INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
FOR IT & NON-IT PROFESSIONALS
WHAT IS LOGIC?

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WHAT IS LOGIC?
• Logic is one of the basic disciplines of CS.
• Logic is primarily concerned with(thinking)reasoning about the truth of
statements.
• It is sunny. It is raining.
• Sun rises from the east
• Canary is a bird, Parrot is a bird

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 WHAT IS LOGIC?
• Consider the following three statements
1. All horses have four legs
2. Secretariat is a horse
3. Therefore, Secretariat has four legs.
Premises (S.N. 1,2)
Conclusion (S.N.3)

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WHAT IS LOGIC?

• Conclusion is said to be a Valid Deduction

• A sentence can be assigned a truth value of true (T) of false (F)
• Define the semantics or meaning of sentences
• Semantics defines the truth of each sentence
WHAT IS LOGIC?

• Rational Agents in AI
An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational Agent and its
environment
• Logic and Agent behavior
WHAT IS LOGIC?
Types of Logic
1. Deductive logic
2. Inductive logic
WHAT IS LOGIC?
Deductive Logic: to arrive at a fact by reasoning
• All members of my family eat yogurt (general)
• Ahmed is a member of my family (specific)
• Conclusion: Ahmed eats yogurt
Inductive Logic (generalization)
• Opposite to deduction. To generalize based on limited knowledge
• Homework is very easy. Homework is very hard
WHAT IS LOGIC?
Logic Representation Techniques
• Algebra is a type of formal logic that deals with numbers, e.g. 2+4 = 6
Two basic logic representation techniques:
• Propositional Logic
• Predicate Calculus/First order logic