miller, R. P. Hanavan, and J. Sweeny. 2015. sitoid abundance and diversity in woodland habitats. J. Appl. Ecol. 44:
Considering species richness and rarity when selecting optimal survey 352–361.
traps: comparisons of semiochemical baited flight intercept traps for Fraser, S. E. M., C. Dytham, and P. J. Mayhew. 2008. The effectiveness and
Cerambycidae in eastern North America. Agric. For. Entomol. 17: 36–47. optimal use of Malaise traps for monitoring parasitoid wasps. Insect
Donnelly, T. 1995. New and noteworthy records. Argia 7: 3. Conserv. Div. 1: 22–31.
French, F. E., and D. L. Kline. 1989. 1-octen-3-ol, an effective attractant for Asia (Wallacea). The Royal Entomological Society of London, London,
Tabanidae (Diptera). J. Med. Entomol. 26: 459–461. England.
Fukui, D., M. Murakami, S. Nakano, and T. Aoi. 2006. Effect of emergent Hammond, P. M., N. E. Stork, and M. J. D. Brendell. 1997. Tree-crown beetles
aquatic insects on bat foraging in a riparian forest. J. Anim. Ecol. 75: in context: a comparison of canopy and other ecotone assemblages in a
1252–1258. lowland tropical forest in Sulawesi, pp. 184–223. In N. E. Stork, J. Adis
Furth, D. G., J. T. Longino, and M. Paniagua. 2003. Survey and quanti- and R. K. Didham (eds.), Canopy Arthropods. Chapman & Hall, London,
tative assessment of flea beetle diversity in a Costa Rican rainforest UK.
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), pp. 1–23. In D. G. Furth Handler, A. T., D. S. Gruner, W. P. Haines, M. W. Lange, and K. Y. Kaneshiro.
(ed.), Special Topics in Leaf Beetle Biology: Proceedings of the Fifth 2007. Arthropod surveys on the Palmyra Atoll, Line Islands, and insights
International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae. Pensoft Publishers, into the decline of the native tree Pisonia grandis (Nyctaginaceae). Pac.
Sofia-Moscow, Russia. Sci. 61: 485–502.

Gangurde, S. 2007. Aboveground arthropod pest and predator diversity in Hansen, J. D. 1988. Trapping methods for rangeland insects in burned and
irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems of the Philippines. J. unbruned sites: a comparison. Great Basin Nat. 48: 383–387.
Trop. Agric. 45: 1–8. Hardersen, S., G. Curletti, L. Leseigneur, G. Platia, G. Liberti, P. Leo,
Geiger M., J. Moriniere, A. Hausmann, G. Haszprunar, W. Wägele, P. Hebert, P. Cornacchia, and E. Gatti. 2014. Spatio-temporal analysis of beetles
and B. Rulik. 2016. Testing the Global Malaise Trap Program – How from the canopy and ground layer in an Italian lowland forest. Bull.
well does the current barcode reference library identify flying insects in Insectology 67: 87–97.
Germany? Biodiv Data J. 4: e10671. Harris, A. 2006. New sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Tenthredinidae)
Geijskes, D. C. 1968. Insect collecting in Suriname with the help of “Malaise” from Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia and Vietnam, with keys to
traps. Studies Fauna Suriname Other Guyanas 39: 101–109. genera and species. Zool. Meded. 80: 291–365.
Geroff, R. K., J. Gibbs, and K. W. McCravy. 2014. Assessing bee (Hymenoptera: Harris, R. J., and B. R. Burns. 2000. Beetle assemblages of kahikatea
Apoidea) diversity of an Illinois restored tallgrass prairie: methodology forest fragments I na pasture-dominated landscape. N. Z. J. Ecol.
and conservation considerations. J. Insect Conserv. 18: 951–964. 24: 57–67.
Ghazi-Soltani, G., E. Ebrahimi, S. Iranipour, and R. F. Pour Abad. 2010. Harris, R. J., R. J. Toft, J. S. Dugdale, P. A. Williams, and J. S. Rees. 2004.
Sphecid wasps from East Azarbaijan province, Iran (Hymenoptera: Insect assemblage in a native (kanuka – Kunzea ericoides) and an invasive
Sphecidae). Munis Entomol. Zool. 5: 796–803. (gorse – Ulex europaeus) shrubland. N. Z. J. Ecol. 28: 35–47.
Gibson, J., S. Shokralla, T. M. Porter, I. King, S. van Konynenburg, Hauge, E., and F. Midtgaard. 1986. Spiders (Araneae) in Malaise traps from two
D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, and M. Hajibabaei. 2014. Simultaneous as- islands in the Oslofjord, Norway. Fauna Norvegica. Serie B. 33: 98–102.
sessment of the macrobiome and microbiome in a bulk sample of trop- Hauser, M. 2008. Order Diptera, family Stratiomyiidae. Arthropod fauna
ical arthropods through DNA metasystematics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA UAE. 1: 591–601.
111: 8007–8012. van Hennekeler, K., R. E. Jones, L. F. Skerratt, L. A. Fitzpatrick, S. A. Reid,
Gittings, T., J. O’Halloran, T. Kelly, and P. S. Giller. 2006. The contribution of and G. A. Bellis. 2008. A comparison of trapping methods for Tabanidae
open spaces to the maintenance of hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) biodiver- (Diptera) in North Queensland, Australia. Med. Vet. Entomol. 22: 26–31.
sity in Irish plantation forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 237: 290–300. Henry, S. C., P. B. McQuillan, and J. B. Kirkpatrick. 2018. An alpine Malaise
Glotzhober, R. C., and D. Riggs. 1998. Adapting the Townes Malaise trap for trap. Alpine Entomol. 2: 51–58.
collecting live Odonata. Bull. Am. Odonatology 5: 43–48. Hicks, B. J., F. McKenzie, D. Cosens, A. D. Watt. 2003. Harvestman abun-
Gómez, I. C., I. E. Sääksjärvi, P. J. Mayhew, M. Pollet, C. Rey del Castillo, dance and diversity within lodgepole and Scots pine plantations of
J. L. Nieves-Aldrey, G. R. Broad, H. Roininen, and H. Tuomisto. 2018. Scotland and their impact on pine beauty moth populations. For. Ecol.
Variation in the species richness of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae: Manag. 182: 355–361.
Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) across sites on different continents. Insect Hirao, T., M. Murakami, J. Iwamoto, H. Takafumi, and H. Oguma. 2008a.
Conserv. Div. 11: 305–316. Scale-dependent effects of windthrow disturbance on forest arthropod
Gonzon, A. T., C. R. Bartlett, and J. L. Bowman. 2006. Planthopper communities. Ecol. Res. 23: 189–196.
(Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) diversity in the Great Smoky Mountains Hirao, T., M. Murakami, and H. Oguma. 2008b. Functional spatial scale of
National Park. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 132: 243–260. community composition change in response to windthrow disturbance in
Graham, P. 1969. A comparison of sampling methods for adult mosquito a deciduous temperate forest. Ecol. Res. 23: 249–258.
populations in Central Alberta, Canada. Quaest. Entomol. 5: 217–261. Hoddle, M. S. 2006. Historical review of control programs for Levuana
Greiler, H. J., and T. Tcharntke. 1993. Zur Entomofauna von Getreideacker, iridescens (Lepitoptera: Zygaenidae) in Fiji and examination of possible
Rotations- und Dauerbrache (Malaisefallen-Fänge). Mitt. Dtsch. Ges. Allg. extinctions of this moth by Bessa remota (Diptera: Tachinidae). Pac. Sci.
Angew. Entomol. 8: 387–390. 60: 439–453.
Gressitt, J. L., and M. K. Gressitt. 1962. An improved Malaise trap. Pac. Hodkinson, I. D., and D. Casson. 1991. A lesser predilection for bugs:
Insects 4: 87–90. Hemiptera (Insecta) diversity in tropical rain forests. Biol. J. Linnean Soc.
Griffith, M. N., E. M. Barrows, and S. A. Perry. 1998. Lateral dispersal of 43: 101–109.
adult aquatic insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera) following emergence from Hoffman, R. L., R. L. Otto, and R. Vigneault. 2009. An annotated list of
headwater streams in forested Appalachian catchments. Ann. Entomol. the false click beetles of Virginia (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae). Banisteria 34:
Soc. Am. 91: 195–201. 25–32.
Grimbacher, P. S., and N. E. Stork. 2007. Vertical stratification of feeding Hollander, A. L., and R. E. Wright. 1980. Daily activity cycles of eight
guilds and body size in beetle assemblages from an Australian tropical species of Oklahoma Tabianidae (Diptera). Environ. Entomol. 9:
rainforest. Austral Ecol. 32: 77–85. 600–604.
Guerrero, R. J., J. H. C. Delabie, and A. Dejean. 2010. Taxonomic contribution Hollier, J. A., and R. D. Belshaw. 1992. Changes in Neuroptera assemblages
to the aurita group of the ant genus Azteca (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). in an old field succession in southern Britain. Entomol. 111: 187–194.
J. Hymenopt. Res. 19: 51–65. Hollier, J. A., and R. D. Belshaw. 1993. Stratification and phenology of a
Haack R. A., T. R. Petrice, and J. E. Zablotny. 2009. First report of the woodland Neuroptera assemblage. Entomol. 112: 169–175.
European oak borer, Agrilus sulcicollis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in the Holuša, J. 2002. Species composition of spruce tenthredinids (Hymenoptera,
United States. Great Lakes Entomol. 42: 1–7. Tenthredinidae) in the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Biologia
Hammond, P. M. 1990. Insect abundance and diversity in the Dumoga-Bone (Bratislava) 57: 213–222.
National Park, N. Sulawesi, with special reference to the beetle fauna of Horn, S., J. L. Hanula, M. D. Ulyshen, and J. C. Kilgo. 2005. Abundance of
lowland rain forest in the Toraut region, pp. 197–254. In W. J. Knight green tree frogs and insects in artificial canopy gaps in a bottomland hard-
and J. D. Holloway (eds.), Insects and the Rain Forests of South East wood forest. Am. Midl. Nat. 153: 321–326.
Hosking, G. P. 1979. Trap comparison in the capture of flying Coleoptera. N. Karlsson, D., E. Hartop, M. Forshage, M. Jaschhof, and F. Ronquist. 2020.
Z. Entomol. 7: 87–92. The Swedish Malaise trap project: a 15 year retrospective on a coun-
Hossain, Z., G. M. Gurr, S. D. Wratten, and A. Raman. 2002. Habitat ma- trywide insect inventory. Biodivers. Data J. 8: e47255. doi:10.3897/
nipulation in lucerne Medicago sativa: arthropod population dynamics in BDJ.8.e47255
harvested and ‘refuge’ crop strips. J. Appl. Ecol. 39: 445–454. Kaspari, M., J. Pickering, J. T. Longino, and D. Windsor. 2001. The phenology
Hribar, L. J., D. J. Leprince, and L. D. Foil. 1992. Ammonia as an attractant for of a Neotropical ant assemblage: evidence for continuous and overlapping
adult Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Diptera: Tabanidae). J. Med. Entomol. reproduction. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50: 382–390.
29: 346–348. Kaspari, M., J. Pickering, and D. Windsor. 2001. The reproductive flight phen-
Hughes, J. B., G. C. Daily, P. R. Ehrlich. 2000. Conservation of insect diver- ology of a neotropical ant assemblage. Ecol. Entomol. 26: 245–257.
sity: a habitat approach. Conserv. Biol. 14: 1788–1797. Kato, C., T. Iwata, S. Nakano, and D. Kishi. 2003. Dynamics of aquatic in-
Hutcheson, J. A. 1990. Characterization of terrestrial insect communities using sect flux affects distribution of riparian web-building spiders. Oikos 103:

quantified, Malaise-trapped Coleoptera. Ecol. Entomol. 15: 143–151. 113–120.
Hutcheson, J. A. 1991. Malaise trap collection jar: a cheap simple modifica- Kato, C., T. Iwata, and E. Wada. 2004. Prey use by web-building spiders:
tion. N. Z. Entomol. 14: 48–49. stable isotope analysis of trophic flow at a forest-stream ecotone. Ecol.
Hutcheson, J. A. 1999. Characteristics of Mapara insect communities as de- Res. 19: 633–643.
picted by Malaise trapped beetles: changes with time and animal control. Kirkton, S. D., and T. D. Schultz. 2001. Age-specific behavior and habitat
Sci. Conserv. 135: 1–21. selection of adult male damselflies, Calopteryx maculate (Odonata:
Hutcheson, J., and D. Jones. 1999. Spatial variability of insect communities Caloptergyidae). J. Insect Behav. 14: 545–556.
in a homogenous system: measuring biodiversity using Malaise trapped Kissayi, K., S. Benhalima, and M. Chris Smaili. 2017. New records of
beetles in a Pinus radiate plantation in New Zealand. For. Ecol. Manag. Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Morocco and com-
118: 93–105. parison with North Africa region fauna. J. Entomol. Nematol. 9: 55–62.
Hutcheson, J. A., and M. Kimberley. 1999 A pragmatic approach to Kitching, R. L., D. Li, and N. E. Stork. 2001. Assessing biodiversity ‘sampling
chacterising insect communities in New Zealand: Malaise trapped beetles. packages’: how similar are arthropod assemblages in different tropical
N. Z. J. Ecol. 23: 69–79. rainforests. Biodiv. Conserv. 10: 793–813.
Inclan, D. J., and J. O. Stireman, III. 2009. A preliminary study of the diversity Kitching, R. L., D. Bickel, A. C. Creagh, K. Hurley, and C. Symonds. 2004.
and temporal patterns of abundance of Tachinidae in southwestern Ohio. The biodiversity of Diptera in Old World rain forest surveys: a compara-
Tachinid Times 22: 1–2. tive faunistic analysis. J. Biogeogr. 31: 1185–1200.
Irvine, K. M., and S. A. Woods. 2007. Evaluating shading bias in Malaise and Krčmar, S. 2017. Comparative efficiency of three trap types for collecting
window-pane traps. J. Acad. Entomol. Soc. 3: 38–48. host-seeking female tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 52:
Irwin, M. E., L. R. Nault, C. Godoy, and G. E. Kampmeier. 2000. Diversity 82–86.
and movement patterns of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Krčmar, S., L. J. Hribar, and M. Kopi. 2005. Response of Tabanidae (Diptera)
leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in a heterogeneous tropical land- to natural and synthetic olfactory attractants. J. Vector Ecol. 30: 133–136.
scape. Implications for redressing the integrated pest management para- Krčmar, S., L. J. Hribar, E. Mercić. 2006. Response of Tabanidae (Diptera) to
digm, pp. 141–168. In B. S. Ekbom, M. E. Irwin and Y. Robert (eds.), different natural attractants. J. Vector Ecol. 31: 262–265.
Interchanges of Insects Between Agricultural and Surrounding Landscapes. Krčmar, S., A. Mikuška, and V. Radolić. 2010. Comparison of sampling
Springer, Cham, Switzerland. tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) by four different potential attractants. J.
Isard, S. A., M. A. Nasser, J. L. Spencer, and E. Levine. 1999. The influence of Appl. Entomol. 134: 608–613.
weather on weather corn rootworm flight activity at the borders of a soy- Krehenwinkel, H., M. Fong, S. Kennedy, E. G. Huang, S. Noriyuki,
bean field in east central Illnois. Aerobiologia. 15: 95–104. L. Cayetano, and R. Gillespie. 2018. The effect of DNA degradation
Isard, S. A., J. L. Spencer, M. A. Nasser, and E. Levine. 2000. Aerial movement bias in passive sampling devices on metabarcoding studies of arthropod
of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): diel periodicity communities and their associated microbiota. PLoS One 13: e0189188.
of flight activity in soybean fields. Environ. Entomol. 29: 226–234. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189188
Iwata, T., S. Nakano, and M. Murakami. 2003. Stream meanders increase in- Kriska, N. L., and D. K. Young. 2002. An annotated checklist of Wisconsin
sectivorous bird abundance in riparian deciduous forests. Ecography 26: Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera). Insecta Mundi 16: 31–48.
325–337. Krogmann, L., and J. Holstein. 2010. Preserving and Specimen Handling:
Jackman, J. A., and C. R. Nelson. 1995. Diversity and phenology of tum- insects and other Invertebrates, pp. 463–481. In J. Eymann, J. Degreef,
bling flower beetles (Coleoptera: Mordellidae) captured in a Malaise trap. C. Häuser, J. C. Monje, Y. Samyn and D. van den Spiegel (eds.), Manual
Entomol. News 106: 97–107. on field recording techniques and protocols for all taxa in large-scale
Jakovlev, J., and J. Penttinen. 2007. Boletina dispectoides sp. N. and six biodiversity surveys. ABC Taxa, The Belgian Development Cooperation,
other species of fungus gnaths (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) new to Finland. Brussels.
Entomol. Fenn. 18: 211–217. Kumar, A., J. T. Longino, R. C. Colwell, and S. O’Donnell. 2009. Elevational
Jennings, D. T., and D. J. Hilburn. 1988. Spiders (Araneae) captured in Malaise patters of diversity and abundance of eusocial paper wasps (Vespidae) in
traps in spruce-fir forests of west-central Maine. J. Arachnol. 16: 85–94. Costa Rica. Biotropica 41: 338–346.
Johnson, M. D., and T. W. Sherry. 2001. Effects of food availability on the Kwok, H. K., and R. T. Corlett. 2002. Seasonality of forest invertebrates in
distribution of migratory warblers among habitats in Jamaica. J. Anim. Hong Kong, South China. J. Trop. Ecol. 18: 637–644.
Ecol. 70: 546–560. Lamarre, G. P. A., Molto, Q., Fine, P. V. A., and Baraloto, C. 2012. A com-
Johnson, N. F., P. W. Kovarik, and R. C. Glotzhober. 1995. Dragonflies in parison of two common flight interception traps to survey tropical arthro-
Malaise traps. Argia. 7: 21–22. pods. ZooKeys 216: 43–55.
Jones, T. S., and V. H. Resh. 1988. Movements of adult aquatic insects along Law, A. A., M. E. Threlfall, B. A. Tijman, E. M. Anderson, S. McCann,
a Montana (USA) springbrook. Aquatic Insects: Internat. J. Freshwater G. Searing, and D. Bradbeer. 2018. Diet and prey selection of barn swal-
Entomol. 10: 99–104. lows (Hirundo rustica) at Vancouver International Airport. Can. Field-
Jong, J., and I. Ahlén. 1991. Factors affectignthe distribution pattern of bats in Nat. 131: 26–31.
Uppland, central Sweden. Holarctic Entomol. 14: 92–96. Le Cesne, M., S. W. Wilson, and A. Soulier-Perkins. 2015. Elevational gradient
Juillet, J. A. 1963. A comparison of four types of traps used for capturing of Hemiptera (Heteroptera, Auchenorrhyncha) on a tropical mountain in
flying insects. Can. J. Zool. 41: 219–223. Papua New Guinea. Peerj 3: e978.
Karem, J., S. A. Woods, F. Drummond, and C. Stubbs. 2006. Sampling native Le Corff, J., and R. J. Marquis. 1999. Differences between understory and
wasps along both vertical and horizontal gradients in the Maine lowbush canopy in herbivore community composition and leaf quality for two oak
blueberry landscape. Environ. Entomol. 35: 1083–1093. species in Missouri. Ecol. Entomol. 24: 46–58.
Leprince, D. J., L. J. Hribar, and L. D. Foil. 1994. Responses of horse flies Mazón, M., and S. Bordera. 2008. Effectiveness of two sampling methods used
(Diptera: Tabanidae) to Jersey bullocks and canopy traps baited with am- for collecting Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Cabañeros National
monia, octenol, and carbon dioxide. J. Med. Entomol. 31: 729–731. Park (Spain). Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 879–888.
Liebherr, J., and J. Mahar. 1979. The carabid fauna of the upland oak forest in McCravy, K. W. 2017. An analysis of Malaise-trap effectiveness in assessing
Michiga: survey and analysis. Coleopts. Bull. 33: 183–197. robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae) species richness. Northeast. Nat. 24: 15–24.
Longino, J. T., and R. K. Colwell. 1997. Biodiversity assessment using struc- McCravy, K. W. 2018. A review of sampling and monitoring methods for
tured inventory: capturing the ant fauna of a tropical rain forest. Ecol. beneficial arthropods in agroecosystems. Insects 9: 1–27. doi:10.3390/
Appl. 7: 1263–1277. insects9040170
Lothrop, H. D., B. Lothrop, and W. Reisen. 2002. Noctural microhabitat dis- McCracy, K. W., and K. A. Baxa. 2011. Diversity, seasonal activity and habitat
tribution of adult Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) impacts control ef- associations of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) in West-Central Illinois. Am.
fectiveness. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 574–582. Midl. Nat. 166: 85–97.

Luqman, H. A., A. A. Noor Nasuha, M. N. Dzulhelmi, A. L. Nurul Fatihah, McCravy, K. W., and C. W. Berisford. 2011. Effects of vegetation control
M. H. Muhamadahmi, T. M. Teo, A. B. Idris, and H. Izfa Riza. 2018. on parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana
Diversity and composition of beetles (Order: Coleoptera) in three different (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Fla. Entomol. 84: 282–287.
ages of oil palms in Lekir Oil Palm Plantation, Perak, Malaysia. Serangga McCravy, K., R. K. Geroff, and J. Gibbs. 2016. Malaise trap sampling effi-
23: 58–71. ciency for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in a restored tallgrass prairie. Fla.
Lynggaard, C., M. Nielsen, L. Santos-Bay, M. Gastauer, G. Oliveira, Entomol. 99: 321–323.
K. Bohmann. 2019. Vertebrate diversity revealed by metabarcoding Mendl, H., and K. Müller. 1979. Upstream and downstream flight movements
of bulk arthropod samples from tropical forests. Environ. DNA 1: of Amphinemura borealis Morton (Ins: Plecoptera), compared by means
329–341. of capture in several methods. Aquilo, Series Zoologica 19: 1–3.
Lynch, R. J., S. E. Bunn, and C. P. Catterall. 2002. Adult aquatic insects: po- Meng, L. Z., K. Martin, A. Weigel, and J. X. Liu. 2012. Impact of rubber
tential contributions to riparian food webs in Australia’s wet-dry tropics. plantation on carabid beetle communities and species distribution in a
Austral Ecol. 27: 515–526. changing tropical landscape (southern Yunnan, China). J. Insect Conserv.
Macfadyen, S., and W. Muller. 2013. Edges in agricultural landscapes: species 16: 423–432.
interactions and movement of natural enemies. PLoS One 8: e59659. Missa, O., Y. Basset, A. Alonso, S. E. Miller, G. Curletti, M. de Meyer,
Macneale, K. H., B. L. Peckarsky, and G. E. Likens. 2004. Contradictory C. Eardley, M. W. Mansell, and T. Wagner. 2009. Monitoring arthropods
results from different methods for measuring direction of insect flight. in a tropical landscape: relative effects of sampling methods and habitat
Freshwater Biol. 49: 1260–1268. types on trap catches. J. Insect Conserv. 13: 103–118.
Malaise, R. 1937. A new insect trap. Entomol. Tidskr. 58: 148–160. Moczar, L. 1967. Trap automatic for capture of flying insects. Folia
Maleque, M. A., H. T. Ishii, and K. Maeto. 2006. The use of arthropods Entomologica Hungarica 20: 213–221.
as indicators of ecosystem integrity in forest management. J. For. 104: Moeed, A., and M. J. Meads. 1987. Seasonality of arthropods caught in a
113–117. Malaise trap in mixed lowland forest of the Orongorongo Valley, New
Manoj, K., T. P. Rajesh, U. Prashanth Ballullaya, K. M. Meharabi, V. K. Shibil, Zealand. N. Z. J. Zool. 14: 197–208.
K. Rajmohana, and P. A. Sinu. 2017. Diversity of Platygastridae in leaf Morinière J., B. C. de Araujo, A. W. Lam, A. Hausmann, M. Balke, S. Schmidt,
litter and understory layers of tropical rainforests of the Western Ghats L. Hendrich, D. Doczkal, B. Fartmann, S. Arvidsson, et al. 2016. Species
Biodiversity Hotspot, India. Environ. Entomol. 46: 685–692. identification in Malaise Trap samples by DNA barcoding based on NGS
Manuel Rodríguez, J., B. Rodríguez-Velezm, S. Zaragoza-Caballero, technologies and a scoring matrixm. PLoS One 11: e0155497.
F. A. Noguera-Martínez, E. González-Soriano, and E. Ramírez-García. Morinière, J., M. Balke, D. Doczkal, M. F. Geiger, L. A. Hardulak,
2010. Diversity of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) collected with G. Haszprunar, A. Hausmann, L. Hendrich, L. Regalado, B. Rulik, et al.
Malaise traps in the tropical dry forest of San Javier, Sonora, Mexico. Rev. 2018. A DNA barcode library for 5,200 German flies and midges (Insecta:
Mex. Biodivers. 81: 813–822. Diptera) and its implications for metabarcoding-based biomonitoring.
Marquina, D., R. Esparza-Salas, T. Roslin, and F. Ronquist. 2019. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 19: 900–928.
Establishing arthropod community composition using metabarcoding: Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. 1991. Trap responses of flying insects. The influ-
surprising inconsistencies between soil samples and preservative ence of trap design on capture efficiency. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace
ethanol and homogenate from Malaise trap catches. Mol. Ecol. Jovanovich, New York, NY.
Resour. 19: 1516–1530. Müller, K. 1982. The colonization cycle of freshwater insects. Oecologia 52:
Marston, N. 1965. Recent modifications in the design of Malaise insect 202–207.
traps with a summary of the insects represented in collections. J. Kansas Murakami, M., and S. Nakano. 2002. Indirect effect of aquatic insect emer-
Entomol. Soc. 28: 154–162. gence on a terrestrial insect population through by birds predation. Ecol.
Martín-Park, A., H. Delfín-González, P. Sosenski, E. Reyes-Novelo, Lett. 5: 333–337.
V. Meléndez-Ramírez, J. Navarrete-Carballo, S. Ibáñez-Bernal, F. Dzul- Murchie, A. K., D. J. Burn, W. D. J. Kirk, and I. H. Williams. 2001. A novel
Manzanilla, A. González-Moreno, and P. Manrique-Saide. 2018. Diversity mechanism for time-sortign insect catches, and its use to derive the diel
of Tabanidae, Asilidae and Syrphidae (Diptera) in natural protected areas flight periodicity of brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae (Ciptera:
of Yucatan, Mexico. J. Insect Conserv. 22: 85–97. Cecidomyiidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 91: 199–203.
Masner, L. 1976a. Notes on the ecitophilous diapriid genus Mimopria Musthafa, M. M., and F. Abdullah. 2019. Coleoptera of Genting Highland,
Holmgren (Hymenoptera: Proctrotrupoidea, Diarpiidae). Can. Entomol. Malaysia: species richness and diversity changes along the elevations. Arx.
108: 123–126. Misc. Zool. 17: 123–144.
Masner, L. 1976b. A revision of the Ismarinae of the New World (Hymenoptera, Muzón, J., and G. R. Spinelli. 1995. Patagonian Odonata in Malaise traps.
Proctotrupoidea, Diapriidae). Can. Entomol. 108: 1243–1266. Argia 7: 22–23.
Masner, L., and H. Goulet. 1981. A new model of flight interception trap for Naranjo, S. E. 1991. Movement of corn rootworm beetles, Diabrotica spp.
some hymenopterous insects. Entomol. News 92: 199. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), at cornfield boundaries in relation to sex,
Matthews, R. W., and J. R. Matthews. 1969. Malaise trap studies of flying reproductive status, and crop phenology. Environ. Entomol. 20: 230–240.
insects in a New York mesic forest I. Ordinal composition and seasonal Newell, P., and S. King. 2009. Relative abundance and species richness of
abundance. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 78: 52–59. cerambycid beetles in partial cut and uncut bottomland hardwood forests.
Matthews, R. W., and J. R. Matthews. 1971. The Malaise trap: its utility and Can. J. For. Res. 39: 2100–2108.
potential for sampling insect populations. Mich. Entomol. 4: 117–122. Ngo, H. T., J. Gibbs, T. Griswold, and L. Packer. 2013. Evaluating bee
Matthews, R. W., and J. R. Matthews. 1983. Malaise traps: the Townes model (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity using Malaise traps in coffee land-
catches more insects. Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 20: 428–432. scapes of Costa Rica. Can. Entomol. 145: 435–453.
Nicholls, C. I., M. Parrella, and M. A. Altieri. 2001. The effects of a vege- Parchami-Araghi, M., B. Majnon-Jahromi, E. Gilasian, P. Withers,
tational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiver- S. D. Gaimari, and M. Fallahzadeh. 2018. First Iranian record of the
sity within a northern California organic vineyard. Lands. Ecol. 16: family Odiniidae (Diptera: Opomyzoidea), including two species new to
133–146. the Middle East region. Zootaxa 4471: 580–584.
van Nieukerken, E., C. Doorenweerd, K. Nishida, and C. Snyers. 2016. Partidge, D. R., K. L. Parkins, S. B. Elbin, and J. A. Clark. 2020. Bat activity
New taxa, including three new genera show uniqueness of Neotropical correlates with moth abundance on an urban green roof. Northeast. Nat.
Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera). ZooKeys 628: 1–63. 27: 77–89.
Nilssen, A. C. 1998. Effect of 1-octen-3-ol in field trapping Aedes spp. (Dipt., Peck, S. B. 1989. A survey of insects of the Florida Keys: post-Pleistocene land-
Culicidae) and Hybomitra spp. (Dipt., Tabanidae) in subarctic Norway. J. bridge islands: Introduction. Fla. Entomol. 72: 604–612.
Appl. Entomol. 122: 465–468. Penteado-Dias, A. M., and D. Scatolini. 2003. A new species of the genus
Nishida, T., and T. Torii. 1970. A handbook of field methods for research Plumarius Philippi (Hymenoptera: Plumariidae) from Brazil. Zool.

on rice stemborers and their natural enemies. IPM Handbook No. 14. Mededel. 77: 545–550.
Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK. Pérez-Urbina, B. A., J. M. Coronado-Blanco, E. Ruiz-Cancino, C. S. Venegas-
Noguera, F. A., S. Zaragoza-Caballero, J. A. Chemsak, A. Rodríguez- Barrera, A. Correa-Sandoval, and J. V. Horta-Vega. 2018. Community
Palofox, E. Ramírez, E. González-Soriano, and R. Ayala. 2002. structure of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in a mangrove area in the
Diversity of the family Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the tropical dry coastal zone of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Rev. Mex. Biodivers. 89: 823–835.
forest in Mexico, I. Sierra de Huautla, Morelos. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Peterson, I., Z. Masters, A. G. Hildrew, and S. J. Ormerod. 2004. Dispersal
Am. 95: 617–627. of adult aquatic insects in catchments of differing land use. J. Appl. Ecol.
Noguera, F. A., J. A. Chemsak, S. Zaragoza-Caballero, A. RodrÍguez-Palafox, 41: 934–950.
E. RamÍrez-GarcÍa, E. González-Soriano, and R. Ayala. 2007. A faunal Peterson, M. J., J. K. Gelhaus, and E. C. Bernard. 2004. New species and re-
study of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) from one region with tropical dry cords of crane flies (Diptera: Tipuloidea) from Great Smoky Mountains
forest in Mexico: San Buenaventura, Jalisco. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 83: 296– National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina, U.S.A. Trans. Am. Entomol.
314. doi:10.3956/2007-14.1 Soc. 130: 439–455.
Noriega, J. A., J. P. Botero, M. Viola, and G. Fagua. 2007. Seasonal dynamics Pilgrim, E. M., and J. P. Pitts. 2006. A molecular method for associating the
of the trophic structure of an assemblage of Coleoptera in the Colombian dimorphic sexes of velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). J. Kansas
Amazon. Rev Colomb Entomol. 33: 157–164. Entomol. Soc. 79: 222–230.
Nol, E., H. Douglas, and W. J. Crins. 2006. Responses of syrphids, elaterids Pinheiro, F., I. R. Diniz, D. Coelho, and M. P. S. Bandeira. 2002. Seasonal pat-
and bees to single-tree selection harvesting in Algonquin Provincial Park, tern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado. Aus. Ecol. 27: 132–136.
Ontario. Can. Field-Nat. 120: 15–21. Pitts, J. P., F. D. Parker, and T. L. Pitts-Singer. 2004. A review of the
Noll, F. B., and B. Gomes. 2009. An improved bait method for collecting Sphaeropthalma uro species-group (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with taxo-
Hymenoptera, especially social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae). Neotrop. nomic changes. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 77: 222–234.
Entomol. 38: 477–481. Plant, A. R., D. J. Bickel, P. Chatelain, C. Daugeron, and W. Srisuka. 2020.
Noyes, J. S. 1982. Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Endemism, similarity and difference in montane evergreen forest biodiver-
Chalcidoidea). J. Nat. Hist. 16: 315–334. sity hotspots: comparing communities of Empidoidea (Insecta: Diptera) in
Noyes, J. S. 1989. A study of five methods of sampling Hymenoptera (Insecta) the summit zones of Doi Inthanon and Doi Phahompok, Thailand. Trop.
in a tropical rainforest, with special reference to the Parasitica. J. Nat. Nat. Hist. 20: 16–27.
Hist. 23: 285–298. Platt, J., J. S. Caldwell, and L. T. Kok. 1999. An easily replicated, inexpensive
Nyrop, J. P., and G. A. Simmons. 1986. Temporal and spatial activity patterns of Malaise-type trap design. J. Entomol. Sci. 34: 154–157.
an adult parasitoid, Glypta fumiferanae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Pollet, M., P. Grootaert, and H. Meuffels. 1989. Relationships between habitat
and their influence on parasitism. Environ. Entomol. 15: 481–487. preference and distribution of dolichopodid flies in Flandera (Dipt.,
Økland, B. 1994. Mycetophilidae (Diptera), an insect group vulnerable to Dolichopodidae), pp. 363–371. In K. Wouters and L. Baert (eds.), Invertebraten
forestry practices? A comparison of clearcut, managed and semi-natural van België = Invertébrés de Belgique. Verhandelingen van het Symposium
spruce forests in southern Norway. Biodiv. Conserv. 3: 68–85. “Invertebraten van België” = Comptes rendus du Symposium “Invertébrés
Olsen, A. J., and F. Midtgaard. 1996. Malaise trap collections of thrips de Belgique” = Proceedings of the Symposium “Invertebrates of Belgium”.
from the islands of Håøya and Ost ya in Oslofjorden, South Norway Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussel.
(Thysanoptera, Insecta). Fauna Norvegica, Serie B. 43: 63–68. Poulin, B., G. Lefebvre, and R. McNeil. 1992. Tropical avian phenology in
Ohsawa, M. 2010. Beetle families as indicators of Coleopteran diversity in relation to abundance and exploitation of food resources. Ecol. 73:
forests: a study using Malaise traps in the central mountainous region of 2295–2309.
Japan. J. Insect Conserv. 14: 479–484. Preisser, E., D. C. Smith, and M. D. Lowman. 1998. Canopy and ground level
O’Neill, K. M., and H. E. Evans. 1983. Alternative male mating tactics in insect distribution in a temperate forest. Selbyana 19: 141–146.
Bembecinus quinquespinosus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae): correlations Pruess, K. P., and N. C. Pruess. 1966. Note on a Malaise trap for determining
with size and color variation. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 14: 39–46. flight direction in insects. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 39: 98–102.
Owen, D. F. 1969. Species diversity and seasonal abundance in tropical Quate, L. W. 1999. Taxonomy of Neotropical Psychodidae (Diptera).
Sphingidae (Lepidoptera). Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. Ser. A, Gen. 3. Psychodines of Barro Colorado Island and San Blas, Panama, pp. 409–
Entomol. 44: 162–168. 441. In J. R. Burger (ed.), Contributions to the knowledge of Diptera:
Oxbrough, A., T. Gittings, T. C. Kelly, and J. O’Halloran. 2010. Can Malaise a collection of articles on Diptera commemorating the life and work of
traps be used to sample spiders for biodiversity assessment? J. Insect Graham B. Fairchild. Associated Publishers, Gainesville, FL.
Conserv. 14: 169–179. Quinn, M. A., R. L. Kepner, D. D. Walgenbach, R. Nelson Foster, R. A. Bohls,
Ozanne, C. M. P. 2005. Sampling methods for forest understory vegetation, P. D. Pooler, K. C. Reuter, and J. L. Swain. 1993. Grasshopper stages of de-
pp. 58–74. In S. R. Leather, J. H. Lawton and G. E. Likens (eds.), Insect velopment as indicators of nontarget arthropod activity: implications for
sampling in forest ecosystems. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA. grasshopper management programs on mixed-grass rangeland. Environ.
Paarmann, W., and N. E. Stork. 1987. Seasonality of ground beetles Entomol. 22: 532–540.
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the rain forests of N. Sulawesi (Indonesia). Rabaglia, R., D. Duerr, R. Acciavatti, and I. Ragenovich. 2008. Early detection
Insect Sci. Appl. 8: 483–487. and rapid response for non-native bark and ambrosia beetles, pp. 1–12. In
Papp, L. 2009. Additions ot the Diptera fauna of Hungary. Folia Ent. Hung. Forest Health Protection. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
70: 225–242. Richards, L. A., and D. M. Windsor. 2007. Seasonal variation of arthropod
Papp, L. 2018. Sixty dipterous species new for the fauna of Romani (Diptera). abundance in gaps and the understory of a lowland moist forest in
Folia Ent. Hung. 79: 177–188. Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 23: 169–176.
Rickleps, R. E. 1975. Seasonal occurrence of night-flying insects on Barro Sárospataki, M., and Markó, V. 1995. Flight activity of Coccinella
Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 83: 19–32. septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at different strata of a forest
Ripka, G., and Á. Szabó. 2010. Additional data to the knowledge of the mite in relation to migration to hibernation sites. Eur. J. Entomol., 92: 415–419.
fauna of Hungary (Acari: Mesostigmata, Prostigmata and Astigmata). Scheirs, J., L. De Bruyn, and M. von Tschirnhaus. 1997. Comparison of dif-
Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 45: 373–381. ferent trapping methods in Agromyzidae (Diptera). J. Appl. Entomol. 121:
Roberts, R. H. 1970. Color of Malaise trap and the collection of Tabanidae. 429–433.
Mosq. News 30: 567–571. Schiefer, T. L. 1998. A preliminary list of the Cerambycidae and Disteniidae
Roberts, R. H. 1971. Effect of amount of CO2 on collection of Tabanidae in (Coleoptera) of Mississippi. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 124: 113–131.
Malaise traps. Mosq. News 31: 551–558. Schiefer, T. L., and P. Newell. 2010. A distinctive new subspecies of Saperda
Roberts, R. H. 1972. The effectiveness of several types of Malaise traps for the lateralis F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the southeastern United
collection of Tabanidae and Culicidae. Mosq. News 32: 542–547. States. Coleopts. Bull. 64: 329–336.

Roberts, R. H. 1975. Influence of trap screen age on collections of tabanids in Schmidt, O. 2014a. Comparison of the structure and musculature of male
Malaise traps. Mosq. News 35: 538–539. terminalia in the tribe Cidariini Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Geometridae:
Roberts, R. H. 1976a. Altitude distribution of Tabanidae as determined by Larentiinae) once again throws into doubt a sister relationship with the
Malaise trap collections. Mosq. News 36: 518–520. Xanthorhoini. Zootaxa 3856: 399–418.
Roberts, R. H. 1976b. The comparative efficiency of six trap types for the col- Schmidt O. 2014b. The structure and musculature of male terminalia in the
lection of Tabanidae (Diptera). Mosq. News 36: 530–535. tribes Eupitheciini, Melanthiini, Perizomini and Rheumapterini: Gnathoi
Roble, S. M. 1995. Notes on Odonata taken by David Smith with Malaise or Agnathoi, that is the question (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae).
traps in Virginia. Argia 7: 3. Spixiana 37: 267–281.
Rodenhouse, N. L., and R. T. Holmes. 1992. Results of experimental and Schmidt O. 2016. Records of larentiine moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
natural food reductions for breeding black-throated blue warblers. Ecol. collected at the Station Linné in Sweden. Biodiv Data J. 4: e7304.
73: 357–372. Schmidt O. 2017. Comparison of the structure and musculature of male
Roeder, G. 2003. Coleopteran biodiversity of Shipstern Nature Reserve in terminalia in the tribes Operophterini, Phileremini and Triphosini
Belize, with a comparison of the fauna of two tropical forest types. BS (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae). Plazi.org taxonomic treatments
project, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland. database. doi:10.15468/YRRW5O
Roháček, J., and J. Ševčik. 2009. Diptera of the Pol’ana Protected Landscape Schmidt O., A. Hausmann, B. C. de Araujo, H. Sutrisno, D. Peggie,
Area – Biosphere Reserve (Central Slovakia). SNC SR, Administration of and S. Schmidt. 2017. A streamlined collecting and preparation
the PLA, BR Pol’ana, Zvolen. protocol for DNA barcoding of Lepidoptera as part of large-scale
Rohr, J. R., C. G. Mahan, and K. C. Kim. 2007. Developing a monitoring rapid biodiversity assessment projects, exemplified by the Indonesian
program for invertebrates: guidelines and a case study. Conserv. Biol. 21: Biodiversity Discovery and Information System (IndoBioSys). Biodiv.
422–433. Data J. 5: e20006.
Rohr, J. R., C. G. Mahan, and K. C. Kim. 2009. Response of arthropod bio- Schmidt, O., S. Schmidt, C. L. Häuser, A. Hausmann, and L. van Vu. 2019.
diversity to foundation species declines: the case of the eastern hemlock. Using Malaise traps for collecting Lepidoptera (Insecta), with notes on
For. Ecol. Manag. 258: 1503–1510. the preparation of Macrolepidoptera from ethanol. Biodiv. Data J. 7:
Rohrig, E., J. Sivinski, and R. Wharton. 2008. Comparison of parasitic e32192.
Hymenoptera captured in Malaise traps baited with two flowering plants, Schreck, C. E., D. L. Kline, D. C. Williams, and M. A. Tidwell. 1993. Field
Lobularia maritime (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) and Spermacoce verticillata evaluations in malaise and canopy traps of selected targets as attractants
(Gentianales: Rubiaceae). Fla. Entomol. 91: 621–627. for tabanid species (Diptera: Tabanidae). J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 9:
Rosati, J. Y., and S. L. VanLaerhoven. 2007. New record of Chrysomya 182–188.
rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Canada: predicted range ex- Schroeder, M. H., J. C. Mitchell, J. M. Schmid. 1975. Modifications in the
pansion and potential effects on native species. Can. Entomol. 139: Malaise insect trap. USDA Forest Service Research Note Rm. 299. Rocky
670–677. Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Rose, N. G. 1978. The vertical distribution of aerial insects in Pasoh forest Department of Agriculture, Ft. Collins, CO.
reserve. Malayan Nat. J. 30: 299–305. Sellars, R., and B. Hicks. 2015. Bee diversity and abundance in three different
Sääksjärvi, I. E., S. Haataja, S. Neuvonen, I. D. Gauld, R. Jussila, J. Salo, habitats of eastern Newfoundland. J. Acadia Entomol. Soc. 11: 9–14.
and A. M. Burgos. 2004. High local species richness of parasitic wasps Shimbori, E. M., and S. R. Shaw. 2014. Twenty-four new species of Aleiodes
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae; Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) from the low- Wesmael from the eastern Andes of Ecuador with associated biological
land rainforests of Peruvian Amazonia. Ecol. Entomol. 29: 735–743. information (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). ZooKeys 405:
Sääksjärvi, I. E., K. Ruokolainen, H. Tuomisto, S. Haataja, P. V. A. Fine, 1–81.
G. Cárdenas, I. Mesones, and V. Vargas. 2006. Comparing composition Shlyakhtenok, A. S., and R. G. Agunovich. 2001. The dynamics of species com-
and diversity of parasitoid wasps and plants in an Amazonian rain-forest position and abundance of wasps from the families Pompilidae, Sphecidae,
mosaic. J. Trop. Ecol. 22: 167–176. and Vespidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) in successional pine biogeocenoses
Sackmann, P., M. Rabinovich, and J. C. Corley. 2001. Successful removal of of the Berezinskii Biosphere Reserve. Russian J. Ecol. 32: 126–129.
German yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by toxic baiting. J. Econ. Shweta, M., and K. Rajmohana. 2016. A comparison of efficiencies of
Entomol. 94: 811–816. sweep net, yellow pan trap and Malaise trap in sampling Platygastridae
Salmela, J., O. Autio, and J. Ilmonen. 2007. A survey on the nematoceran (Hymenoptera: Insecta). J. Exp. Zool., India. 19: 393–396.
(Diptera) communities of southern Finnish wetlands. Memoranda Soc. Shweta, M., and K. Rajmohana. 2018. A comparison of sweep net, yellow pan
Fauna Fl. Fenn. 83: 33–47. trap and malaise trap for sampling parasitic Hymenoptera in a backyard
Samaranayake, L. G. L. I., and A. C. Costamagna. 2019. Adjacent habitat type habitat in Kerala. Entomon. 43: 33–44.
affects the movement of predators suppressing soybean aphids. PLoS One Silva, G. S., S. M. Jahnke, and N. F. Johnson. 2020. Riparian forest fragments
14: e0218522. in rice fields under different management: differences on hymenopteran
Samways, M. J., and S. D. Moore. 1991. Influence of exotic conifer patches parasitoids diversity. Braz. J. Biol. 80: 122–132.
on grasshopper (Orthoptera) assemblages in a grassland matrix at a recre- Silveira, O. T. 2002. Surveying Neotropical social wasps. An evaluation of
ational resort, Natal, South Africa. Biol. Conserv. 57: 117–137. methods in the “Ferreira Penna” Research Station (ECFPn), in Caxiuanã,
Santos, S. A., J. A. Pereira, L. M. Torres, and A. J. Nogueira. 2007. Evaluation Pa, Brazil (Hym., Vespidae, Polistinae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu
of the effects, on canopy arthropods, of two agricultural management de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo 42: 299–323.
systems to control pests in olive groves from north-east of Portugal. Skevington, J. H. 2001. Revision of Australian Clistoabdominalis (Diptera:
Chemosphere 67: 131–139. Pipunculidae). Invert. Tax. 15: 695–761.
Skvarla, M. J. 2015. Sampling Terrestrial Arthropod Biodiversity: a Case Study Stevens, N. B., and A. D. Austin. 2007 Systematics, distribution and biology of
in Arkansas. Ph.D dissertation. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. the Australian ‘micro-flea’ wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae):
Skvarla, M. J., and A. P. G. Dowling. 2017. A comparison of trapping parasitoids of spider eggs. Zootaxa 1499: 1–45.
techniques (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Steyskal, G. C. 1981. A bibliography of the Malaise trap. Proc. Entomol. Soc.
Curculionoidea excluding Scolytinae). J. Insect Sci. 17: 1–28. Wash. 83: 225–229.
Skvarla M. J., and J. D. Holland. 2011. Non-target insects caught on em- Stireman, J. O., III, P. Cerretti, D. Whitmore, S. Hardersen, and D. Gianelle.
erald ash borer purple monitoring traps in western Pennsylvania. North. 2012. Composition and stratification of a tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae)
J. Appl. For. 28: 219–221. parasitoid community in a European temperate plain forest. Insect
Skvarla, M. J., J. R. Fisher, and A. P. G. Dowling. 2014. A review of Cunaxidae Conserv. Div. 5, 346–357.
(Acariformes, Trombidiformes): histories and diagnoses of subfamilies and Stork, N. E., and P. S. Grimbacher. 2006. Beetle assemblages from an
genera, keys to world species, and some new locality records. ZooKeys Australian tropical rainforest show that the canopy and the ground strata

418: 1–103. contribute equally to biodiversity. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273: 1969–1975.
Shlyakhtenok, A. S. 2000. Effectiveness of Malaise traps for collections of Stork, N. E., P. S. Grimbacher, R. Storey, R. G. Oberprieler, C. Reid, and
wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Pakistan J. Zool. 32: 45–47. S. A. Slipinski. 2008. What determines whether a species of insect is de-
Smith, G. E., S. G. Breeland, and E. Pickard. 1965. The Malaise trap – a survey scribed? Evidence from a study of tropical beetles. Insect Conserv. Div. 1:
tool in medical entomology. Mosq. News 25: 398–400. 114–119.
Smith, G. F., T. Gittings, M. Wilson, L. French, A. Oxbrough, S. O’Donoghue, Strickler, J. D., and E. D. Walker. 1993. Seasonal abundance and species diver-
J. O’Halloran, D. L. Kelly, F. J. G. Mitchell, T. Kelly, et al. 2008. Identifying sity of adult Tabanidae (Diptera) at Lake Lansing Park-North, Michigan.
practical indicators of biodiversity for stand-level management of planta- Great Lakes Entomol. 26: 107–112.
tion forests. Biodiv. Conserv. 17: 991–1015. Strumia, F. 2003. New and rare Hedychridium species from Italy and
Sobek, S., T. Tscharntke, C. Scherber, S. Schiele, and I. Steffan-Dewenter. Mediterranean islands (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae). Italian J. Zool. 70:
2009. Canopy vs. understory: does tree diversity affect bee and wasp com- 191–198.
munities and their natural enemies across forest strata? For. Ecol. Manag. Tallamy, D. W., E. J. Hansens, and R. F. Denno. 1976. A comparison of
258: 609–615. Malaise trapping and aerial netting for sampling a horsefly and deerfly
Sode, A., and P. Wiberg-Larsen. 1993. Dispersal of adult Trichoptera at a community. Environ. Entomol. 5: 788–792.
Danish forest brook. Freshw. Biol. 30: 439–446. Tangmitcharoen, S., T. Takaso, S. Siripatanadilox, W. Tasen, and
Sokolova, Y. Y., I. M. Sokolov, and C. E. Carlton. 2010. New microsporidia J. N. Owens. 2006. Insect biodiversity in flowering teak (Tectona
parasitizing bark lice (Insecta: Psocoptera). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 104: grandis L.f.) canopies: comparison of wild and plantation stands. For.
186–194. Ecol. Manag. 222: 99–107.
Solem, J. O., and T. Bongard. 1987. Flight patterns of three species of Tereshkin, A. M. 1996. Ichneumoninae Stenopneusticae of raised bog, with
lotic caddisflies, pp. 223–228. In M. Bournaud and H. Tachet (eds.), special reference to long term dynamics (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae).
Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Trichoptera, Series Linz Biol Beitr. 28: 367–385.
Entomologica 39. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Thompson, F. C., and M. A. Zumbado. 2002. Mesoamerican Mallota flower
Somavilla, A., R. N. M. Morae, Jr., and J. A. Rafael. 2019. Is the social wasp flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) with the description of four new species. Stud.
fauna in the tree canopy different from the understory? Study of a par- Dipterol. 9: 89–107.
ticular area in the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. Sociobiol. 66: 179–185. Toft, R. J., and J. R. Beggs. 1995. Seasonality of crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Southwood, T. R., V. K. Brown, and P. M. Reader. 1979. The relationships of in South Islands beech forest in relation to the abundance of Vespula
plant and insect diversities in succession. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 12: 327–348. wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). N. Z. Entomol. 18: 37–43.
Southwood, T. R., and P. A. Henderson. 2000. Ecological Methods, third edi- Toft, R. J., and P. J. Changler. 2004. Three introduced species of Mycetophilidae
tion. Blackwell Science Ltd., University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain. (Diptera: Sciaroidea) established in New Zealand. N. Z. Entomol. 27:
Spears, L. R., and R. A. Ramirez. 2015. Learning to love leftovers: using 43–49.
by-catch to expand our knowledge in entmology. Am. Entomol. 61: Toft, R. J., R. J. Harris. and P. A. Williams. 2001. Impacts of the weed
168–173. Tradescantia fluminensis on insect communities in fragmented forests in
Spencer, J. L., S. A. Isard, and E. Levine. 1998. Western corn rootworms on New Zealand. Biol. Conserv. 102: 31–46.
the move: monitoring beetles in corn and soybeans, pp. 10–28. In 1998 Townes, H. 1962 Design for a Malaise trap. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 64:
Proceedings of the Illinois Agricultural Pesticides Conference, University 253–262.
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. Townes, H. 1972. A light-weight Malaise trap. Entomol. News 83: 239–247.
Spencer, J. L., S. A. Isard, and E. Levine. 1999. Western corn rootworm injury Tunnakundacha, S., M. Desquesnes, and R. Masmeatathip. 2017. Comparison
in first-year corn: what’s new?, pp. 13–27. In 1999 Illinois Crop Protection of Vavoua, Malaise and Nzi traps with and without attractants for trap-
Technology Conference, Cooperative Extension Service, University of ping of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) and tabanids (Diptera:
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. Tabanidae) on cattle farms. Ag. Nat. Res. 51: 319–323.
Springate, N. D., and Y. Basset. 1996. Diel activity of arboreal arthropods as- Ulber, B., and O. Nitzsche. 2006. Phenology of parasitoids (Hym.,
sociated with Papua New Guinean trees. J. Nat. Hist. 30: 101–112. Ichneumonidae-Tersilochinae) of oilseed rape pests in northern Germany
Sperber, C. F., K. Naakayama, M. J. Valverde, and F. de Siqueira Neves. 2004. from 1995–1997. Integrated Control Oilseed Crops 29: 173–179.
Tree species richness and density affect parasitoid diversity in cacao agro- Ulyshen, M. D. 2011. Arthropod vertical stratification in temperate deciduous
forestry. Basic Appl. Biol. 5: 241–251. forests: implications for conservation-oriented management. For. Ecol.
Standish, R. J. 2004. Impact of an invasive clonal herb on epigaeic inverte- Manag. 261: 1479–1489.
brates in forest remnants in New Zealand. Biol. Conserv. 116: 49–58. Ulyshen, M. D., J. L. Hanula, and S. Horn. 2005 Using Malaise traps to sample
Steffan, W. A. 1972. Ecological studies of Ctenosciara hawaiiensis (Hardy) ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Can. Entomol. 137: 251–256.
(Diptera: Sciaridae). International Biological Program Technical Report, Ulyshen, M. D., J. L. Hanula, S. Horn, J. C. Kilgo, and C. E. Moorman. 2006. The
7. Island Ecosystems IRP, U.S. International Biological Program, Honolulu, response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to selection cutting in a
Hawaii. South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest. Biodiv. Conserv. 15: 247–260.
Steinbauer, M. J., P. B. Edwards, M. Hoskins, T. Schatz, and I. W. Forno. 2000. Vance, C. C., K. R. Kirby, J. R. Malcon, and S. M. Smith. 2003. Community
Seasonal abundance of insect biocontrol agents of Mimosa pigra in the composition of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the
Northern Territory. Aus. J. Entomol. 39: 328–335. canopy and understory of sugar maple and white pine stands in south-
Steiner, W. E., Jr. 2000. Records and habitats of the “rare click beetle,” central Ontario. Environ. Entomol. 32: 1066–1074.
Cerophytum pulsator (Haldeman), in Virginia and Maryland (Coleoptera: Vance, C. C., S. M. Smith, J. R. Malcolm, J. Huber, and M. I. Bellocq. 2007.
Cerophytidae). Banisteria 15: 43–45. Differences between forest type and vertical strata in the diversity and
composition of hymenopteran families and mymarid genera in natural heritage of the reserves Vincheto di Celarda and Val Tovanella
northeastern temperate forests. Environ. Entomol. 36: 1073–1083. (Belluno Province, Italy). Conservation of two protected areas in the con-
Vas, J., V. Markó, L. Ábrahám, and Z. Mészáros. 2001. Study of Neuropteroidea text of a LIFE Project.
(Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) communities by using Malaise traps in Wilkinson, J. D., G. T. Schmidt, and K. D. Biever. 1980. Comparitive efficiency
an untreated orchard and its environment. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. of sticky and water traps for sampling beneficial arthropods in red clover
Hung. 36: 115–122. and the attraction of clover head caterpillar adults to anisyl acetone. J.
Vecht, J., van der. 1939. Een insecten-vangkooi. Entomologische Mededeeingen Georgia Entomol. Soc. 15: 124–131.
van Nederlandisch-Indië. 5: 56–57. Will, K., and I. Steplowski. 2016. A 3D printed Malaise trap head. The Pan-
Vedel, V., D. Camus, and G. Lamarre. 2011. Malaise and glass traps: useful Pac. Entomol. 92: 86–91.
means of catching canopy-dwelling spiders? Newsletter British Arachnol. Williams, D. D., and N. E. Williams. 1993. The upstream/downstream move-
S. 122: 12–15. ment paradox of lotic inveretebrates: quantitative evidence from a Welsh

Veijalainen, A., I. E. Sääksjärvi, T. L. Erwin, I. C. Gómez, and J. T. Longino. mountain stream. Freshw. Biol. 30: 199–218.
2013. Subfamily composition of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) from Williams, I. H., D. Frearson, H. Barari, and A. McCartney. 2007a. First field
western Amazonia. Insights into diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps. evidence that parasitoids use upwind anemotaxis for host-habitat loca-
Insect Conserv. Div. 6: 28–37. tion. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 123: 299–307.
Vieira, C. R., C. Waichert, K. A. Williams, and J. P Pitts. 2017. Evaluation Williams, I. H., D. Frearson, H. Barari, and A. McCartney. 2007b. Migration
of malaise and yellow pan trap performance to assess Velvet Ant to and dispersal from oilseed rape by the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus,
(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) diversity in a neotropical Savanna. Environ. in relation to wind direction. Agric. For. Entomol. 9: 279–286.
Entomol. 46: 353–361. Winchester, N. W., and R. A. Ring. 1996. Centinelan extinctions: extirpa-
Vilkamaa, P., J. Salmela, and H. Hippa. 2007. Black fungus-gnats in deciduous tion of northern temperate old-growth rainforest arthropod communities.
forest habitat in northern Europe, with the description of Bradysia arcula Selbyana 17: 50–57.
sp. N. (Diptera: Sciaridae). Entomol. Fenn. 18: 226–231. Winterbourn, M. J. 2005. Dispersal, feeding and parasitism of adult stoneflies
Volpato, A., K. S. D. Ahmed, C. D. Williams, M. D. Day, A. O’Hanlon, S. Ruas, (Plecoptera) at a New Zealand forest stream. Aquatic Insects: Internat. J.
R. Rotchés-Ribalta, C. Mulkeen, D. Ó Huallacháin, and M. J. Gormally. Freshw. Entomol. 27: 155–166.
2019. Using Malaise traps to assess aculeate Hymenoptera associated Winterbourn, M. J. 2007. Stable isotope analysis identifies morphologic-
with farmland linear habitats across a range of farming intensities. Insecct ally indistinguishable caddisflies. N. Z. J. Marine Freshw. Res. 41:
Cons. Div. 13: 229–238. doi:10.1111/icad.12383. 401–404.
Walker, T. J. 1978. Migration and re-migration of butterflies through pen- Winterbourn, M. J., W. L. Chadderton, S. A. Entrekin, J. L. Tank, and
insular Florida: quantification with malaise traps. J. Lepidopterists’ Soc. J. S. Harding. 2007. Distribution and dispersal of adult stream insects
32: 178–190. in a heterogeneous montane environment. Fundam. Appl. Limnol. 168:
Walker, A. K., and T. K. Crosby. 1988 The preparation and curation of insects. 127–135.
DSIR Science Information Publishing Centre, Wellington, UK. Witter, L. A., C. J. Johnson, B. Croft, A. Gunn, and M. P. Gillingham. 2012.
Walker, T. J., and B. Lenxzewski. 1989. An inexpensive portable trap for Behavioural trade-offs in response to external stimuli: time allocation of
monitoring butterfly migration. J. Lepidopterists’ Soc. 43: 289–298. an Arctic ungulate during varying intensities of harassment by parasitic
Warriner, M. D., T. E. Nebeker, T. D. Leininger, and J. S. Meadows. 2002. flies. J. Anim. Ecol. 81: 284–295.
The effects of thinning on beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cerambycidae) Witter, L. A., C. J. Johnson, B. Croft, A. Gunn, and L. M. Poirier.
in bottomland hardwood forests, pp. 569–573. In K. W. Outcalt (ed.), 2012. Gauging climate change effects at local scales: weather-based
Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research indices to monitor insect harassment in caribou. Ecol. Appl. 22:

Conference. General Technical Report SRS–47. U.S. Department of 1838–1851.
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. Wolton, R. J., P. J. Chandler, C. M. Drake, and A. E. Stubbs. 2017. The relative
Warriner, M. D., T. E. Nebeker, and S. A. Tucker. 2004. Longhorned bee- importance of wet woodland and wet grassland for Diptera conservation:
tles in greentree reservoirs and naturally flooded bottomland hardwood a case study from Devon, England. Dipterists Digest 24: 79–94.
stands, pp. 172–175. In K. F. Connor (ed.), Proceedings of the 12th bi- Wright, R. E., R. K. Whittle, M. J. Perich, and A. L. Hollander. 1984. Seasonal
ennial southern silvicultural research conference. General technichal re- occurrence of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in North Central Oklahoma.
port. SRS–71. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 57: 209–215.
Research Station, Asheville, NC. Yano, K., T. Miura, K. Nohara, T. Wongsiri, and P. W. Resma. 1975.
Watts, C., A. Dopheide, R. Holdaway, C. Davis, J. Wood, D. Thornburrow, Preliminary evaluation on the use of a modified Malaise trap in paddy
and I. A. Dickie. 2019. DNA metabarcoding as a tool for invertebrate fields. Mushi 48: 125–144.
community monitoring: a case study comparison with conventional tech- Yuen, E. Y. L., and D. Dudgeon. 2016. The magnitude and seasonality of
niques. Aus. Entomol. 58: 675–686. aquatic insect subsidies to tropical stream riparia in Hong Kong. Aquat.
Wells, W., and T. Decker. 2006. A comparison of three types of insect traps Sci. 78: 655–667.
for collecting non-Formicidae Hymenoptera on the Island of Dominica. Zilihona, I., J. Heinonen, and M. Nummelin. 1998. Arthropod diversity
Southwest. Entomol. 31: 59–68. and abundance along the Kihansi Gorge (Kihansi River) in the southern
Westwood, N., M. Pearson, E. Mustafa, and A. T. Scanlon. 2018. Differences Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. 87: 233–240.
in abundance and diversity of diurnal invertebrates among three Fijian Zheng, B. 1996. Five new species of the genus Leptus Latreille from Mt.
forests, and a comparison of two trapping methods for rapid assessments. Hupingshan of Hunan, China. Entomologia Sinica 3: 229–242.
Pac. Conserv. Biol. 24: 183–188. Zheng, B.-y. 2002a. A new species of the genus Hauptmannia Oudemans,
Whitemore, D., D. Birtele, and F. Mason. 2008. Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae and 1910 from China (Acari: Erythraeidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 27:
Sarchphagidae (Diptera: Brachycera) from the understory and canopy of a 89–92.
riparian forest ecosystem in Italy, pp. 239–251. In S. Hardersen, F. Mason, Zheng, B.-y. 2002b. A new species of the genus Caeculisoma Berlese (Acari:
F. Viola, D. Campedel, C. Lasen and M. Cassol (eds.), Research on the Erythraeidae) in China. Insect Sci. 9: 61–64.

Ejemplo 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ejemplo 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, XX(X), 2020, 1–21

A Review of Terrestrial and Canopy Malaise Traps

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Subject Editor: Gadi V. P. Reddy

Received 10 September 2020; Editorial decision 12 October 2020

Key words: Malaise trap, insect collecting, review, intercept trap

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Others continued to experiment with the design of Townes’

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Various methods have been described for using Malaise traps to

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Table 1. Examples of Malaise trapping studies and taxa collected

Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera Hemiptera Plecoptera Collembola ‘Other’

Marston 1965 66.3 12.3 4.8 5.6 6.8 - 3.4 4.2

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Citation Number of Duration per Number of Specimens/ Locality Trap type

Marston 1965 2,927 7 1 418.14 Kansas, USA Malaise

Taxon Reference Taxon Reference

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Number of Fold increase

Anthophila 12 5 12 30 68 90 7 McCravy et al. 2016

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aesa/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aesa/saaa044/6024562 by guest on 11 January 2021

You might also like