WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES

Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

CHAPTER 1

Nature of Mathematics

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 Identified patterns and regularities in the world

 Examine the nature and relationship of numbers in a sequence
 Generate a pattern to form a number sequence
 Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life
 Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavour
Topics:
 Numbers and Patterns
 Mathematics in Nature

A sequence may be finite or infinite. The Fibonacci sequence is an infinite sequence. The finite
sequence has a definite number if terms. A list of numbers which form a pattern called a sequence. Number
patterns may be described by examining how the terms are being generated.

Activity
Describe the pattern of each sequence.
1. 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, ….. _______________________________________
2. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, ….. _______________________________________
3. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 _______________________________________

` A pattern may have a list of numbers in which a constant number is added to get the succeeding terms.
For other sequences, the terms are increasing because the number to be added is increasing in a predictable
way. There are number patterns whose terms are decreasing, because the number o be added is increasing in
an expected way.

Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs.

Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are mirror
images of each other.

Examples:
To generate the next term, the number to be added is Example
repeating 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, …..
growing/increasing 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 29, ….
shrinking 118, 98, 73, 43, 8, -32, ….

The Fibonacci Numbers are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ... (add the last two to get the next) It is called the
Fibonacci series after Leonardo Fibonacci.
The Fibonacci numbers are studied as part of number theory and have applications in the counting
of mathematical objects such as sets, permutations and sequences and to computer science.

The "shallow diagonals" of Pascal's

triangle sum to Fibonacci numbers.

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

The Fibonacci numbers are Nature’s numbering system. They appear everywhere in Nature, from the
leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern of the florets of a flower, pinecone, or the scales of a pineapple. The
Fibonacci numbers are therefore applicable to the growth of every living thing, including a single cell, a grain
of wheat, a hive of bees.

Abstraction (Critical Thinking)

Write the next three terms of the following sequences.

1. 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, ……. Answer: _____________________________
2. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, …….. Answer: _____________________________
3. 100, 78, 54, 28, 0, …. Answer: _____________________________
4. 30, 35, 35, 60, 80, ….. Answer: _____________________________
5. 151, 149, 145, 137, 121, …. Answer: _____________________________
6. 36, 43.5, 51, 58.5, 66, …. Answer: _____________________________
7. 100.1, 100, 99.8, 99.55, 99.1 Answer: _____________________________
1 11 23 37 53
8. , , , , , …. Answer: _____________________________
2 2 2 2 2
5 13 21 29 37
9. , , , , ,… Answer: _____________________________
8 8 8 8 8
10. √2, 12 + √2, 24 + √2, 36 + √2, 48 + √2 Answer: _____________________________

Application (Creativity)

Create a sequence satisfying the following: Prove that it satisfies he given condition.
1. The tenth term is 100.
______________________________________________________________________________

2. The first term is 12.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. The third term is ½.

______________________________________________________________________________

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

CHAPTER 2

Mathematics as a Language

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 Discuss language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics

 Explain the nature of mathematics as language
 Perform operation on mathematical expression correctly

Topics:
 Language of Mathematics
 Elementary Logic Connectives and Variables

The Language of Mathematics

Comprehending a message is better understood once a person understand how things are said and may
know why it is said, the use of language in mathematics is far from ordinary speech. It can be learned but needs
a lot of efforts like learning a new dialect or language. The following are characteristics of the language of
mathematics: precise, concise and powerful.

Activity
Discuss the characteristics of the language of mathematics and give an example to supplement your explanation.

1. The Language of Mathematics is Precise.

2. The Language of Mathematics is Concise.

3. The Language of Mathematics is Powerful.

Expressions versus Sentences

You earned in your English subject6 that expressions do not state a complete thought, but sentences do.
Mathematical sentences state a complete thought. On the other hand, mathematical expressions do not. You
cannot test if it is true or false.

Mathematical Expression Mathematical Sentence

26.14 -11 + 7 = 4
5+2 1 – 4 = -3
𝑥 + √2 1∙𝑥 = 𝑥

Analysis (Communication)

Classify each given equation as mathematical expression € ore a mathematical sentence (S).

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

1. a+9 __________________________
2. b+0=b __________________________
𝑡
3. __________________________
100
4. 3.1416 __________________________
5. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 __________________________

Convention in the Mathematical Language

The common symbol used for multiplication is x but it can be mistakenly taken as the variable x.
here are instances when the centered dot (∙) is a shorthand to be used for multiplication especially when the
variables are involved. If there will be no confusion, the symbol may be dropped.

8 ∙ 𝑦 = 8𝑦
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑡 ∙ 𝑠 ∙ 9 = 9𝑠𝑡

It is conventional to write the number first before the letters, if in case the letters are more than one,
you have arrange the letters alphabetically.
Sets are usually represented by uppercase letters like S. a lowercase letter near the middle of the
alphabet like x, y or z represents an element of the set of real numbers. A lowercase letter near the middle of
the alphabet particularly from i to n may represent an element of the set of integrs.

Set, Functions, Relations, and Binary Operations

Sets

As discussed previously, uppercase letters represent sets. A set is a collection of any object. It is an
mathematical expression in which a name is given to some collection of objects. Elements or members refer to
the objects in a set. Otherwise, infinite set. A set that has no members is called the empty set which denoted
using { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅.
List method is a way of describing the set in which the members are separated by commas and enclosed
in braces like set 𝑆 = {4,8,12}. The set has 3 elements which are 4, 8, and 12. Below are some symbols used
to represent the relationship of an element to a set.
Symbol Read as
∈ “is in”/ “is an element of”/ “is a member of”
∈ “is not in” / “is not an element of”/ “is not a member of”

To say that 4 is an element of set S, it is represented as 4 ∈ S. if the members of the set are infinite or
cannot be easily described using the list method, then the stet –builder notation is used.
Let us go back to our given set S. The sets {4}, {8}, {12}, {4, 8}, {4, 12}, {8,12}, {4, 8, 12} and { }
are called subsets of the given set S. A set is a subset of a given set of any one of the following three conditions
hold: it is the given set, it is the empty set, o each member of the set is also an element of the given set.

Functions and Relations

Yu learned in your General Mathematics class the difference between a function and a relation. A
relation is a set of ordered pairs. Element A function is a relation in which the element of the first set (domain)
correspond to only one element of the second set (range). A function may also be many to one correspondence.
{(𝑊, −2), (𝑂, −1), (𝑅, 𝑂), (𝐿, 1), (𝐷, 2) }

Letter Number
W -2
O -1
R 0
L 1
D 2
Binary Operations
A binary operation is for a single number and assigns another number to it. Addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division are examples of binary operations. The word “binary “means composition of two
pieces. A binary operation refers to joining two values to create a new one

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

Study the following properties of addition and multiplications, as binary operations, on the set of real
numbers.

I. Closure Property
Addition: The sum of any two real numbers is also a real number
Example: 12 + 34 = 46
Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also a real number
Example: 7 𝑥 20 = 140

II. Commutative Property

Addition: For any two real numbers x and y, x, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥
Example: 1.5 + 7.8 = 7.8 + 1.5
Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also real number
Example: 8 𝑥 5 = 5 𝑥 8

Applying commutative property of addition, we may write the equivalent expression of

8𝑚 + 7𝑛 as 8𝑚 + 7𝑛 = 7𝑛 + 8𝑚. What do you think is the equivalent expression of (12𝑎) ∙ (17𝑏)?

III. Associative Property

Addition: For any two real numbers x, y and z, 𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧
Example: 3 + (10 + 9) = (3 + 10) + 9
Multiplication: for any two real numbers x, y and z, 𝑥 ∙ (𝑦 ∙ 𝑧) = (𝑥 ∙ 𝑦) ∙ 𝑧
Example: 3 ∙ (9 ∙ 6) = (3 ∙ 9) ∙ 6

Using the associative property of multiplication, we may write the equivalent expression of
(42𝑐 3 ) ∙ (16𝑎2 𝑏 5 ) as (42𝑐 3 ) ∙ (16𝑎2 𝑏 5 ) = (16𝑎2 𝑏 5 ) ∙ (42𝑐 3 ).
IV. Identity Property
Addition: For any real number x, x + 0 = x. he number “0” is called the additive identity.
Example: 78 + 0 = 78
Multiplication: For any real number x, 𝑥 ∙ 1 = 𝑥. The number “1” is called the multiplicative
identity.
Example: 98 ∙ 1 = 98

Using the identity property, we may write an equivalent expression of an mathematical

expression by substituting an expression that is equal to the additive identity or multiplicative identity.
3𝑐 7
Example 1. Write an equivalent expression of by multiplying instead of 1.
5 7
3𝑐 3𝑐
= ∙1
5 5
3𝑐 7
= ∙
5 7
= _________

Example 2. Write an equivalent expression of 9𝑗 2 − 5 by adding (2𝑚 − 2𝑚) instead of 0.

9𝑗 2 − 5 = 9𝑗 2 − 5 + 0
= 9𝑗 2 − 5 + (2𝑚 − 2𝑚)
= _________
V. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition
For any two real numbers x, y and z, 𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧
Using Distributive property, write the equivalent expressions of the following:
1. 𝑎(−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧) = ________________________________
2. −5(7𝑙 + 8𝑚 + 9𝑛) = ________________________________
3. 𝑚(𝑣𝑖 − 𝑣𝑓 ) = ________________________________

VI. Inverses of Binary Operations

Addition: For any real number x, 𝑥 + (−𝑥) = 0
Example: 100 + (-100) = 0
1
Multiplication: For any real number x, 𝑥 ∙ = 1
𝑥
1
Example: 98 ∙ =1
98

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

Elementary Logic: Connectives and Variables

Logic is study of the methods and principles used to discriminate correct from incorrect reasoning. As
tertiary students, you must know how to reason out logically and test the validity of an argument about any
matter. You will learn about connectives a variables which essentials to modern logic and its symbolic language.

Connectives
A declarative sentence is a sentence whose main verb is indicative. A statement is a declarative sentence
that is either true or false but cannot be both. Below are examples of simple and compound statements.
Simple Statement Compound Statement
The highest mountain on the
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, and the
Philippines is Mt. Apo second highest mountain is Mt.
Pulag.
Cebu is the oldest City in the We will go to Camiguin island or we
Philippines. will go to Mactan island.

To create a compound statement, connectives like and, or, if …then, and if and only if are used. The symbols
p, q, r and s represent simple statements. Below are the symbols used for connectives.

Connective Symbols Type of Statement

and ^ Conjunction
or ˇ Disjunction
if….then → Conditional
if and only if ↔ Biconditional

The first example of compound statement which is “The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt.
Apo, and the second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag.” May written using the following symbols.

Statement Symbol
The highest mountain the Philippines is Mt. Apo. p
The second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag. q
The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, and the p^q
second highest mountain is Mt. Pulag.

Write the second example of compound statement which is “We will go to Camiguin island or we will
go to Mactan island.” Using symbols.

Statement Symbol

Group Activity

Names:

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

By group, write five examples of simple statements and five examples of compound statements about
the Philippines. These can be trivia or recent news.

Statement Symbol

Write the compound statements using correct symbols.

Statement Symbol

Chapter Assessment

Write the letter of your choice on the blank provided before each number.

_____ 1. It refers to a well-defined collection of objects.

a. Element c. Set
b. Member d. Inverse
_____ 2. A set whose elements are limited and the last element can be identified as _____ set.
a. a finite c. a universal
b. a unit d. an empty
_____ 3. What do you call a set with no elements?
a. Empty c. Unit
b. Finite d. Universal
For number 4 to 10, identify the property involved on each equation.

____________________ 4. 3 + 2 = 5
____________________ 5. √2(2) = 2√2
____________________ 6. 3 + (𝑥 + 𝑦) = (3 + 𝑦) + 𝑦
1 1
____________________ 7. + 0 =
2 2
____________________ 8. -5 + 5 = 0
____________________ 9. 0 + 58.7 = 58.7
3 5
____________________ 10. − ∙ − = 1
5 3

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

For number 11 to 25, write the correct symbols

Word/Phrase Symbol
11. and
12. for all
13. the set of real numbers
14. an element of the set of integers
15. a member of set of real numbers
16. or
17. if…then
18. for some
19. if and only if
20. the set of natural numbers
21. an element of set A = {… … , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1 , 2, 3, … }
22. a simple statement
23. for every
24. the set of irrational numbers
3 1
25. an element of set H= {−12.356, − , 1, , √144, 987.5}
4 2

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

CHAPTER 3

Problems, Reasons and Solutions I Mathematics

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about mathematics and
mathematical concepts
 Solve problems involving patterns and recreational problem following polya’s four steps

Topics:
 Inductive Reasoning
 Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning

Mathematical reasoning stems from understanding problems. It is how the problems are observed and
analysed. From this analysis, problems can be solved with relative ease.

Inductive Reasoning is the process of making general conclusions founded on details examples. The
conclusion formed is called conjecture. Conjecture is an idea based on incomplete information. This may be
true or false. In this case, counterexamples are very useful to prove the validity of conjectures. These are the
statements that are contradict the claims of conjectures.

The following are examples of inductive reasoning:

1. Consider the list of number below. Predict the next number.

a. 4, 8, 12, 16, ?
Solution: Add 4 to the proceeding number. The next number in the list is 20.

b. 1, 6, 16, 31, 51, ?

Solution: The first two numbers have a difference of 5. The second and third numbers have
difference of 10. Continuing this process, the difference of consecutive two numbers is a
multiple of 5. Therefore, the next number in the list is 76.

2. Ms. Jen is pretty. She is my math teacher. Therefore, all female math teachers are pretty.
3. EDSA is a major thoroughfare which has a speed limit of 60 kilometers per hour. Therefore, all
major thoroughfares have a speed limit of 60 kilometers per hour.

Application

A. Draw the next figure inside the box provided.

1.

2. .

3.

4.

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

B. Use inductive reasoning to determine the next three terms in the list of numbers below:
1. 50, 25, 0, -25, -50, ___, ___, ___
2. 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, ___, ___, ___
3. 2/3, 11/3, 20/3, 29/3, 38/3, ___, ___, ___
4. 50, 100, 200, 350, 550, ___, ___, ___
5. -14, 12, -2, 10, 8, ___, ___, ___

C. Support the conjecture inductively by showing three examples:

1. The product of an old integer and even integer is an odd integer.

2. Think of a number. Add it to 5, multiply 2 and then subtract 7. What is the result?

3. The product of an odd number and its consecutive number is an even number.

4. Positive numbers whose last digit is zero is divisible by 10.

5. Multiply 3 to the difference of a number and seven. Then add the product of the same number
and 5. Find the result.

Deductive Reasoning

Mathematical reasoning can sometimes lead observers to make impractical decisions. If the evidences
can be made to justify the event? Information that have already been verified are important to prove the validity
or reasoning. This is the reason conjectures can be transformed into generalized principles.

Deductive reasoning is a process of making specific an d truthful conclusions based ion general
principles.

The following are examples of deductive reasoning:

1. All members of the club can use the club’s pool. Deanna is a member of the club. Therefore, Deanna
can use the club’s pool.
2. All numbers are divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. Consider 339. The sum of 3, 3
and 9 is 15. Therefore 3399 is divisible by 3.

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 WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY - PHILIPPINES
Maria Aurora, 3202 Aurora

Solve the following completely.

1. 𝟑𝑥 + 8(𝑥 − 1) = 47

1
2. (𝑥 + 2) = 5(𝑥 + 2)
2

3. −2𝑥 − 1 ≤ −9

4. Fifty-four less than 4 times a number is equal to the number. What is the number?

5. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6
3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2

6. 5𝑥 = 10
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 14

7. 7𝑚 + 4(𝑚 + 3) = 5𝑚 + 6(2𝑚 − 1)

8. The sum of four consecutive number is 3962. Find the numbers.

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