Lighting Fixtures

and Lighting Layouts

 Basic Lighting Terms

1 foot

1 footcandle

The light level 1 foot from a standard candle is 1 footcandle.

The amount of light falling on 1 square foot of surface lit

to 1 footcandle is 1 lumen.

Footcandles = lumens per square foot

The beam from the candle

is said to have an
intensity of 1 candela in
every direction
 The foot-candles
perpendicular to a beam is ...

Candlepower (in candelas)

Candlepower
Curve distance squared (in feet)

For points that are not at the

center of the beam, use the
0°° candelas emitted in that
100% particular direction.

87% 30°° If the surface is tilted, then

you need to use the full
71% 45°° equation below which
θ includes the tilt factor.
50% 60°°

Foot-candles = Candlepower x (Tilt Factor)

(feet)2

E = I 2
θ)
cos (θ
d
 Fixture Candlepower Curves
Candelas
2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 90o

Glare
1200
60o
1600

2000
45o

2400 30o

0o (Nadir)

The Candlepower Curve provides information

about candelas emitted in each direction
(e.g. this fixture emits about 1900 candelas straight down (nadir) and
a peak of about 2200 candelas at 20° to nadir.)

For glare, you should be concerned about

how much light is emitted at 45 ° and above.
 <20’ Spacing>

In this situation, 25’ Mounting height

Spacing to Mounting Height = 0.8

Work plane typically (30” above floor)

Zonal Lumens
Zone 0-30 17.4%
Zone 0-40 34.4%
Zone 0-60 71.0%
Zone 0-90 74.2%
Zone 90-180 4.8%
Fixture Efficiency 79.0%
 Lamp = lumens
(how much total light is coming out of the lamp)

Beam = candelas (candlepower)

(beam intensity)

Illuminance = foot-candles
= lumens per sq. foot
(how brightly the area is illuminated)

Luminance = candelas/sq. foot

(how bright the surface appears in a particular
direction)

Basic Lighting Terms

Example of Point-by-point
Footcandle Layout
 Understanding
Lighting Layout

Lamp is putting out LUMENS

% of LUMENS coming out of the fixture

Then intensity is the FIXTURE EFFICIENCY
coming out in
any particular
direction is
measured in
CANDELAS.

FOOT-CANDLES on the
% of lamp lumens that finally reaches work plane is the number of
the WORK PLANE is called the lumens per square foot.
COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION (CU)

Work Plane

LLF Light Loss Factors

(lamp lumens) x (CU) Lumen Depreciation
= average foot-candles
(area of work plane) Lamp Burn-out
Dust and Deterioration
Multiply by appropriate Light Loss Factors Voltage Fluctuation
Temperature Effects, etc..
Reflectance (floor)
Reflectance (ceiling)
Reflectance (wall)

RCR =
Room Cavity Ratio
(Shape Factor for
Room)

5(L + W) x H
RCR =
(L x W)
2.5 x (Wall area)
=
(Floor area)
Note that CU depends
on RCR but not CU Table
directly on the height!
(Zonal Cavity Method)
 One minute Lighting Layouts

(a) Area to be lit (square feet) = (length) x (width) =

(b) Average Footcandles desired =

(c) Total lumens on work plane = (a) x (b) =

(d) Usable lumens from each fixture* =

(e) Number of fixtures needed = (c) / (d) =

(f) Area illuminated by each fixture = (a) / (e) =

(g) Fixture Spacing (grid size) = square root of (f) =

(this is the spacing between fixtures in a square grid)

*to calculate usable lumens from each fixture

Usable Lumens from Mean Lumens per No. of Lamps per CU LLF
Each Fixture = lamp x Fixture x (Coefficient
of Utilization)
x (Light Loss
Factor)

CU (Coefficient of Utilization) is the percentage of the lumens from the lamp that finds its way to the
work plane. It depends on things like fixture efficiency, color and brightness of walls and ceiling,
shape of the room, and so on.
Typically, CU = 0.60 (i.e. 60%) but depending on the situation it could be anywhere between 45%
and 75%.

LLF (Light Loss Factor) is the product of many factors causing actual lumens to be less than rated
lumens, e.g. line voltage drop, dust on fixtures, etc.. It is often divided into “recoverable” and “non-
recoverable” portions, and can range anywhere from 0.50 to 1.00. You may do the “preliminary”
calculation using LLF = 1.00.

For Linear Fluorescent Lamps it is necessary to use

Mean Lumens per Rated Mean Lumens in Ballast Factor

lamp = catalog (of the ballast being used)
x

Typical average foot-candle levels: Offices, Classrooms 30-100 Baseball, home 350
(ambient lighting) Hallways, Corridors 5-10 Indoor Parking 2-5
Hi bay 30-50 Outdoor Parking 0.5-2.0
Manufacturing 30-100 Outdoors (Daylight)2000-8000
Merchandising 50-100 Moonlight (full) .01
 Lighting Guidelines

Lighting Design involves both Quantity and OFFICE LIGHTING:

Quality considerations. Reduction of glare is a key consideration. With
computers do not use standard lensed fixtures, use
Quantity is how many foot-candles (average) and parabolic louvers or egg-crate louvers. Indirect
how much variation is tolerated. Typically, for indoor lighting combined with task lighting is effective.
lighting, light levels are calculated on a “work plane” T-12 on magnetic ballasts should be changed to T8
which is table height (30 inches above floor). on electronic ballasts for 30%-45% reduction in
However, light levels on vertical surfaces too are energy. SP41 is a standard but SP35 is also common.
important in many instances, e.g. warehouse lighting. Note that color of lamp has nothing to do with glare
which is determined by fixture optics and intensity
Quality has to do with aesthetics, light distribution, and direction of light, not color of light.
layers of lighting, color temperature and color
rendering, accent lighting, highlighting of INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING:
architectural features, placement of fixtures etc.. Choose appropriate light level depending on the
nature of the work. Good lighting affects safety and
Light level (illuminance) is measured in foot- productivity. Task lighting is to be used wherever
candles in the US and lux in other places. The total possible, giving the user some control. High bay
amount of light (luminous flux) emitted by a lamp is fixtures often use MVR 400/U, should be changed to
measured in lumens. The relationship is: Wattmiser (360 W), to high output lamps (VBU,
XHO) and to PulseArc (PA). 6-lamp T5 fixtures are
foot-candles = lumens per sq. foot. also becoming popular.
lux = lumens per sq. meter. If color perception is important, replace HPS with
GE Chromafit metal halide lamps to get white light
Following are the typical initial lumens of common from the same fixture without change of ballast.
light sources:
SCHOOLS AND CLASSROOMS:
Initial Follow guidelines for office lighting since reading
LIGHT SOURCE lumens tasks are similar.
Candle 13
100 W incandescent bulb 1650 HOSPITALS:
4 foot T8 Fluorescent lamp 2800 Standard T8 fluorescent lamps are most common.
400 W Universal Metal Halide 36,000 For patient examination rooms ensure high CRI
400 W High Output Metal Halide 44,000 lamps, though doctors will prefer whatever lamps they
400 W High Pressure Sodium 50,000 are used to. High-bay/atrium lighting is typically
1000 W Metal Halide 105,000 metal halide, consider ceramic metal halide (CMH).

Designers use a term called CU (Coefficient of SUGGESTED LIGHT LEVELS:

Utilization) which stands for the fraction or foot-candles
percentage of light from the lamp that finds its way to Offices, Classrooms 30 - 100
the work plane. A typical CU of .60 (or 60%) implies Industrial High-bay 30 - 100
that 60% of the lumens from the lamp reach the work Manufacturing (on task) 30 - 100
plane. The basic lighting layout calculation goes Hallways, Corridors 5 - 10
like this: if a 10,000 square foot area is lit with 10 Merchandising 30 - 100
metal halide lamps each emitting 36,000 lumens, then Accent Lighting 3x to 10x
each lamp is providing 60% of 36,000 = 21,600 Roadway 0.3 - 1
lumens; 10 lamps provide 216,000 lumens and if this Baseball, home plate (PRO) 350
is spread out over 10,000 square feet, each square foot Parking: Indoor 2 -5
is receiving 21.6 lumens, i.e. the average light level is Outdoor 0.5 - 2.0
21.6 foot-candles. Reference Outdoors (Daylight) 2000 - 8000
Moonlight (full) .01
Lighting Layout Tools in the Lighting Assistant
 Watts x Hours = Watt-hours
1000 Watt-hours = 1 kiloWatt-hour (kWh)
1kWh costs about 10 cents ($0.10)

8760 hours in a year

720 hours in a month
168 hours in a week
12 hrs/day x 5 days per week = 3100 hrs per yr.
18 hrs/day x 6 days per week = 5600 hrs per yr.

100 watt bulb costs a penny an hour

In 1 month it will use $7.20 in electricity

400 watt HID lamp + 60 watts ballast losses = 460 watts

460 watts x 20,000 hr. life = 9200 kWh = $920 at 10 cents per kWh

4-lamp T12 fixture = 148 watts

In one year (say 4000 hrs.) it will use $60 of electricity
Save about $25 per fixture per year by replacing it with T8 Ultramax

A 4-lamp F32T8 fixture could be operating

Anywhere between 84 and 152 watts
depending on the ballast factor of the ballast inside.
(Don’t ever assume 4 x 32 = 128 watts!)
 Light source efficacies (LPW)
Lumens per Watt (LPW)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

HPS

Metal Halide

Fluorescent
Fluorescent

CFL
CFL

Mercury
Mercury

Halogen

Incandescent
Incandescent

(No. of lamps) x (Lamp mean lumens) x (ballast factor) x (CU)

Ballast input watts

= System Efficacy (System LPW)

 Lighting Power Density is measured
in Watts per Square foot

Typical Power density limits legislated are 1 to 2 watts per sq. foot.

Let us assume 1.5 watts per sq. foot

If a lighting systems delivers 50 LPW (system Efficacy)

Average footcandle level achieved = 50 lumens x 1.5 watts

Watt sq. foot

= 75 lumens = 75 footcandles
sg. foot

Summary: System efficacy (LPW), power

density and achievable light levels are
related.

The more efficient the system, the higher the

light levels for a given power density OR…

The lower the power consumption for a given

light level.
 IESNA Recommendations for Footcandles
Hor Vert Hor Vert Hor Vert
Offices Industrial Residential
General, Open offices 50 Basic Tasks (coarse) 10 General Lighting 5
Intensive Computer use 30 Basic Tasks (medium) 30 Grooming 30
Lobby, Reception 10 Basic Tasks (fine) 50 Dining 5
Conference Rooms 30 10 Basic Tasks (very fine) 100 Kitchen Counter 30
Video Confenecing 50 30 Machining (rough) 30 Serious reading 50
Shopping Malls/Retail Machining (fine) 300+ Casual Reading 30
Main Concourse 30 Warehousing (inactive) 5 Hotels
Restrooms 10 Warehousing (large labels) 10 10 Guest Rooms (general) 10
General Retail 50 Warehousing (small labels) 30 30 Bathrooms 30
Supermarkets 50 Stairways, corridors 5 Reading, Desk surface 30
Feature Display 100 Toilets and Wash rooms 10 Corridors, stairs 5
Show Window 300 Shipping/Receiving 30 Front Desk 50
Hospitals Reception/Lobby 10 Lobby 10
Corridors 10 Parking Restaurants
General (most areas) 30 Outdoor Parking 0.5 to 2 Intimate Dining 5
Operating Table 1000+ Indoor Parking 2 to 5 Food Court/Casual Dining 30
Inspection of supplies 100 Outdoor Kitchen 50
Waiting Areas (general) 10 Building façade (flood) 3-10 Sports
Waiting Areas (reading) 30 Roadway 0.3 to 1 Baseball (Pro) infield 150
Nursing Station (general) 30 Casinos and Gaming Baseball (Pro) outfield 100
Lobby 5 Circulation (high activity) 30 Baseball (recreational) infield 30
Medical Records 50 10 Circulation (medium activity) 10 Baseball (recreational) outfield 20
Schools and Universities Circulation (low activity) 5 Tennis (Pro) 150
Classrooms 50 Baccarat, Bingo, Craps, Roulette 30 Tennis (recreational) 50
Gymnasiums (basketball) 100 30 Poker, Blackjack 50 Basketball (Pro) 125
Gymnasiums (social) 5 Video and Slots 10 Basketball (recreational) 30
Corridors 30 NOTE: This represents w hat is needed by the players.
Lecture Demonstraion 100 50 Spectators and cameras may need more. For example,
Major League Baseball calls for 350 fc at Home Plate.
Industrials with reflectances Representative CU's For Estimates Only!! Contact Fixture
(Coefficient of Utilization) Manufacturer for correct values!!
ceiling: Rc = 50%; walls Rw = 50%;
floor Rf = 20%; LDD = 85% Coefficient of Utilization: the percent of the Offices with reflectances
lumens from the lamp that finally find their way ceiling: Rc = 80%; walls Rw = 50%;
High bay spun aluminum to the work plane. floor Rf =20%; LDD = 94%
CU ~ 0.80
This number depends on the particular fixture Acrylic Lensed troffer
type, the number of lamps in it, the lens used, CU ~ 0.81
its beam pattern, the shape of the room (Room
High bay acrylic Cavity Ratio, RCR) and the reflectances of the
ceiling (Rc), walls (Rw) and floor (Rf). However, Deep-cell Parabolic louver
CU ~ 0.75
for approximate calculations--and for
CU ~ 0.72
comparison purposes-- the CU's listed here
may be used. The numbers are taken from
High bay acrylic
generic fixture data from the IES handbook for
CU ~ 0.85 an RCR = 1 and from representative data from
Small-cell Parabolic louver
fixture manufacturers. CU ~ 0.55

Low bay lensed Generally a Dirt Depreciation Factor and other

CU ~ 0.70 Light Loss Factors are used to multiply CU. Small cell plastic grid 1/2"
CU ~ 0.78
Typical Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD)
Low bay acrylic Enivironment (Dirtiness) --> Light Medium Heavy
CU ~ 0.75 Enclosed Fixtures .94 .86 .77 Basic Fluorescent strip
Enclosed and Filtered .97 .93 .88 CU ~ 0.84
Fluorescent Industrial Open and Ventilated .94 .84 .74
CU ~ 0.85 Indirect Lighting
Rc 80%; use CU ~0.59
T5 or T8 Industrial Open Rc 50%; use CU ~0.37
T5 or T8 Industrial w/Lens CU ~ 0.88
CU ~ 0.75 Incandescent/CFL downlight
CU ~ 0.71