SL.NO TIM OBJECTIV CONTENT TEACHING AV EVALUATIOI

E E AND AID N
LEARNING S
ACTIVITY

1 1min Introductio Teaching cum Blac Introduce the

INTRODUCTION

n of discussioin k topic on
A cataract is a dense, cloudy area that forms in the lens of the
cataract eye. A cataract begins when proteins in the eye form clumps boar cataract?
that prevent the lens from sending clear images to the retina.
d
The retina works by converting the light that comes through the
lens into signals. It sends the signals to the optic nerve, which
carries them to the brain.

It develops slowly and eventually interferes with your vision.

You might end up with cataracts in both eyes, but they usually
don’t form at the same time. Cataracts are common in older
people. Over half of people in the United States have cataracts
or have undergone cataract surgery by the time they’re 80 years
old, according to the National Eye Institute.
2 Teaching cum Define
DEFINITION

discussion cataract?
1.a medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes OHP
progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision.

Brunner

2. A clouding or loss of transparency of the lens in the eye as a

result of tissue breakdown and protein clumping

lippincott

3.A cataract is a cloudiness or opacity in the normally transpare
nt crystalline lens of the eye. 

Definition Who

of cataract INCEDENCE

As a common illness in older individuals, the fact that people

Blac
are living longer every decade means the prevalence of
cataracts is on the rise and they are more common today than
Teaching cum k
3 2min discussion boar
ever before. Estimates predict that, currently, cataracts affect

s around 22 million adults aged 40 or older and that by the year d

Enlist the 2020, this number will have approximately doubled.

etiological
ETIOLOGY What are the
factors of
1.blury vision etiological
cataract
factors of
Leaf
Blurry vision at any distance is the most common symptom of
cataract?
lets
cataracts. Your view may look foggy, filmy, or cloudy. Over time,

as the cataracts get worse, less light reaches the retina. People with

cataracts may have an especially hard time seeing and driving at

night.

2.glare

Another early symptom of cataracts is glare, or sensitivity to light.

You may have trouble seeing in bright sunlight. Indoor lights that
4 once didn’t bother you now may seem too bright or have halos. Teaching cum

Driving at night may become a problem because of the glare discussion

caused by street lights and oncoming headlights.

3.double vision

Sometimes, cataracts can cause double vision (also known as

diplopia) when you look with one eye. This is different than the

double vision that comes from the eyes not lining up properly,

which would give you double vision when looking out of both

eyes together. With cataracts, images can appear double even with

just one eye open.

4.colour change

Cataracts can affect your color vision, making some hues look
4 faded. Your vision may gradually take on a brownish or yellowish

tinge. At first, you may not notice this discoloration. But over
1min Teaching cum
time, it may make it harder to distinguish blues and purples.
discussion

5.second sight

Sometimes, a cataract may temporarily improve a person’s ability

to see close-up, because the cataract acts as a stronger lens. This

phenomenon is called second sight, because people who may have

once needed reading glasses find that they don’t need them

anymore. As the cataract worsens however, this goes away and

vision worsens again.

6.injury

Blunt or penetrating injury to the eye may result in a cataract,

5 either immediately after the injury or some weeks to years

afterward. A cataract following an injury may appear and then

1min Teaching cum
not increase in density (be stationary) or be progressive
discussion

7.. diabeties

It is associated with the development of cataracts. Inflammatory

disease of the eye, such as iritis or uveitis, may cause or

accelerate the development of cataract in the involved eye.

8.medications

There are many medications which, when taken over a long

period of time, can cause secondary cataracts. The most

Listout the Chat
common of these are oral corticosteroids, such as prednisone,
signs and r
What are the
which currently are used for a wide variety of medical
symptoms
clinical feature
6 of cataract conditions. of cataract?

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

 Clouded, blurred or dim vision

 Increasing difficulty with vision at night

 Sensitivity to light and glare

 Need for brighter light for reading and other activities

Enumerate  Seeing "halos" around lights

the types of  Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens

prescription List out the
cataract
 Fading or yellowing of colors types of
Flash
 Double vision in a single eye cataract?
cards
TYPES OF CATRACT

 Cataracts affecting the center of the lens (nuclear

cataracts). 

A nuclear cataract may at first cause more nearsightedness

or even a temporary improvement in your reading vision.
 But with time, the lens gradually turns more densely yellow
7 and further clouds your vision. Teaching cum

As the cataract slowly progresses, the lens may even turn discussion
2min
brown. Advanced yellowing or browning of the lens can
lead to difficulty distinguishing between shades of color.
s

 Cataracts that affect the edges of the lens (cortical

cataracts)

. A cortical cataract begins as whitish, wedge-shaped

opacities or streaks on the outer edge of the lens cortex. As
it slowly progresses, the streaks extend to the center and
interfere with light passing through the center of the lens.

 Cataracts that affect the back of the lens (posterior

subcapsular cataracts). 

A posterior subcapsular cataract starts as a small, opaque

area that usually forms near the back of the lens, right in the
path of light. A posterior subcapsular cataract often
interferes with your reading vision, reduces your vision in
Explain the bright light, and causes glare or halos around lights at night.
These types of cataracts tend to progress faster than other
diagnosis types do.
Blac What are the
of cataract  Cataracts born with (congenital cataracts). 
Teaching cum diagnostic
 Some people are born with cataracts or develop them during
8 childhood. These cataracts may be genetic, or associated discussion k findings of
with an intrauterine infection or trauma.
cataract?
Boar
detection.

d
2min DIAGNOSIS

s 1.Slit-lamp exam
Your ophthalmologist will examine your cornea, iris, lens and
the other areas at the front of the eye. The special slit-lamp
microscope makes it easier to spot abnormalities.

2.Retinal exam
When your eye is dilated, the pupils are wide open so the doctor
can more clearly see the back of the eye. Using the slit lamp, an
ophthalmoscope or both, the doctor looks for signs of cataract.
Your ophthalmologist will also look for glaucoma, and examine
Explain the the retina and optic nerve.

treatment 3.Refraction and visual acuity test What are the

This test assesses the sharpness and clarity of your vision. Each
modalities eye is tested individually for the ability to see letters of varying treatment
sizes.
of cataract modalities in
4.Visual acuity test. A visual acuity test uses an eye chart
Blac
to.measure how well you can read a series of letters. Your cataract?
eyes are tested one at a time, while the other eye is covered. k
Using a chart or a viewing device with progressively smaller
9 Explain the letters, your eye doctor determines if you have 20/20 vision or Teaching cum boar
if your vision shows signs of impairment.
surgical discussion d
TREATMENT Explain the
manageme 1. Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic (Ciloxan)
surgical
nt of
a. Put 1 or 2 drops in the affected eye every 2 management of
hours, while awake, for 2 days. Then, put 1 or 2
1min cataract
drops in the affected eye every 4 hours, while cataract?
awake, for the next 5 days.
Blac

2. Moxifloxacin ophthalmic (Moxeza, Vigamox 1.0mg k

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT boar

 Anaesthetic – The eye is numbed with either a subtenon d

injection around the eye (see: retrobulbar block) or topical
anesthetic eye drops. The former also provides paralysis of
the eye muscles.
 Corneal incision – Two cuts are made at the margin of
the clear cornea to allow insertion of instruments into the
eye.
 Capsulorhexis – A needle or small pair of forceps is
used to create a circular hole in the capsule in which the
lens sits.
 Phacoemulsification – A handheld ultrasonic probe is
used to break up and emulsify the lens into liquid using the
 energy of ultrasound waves. The resulting 'emulsion' is
sucked away.
 Irrigation and aspiration – The cortex, which is the soft
outer layer of the cataract, is aspirated or sucked away.
Fluid removed is continually replaced with a saline solution
to prevent collapse of the structure of the anterior chamber
(the front part of the eye).
 Lens insertion – A plastic, foldable lens is inserted into
the capsular bag that formerly contained the natural lens.
Some surgeons also inject an antibiotic into the eye to
reduce the risk of infection. The final step is to inject salt
water into the corneal wounds to cause the area to swell and
seal the incision.
 MICRO-TEACHING
ON
CATARACT

SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the class students will be able to gain in depth knowledge regarding the topic “cataract”

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the topic students will be able to:-
 Introduce the topic on cataract
 Define cataract
 Enlist the etiological factors of cataract
 Enumerate the signs and symptoms of cataract
 List out the types of cataract
 Explain the diagnostic features of cataract
 Describe the medical management of cataract
 Explain the surgical management of cataract
SUMMERY:

Today I’ve discussed trhe micro teaching topic on”cataract”and have explained regarding introduction, definition, incidence, etiology, signs and
symptoms, types, doiagnosis, management of cataract.

CONCLUSION:

At the end of the micro teaching the students will be able to gain in depth knowledge regarding the micro teaching topic cataract.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. LIPPINCOTT ”TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING “ WESTLINE PUBLICATIONS 2 ND EDITION, PAGE NO:954-999

2. BRUNNER AND SIDDARTH ”TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING”WESTLINE PUBLICATIONS, 1 ST EDITION, PAGE
NO:544-567