Top 100 Power Electronics Questions & Answers - Instrumentation Tools

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<a href="https://instrumentationtools.com/category/electrical-q-a/amp"
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<h1 class="amp-wp-title">Top 100 Power Electronics
Questions & Answers</h1>
<div class="penci-amp-entry-meta">
<span class="entry-meta-item penci-amp-byline"><i
class="fa fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard author_name post-author"><a
class="url fn n" href="https://instrumentationtools.com/author/admin/amp">S
Bharadwaj Reddy</a></span></span><span class="entry-meta-item penci-posted-on"><i
class="fa fa-clock-o"></i><a href="https://instrumentationtools.com/top-100-power-
electronics-questions-answers/amp" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date post-date
published" datetime="2016-08-23T08:13:47+05:30">Aug 23, 2016</time><time
class="updated" datetime="2018-01-30T11:40:04+05:30">January 30,
2018</time></a></span><span class="entry-meta-item penci-comment-count"><a
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answers/amp#respond"><i class="fa fa-comment-o"></i>0</a></span>
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<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><span class="amp-wp-

inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Why IGBT is very popular nowadays?
</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Lower hate
requirements</li>
<li>Lower switching losses</li>
<li>Smaller snubber circuit requirements</li>
</ol><p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><span class="amp-wp-
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What are the different methods to
turn on the thyristor?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Forward voltage
triggering</li>
<li>Gate triggering</li>
<li>dv/dt triggering</li>
<li>Temperature triggering</li>
<li>Light triggering</li>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is the difference between
power diode and signal diode?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><amp-img
class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-element
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879px) 879px, 100vw" i-amphtml-layout="responsive" style="width: 100vw;" i-amphtml-
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slot="i-amphtml-svc" style="padding-top: 29.6928%;"></i-amphtml-sizer><img
decoding="async" alt="difference-between-power-diode-and-signal-diode"
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content i-amphtml-replaced-content"></amp-img></p><div class="quads-location quads-ad2 amp-wp-inline-
69d137cc98ad8fa813fe090205f8ddd4" id="quads-ad2">
</div>

inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>IGBT is a voltage controlled
device. Why?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Because the controlling
parameter is gate-emitter voltage</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Power MOSFET is a voltage
controlled device. Why?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Because the output
(drain) current can be controlled by gate source voltage</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Power BJT is a current
controlled device. Why?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Because the output
(collector) current can be controlled by base current.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is the relation between α and
β?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><amp-img
class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-element
i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-amphtml-built i-
amphtml-layout"
ls.com_what-is-the-relation-between--and-.png" alt="relation between α and β"
width="312" height="77" sizes="(min-width: 312px) 312px, 100vw" i-amphtml-
layout="responsive" style="width: 312px;" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited=""><i-
amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" style="padding-top: 24.6795%;"></i-amphtml-
sizer><img decoding="async" alt="relation between α and β"
ls.com_what-is-the-relation-between--and-.png" class="i-amphtml-fill-content i-
amphtml-replaced-content"></amp-img></p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What are the different types of
power MOSFET?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>N-channel
MOSFET</li>
<li>P-channel MOSFET</li>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>How can a thyristor turned
off?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">A thyristor can be turned
off by making the current flowing through it to zero.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Define latching
current.</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The latching current is
defined as the minimum value of anode current which it must attain during turn on
process to maintain conduction when gate signal is removed.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Define holding
current.</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The holding current is
defined as the minimum value of anode current below which it must fall to for
turning off the thyristor.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is a snubber
circuit?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It consists of a series
combination of a resistor and a capacitor in parallel with the thyristors. It is
mainly used for dv / dt protection.</p>
<h5 class="amp-wp-inline-2f0158eb062d1ac553a7edcb8a744628"><strong>Take Power
Electronic Tests : </strong><a href="https://instrumentationtools.com/power-
electronics-objective-questions/amp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Top
1000 Power Electronics Online Tests</strong></a></h5>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What losses
occur in a thyristor during working conditions?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Forward conduction
losses</li>
<li>Loss due to leakage current during forward and reverse blocking.</li>
<li>Switching losses at turn-on and turn-off.</li>
<li>Gate triggering loss.</li>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Define hard-driving or over-
driving.</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">When gate current is
several times higher than the minimum gate current required, a thyristor is said to
be hard-fired or over-driven. Hard-firing of a thyristor reduces its turn-on time
and enhances its di/dt capability.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Define
circuit turn off time.</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It is defined as the time
during which a reverse voltage is applied across the thyristor during its
commutation process.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Why circuit
turn off time should be greater than the thyristor turn-off
time?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Circuit turn off time
should be greater than the thyristor turn-off time for reliable turn-off, otherwise
the device may turn-on at an undesired instant, a process called commutation
failure.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is the
turn-off time for converter grade SCRs and inverter grade SCRs?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Turn-off time for
converter grade SCRs is 50 – 100 ms turn-off time for converter grade SCRs and
inverter grade SCRs and for inverter grade SCRs is 3 – 50 ms.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What are
the advantages of GTO over SCR?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Elimination of
commutation of commutating components in forced commutation, resulting in reduction
in cost, weight and volume.</li>
<li>Reduction in acoustic noise and electromagnetic noise due to elimination of
commutation chokes.</li>
<li>Faster turn-off, permitting high switching frequencies.</li>
<li>Improved efficiency of the converters.</li>
</ol><p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What
is meant by phase controlled rectifier?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It converts fixed ac
voltage into variable dc voltage.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Mention
some of the applications of controlled rectifier.</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Steel rolling mills,
printing press, textile mills and paper mills employing dc motor drives.</li>
<li>DC traction</li>
<li>Electro chemical and electro-metallurgical process</li>
<li>Portable hand tool drives</li>
<li>Magnet power supplies</li>
<li>HVDC transmission system</li>
is the function of freewheeling diodes in controlled rectifier? It serves two
process.</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>It prevents the
output voltage from becoming negative.</li>
<li>The load current is transferred from the main thyristors to the freewheeling
diode, thereby allowing all of its thyristors to regain their blocking states.</li>
are the advantages of freewheeling diodes in a controlled in a controlled
rectifier?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Input power factor is improved.</li>
<li>Load current waveform is improved and thus the load performance is better.</li>
is meant by delay angle?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The delay angle is
defined as the angle between the zero crossing of the input voltage and the instant
the thyristor is fired.</p>
the advantages of single phase bridge converter over single phase mid-point
converter?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>SCRs are subjected
to a peak-inverse voltage of 2Vm in a fully controlled bridge rectifier. Hence for
same voltage and currnt ratings of SCrs, power handled by mid-point configuration
is about</li>
<li>In mid-point converter, each secondary winding should be able to supply the
load power. As such, the transformer rating in mid-point converter is double the
load rating.</li>
is commutation angle or overlap angle?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The commutation period
when outgoing and incoming thyristors are conducting is known as overlap period.
The angular period, when both devices share conduction is known as the commutation
angle or overlap angle.</p>
the different methods of firing circuits for line commutated
converter?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>UJT firing circuit.</li>
<li>The cosine wave crossing pulse timing control.</li>
<li>Digital firing schemes.</li>
</ol><p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Give
an expression for average voltage of single phase
semiconverters.</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Average output voltage
V<sub>dc</sub> = (V<sub>m</sub> / π) (1 + cos α ).</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is
meant by input power factor in controlled rectifier?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The input power factor is
defined as the ratio of the total mean input power to the total RMS input volt-
amperes.</p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">PF = ( V<sub>1</sub>
I<sub>1</sub> cos φ<sub>1</sub> ) / ( V<sub>rms</sub> I<sub>rms</sub>) where
V<sub>1</sub> = phase voltage, I<sub>1</sub> = fundamental component of the supply
current, φ<sub>1</sub> = input displacement angle, I<sub>rms</sub> = supply rms
current.</p>
the advantages of six pulse converter?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Commutation is made simple.</li>
<li>Distortion on the ac side is reduced due to the reduction in lower order
harmonics.</li>
<li>Inductance reduced in series is considerably reduced.</li>
is meant by commutation?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It is the process of
changing the direction of current flow in a particular path of the circuit. This
process is used in thyristors for turning it off.</p>
<p><strong><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44">What are
the types of commutation?</span></strong></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Natural
commutation</li>
<li>Forced commutation</li>
is meant by natural commutation?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Here the current flowing
through the thyristor goes through a natural zero and enable the thyristor to turn
off.</p>
meant by forced commutation?</strong> </span></p>
<p>In this commutation, the current flowing through the thyristor is forced to
become zero by external circuitry.</p>
meant by dc chopper?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">A dc chopper is a high
speed static switch used to obtain variable dc voltage from a constant dc
voltage.</p>
the applications of dc chopper?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Battery operated vehicles</li>
<li>Traction motor control in electric traction</li>
<li>Trolly cars</li>
<li>Marine hoists</li>
<li>Mine haulers</li>
<li>Electric braking.</li>
are the applications of dc chopper?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><strong>Chopper
provides</strong></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>High efficiency</li>
<li>Smooth acceleration</li>
<li>Fast dynamic response</li>
<li>Regeneration</li>
is meant by step-up and step-down chopper?</strong></span></p>
<p>In a step- down chopper or Buck converter, the average output voltage is less
than the input voltage. In a step- up chopper or Boost converter, the average
output voltage is more than the input voltage.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Write down
the expression for average output voltage for step down
chopper.</strong></span></p>
<p>Average output voltage for step down chopper V<sub>0</sub> = α V<sub>s</sub>, α
is the duty cycle</p>
the expression for average output voltage for step up chopper</strong></span></p>
<p>Average output voltage for step down chopper V<sub>0</sub> = V<sub>s/(1-
α</sub>) here α is the duty cycle</p>
meant by duty-cycle?</strong></span></p>
<p>Duty cycle is defined as the ratio of the on time of the chopper to the total
time period of the chopper. It is denoted by α.</p>
the two types of control strategies?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Time Ratio Control
(TRC)</li>
<li>Current Limit Control method (CLC)</li>
is meant by TRC?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In TRC, the value of
T<sub>on</sub> / T is varied in order to change the average output voltage.</p>
the two types of TRC?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Constant frequency control</li>
<li>Variable frequency control</li>
is meant by FM control in a dc chopper?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In frequency modulation
control, the chopping frequency f (or the chopping period T) is varied. Here two
controls are possible.</p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>On-time
T<sub>on</sub> is kept constant</li>
<li>Off period T<sub>off</sub> is kept constant.</li>
is meant by PWM control in dc chopper?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In this control method,
the on time Ton is varied but chopping frequency is kept constant. The width of the
pulse is varied and hence this type of control is known as Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM).</p>
the expression for the average output voltage for step down and step up
chopper.</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Average output voltage
for step down chopper is V<sub>O</sub> = α V<sub>S</sub>. Average output voltage
for step up chopper is
V<sub>O</sub> = α V<sub>S</sub> x [1/ ( 1- α )].</p>
the different types of chopper with respect to commutation
process?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Voltage commutated chopper.</li>
<li>Current commutated chopper.</li>
<li>Load commutated chopper.</li>
is meant by voltage commutation?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In this process, a
charged capacitor momentarily reverse biases the conducting thyristor and turn it
off.</p>
meant by current commutation?</strong></span></p>

<div class="quads-location quads-ad1 amp-wp-inline-
aa35d97c95ddc11dfd461ce718fe18da" id="quads-ad1">
</div>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In this process, a

current pulse is made to flow in the reverse direction through the conducting
thyristor and when the net thyristor current becomes zero, it is turned off.</p>
meant by load commutation?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In this process, the load
current flowing through the thyristor either becomes zero or is transferred to
another device from the conducting thyristor.</p>
the advantages of current commutated chopper?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>The capacitor always remains charged with the correct polarity.</li>
<li>Commutation is reliable as load current is less than the peak commutation
current I<sub>CP</sub>.</li>
<li>The auxiliary thyristor T<sub>A</sub> is naturally commutated as its current
passes through zero value.</li>
are the advantages of load commutated chopper?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Commutating inductor is not required.</li>
<li>It is capable of commutating any amount of load current.</li>
<li>It can work at high frequencies in the order of kHz.</li>
<li>Filtering requirements are minimal.</li>
are the disadvantages of load commutated chopper?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>For high power
applications, efficiency becomes very low because of high switching losses at high
operating frequencies.</li>
<li>Freewheeling diode is subjected to twice the supply voltage.</li>
<li>Peak load voltage is equal to twice the supply voltage.</li>
<li>The commutating capacitor has to carry full load current at a frequency of half
chopping frequency.</li>
<li>One thyristor pair should be turned-on only when the other pair is commutated.
This can be realized by sensing the capacitor current that is alternating.</li>
is meant by inverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">A device that converts dc
power into ac power at desired output voltage and frequency is called an
inverter.</p>
the applications of an inverter?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Adjustable speed drives</li>
<li>Induction heating</li>
<li>Stand-by aircraft power supplies</li>
<li>UPS</li>
<li>HVDC transmission</li>
are the main classification of inverter?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Voltage Source Inverter</li>
<li>Current Source Inverter</li>
</ol><p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Why
thyristors are not preferred for inverters?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Thyristors require extra
commutation circuits for turn off which results in uncreased complexity of the
circuit. For these reasons thyristors are not preferred for inverters.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>How output
frequency is varied in case of a thyristor?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The output frequency is
varied by varying the turn off time of the thyristors in the inverter circuit, i.e.
the delay angle of the thyristors is varied.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>Give two
advantages of CSI.</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>CSI does not require any feedback diodes.</li>
<li>Commutation circuit is simple as it involves only thyristors.</li>
is the main drawback of a single phase half bridge inverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It require a 3-wire dc
supply.</p>
<p><strong><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44">Why diodes
should be connected in antiparallel with thethyristors in inverter circuits?
</span></strong></p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-67be225e6a65c56b5bf5028142235c8c">For RL loads, load
current will not be in phase with load voltage and the diodes </span>connected
in antiparallel will allow the current to flow when the main thyristors are turned
off. These diodes are called feedback diodes.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What types
of inverters require feedback diodes? </strong></span></p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-67be225e6a65c56b5bf5028142235c8c">VSI with RL
load.</span></p>
meant a series inverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">An inverter in which the
commutating elements are connected in series with the load is called a series
inverter.</p>
condition to be satisfied in the selection of L and C in a series inverter?
</strong></span></p>
<p>R<sup>2</sup> < 4LC</p>
meant a parallel inverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">An inverter in which the
commutating elements are connected in parallel with the load is called a parallel
inverter.</p>
the applications of a series inverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The thyristorised series
inverter produces an approximately sinusoidal waveform at a high output frequency,
ranging from 200 Hz to 100kHz. It is commonly used for fixed output applications
such as</p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Ultrasonic
generator.</li>
<li>Induction heating.</li>
<li>Sonar Transmitter</li>
<li>Fluorescent lighting.</li>
</ol><p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>How is
the inverter circuit classified based on commutation circuitry?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Line commutated inverters.</li>
<li>Load commutated inverters.</li>
<li>Self commutated inverters.</li>
<li>Forced commutated inverters.</li>
is meant by McMurray inverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It is an impulse
commutated inverter which relies on LC circuit and an auxiliary thyristor for
commutation in the load circuit.</p>
the applications of a CSI?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Induction heating</li>
<li>Lagging VAR compensation</li>
<li>Speed control of ac motors</li>
<li>Synchronous motor starting.</li>
is meant by PWM control?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In this method, a fixed
dc input voltage is given to the inverter and a controlled ac output voltage is
obtained by adjusting the on and off periods of the inverter components. This is
the most popular method of controlling the output voltage and this method is termed
as PWM control.</p>
the advantages of PWM control?</span></strong></p>
<ol><li>The output voltage can be obtained without any additional components.</li>
<li>Lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with its output
voltage control. As the higher order harmonics can be filtered easily, the
filtering requirements are minimized.</li>
are the disadvantages of the harmonics present in the inverter
system?</strong></span></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Harmonic currents
will lead to excessive heating in the induction motors. This will reduce the load
carrying capacity of the motor.</li>
<li>If the control and the regulating circuits are not properly shielded, harmonics
from power ride can affect their operation and malfunctioning can result.</li>
<li>Harmonic currents cause losses in the ac system and can even some time produce
resonance in the system. Under resonant conditions, the instrumentation and
metering can be affected.</li>
<li>On critical loads, torque pulsation produced by the harmonic current can be
useful.</li>
are the methods of reduction of harmonic content?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Transformer connections</li>
<li>Sinusoidal PWM</li>
<li>Multiple commutation in each cycle</li>
<li>Stepped wave inverters</li>
</ol><p><strong><span class="amp-wp-inline-
f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44">Compare CSI and VSI.</span></strong></p>
<p><amp-img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-10898 amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-
amphtml-element i-amphtml-layout-responsive i-amphtml-layout-size-defined i-
amphtml-built"
ls.com_compare-csi-and-vsi.png" alt="Compare CSI and VSI" width="807" height="412"
sizes="(min-width: 807px) 807px, 100vw" i-amphtml-layout="responsive" style="width:
100vw;" i-amphtml-auto-lightbox-visited=""><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc"
style="padding-top: 51.0533%;"></i-amphtml-sizer></amp-img></p>
the disadvantages of PWM control?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">SCRs are expensive as
they must possess low turn-on and turn-off times.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What does ac voltage controller
mean?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It is device which
converts fixed alternating voltage into a variable voltage without change in
frequency.</p>
the applications of ac voltage controllers?</span></strong></p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>Domestic and
industrial heating</li>
<li>Lighting control</li>
<li>Speed control of single phase and three phase ac motors</li>
<li>Transformer tap changing</li>
are the advantages of ac voltage controllers?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>High efficiency</li>
<li>Flexibility in control</li>
<li>Less maintenance</li>
are the disadvantages of ac voltage controllers?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The main draw back is the
introduction of harmonics in the supply current and the load voltage waveforms
particularly at low output voltages.</p>
the two methods of control in ac voltage controllers?</span></strong></p>
<ol><li>ON-OFF control</li>
<li>Phase control</li>
is the difference between ON-OFF control and phase control?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">ON-OFF control: In this
method, the thyristors are employed as switches to connect the load circuit to the
source for a few cycles of the load voltage and disconnect it for another few
cycles. Phase control: In this method, thyristor switches connect the load to the
ac source for a portion of each half cycle of input voltage.</p>
advantage of ON-OFF control?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Due to zero-voltage and
zero current switching of thyristors, the harmonics generated by the switching
action are reduced.</p>
disadvantage of ON-OFF control?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">This type of control is
applicable in systems that have high mechanical inertia and high thermal time
constant.</p>
duty cycle in ON-OFF control method?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Duty cycle K = n/ (n +
m), where n = no. of ON cycles, m = no. of OFF cycles. 85. What is meant by
unidirectional or half-wave ac voltage controller?</p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Here the power flow is
controlled only during the positive half-cycle of the input voltage.</p>
the disadvantages of unidirectional or half-wave ac voltage
controller?</strong></span></p>
<p>Due to the presence of diode on the circuit, the control range is limited and
the effective RMS output voltage can be varied between 70.7% and 100%.</p>
<ol class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d"><li>The input current
and output voltage are asymmetrical and contain a dc component.If there is an input
transformer, sdaturation problem will occur</li>
<li>It is only used for low power resistive load.</li>
is meant by bidirectional or half-wave ac voltage controller?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Here the power flow is
controlled during both cycles of the input voltage. 88. What is the control range
of firing angle inac voltage controller with RL load?</p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The control range is Φ
< α <180°, where Φ = load power factor angle.</p>
<p><span class="amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What type
of gating signal is used in single phase ac voltage controller with RL
load?</strong> </span></p>
<p>High frequency carrier gating signal is used for single phase ac voltage
controller with RL load.</p>
the disadvantages of continuous gating signal?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>More heating of the SCR gate.</li>
<li>Increases the size of pulse transformer.</li>
is meant by high frequency carrier gating?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">Thyristor is turned on by
using a train of pulses from α to π. This type of signal is called as high
frequency carrier gating.</p>
meant by sequence control of ac voltage regulators?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It means that the stages
of voltage controllers in parallel triggered in a proper sequence one after the
other so as to obtain a variable output with low harmonic content.</p>
the advantages of sequence control of ac voltage regulators?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>System power factor is improved.</li>
<li>Harmonics are reduced in the source current and the load voltage.</li>
is meant by cyclo-converter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">It converts input power
at one frequency to output power at another frequency with one-stage conversion.
Cycloconverter is also known as frequency changer.</p>
the two types of cyclo-converters?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Step-up cyclo-converters</li>
<li>Step-down cyclo-converters</li>
is meant by step-up cyclo-converters?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In these converters, the
output frequency is less than the supply frequency.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is meant by step-down cyclo-
converters?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">In these converters, the
output frequency is more than the supply frequency.</p>
the applications of cyclo-converter?</strong></span></p>
<ol><li>Induction heating</li>
<li>Speed control of high power ac drives</li>
<li>Static VAR generation</li>
<li>Power supply in aircraft or ship boards</li>
is meant by positive converter group in a cycloconverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The part of the
cycloconverter circuit that permits the flow of current during positive half cycle
of output current is called positive converter group.</p>
inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44"><strong>What is meant by negative
converter group in a cycloconverter?</strong></span></p>
<p class="amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d">The part of the
cycloconverter circuit that permits the flow of current during negative half cycle
of output current is called negative converter group.</p>
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amp-analytics, amp-auto-ads, amp-story-auto-ads { visibility: hidden; position:

fixed !important; top: 0px !important; width: 1px !important; height: 1px !
important; overflow: hidden !important; }
html.i-amphtml-fie > amp-analytics { position: initial !important; }
[visible-when-invalid]:not(.visible), form [submit-error], form [submit-success],

form [submitting] { display: none; }
amp-accordion { display: block !important; }
amp-accordion > section { float: none !important; }
amp-accordion > section > * { float: none !important; display: block !important;
overflow: hidden !important; position: relative !important; }
amp-accordion, amp-accordion > section { margin: 0px; }
amp-accordion:not(.i-amphtml-built) > section > :last-child { display: none !

important; }
amp-accordion:not(.i-amphtml-built) > section[expanded] > :last-child { display:

block !important; }
Content-Location: cid:css-74c5ea3e-e5dc-4675-a6d3-b0c737e621d2@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
.i-amphtml-lbg-caption-scroll { z-index: 1; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position:

absolute !important; left: 0px !important; right: 0px !important; bottom: 0px !
important; padding-top: 40px !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; text-
shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 1px 0px 5px !important; overflow: hidden !important;
max-height: calc(80px + 3rem) !important; transition: max-height 0.3s ease-out 0s !
important; pointer-events: none !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-caption-text { padding: 20px !important; pointer-events: all !

important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-caption-text:empty { display: none !important; }
[i-amphtml-lbg-caption-state="clip"] { -webkit-mask-image: linear-gradient(0deg,

transparent 0rem, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 1rem, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55) 2rem, rgb(0, 0, 0)
3rem); }
[i-amphtml-lbg-caption-state="expand"] { -webkit-mask-image: linear-

gradient(transparent, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 20px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55) 40px, rgb(0, 0,
0) 60px); overflow-y: auto !important; max-height: 100% !important; transition:
max-height 0.7s ease-out 0s !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-caption-mask { min-height: 1rem; width: 100% !important; position:
fixed !important; bottom: 0px !important; pointer-events: all !important; }
[i-amphtml-lbg-caption-state="clip"] + .i-amphtml-lbg-caption-mask { z-index: 1 !

important; background: transparent !important; transition: background-color 0.5s
ease-out 0s !important; }
[i-amphtml-lbg-caption-state="expand"] + .i-amphtml-lbg-caption-mask { background-

color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) !important; top: 0px !important; z-index: 0 !important;
transition: background-color 0.4s ease-in 0s !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-caption { display: none; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-top-bar { background: linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3),

transparent); position: absolute !important; left: 0px !important; right: 0px !
important; top: 0px !important; height: 56px !important; z-index: 1 !important; }
@media (min-width: 1024px) {

.i-amphtml-lbg-top-bar { height: 80px !important; }
}
.i-amphtml-lbg-button { width: 24px; height: 24px; padding: 16px; box-sizing:

content-box; position: absolute !important; cursor: pointer !important; }

.i-amphtml-lbg-button { width: 40px; height: 40px; padding: 20px; }
}
.i-amphtml-lbg-button::after { content: "" !important; width: 100% !important;

height: 100% !important; display: block !important; background-repeat: no-repeat !
important; background-position: 50% center !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="close"] { top: 0px !important; right: 0px !

important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="close"]::after { background-image:
url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 24 24'
xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M6.4 6.4l11.2 11.2zm11.2 0L6.4
17.6z' stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='2' stroke-linejoin='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="gallery"] { top: 0px !important; left: 0px !

important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="gallery"]::after { background-image:
xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Crect x='3' y='3'
width='6' height='8' rx='1' ry='1'/%3E%3Crect x='15' y='13' width='6' height='8'
rx='1' ry='1'/%3E%3Crect x='11' y='3' width='10' height='8' rx='1' ry='1'/%3E
%3Crect x='3' y='13' width='10' height='8' rx='1' ry='1'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="slides"] { display: none; top: 0px !important;

left: 0px !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="slides"]::after { background-image:
xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Crect x='4' y='4' width='16' height='16'
rx='1' stroke-width='2' stroke='%23fff' fill='none'/%3E%3Ccircle fill='%23fff'
cx='15.5' cy='8.5' r='1.5'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fff' d='M5 19v-6l3-3 5 5 3-3 3
3v4z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="next"], .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-
action="prev"] { width: 40px; height: 40px; padding: 20px; top: 0px !important;
bottom: 0px !important; margin: auto !important; filter: drop-shadow(black 0px 0px
1px) !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="next"] { right: 0px !important; left: auto !

important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="next"]::after { background-image:
xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 7.4l4.6 4.6-4.6 4.6'
fill='none' stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='2' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-
linecap='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="prev"] { right: auto !important; left: 0px !

important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="prev"]::after { background-image:
xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14 7.4L9.4 12l4.6 4.6' fill='none'
stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='2' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-linecap='round'/%3E
%3C/svg%3E"); }
[i-amphtml-lbg-single-item] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="gallery"], [i-

amphtml-lbg-single-item] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="next"], [i-amphtml-lbg-
single-item] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="prev"] { visibility: hidden !
important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="gallery"], .i-

amphtml-lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="next"], .i-amphtml-
lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="prev"] { display: none !
important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-button[data-action="slides"] { display:

block !important; }
[i-amphtml-lbg-fade] { animation-fill-mode: forwards; animation-duration: 400ms; }
[i-amphtml-lbg-fade="in"] { animation-name: fadeIn; }
[i-amphtml-lbg-fade="out"] { animation-name: fadeOut; }
amp-lightbox-gallery[i-amphtml-lbg-fade] { position: relative; z-index: 2147483642;

animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.8, 0, 0.2, 1); }
amp-lightbox-gallery .amp-carousel-button { display: none; }
amp-lightbox-gallery amp-carousel { background: transparent !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg { z-index: 2147483642; position: fixed !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg, .i-amphtml-lbg-gallery, .i-amphtml-lbg-mask { inset: 0px !

important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-gallery, .i-amphtml-lbg-mask { background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !

important; position: absolute !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-gallery { display: none; top: 56px !important; overflow: auto !

important; }

.i-amphtml-lbg-gallery { top: 80px !important; }
}
.i-amphtml-lbg-overlay:not([i-amphtml-lbg-fade]) { opacity: 0; visibility:

hidden; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-overlay[i-amphtml-lbg-fade="in"] { animation-timing-function: ease-

in; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-overlay[i-amphtml-lbg-fade="out"] { animation-timing-function:
linear; }
.i-amphtml-lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-gallery { grid-template-columns:

repeat(3, 1fr); padding: 5px; display: grid !important; justify-content: center !
important; gap: 5px !important; grid-auto-rows: min-content !important; }

.i-amphtml-lbg[gallery-view] .i-amphtml-lbg-gallery { grid-template-columns:
repeat(4, 249.75px); }
}
.i-amphtml-lbg-gallery-thumbnail { position: relative !important; padding-top: 100%

!important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-gallery-thumbnail-img { width: 100% !important; height: 100% !

important; position: absolute !important; top: 0px !important; object-fit: cover !
important; cursor: pointer !important; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-thumbnail-timestamp-container { background-color: rgb(41, 45, 51);

color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position: absolute; bottom: 10px; left: 10px; height:
20px; border-radius: 2px; opacity: 0.8; width: 20px; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-thumbnail-timestamp-container.i-amphtml-lbg-has-timestamp { font-
size: 12px; padding: 0px 5px 0px 18px; line-height: 1.3rem; width: auto; }
.i-amphtml-lbg-thumbnail-play-icon { background-image:
url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'
viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M8 5v14l11-7z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M0
0h24v24H0z' fill='none'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); height: 16px; width: 16px; position:
absolute; left: 2px; bottom: 2px; }
amp-lightbox-gallery .i-amphtml-slide-item > * { height: auto; }
@keyframes fadeIn {
0% { opacity: 0; }
100% { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; }
}
@keyframes fadeOut {
0% { opacity: 1; }
100% { opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; }
}
Content-Location: cid:css-a1502ca2-89f1-48f4-9d86-20b711c62979@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
.i-amphtml-loader-background { position: absolute; inset: 0px; background-color:

rgb(248, 248, 248); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader { display: inline-block; position: absolute; top: 50%; left:

50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 0px; height: 0px; color: rgb(170,
170, 170); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-size-default, .i-amphtml-new-loader-size-small { width: 72px;

height: 72px; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-logo { transform-origin: center center; opacity: 0;

animation-duration: 0.8s; animation-timing-function: ease-in; animation-iteration-
count: 1; animation-direction: normal; animation-fill-mode: forwards; animation-
play-state: running; animation-name: i-amphtml-new-loader-scale-and-fade-in;
animation-delay: calc(0.6s - var(--loader-delay-offset)); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-size-small .i-amphtml-new-loader-logo { display: none; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-logo-default { fill: currentcolor; animation-duration: 0.8s;

animation-timing-function: ease-out; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-
direction: normal; animation-fill-mode: forwards; animation-play-state: running;
animation-name: i-amphtml-new-loader-fade-out; animation-delay: calc(1.8s - var(--
loader-delay-offset)); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-has-shim { color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-shim { width: 72px; height: 72px; border-radius: 50%;

display: none; transform-origin: center center; opacity: 0; background-color:
rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); animation-duration: 0.8s; animation-timing-function: ease-in;
animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-direction: normal; animation-fill-mode:
forwards; animation-play-state: running; animation-name: i-amphtml-new-loader-
scale-and-fade-in; animation-delay: calc(0.6s - var(--loader-delay-offset)); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-size-small .i-amphtml-new-loader-shim { width: 48px; height:

48px; margin: 12px; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-has-shim .i-amphtml-new-loader-shim { display: initial; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-has-shim .i-amphtml-new-loader-logo-default { display:

none; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-has-shim .i-amphtml-new-loader-transparent-on-shim { fill:

transparent !important; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-logo, .i-amphtml-new-loader-shim, .i-amphtml-new-loader-

spinner-wrapper { position: absolute; inset: 0px; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-spinner-wrapper { margin: 12px; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-spinner { stroke: currentcolor; stroke-width: 1.5px; opacity:

0; animation-duration: 0.8s; animation-timing-function: ease-in; animation-
iteration-count: 1; animation-direction: normal; animation-fill-mode: forwards;
animation-play-state: running; animation-name: i-amphtml-new-loader-fade-in;
animation-delay: calc(1.8s - var(--loader-delay-offset)); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-spinner-path { animation-duration: 0.6s, 1.2s; animation-

timing-function: steps(30), steps(59); animation-iteration-count: 1, infinite;
animation-direction: normal, normal; animation-fill-mode: none, none; animation-
play-state: running, running; animation-name: frame-position-first-spin, frame-
position-infinite-spin; animation-delay: calc(2.8s - var(--loader-delay-
offset)),calc(3.4s - var(--loader-delay-offset)); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-size-small .i-amphtml-new-loader-spinner { transform:

scale(0.54545); stroke-width: 2.75px; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-size-small .i-amphtml-new-loader-spinner-path { animation-

delay: calc(1.4s - var(--loader-delay-offset)),calc(2s - var(--loader-delay-
offset)); }
.i-amphtml-new-loader * { animation-play-state: paused; }
.amp-active > .i-amphtml-new-loader * { animation-play-state: running; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-ad-logo { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-

content: center; width: 100%; height: 100%; }
.i-amphtml-new-loader-ad-label { color: currentcolor !important; font-family: sans-

serif !important; font-feature-settings: initial !important; font-kerning:
initial !important; font-optical-sizing: initial !important; font-size: 11px !
important; font-stretch: initial !important; font-style: initial !important; font-
variant: initial !important; font-variation-settings: initial !important; font-
weight: initial !important; text-orientation: initial !important; text-rendering:
initial !important; -webkit-font-smoothing: initial !important; -webkit-locale:
initial !important; -webkit-text-orientation: initial !important; -webkit-writing-
mode: initial !important; writing-mode: initial !important; zoom: initial !
important; place-content: initial !important; place-items: initial !important;
place-self: initial !important; alignment-baseline: initial !important; animation:
initial !important; appearance: initial !important; backdrop-filter: initial !
important; backface-visibility: initial !important; background: initial !important;
background-blend-mode: initial !important; baseline-shift: initial !important;
block-size: initial !important; border-block: initial !important; border: 1px solid
!important; border-radius: 2px !important; border-collapse: initial !important;
border-inline: initial !important; inset: initial !important; box-shadow: initial !
important; box-sizing: initial !important; break-after: initial !important; break-
before: initial !important; break-inside: initial !important; buffered-rendering:
initial !important; caption-side: initial !important; caret-color: initial !
important; clear: initial !important; clip: initial !important; clip-path:
initial !important; clip-rule: initial !important; color-interpolation: initial !
important; color-interpolation-filters: initial !important; color-rendering:
initial !important; color-scheme: initial !important; columns: initial !important;
column-fill: initial !important; gap: initial !important; column-rule: initial !
important; column-span: initial !important; contain: initial !important; contain-
intrinsic-size: initial !important; content: initial !important; content-
visibility: initial !important; counter-increment: initial !important; counter-
reset: initial !important; counter-set: initial !important; cursor: initial !
important; cx: initial !important; cy: initial !important; d: initial !important;
display: inline-block !important; dominant-baseline: initial !important; empty-
cells: initial !important; fill: initial !important; fill-opacity: initial !
important; fill-rule: initial !important; filter: initial !important; flex: initial
!important; flex-flow: initial !important; float: initial !important; flood-color:
initial !important; flood-opacity: initial !important; grid: initial !important;
grid-area: initial !important; height: initial !important; hyphens: initial !
important; image-orientation: initial !important; image-rendering: initial !
important; inline-size: initial !important; inset-block: initial !important; inset-
inline: initial !important; isolation: initial !important; letter-spacing:
initial !important; lighting-color: initial !important; line-break: initial !
important; line-height: 1.1 !important; list-style: initial !important; margin-
block: initial !important; margin: initial !important; margin-inline: initial !
important; marker: initial !important; mask: initial !important; mask-type: initial
!important; max-block-size: initial !important; max-height: initial !important;
max-inline-size: initial !important; max-width: initial !important; min-block-size:
initial !important; min-height: initial !important; min-inline-size: initial !
important; min-width: initial !important; mix-blend-mode: initial !important;
object-fit: initial !important; object-position: initial !important; offset:
initial !important; opacity: initial !important; order: initial !important; origin-
trial-test-property: initial !important; orphans: initial !important; outline:
initial !important; outline-offset: initial !important; overflow-anchor: initial !
important; overflow-wrap: initial !important; overflow: initial !important;
overscroll-behavior-block: initial !important; overscroll-behavior-inline:
initial !important; overscroll-behavior: initial !important; padding-block: initial
!important; padding: 0px 0.4ch !important; padding-inline: initial !important;
page: initial !important; page-orientation: initial !important; paint-order:
initial !important; perspective: initial !important; perspective-origin: initial !
important; pointer-events: initial !important; position: initial !important;
quotes: initial !important; r: initial !important; resize: initial !important;
ruby-position: initial !important; rx: initial !important; ry: initial !important;
scroll-behavior: initial !important; scroll-margin-block: initial !important;
scroll-margin: initial !important; scroll-margin-inline: initial !important;
scroll-padding-block: initial !important; scroll-padding: initial !important;
scroll-padding-inline: initial !important; scroll-snap-align: initial !important;
scroll-snap-stop: initial !important; scroll-snap-type: initial !important; shape-
image-threshold: initial !important; shape-margin: initial !important; shape-
outside: initial !important; shape-rendering: initial !important; size: initial !
important; speak: initial !important; stop-color: initial !important; stop-opacity:
initial !important; stroke: initial !important; stroke-dasharray: initial !
important; stroke-dashoffset: initial !important; stroke-linecap: initial !
important; stroke-linejoin: initial !important; stroke-miterlimit: initial !
important; stroke-opacity: initial !important; stroke-width: initial !important;
tab-size: initial !important; table-layout: initial !important; text-align: initial
!important; text-align-last: initial !important; text-anchor: initial !important;
text-combine-upright: initial !important; text-decoration: initial !important;
text-decoration-skip-ink: initial !important; text-indent: initial !important;
text-overflow: initial !important; text-shadow: initial !important; text-size-
adjust: initial !important; text-transform: initial !important; text-underline-
offset: initial !important; text-underline-position: initial !important; touch-
action: initial !important; transform: initial !important; transform-box: initial !
important; transform-origin: initial !important; transform-style: initial !
important; transition: initial !important; user-select: initial !important; vector-
effect: initial !important; vertical-align: initial !important; visibility: inherit
!important; -webkit-app-region: initial !important; border-spacing: initial !
important; -webkit-border-image: initial !important; -webkit-box-align: initial !
important; -webkit-box-decoration-break: initial !important; -webkit-box-direction:
initial !important; -webkit-box-flex: initial !important; -webkit-box-ordinal-
group: initial !important; -webkit-box-orient: initial !important; -webkit-box-
pack: initial !important; -webkit-box-reflect: initial !important; -webkit-
highlight: initial !important; -webkit-hyphenate-character: initial !important; -
webkit-line-break: initial !important; -webkit-line-clamp: initial !important; -
webkit-mask-box-image: initial !important; -webkit-mask: initial !important; -
webkit-mask-composite: initial !important; -webkit-perspective-origin-x: initial !
important; -webkit-perspective-origin-y: initial !important; -webkit-print-color-
adjust: initial !important; -webkit-rtl-ordering: initial !important; -webkit-ruby-
position: initial !important; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: initial !important; -
webkit-text-combine: initial !important; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect:
initial !important; -webkit-text-emphasis: initial !important; -webkit-text-
emphasis-position: initial !important; -webkit-text-fill-color: initial !important;
-webkit-text-security: initial !important; -webkit-text-stroke: initial !important;
-webkit-transform-origin-x: initial !important; -webkit-transform-origin-y: initial
!important; -webkit-transform-origin-z: initial !important; -webkit-user-drag:
initial !important; -webkit-user-modify: initial !important; white-space: initial !
important; widows: initial !important; width: initial !important; will-change:
initial !important; word-break: initial !important; word-spacing: initial !
important; x: initial !important; y: initial !important; z-index: initial !
important; }
@keyframes i-amphtml-new-loader-fade-in {
0% { opacity: 0; }
100% { opacity: 1; }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-new-loader-fade-out {
0% { opacity: 1; }
100% { opacity: 0; }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-new-loader-scale-and-fade-in {
0% { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0); }
50% { transform: scale(1); }
100% { opacity: 1; }
}
@keyframes frame-position-first-spin {
0% { transform: translateX(0px); }
100% { transform: translateX(-1440px); }
}
@keyframes frame-position-infinite-spin {
}
Content-Location: cid:css-12143c2e-eb3d-4f04-ae6f-bc1be5402ed6@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
amp-sidebar { --story-page-vh:1vh; top: 0px; height: 100vh; max-width: 80vw;

background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239); outline: none; z-index: 2147483647; will-
change: transform; position: fixed !important; max-height: 100vh !important; min-
width: 45px !important; overflow: hidden auto !important; }
amp-sidebar[side="left"] { transform: translateX(-100%); animation-name: i-amphtml-

sidebar-slide-out-left; left: 0px !important; }
amp-sidebar[side="left"][open] { animation-name: i-amphtml-sidebar-slide-in-left; }
amp-sidebar[side="right"] { transform: translateX(100%); animation-name: i-amphtml-

sidebar-slide-out-right; right: 0px !important; }
amp-sidebar[side="right"][open] { animation-name: i-amphtml-sidebar-slide-in-right;

}
amp-sidebar[side][i-amphtml-sidebar-opened] { transform: none; animation: 0s ease

0s 1 normal none running none; }
.i-amphtml-sidebar-mask, amp-sidebar[side] { animation-duration: 233ms; animation-

timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.21, 1); animation-fill-mode: forwards; }
.i-amphtml-toolbar > ol, .i-amphtml-toolbar > ul { display: flex; justify-content:

flex-start; flex-wrap: wrap; overflow: auto; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px;
margin: 0px; }
.amp-sidebar-mask { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); }
.i-amphtml-sidebar-mask { animation-name: i-amphtml-sidebar-mask-fade-out; z-index:

2147483646; position: fixed !important; top: 0px !important; left: 0px !important;
width: 100vw !important; height: 100vh !important; background-image: none !
important; }
.i-amphtml-sidebar-mask[open] { animation-name: i-amphtml-sidebar-mask-fade-in; }
.i-amphtml-sidebar-mask[i-amphtml-sidebar-opened] { animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal

none running none; }
@keyframes i-amphtml-sidebar-slide-in-left {
0% { transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-sidebar-slide-out-left {
100% { transform: translateX(-100%); }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-sidebar-slide-in-right {
0% { transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-sidebar-slide-out-right {
100% { transform: translateX(100%); }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-sidebar-mask-fade-in {
0% { opacity: 0; }
100% { opacity: 1; }
}
@keyframes i-amphtml-sidebar-mask-fade-out {
0% { opacity: 1; }
100% { opacity: 0; }
}
Content-Location: cid:css-6725795f-757b-4cb8-99c0-cd14566eb93a@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
amp-accordion > section > :last-child { display: none !important; }

amp-accordion > section[expanded] > :last-child { display: block !important; }
.i-amphtml-accordion-content, .i-amphtml-accordion-header { margin: 0px; }
.i-amphtml-accordion-header { cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(239, 239,

239); padding-right: 20px; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 223, 223); }
amp-accordion.i-amphtml-display-locking > section:not([expanded]) > :last-child,

amp-accordion.i-amphtml-display-locking > section:not([expanded]) > :last-child * {
display: block !important; }
amp-accordion > section:not([expanded]) .i-amphtml-media-component, amp-accordion >

section:not([expanded]) .i-amphtml-media-component * { display: none !important;
visibility: hidden !important; }
Content-Location: cid:css-666a0e1b-ee1b-4c4d-a33e-7e85ce588ade@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
amp-ad iframe, amp-embed iframe { border: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important;
padding: 0px !important; }
.i-amphtml-ad-default-holder { position: absolute; inset: 0px; display: flex;

align-items: center; justify-content: center; background-color: rgba(200, 200, 200,
0.05); }
.i-amphtml-ad-default-holder::after { content: attr(data-ad-holder-text);

background-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-
size: 10px; line-height: 1; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; padding: 3px 4px 1px;
border: 1px solid rgb(105, 105, 105); }
amp-ad[sticky] { visibility: hidden; align-items: center; }
amp-ad[type="adsense"], amp-ad[type="doubleclick"] { direction: ltr; }
amp-ad[data-a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-adsense-impl"] > iframe, amp-ad[data-

a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-doubleclick-impl"] > iframe { min-height: 0px;
min-width: 0px; }
amp-ad[data-a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-doubleclick-impl"][height="fluid"] >
iframe { position: relative; height: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; }
amp-ad[data-a4a-upgrade-type="amp-ad-network-doubleclick-impl"][height="fluid"]
{ width: 100% !important; }
amp-ad .amp-ad-close-button { position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 28px;

height: 28px; top: -28px; right: 0px; background-image:
url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='13' height='13' viewBox='341 8
13 13' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath fill='%234F4F4F' d='M354
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5.19 5.19 1.31-1.31-5.19-5.19z' fill-rule='evenodd'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); background-
size: 13px 13px; background-position: 9px center; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); background-repeat: no-repeat; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px -1px 1px
0px; border: none; border-radius: 12px 0px 0px; }
amp-ad .amp-ad-close-button::before { position: absolute; content: ""; inset: -20px

0px 0px -20px; }
[dir="rtl"] amp-ad .amp-ad-close-button { right: auto; left: 0px; border-top-left-
radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 12px; background-position: 6px center; }
[dir="rtl"] amp-ad .amp-ad-close-button::before { right: -20px; left: 0px; }
amp-ad-sticky-padding { display: block; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); height:

4px; overflow: hidden; z-index: 12; width: 100% !important; max-height: 5px !
important; }
amp-ad[sticky] { z-index: 11; position: fixed; padding-bottom: env(safe-area-inset-

bottom,0px); display: flex; flex-direction: column; overflow: visible !important;
box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 0px 5px 0px !important; }
amp-ad[sticky="top"] { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); top: 0px; width: 100% !

important; }
amp-ad[sticky="bottom"] { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); bottom: 0px; width:

100% !important; }
amp-ad[sticky="bottom-right"] { bottom: 0px; right: 0px; }

Content-Location: cid:css-a274bda4-ef9b-4cd6-aa04-cfab632e6b7e@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
amp-user-notification { bottom: 0px; left: 0px; visibility: hidden; background:

rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7); z-index: 1000; width: 100%; position: fixed !important;
overflow: hidden !important; }
amp-user-notification.amp-active { visibility: visible; }
amp-user-notification.amp-hidden { visibility: hidden; }

Content-Location: cid:css-4437e4ee-13fb-4651-8058-0c4ecce26b3c@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
form.amp-form-submit-error [submit-error], form.amp-form-submit-success [submit-

success], form.amp-form-submitting [submitting] { display: block; }
textarea[autoexpand]:not(.i-amphtml-textarea-max) { overflow: hidden !important; }
.i-amphtml-textarea-clone { visibility: hidden; position: absolute; top: -9999px;

left: -9999px; height: 0px !important; }
.i-amphtml-validation-bubble { transform: translate(-50%, -100%); background-color:

rgb(255, 255, 255); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0px 5px 15px 0px; max-width:
200px; position: absolute; display: block; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px;
border-radius: 5px; }
.i-amphtml-validation-bubble::after { content: " "; position: absolute; bottom: -

8px; left: 30px; width: 0px; height: 0px; border-left: 8px solid transparent;
border-right: 8px solid transparent; border-top: 8px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); }
[visible-when-invalid] { color: red; }
Content-Location: cid:css-c7dfc0ee-fa08-4e42-932c-5f87fe92377b@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
body { animation: 8s steps(1) 0s 1 normal both running -amp-start; }
@-webkit-keyframes -amp-start {
0% { visibility: hidden; }
100% { visibility: visible; }
}
@keyframes -amp-start {
0% { visibility: hidden; }
100% { visibility: visible; }
}
Content-Location: cid:css-a2e800de-88db-4418-a6da-a3ee098a826e@mhtml.blink
@charset "utf-8";
.swp_social_panel { display: none; }
pre { display: block; font-size: 14px; word-break: break-all; overflow-wrap: break-

word; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); border: 1px
solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); margin: 0px 0px 20px; line-height: 1.4; padding: 15px;
letter-spacing: 0px; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
* { outline: none; text-decoration: none; box-sizing: border-box; }
.penci-google-adsense { margin: 0px 0px 30px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden;

display: block; width: 100%; }
strong, b { font-weight: 700; }
h1 { font-size: 24px; }
.screen-reader-text { clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute; height:

1px; width: 1px; overflow: hidden; }
.screen-reader-text:focus { background-color: rgb(241, 241, 241); border-radius:

3px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6) 0px 0px 2px 2px; clip: auto; color: rgb(33,
117, 155); display: block; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; height: auto; left:
5px; line-height: normal; padding: 15px 23px 14px; text-decoration: none; top: 5px;
width: auto; z-index: 100000; }
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { clear: both; line-height: 1.3; font-family: Roboto, sans-
serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: 600; }
a { background-color: transparent; transition: color 0.3s ease 0s; text-decoration:

none; vertical-align: baseline; }
.byline, .updated:not(.published) { display: none; }
.alignright { float: right; }
.alignleft { float: left; }
.aligncenter { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
.amp-wp-enforced-sizes { max-width: 100%; margin: 0px auto; }
.amp-wp-unknown-size img { object-fit: contain; }
.amp-wp-content, .amp-wp-title-bar div { margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1400px; }
body { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-size: 15px;
line-height: 1.5; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing:
antialiased; overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; }
body, button, input, select, textarea { font-family: "Open Sans Hebrew", sans-
serif; font-weight: 400; font-size: 18px; }
.penci-amp-wrapper { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); max-width: 780px; margin: 0px

auto; }
.penci-amp-wrapper .amp-slider { background: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
p, ol, ul, figure { margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; }
a, a:visited { color: rgb(219, 2, 2); }
a:hover, a:active, a:focus { color: rgb(49, 49, 49); }
button, .button, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"]

{ border: 1px solid rgb(19, 19, 19); border-radius: 0px; background-color: rgb(19,
19, 19); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px; padding: 2px 15px 0px; text-
align: center; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s; font-size: 14px; text-transform:
uppercase; cursor: pointer; }
button:hover, .button:hover, input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:hover,

input[type="submit"]:hover { opacity: 0.8; border-color: rgb(219, 2, 2);
background-color: rgb(219, 2, 2); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
blockquote { color: rgb(49, 49, 49); background: rgba(127, 127, 127, 0.125);
border-left: 2px solid rgb(219, 2, 2); margin: 8px 0px 24px; padding: 16px; }
blockquote p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
blockquote.alignleft { margin: 5px 10px 10px 0px; }
blockquote.alignright { margin: 5px 0px 10px 10px; }

.amp-wp-meta, .penci-amp-wp-header div, .wp-caption-text, .amp-wp-tax-
category, .amp-wp-tax-tag, .amp-wp-comments-link, .penci-amp-footer p, .back-to-top
{ font-family: "Open Sans Hebrew", sans-serif; }
.penci-amp-wp-header { background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
body.sticky-header { padding-top: 54px; }
.sticky-header .penci-amp-wp-header { position: fixed; left: 0px; right: 0px; top:

0px; z-index: 999; display: block; }
.site-header .navbar-toggle { font-size: 21px; left: 0px; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-search, .penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-toggle, .penci-

amp-wp-header .branding { color: rgb(219, 2, 2); }
.penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-search .fa { top: 2px; position: relative; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .branding { display: block; text-align: center; font-size:

30px; font-weight: 600; text-decoration: none; font-family: Teko, sans-serif;
width: 100%; padding: 5px 55px; z-index: 9; height: 54px; line-height: 50px; box-
sizing: border-box; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-search, .penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-toggle { font-

weight: normal; font-size: 18px; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 99; border:
none; background: transparent; height: 54px; line-height: 52px; margin: 0px;
padding: 0px; width: 52px; text-align: center; outline: 0px; cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease 0s; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-toggle { font-size: 21px; left: 0px; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .navbar-search { font-size: 18px; right: 0px; line-height:

48px; }
.penci-amp-wp-header div { color: rgb(219, 2, 2); font-size: 1em; font-weight: 400;

margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; position: relative; box-sizing: border-box; height:
54px; }
.penci-amp-wp-header a { color: rgb(219, 2, 2); text-decoration: none; }
.penci-amp-error-404 { text-align: center; padding-bottom: 10px; }
#comments_pagination { margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .penci-amp-site-icon { padding: 2px 60px; box-sizing: border-

box; max-height: 54px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;
overflow: hidden; }
.penci-amp-wp-header .penci-amp-site-icon amp-img { margin-left: auto; margin-

right: auto; display: block; }
.wrap { padding: 15px 15px 0px; height: 100%; }
.img-holder { position: relative; width: 100%; background: url("images/no-

image.jpg") center center / cover no-repeat rgb(204, 204, 204); display: inline-
block; vertical-align: top; height: 100%; transition: transform 0.3s cubic-
bezier(0.39, 0.76, 0.51, 0.56) 0s, opacity 0.3s 0s; }
.penci-amp-wrapper .img-holder::before { display: block; content: ""; width: 100%;

padding-top: 66.6667%; background: none; box-shadow: none; }
.penci-inline-related-posts .penci_post-meta { display: none; }
.amp-wp-article { color: rgb(49, 49, 49); font-weight: 400; margin: 1.5em auto;
max-width: 840px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow-x: hidden; }
.amp-wp-article > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
.amp-wp-article-header { align-items: center; place-content: stretch space-between;

display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin: 1.5em 0px; }
.amp-wp-title { color: rgb(19, 19, 19); display: block; flex: 1 0 100%; width:
100%; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 9px; margin-bottom: 6px; }
.amp-wp-meta { color: rgb(105, 105, 105); display: inline-block; flex: 2 1 50%;

font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
.amp-wp-article-header .amp-wp-meta:last-of-type { text-align: right; }
.amp-wp-article-header .amp-wp-meta:first-of-type { text-align: left; }
.amp-wp-byline amp-img, .amp-wp-byline .amp-wp-author { display: inline-block;

vertical-align: middle; }
.amp-wp-byline amp-img { border: 1px solid rgb(219, 2, 2); border-radius: 50%;

position: relative; margin-right: 6px; }
.amp-wp-posted-on { text-align: right; }
.penci-amp-entry-meta { color: rgb(136, 136, 136); line-height: 2.5; font-size:

12px; }
.penci-amp-entry-meta .entry-meta-item { padding-left: 17px; display: inline-block;

}
.penci-amp-entry-meta a, .penci-amp-entry-meta span, .penci-amp-entry-meta i

{ font-size: inherit; color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
.penci-amp-entry-meta i { margin-right: 5px; }
.penci-amp-entry-meta .entry-meta-item:first-child { padding-left: 1px; }
.amp-wp-article-featured-image { margin: 0px 0px 1em; }
.amp-wp-article-featured-image amp-img { margin: 0px auto; }
.amp-wp-article-featured-image.wp-caption .wp-caption-text { margin: 0px 18px; }
.amp-wp-article-content { margin: 0px; }
.amp-wp-article-content h1, .amp-wp-article-content h2, .amp-wp-article-content h3,

.amp-wp-article-content h4, .amp-wp-article-content h5, .amp-wp-article-content h6
{ clear: none; }
.amp-wp-article-content ul, .amp-wp-article-content ol { margin-left: 19px; }
.amp-wp-article-content amp-img { margin: 0px auto 20px; }

.amp-wp-article-content amp-img.alignright, .amp-wp-article-content amp-
img.alignleft { margin: 0px 0px 1em 20px; }
.amp-wp-article-content amp-img.alignright { display: inline; float: right; margin-

left: 1.5em; }
.amp-wp-article-content amp-img.alignleft { display: inline; float: left; margin-

right: 1.5em; }
.wp-caption { padding: 0px; }
.wp-caption.alignleft { margin-right: 16px; }
.wp-caption.alignright { margin-left: 16px; }
.wp-caption .wp-caption-text { border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); color:

rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding:
0.66em 10px 0.75em; }
amp-carousel { background: rgb(222, 222, 222); margin: 20px 0px 0px; }
amp-iframe, amp-youtube, amp-instagram, amp-vine { background: rgb(222, 222, 222);

margin: 0px -16px 1.5em; }
.amp-wp-article-content amp-carousel amp-img { border: none; }
amp-carousel > amp-img > img { object-fit: contain; }
.amp-wp-iframe-placeholder { background: url("https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-

content/plugins/penci-pennews-amp/assets/images/placeholder-icon.png") center 40% /
48px 48px no-repeat rgb(222, 222, 222); min-height: 48px; }
.amp-wp-article-footer { padding-top: 20px; }
.amp-wp-article-footer .amp-wp-meta { display: block; }
.penci-amp-tags-links { margin: 10px 0px 5px; width: 100%; overflow: hidden;

display: block; }
.penci-amp-tags-links a { float: left; display: inline-block; min-height: 24px;

line-height: 24px; font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; text-align: left; color:
rgb(105, 105, 105); background: rgb(236, 236, 236); transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;
margin: 0px 2.5px 5px; text-transform: uppercase; padding-left: 10px; padding-
right: 10px; }
.penci-amp-tax-category { overflow: hidden; }
.penci-amp-tax-category a { float: left; background: rgb(0, 0, 0); border: 1px

solid rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 10px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 20px; height:
20px; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase; padding-left: 7px; padding-
right: 7px; margin-right: 7px; margin-bottom: 7px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;
color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.penci-amp-single .penci-social-buttons { margin-top: 19px; margin-bottom: 35px;

display: block; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); padding: 6px 20px; }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-share-text { text-transform: uppercase; font-

weight: 700; margin-right: 20px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item { display: inline-block; margin: 5px 9px
5px 0px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 32px; text-align: left;
color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-transform: none; height: 32px; border: 0px;
background-color: rgb(13, 71, 161); padding: 0px 12px; transition: opacity 0.3s
ease 0s; border-radius: 2px; vertical-align: middle; }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item .dt-share { display: none; }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.twitter { background-color: rgb(64, 196,

255); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.google_plus { background-color: rgb(235,

64, 38); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.instagram { background-color: rgb(65, 112,

150); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.pinterest { background-color: rgb(201, 34,

40); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.email { background-color: rgb(167, 167,

167); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.linkedin { background-color: rgb(0, 119,

181); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.tumblr { background-color: rgb(52, 70,

93); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.reddit { background-color: rgb(255, 69,

0); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.stumbleupon { background-color: rgb(238,

72, 19); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.whatsapp { background-color: rgb(0, 200,

83); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.telegram { background-color: rgb(23, 156,

222); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.line { background-color: rgb(0, 195, 0);

color: rgb(0, 195, 0); padding: 0px; width: 32px; height: 32px; position: relative;
}
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.line::before { content: ""; position:

absolute; width: 25px; height: 25px; top: 5px; left: 3px; background: rgb(255, 255,
255); }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.line span { width: 32px; height: 32px;

display: block; position: relative; }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.line svg { height: 36px; position:

absolute; top: -2px; }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.viber { padding: 5px; }
.penci-social-buttons .penci-social-item.viber svg { width: 20px; }

.penci-post-pagination { width: 100%; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px
0px 30px; }
.penci-post-pagination .prev-post-title { margin-top: -8px; }
.penci-post-pagination span { color: rgb(136, 136, 136); display: inline-block;

font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 2.4; text-transform: uppercase; }
.penci-post-pagination span i { margin-right: 6px; }
.penci-post-pagination span i.fa-angle-right { margin: 0px 0px 0px 6px; }
.penci-post-pagination h5 { font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.33; margin: 0px;

padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; }
.penci-post-pagination h5.next-title { padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; }
.penci-post-pagination a { color: rgb(219, 2, 2); }
.penci-post-pagination a:hover { color: rgb(49, 49, 49); }
.pagi-text { margin-top: 6px; }
.penci-post-pagination .prev-post, .penci-post-pagination .next-post { width: 100%;

padding: 0px; text-align: center; }
.penci-post-pagination .prev-post + .next-post { padding-top: 20px; margin-top:

20px; padding-left: 0px; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); }
.penci-ajax-more .penci-block-ajax-more-button { width: 100%; }
.penci-post-related { border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); overflow: hidden;

margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 32px 0px 0px; width: 100%; }
.penci-amp-single .post-title-box { margin-bottom: 13px; }
.post-title-box .post-box-title { font-size: 18px; text-transform: uppercase;

position: relative; z-index: 10; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; line-height:
1.67; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); }
.penci-post-related .post-related_content { margin-left: -10px; margin-right: -

10px; overflow: hidden; }
.penci-post-related .post-related_content::after { content: ""; display: block;

clear: both; width: 100%; }
.penci-post-related .item-related { width: 33.3333%; float: left; padding: 0px

10px; }
.penci-post-related .item-related h4 { margin: 15px 0px 0px; font-size: 15px; font-

weight: 600; line-height: 1.3; }
.penci-post-related .item-related h4 a { color: rgb(219, 2, 2); }
.penci-post-related .item-related h4 a:hover { color: rgb(49, 49, 49); }
.amp-wp-comments-link { color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 0.875em; line-height:

1.5em; text-align: center; margin: 2.25em 0px 1.5em; }
.amp-wp-comments-link a { border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(222, 222, 222);
border-width: 1px 1px 2px; border-radius: 4px; background-color: transparent;
color: rgb(219, 2, 2); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-
weight: 600; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 200px; padding: 11px
16px; text-decoration: none; width: 50%; transition: background-color 0.2s ease 0s;
}
.penci-amp-comment { border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); padding-top: 21px;

margin-top: 26px; }
.penci-post-item + .post-comments h3.comment-reply-title { padding-top: 0px; }
h3.comment-reply-title { padding-top: 32px; }
.penci-comments-button { margin-top: 20px; padding-top: 20px; border-top: 1px solid

rgb(222, 222, 222); }
.penci-comments-button a { display: block; width: 50%; margin-right: auto; margin-

left: auto; line-height: 38px; padding: 0px 15px; font-weight: bold; }
.penci-comments-button + .post-comments { display: none; }
.penci-comments-button + .post-comments .comment-reply-title, .penci-post-related +

.post-comments .comment-reply-title, .penci-post-related + .post-comments .post-
title-box { margin-top: 20px; border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); }
.comments .comment { border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); }
.comments > .comment:first-child, .comments .comment > .comment:first-child

{ border-top: none; }
.thecomment { padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 0px; display: table; width:

100%; }
.comments > .comment:first-child > .thecomment { padding-top: 0px; }
.thecomment .author-img { float: left; margin-right: 20px; width: 60px; border-

radius: 50%; }
.thecomment .author-img img { border-radius: 50%; max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
.thecomment .comment-text { margin-left: 0px; position: relative; }
.thecomment .comment-text span.author, .thecomment .comment-text span.author a

{ display: block; margin-top: -3px; margin-bottom: 5px; font-family: "Mukta Vaani",
sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.33; text-align:
left; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); }
.thecomment .comment-text span.author a { display: inline-block; margin: 0px; }
.thecomment .comment-text span.author a:hover { color: rgb(158, 158, 158); }
.thecomment .comment-text span.date { font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136);

display: block; }
.thecomment .comment-text span.date i { margin-right: 5px; }
.thecomment .comment-text em { font-size: 12px; display: block; color: orange;

letter-spacing: 1px; margin: 5px 0px 0px; }
.thecomment .comment-text em i { font-size: 14px; color: rgb(243, 189, 0); }
.thecomment .comment-content { margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; }
.thecomment .comment-text span.reply { position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; }
.post-comments span.reply a { font-size: 11px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); margin-

left: 18px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; font-weight: 500; transition: all
0.3s ease 0s; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 1; display: inline-block;
text-align: center; }
.post-comments span.reply a:hover { color: rgb(19, 19, 19); }
.comments .comment + #respond { margin-bottom: 20px; }
#respond { overflow: hidden; position: relative; }
.no-comment-yet #respond { padding-top: 0px; border-top: 0px; }
#respond h3 { text-transform: uppercase; position: relative; z-index: 10; display:

inline-block; margin: 0px 0px 13px; width: 100%; font-size: 18px; font-weight:
bold; line-height: 1.67; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); }
#respond h3 a { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); display: inline-block; }
#respond h3 small a { text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(136,

136, 136); padding: 0px; margin-left: 7px; letter-spacing: 0px; transition: all
0.3s ease 0s; font-weight: 500; position: absolute; right: 0px; }
#respond #cancel-comment-reply-link { font-size: 11px; font-family: Roboto, sans-

serif; font-weight: normal; }
#respond h3 small a:hover { color: rgb(19, 19, 19); }
#respond form#commentform, form.wpcf7-form { margin-left: -10px; margin-right: -

10px; }
.mc4wp-form label { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px; }
#respond p.comment-form-author, #respond p.comment-form-email, #respond p.comment-

form-url, .wpcf7 p.name, .wpcf7 p.email, .wpcf7 p.subject { width: 33.3333%;
padding: 0px 10px; float: left; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; }
#respond p.comment-form-comment, .wpcf7 p.message { clear: both; margin: 0px

10px; }
form.comment-form > p, form.comment-form > div, form.comment-form > input,

form.comment-form > textarea, form.comment-form > label, form.comment-form > span,
form.wpcf7-form > div, form.wpcf7-form > p, form.wpcf7-form > input, form.wpcf7-
form > textarea, form.wpcf7-form > label, form.wpcf7-form > span, form#commentform
> p, form#commentform > div, form#commentform > input, form#commentform > textarea,
form#commentform > label, form#commentform > span { margin: 0px 14px; }
form#commentform > input[type="checkbox"] { margin-left: 14px; margin-right:

14px; }
.captchaSizeDivLarge { clear: both; }

label#captcha_code_label { display: inline-block; }
.woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs .panel #respond p.comment-form-

author, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs .panel #respond p.comment-form-
email { padding: 0px; }
.penci-amp-single-product .entry-meta-hide, .woocommerce .penci-product-

item .entry-meta-hide { display: none; }
.woocommerce #review_form #respond p { margin: 10px 14px; }
.woocommerce #review_form #respond p.stars { margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; }
#respond label, .wpcf7 label { color: rgb(147, 147, 147); font-size: 12px; display:
block; text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; margin-
bottom: 8px; }
#respond p.form-submit, .wpcf7 p.submit { margin: 0px 10px; }
#respond input, .wpcf7 input, .widget_wysija input { padding: 10px 15px; max-width:
100%; border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); margin-bottom: 19px; width: 100%; max-
height: 40px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); }
#respond input[type="checkbox"], .wpcf7 input[type="checkbox"], .widget_wysija

input[type="checkbox"] { display: inline-block; max-width: none; width: auto;
margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; }
#respond input:focus, .wpcf7 input:focus { outline: none; }
.jetpack_subscription_widget #subscribe-email input { width: 100%; padding: 12px

19px 11px; margin-top: 10px; }
#respond textarea, .wpcf7 textarea { padding: 12px 15px; border: 1px solid rgb(222,
222, 222); width: 100%; min-height: 120px; margin-bottom: 19px; outline: none;
vertical-align: top; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.3; color: rgb(49, 49, 49);
background: transparent; }
#respond textarea:focus, .wpcf7 textarea:focus { outline: none; }
#respond #submit, .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .widget_wysija input[type="submit"]

{ text-transform: uppercase; border-radius: 0px; display: inline-block; transition:
all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; width: auto; min-width: 91px; margin: 0px;
border: none; line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255,
255, 255); }
.contact-form input[type="email"], .contact-form input[type="text"] { max-width:

300px; width: 100%; padding: 10px 15px; }
.button.add-comment, #respond #submit, .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .widget_wysija

input[type="submit"] { text-transform: uppercase; border-radius: 0px; display:
inline-block; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; cursor: pointer; width: auto; min-
width: 91px; margin: 0px; border: none; line-height: 1; font-size: 14px; font-
weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 12px 19px 11px; max-width: 500px;
}
.button.add-comment, #respond #submit, .wpcf7 input[type="submit"], .widget_wysija

input[type="submit"] { border-color: rgb(19, 19, 19); background-color: rgb(19, 19,
19); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.button.add-comment:hover, #respond #submit:hover, .wpcf7
input[type="submit"]:hover, .widget_wysija input[type="submit"]:hover { border-
color: rgb(219, 2, 2); background-color: rgb(219, 2, 2); color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
}
.penci-amp-footer { border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); margin: calc(1.5em -

1px) -15px 0px; clear: both; }
.penci-amp-footer-nav { padding: 7px 15px; }
.penci-amp-footer .penci-amp-footer-container { margin: 0px auto; max-width:

calc(808px); padding: 0px; position: relative; }
.penci-footer-navigation { list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align:

center; }
.penci-footer-navigation li { display: inline-block; margin: 0px 8px 5px; line-

height: 1.3; }
.penci-footer-navigation ul.sub-menu { display: none; }
.penci-footer-navigation a { color: rgb(73, 73, 73); font-family: Roboto, sans-

serif; font-weight: 400; font-size: 14px; }
.penci-footer-navigation li li { display: none; }
.penci-footer-navigation .fa { margin-right: 5px; }
.penci-amp-footer h2 { font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.375em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;

}
.penci-amp-footer p { color: rgb(105, 105, 105); font-size: 0.8em; margin: 0px 85px
0px 0px; }
.penci-amp-footer a { text-decoration: none; }
.footer__copyright_menu a { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.footer__copyright_menu a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
.back-to-top { bottom: 1.275em; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: 600; line-height:

2em; position: absolute; right: 16px; top: 7px; }
.back-to-top .fa { margin-left: 5px; }
.penci-amp-main-link { text-align: center; padding: 17px 10px; }
.penci-amp-main-link a { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none; padding:

1px 15px 0px; display: inline-block; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; font-size:
11px; font-weight: 400; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; letter-spacing: 1px; text-
transform: uppercase; background: rgb(19, 19, 19); }
.penci-amp-main-link .fa { padding-right: 5px; }
.penci-amp-main-link a:hover { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-color: rgb(219, 2,

2); background-color: rgb(219, 2, 2); }
.footer__copyright_menu { clear: both; overflow: hidden; background: rgb(17, 17,

17); padding-left: 15px; position: relative; padding-top: 11px; padding-bottom:
11px; line-height: 1.3; text-align: left; color: rgb(65, 65, 65); }
.mobile-sidebar .penci-amphtml-accordion-header { background-color: transparent;

border: 0px; }
.sidebar-nav-social .screen-reader-text { clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position:

absolute; height: 1px; width: 1px; overflow: hidden; }
.mobile-sidebar { padding: 5px 15px 15px; width: 270px; max-width: 100%;

background: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
#close-sidebar-nav { border: 0px; background: transparent; position: absolute; top:

5px; right: 10px; z-index: 100; padding: 0px; }
#close-sidebar-nav i { width: 24px; height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,

255); line-height: 24px; text-align: center; border-radius: 12px; font-size: 14px;
vertical-align: top; color: rgb(49, 49, 49); }
.mobile-sidebar .mobile-navigation { clear: both; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none;

}
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li > ul, .mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile

li > ol { margin-bottom: 0px; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li { display: block; border-bottom: 1px solid

rgb(222, 222, 222); }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile > li:last-child, .mobile-sidebar .primary-

menu-mobile ul > li:last-child { border-bottom: none; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li { position: relative; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li a { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;

letter-spacing: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; color: rgb(19, 19, 19); margin:
0px; position: relative; padding: 12px 0px; display: block; line-height: 1.3em;
text-decoration: none; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li.menu-item-has-children a { padding-right:

17px; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li a > i { display: none; }
.mobile-sidebar ul.sub-menu { border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); padding:

10px 0px 10px 12px; margin-left: 0px; }
.mobile-sidebar ul.sub-menu ul.sub-menu { border: none; padding: 5px 0px 5px 12px;
margin-left: 0px; }
.mobile-sidebar ul.sub-menu li { overflow: hidden; border: none; }
.mobile-sidebar ul.sub-menu li a { margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px; transition: all

0.3s ease 0s; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile .dropdown-toggle { text-decoration: none;

position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; z-index: 20; font-size: 17px; font-style:
normal; text-align: right; padding: 11px 0px 11px 5px; line-height: 1; color:
rgb(19, 19, 19); transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile .sub-menu li a .dropdown-toggle { padding: 8px
0px 8px 5px; }
.mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li.toggled-on > a, .mobile-sidebar .primary-

menu-mobile li.toggled-on > .dropdown-toggle, .mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile
li.current-menu-item > a, .mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li.current-menu-item
> .dropdown-toggle { color: rgb(63, 81, 181); }
.mobile-sidebar #sidebar-nav-logo { max-width: 230px; padding: 24px 0px 0px; text-

align: center; margin: 0px; position: relative; overflow: hidden; font-size: 2em; }
.mobile-sidebar #sidebar-nav-logo a { font-family: Teko, sans-serif; font-weight:

700; line-height: 1; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-
decoration: none; }
.mobile-sidebar .sidebar-nav-social { margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 10px;

.mobile-sidebar .sidebar-nav-social .inner-header-social { display: inline-block;

vertical-align: top; position: relative; }
.mobile-sidebar .sidebar-nav-social a { float: left; display: inline-block;

vertical-align: top; margin-right: 13px; color: rgb(19, 19, 19); }
#amp-user-notification-gdpr { display: block; color: rgb(33, 33, 33); font-size:

14px; }
.penci-gprd-law { padding: 7px 15px; color: inherit; font-size: inherit; display:

block; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; background: rgb(245, 245,
245); }
.penci-gprd-law p { font-size: inherit; color: inherit; margin: 0px; display:

inline-block; }
.penci-gprd-law .penci-gprd-accept, .penci-gprd-law .penci-gprd-more { display:

inline-block; padding: 0px; line-height: 1; font-size: inherit; color: inherit;
margin-left: 10px; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0s; }
.penci-gprd-law .penci-gprd-accept { background: rgb(33, 33, 33); color: rgb(255,

255, 255); padding: 6px 15px; border: 0px; text-transform: none; }
.penci-gprd-law .penci-gprd-accept:hover, .penci-gprd-law .penci-gprd-more:hover

{ opacity: 0.8; }
.penci-gprd-law, #amp-user-notification-gdpr .penci-gdrd-show { position: fixed; z-

index: 19999; left: 0px; bottom: 0px; right: 0px; width: 100%; }
#amp-user-notification-gdpr .penci-gdrd-show { display: inline-block; width: auto;

right: 100px; left: auto; padding: 6px 15px; font-size: inherit; color: inherit;
background: rgb(245, 245, 245); line-height: 1; transition: all 0.3s ease 0.2s; }
@media only screen and (max-width: 680px) {

.amp-featured-slider .content-holder h3 { font-size: 15px; }
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px) {

.penci-search-form .search-submit { padding: 0px 15px; }
.amp-featured-slider .img-holder::before { padding-top: 80%; }
.amp-featured-slider .content-holder { padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px;
width: 100%; }
.penci-archive__list_posts.listing-1 .entry-media, .penci-
archive__list_posts.listing-3 .entry-media { width: 108px; }
.penci-post-related .item-related { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 20px; }
.penci-post-related .item-related:last-child { margin-bottom: 0px; }
#respond p.comment-form-author, #respond p.comment-form-email, #respond
p.comment-form-url, .wpcf7 p.name, .wpcf7 p.email, .wpcf7 p.subject { width:
100%; }
.penci-archive__list_product .penci-product-item { width: 100%; padding: 20px
10px 0px; float: left; }
.penci-amp-single-product .product-thumbnails, .penci-amp-single-
product .product-thumbnails + .entry-summary { width: 100%; }
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {

.amp-featured-slider .content-holder { left: 26px; right: 26px; }
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .mobile-sidebar .primary-menu-mobile li a, .penci-

archive__list_posts.listing-1 .penci__post-title, .penci-
archive__list_posts.listing-3 .penci__post-title, .penci-block-vc .penci__post-
title, .penci-archive__list_posts.listing-2 .penci__post-title, .penci-
archive__list_posts.listing-3 .penci-post-item-1 .penci__post-title, .penci-
archive__list_posts a.post-read-more, .penci-footer-navigation a, .penci-search-
form, #respond h3, .penci-post-related .item-related h4, #respond #cancel-comment-
reply-link { font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-weight: 700; }
.penci-post-pagination h5, .penci-post-related .item-related h4, .penci-

archive__list_posts.listing-1 .penci__post-title, .penci-
archive__list_posts.listing-3 .penci__post-title, .penci-block-vc .penci__post-
title, .penci-archive__list_posts.listing-2 .penci__post-title, .penci-
archive__list_posts.listing-3 .penci-post-item-1 .penci__post-title { font-size:
20px; }
.homepage-slider { display: none; }
.penci-archive__list_posts .penci-post-item .penci-posted-on { display: none; }
.penci-archive__list_posts.listing-2 .post-excerpt, .penci-

archive__list_posts.listing-3 .penci-post-item-1 .post-excerpt { display: none; }
.penci-archive__list_posts a.post-read-more, .penci-archive__list_posts.listing-2

a.post-read-more, .penci-archive__list_posts.listing-3 .penci-post-item-1 a.post-
read-more { display: none; }
.penci-amp-tags-links { display: none; }
.amp-wp-inline-69d137cc98ad8fa813fe090205f8ddd4 { float: none; margin: 0px; }
.amp-wp-inline-9ebb7490943b27acf21bc3342b5bd50d { text-align: justify; }
.amp-wp-inline-f146f9bb819d875bbe5cf83e36368b44 { color: rgb(255, 0, 0); }
.amp-wp-inline-67be225e6a65c56b5bf5028142235c8c { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); }
.amp-wp-inline-aa35d97c95ddc11dfd461ce718fe18da { float: none; margin: 0px; text-

align: center; }
.amp-wp-inline-2f0158eb062d1ac553a7edcb8a744628 { text-align: center; }
#penci-slider-img-holder52885 { background-image:
url("https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/History-of-
Measurement-760x570.jpg"); }
url("https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Steam-flow-to-the-
heat-exchanger.png"); }
url("https://instrumentationtools.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Rotary-Positive-
Displacement-pump-760x466.png"); }
Content-Location: https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-
awesome.min.css
@charset "utf-8";
@font-face { font-family: FontAwesome; src: url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot?

#iefix&v=4.7.0") format("embedded-opentype"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-
webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0") format("woff2"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff?
v=4.7.0") format("woff"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf?v=4.7.0")
format("truetype"), url("../fonts/fontawesome-webfont.svg?
v=4.7.0#fontawesomeregular") format("svg"); font-weight: normal; font-style:
normal; }
.fa { display: inline-block; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight:

normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size:
inherit; text-rendering: auto; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; }
.fa-lg { font-size: 1.33333em; line-height: 0.75em; vertical-align: -15%; }
.fa-2x { font-size: 2em; }
.fa-fw { width: 1.28571em; text-align: center; }
.fa-ul { padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 2.14286em; list-style-type: none; }
.fa-ul > li { position: relative; }
.fa-li { position: absolute; left: -2.14286em; width: 2.14286em; top: 0.142857em;

.fa-li.fa-lg { left: -1.85714em; }
.fa-border { padding: 0.2em 0.25em 0.15em; border: 0.08em solid rgb(238, 238, 238);
border-radius: 0.1em; }
.fa-pull-left { float: left; }

.fa-pull-right { float: right; }
.fa.fa-pull-left { margin-right: 0.3em; }
.fa.fa-pull-right { margin-left: 0.3em; }
.pull-right { float: right; }
.pull-left { float: left; }
.fa.pull-left { margin-right: 0.3em; }
.fa.pull-right { margin-left: 0.3em; }
.fa-spin { animation: 2s linear 0s infinite normal none running fa-spin; }
.fa-pulse { animation: 1s steps(8) 0s infinite normal none running fa-spin; }
@-webkit-keyframes fa-spin {
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
}
@keyframes fa-spin {
}
.fa-rotate-90 { transform: rotate(90deg); }
.fa-flip-horizontal { transform: scale(-1, 1); }
.fa-flip-vertical { transform: scale(1, -1); }
:root .fa-rotate-90, :root .fa-rotate-180, :root .fa-rotate-270, :root .fa-flip-

horizontal, :root .fa-flip-vertical { filter: none; }
.fa-stack { position: relative; display: inline-block; width: 2em; height: 2em;

line-height: 2em; vertical-align: middle; }
.fa-stack-1x, .fa-stack-2x { position: absolute; left: 0px; width: 100%; text-

align: center; }
.fa-stack-1x { line-height: inherit; }
.fa-stack-2x { font-size: 2em; }
.fa-inverse { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); }
.fa-glass::before { content: ""; }
.fa-music::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search::before { content: ""; }

.fa-envelope-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user::before { content: ""; }
.fa-film::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th-large::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th::before { content: ""; }
.fa-th-list::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check::before { content: ""; }
.fa-remove::before, .fa-close::before, .fa-times::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-search-minus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-power-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-signal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gear::before, .fa-cog::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trash-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-home::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-clock-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-road::before { content: ""; }
.fa-download::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-inbox::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rotate-right::before, .fa-repeat::before { content: ""; }
.fa-refresh::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lock::before { content: ""; }

.fa-flag::before { content: ""; }
.fa-headphones::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-off::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-volume-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-qrcode::before { content: ""; }
.fa-barcode::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tag::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tags::before { content: ""; }
.fa-book::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bookmark::before { content: ""; }
.fa-print::before { content: ""; }
.fa-camera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-font::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bold::before { content: ""; }
.fa-italic::before { content: ""; }
.fa-text-height::before { content: ""; }
.fa-text-width::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-center::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-align-justify::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dedent::before, .fa-outdent::before { content: ""; }
.fa-indent::before { content: ""; }
.fa-video-camera::before { content: ""; }
.fa-photo::before, .fa-image::before, .fa-picture-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pencil::before { content: ""; }
.fa-map-marker::before { content: ""; }

.fa-adjust::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tint::before { content: ""; }
.fa-edit::before, .fa-pencil-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows::before { content: ""; }
.fa-step-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fast-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-backward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pause::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fast-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-step-forward::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eject::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-times-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-question-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-info-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-crosshairs::before { content: ""; }
.fa-times-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ban::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-right::before { content: ""; }

.fa-arrow-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-forward::before, .fa-share::before { content: ""; }
.fa-expand::before { content: ""; }
.fa-compress::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-asterisk::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exclamation-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gift::before { content: ""; }
.fa-leaf::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fire::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eye::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eye-slash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-warning::before, .fa-exclamation-triangle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plane::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar::before { content: ""; }
.fa-random::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comment::before { content: ""; }
.fa-magnet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-retweet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shopping-cart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-open::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-v::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-h::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bar-chart-o::before, .fa-bar-chart::before { content: ""; }

.fa-twitter-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-camera-retro::before { content: ""; }
.fa-key::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gears::before, .fa-cogs::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comments::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-half::before { content: ""; }
.fa-heart-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sign-out::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linkedin-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumb-tack::before { content: ""; }
.fa-external-link::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sign-in::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trophy::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-upload::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lemon-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-phone::before { content: ""; }
.fa-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bookmark-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-phone-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-twitter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-facebook-f::before, .fa-facebook::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unlock::before { content: ""; }
.fa-credit-card::before { content: ""; }
.fa-feed::before, .fa-rss::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hdd-o::before { content: ""; }

.fa-bullhorn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell::before { content: ""; }
.fa-certificate::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hand-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-globe::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wrench::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tasks::before { content: ""; }
.fa-filter::before { content: ""; }
.fa-briefcase::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrows-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-group::before, .fa-users::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chain::before, .fa-link::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flask::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cut::before, .fa-scissors::before { content: ""; }
.fa-copy::before, .fa-files-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paperclip::before { content: ""; }
.fa-save::before, .fa-floppy-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-navicon::before, .fa-reorder::before, .fa-bars::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-ul::before { content: ""; }
.fa-list-ol::before { content: ""; }

.fa-strikethrough::before { content: ""; }
.fa-underline::before { content: ""; }
.fa-table::before { content: ""; }
.fa-magic::before { content: ""; }
.fa-truck::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pinterest-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-plus-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google-plus::before { content: ""; }
.fa-money::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-caret-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-columns::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unsorted::before, .fa-sort::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-down::before, .fa-sort-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-up::before, .fa-sort-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linkedin::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rotate-left::before, .fa-undo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-legal::before, .fa-gavel::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dashboard::before, .fa-tachometer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comment-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-comments-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flash::before, .fa-bolt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sitemap::before { content: ""; }
.fa-umbrella::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paste::before, .fa-clipboard::before { content: ""; }
.fa-lightbulb-o::before { content: ""; }

.fa-exchange::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud-download::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cloud-upload::before { content: ""; }
.fa-user-md::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stethoscope::before { content: ""; }
.fa-suitcase::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bell-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-coffee::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cutlery::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-text-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-building-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-hospital-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ambulance::before { content: ""; }
.fa-medkit::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fighter-jet::before { content: ""; }
.fa-beer::before { content: ""; }
.fa-h-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-double-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-angle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-desktop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-laptop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tablet::before { content: ""; }

.fa-mobile-phone::before, .fa-mobile::before { content: ""; }
.fa-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-quote-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-quote-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-spinner::before { content: ""; }
.fa-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-reply::before, .fa-reply::before { content: ""; }
.fa-github-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-folder-open-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-smile-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-frown-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-meh-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gamepad::before { content: ""; }
.fa-keyboard-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flag-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flag-checkered::before { content: ""; }
.fa-terminal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-code::before { content: ""; }
.fa-mail-reply-all::before, .fa-reply-all::before { content: ""; }
.fa-star-half-empty::before, .fa-star-half-full::before, .fa-star-half-o::before

{ content: ""; }
.fa-location-arrow::before { content: ""; }
.fa-crop::before { content: ""; }
.fa-code-fork::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unlink::before, .fa-chain-broken::before { content: ""; }
.fa-question::before { content: ""; }
.fa-info::before { content: ""; }
.fa-exclamation::before { content: ""; }
.fa-superscript::before { content: ""; }

.fa-subscript::before { content: ""; }
.fa-eraser::before { content: ""; }
.fa-puzzle-piece::before { content: ""; }
.fa-microphone::before { content: ""; }
.fa-microphone-slash::before { content: ""; }
.fa-shield::before { content: ""; }
.fa-calendar-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fire-extinguisher::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rocket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-maxcdn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-chevron-circle-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-html5::before { content: ""; }
.fa-css3::before { content: ""; }
.fa-anchor::before { content: ""; }
.fa-unlock-alt::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bullseye::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ellipsis-h::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ellipsis-v::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rss-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-play-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-ticket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-minus-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-level-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-level-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-check-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pencil-square::before { content: ""; }

.fa-external-link-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-share-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-compass::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-down::before, .fa-caret-square-o-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-up::before, .fa-caret-square-o-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-right::before, .fa-caret-square-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-euro::before, .fa-eur::before { content: ""; }

.fa-gbp::before { content: ""; }

.fa-dollar::before, .fa-usd::before { content: ""; }
.fa-rupee::before, .fa-inr::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cny::before, .fa-rmb::before, .fa-yen::before, .fa-jpy::before { content:

""; }
.fa-ruble::before, .fa-rouble::before, .fa-rub::before { content: ""; }
.fa-won::before, .fa-krw::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bitcoin::before, .fa-btc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-text::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-alpha-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-alpha-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-amount-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-amount-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-numeric-asc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sort-numeric-desc::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-thumbs-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-youtube-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-youtube::before { content: ""; }
.fa-xing::before { content: ""; }
.fa-xing-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-youtube-play::before { content: ""; }

.fa-dropbox::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stack-overflow::before { content: ""; }
.fa-instagram::before { content: ""; }
.fa-flickr::before { content: ""; }
.fa-adn::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bitbucket::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bitbucket-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tumblr::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tumblr-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-down::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-up::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-long-arrow-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-apple::before { content: ""; }
.fa-windows::before { content: ""; }
.fa-android::before { content: ""; }
.fa-linux::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dribbble::before { content: ""; }
.fa-skype::before { content: ""; }
.fa-foursquare::before { content: ""; }
.fa-trello::before { content: ""; }
.fa-female::before { content: ""; }
.fa-male::before { content: ""; }
.fa-gittip::before, .fa-gratipay::before { content: ""; }
.fa-sun-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-moon-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-archive::before { content: ""; }
.fa-bug::before { content: ""; }
.fa-vk::before { content: ""; }

.fa-weibo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-renren::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pagelines::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stack-exchange::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-right::before { content: ""; }
.fa-arrow-circle-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-toggle-left::before, .fa-caret-square-o-left::before { content: ""; }
.fa-dot-circle-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wheelchair::before { content: ""; }
.fa-vimeo-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-turkish-lira::before, .fa-try::before { content: ""; }
.fa-plus-square-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-space-shuttle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-slack::before { content: ""; }
.fa-envelope-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-wordpress::before { content: ""; }
.fa-openid::before { content: ""; }
.fa-institution::before, .fa-bank::before, .fa-university::before { content:

""; }
.fa-mortar-board::before, .fa-graduation-cap::before { content: ""; }
.fa-yahoo::before { content: ""; }
.fa-google::before { content: ""; }
.fa-reddit::before { content: ""; }
.fa-reddit-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stumbleupon-circle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-stumbleupon::before { content: ""; }
.fa-delicious::before { content: ""; }
.fa-digg::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pied-piper-pp::before { content: ""; }
.fa-pied-piper-alt::before { content: ""; }

.fa-drupal::before { content: ""; }
.fa-joomla::before { content: ""; }
.fa-language::before { content: ""; }
.fa-fax::before { content: ""; }
.fa-building::before { content: ""; }
.fa-child::before { content: ""; }
.fa-paw::before { content: ""; }
.fa-spoon::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cube::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cubes::before { content: ""; }
.fa-behance::before { content: ""; }
.fa-behance-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-steam::before { content: ""; }
.fa-steam-square::before { content: ""; }
.fa-recycle::before { content: ""; }
.fa-automobile::before, .fa-car::before { content: ""; }
.fa-cab::before, .fa-taxi::before { content: ""; }
.fa-tree::before { content: ""; }
.fa-spotify::before { content: ""; }
.fa-deviantart::before { content: ""; }
.fa-soundcloud::before { content: ""; }
.fa-database::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-pdf-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-word-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-excel-o::before { content: ""; }
.fa-file-powerpoint-o::before { content: ""; }
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.fa-glide::before { content: ""; }
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.fa-snapchat::before { content: ""; }
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