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MEF en Mécanique Non Linéaire Chapitre 1: Non-Linéarité en Mécanique
MEF en Mécanique Non Linéaire Chapitre 1: Non-Linéarité en Mécanique
MEF en Mécanique Non Linéaire Chapitre 1: Non-Linéarité en Mécanique
Khalil.mansouri@enit.utm.tn
Goals
What is linearity?
x1 y1 x1 x2
x2 y2
y ax
2x1 2y1 Y
2x1 +3x2 2y1+3y2
Global Local Local Global
Linear Linear Linear
Force Stress Strain Displacement
= E
A0 A
F/2
L0 L
F/2 E L
F F
L L
? ? ?
A0 A(F) L0 L
A0E
F A0 A0E L
L0
What is a linear structural problem?
Linearity is an approximation
Assumptions:
Infinitesimal strain (<0.2%)
Infinitesimal displacement
Small rotation
Linear stress-strain relation
What types of nonlinearity?
Linear vs. Nonlinear Problems
Linear Problem: 1 ui uj
ij
Infinitesimal deformation:
2 xj xi
Linear stress-strain relation:
Undeformed coord.
Constant displacement BCs σ D:ε
Constant applied forces
Constant
Nonlinear Problem:
Everything except for linear problems!
Geometric nonlinearity: nonlinear strain-displacement relation
Material nonlinearity: nonlinear constitutive relation
Kinematic nonlinearity: Non-constant displacement BCs, contact
Force nonlinearity: follow-up loads
Nonlinearities in Structural Problems
Prescribed Applied
displacement force
8.
C1 C2
Tip displacement
6.
4.
2.
0.
C3
C0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized couple
Strain
0.15
0.10
Domain of integration
0.05
Undeformed domain W0
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Deformed domain Wx du/dx
Nonlinear
E spring
1
E Linear spring
Linear and nonlinear elastic spring models
Material Nonlinearity cont.
E Y
sY
E
Elasto-plastic spring model
Visco-elastic material
•Time-dependent behavior
•Creep, relaxation
h
E E
time
Visco-elastic spring model
Boundary and Force Nonlinearities
dmax
Force
Displacement
Contact boundary
Linear problems
P(d) F(d) [K]{ d } {F }
Stress Loads
Strain
Linear Problems
2F
Kd F or P(d) F
K
•Stiffness matrix K is constant F
Nonlinear Problems
F
P( d) F, P(2d) 2F
KT
How to find d for a given F?
Incremental Solution Procedure di d
Newton-Raphson Method
•Most popular method
•Assume di at i-th iteration is known
•Looking for di+1 from first-order Taylor series expansion
•Update solution
F P(d)
di 1 di di KTi 1
KTi Solution
P(di+1)
P(di) di+1
di di+1 di+2 dn d
N-R Method cont.
Observations:
n n
j 1
(Ri 1 2
j ) j 1
( ui 1 2
j )
conv n
Or, conv n
1 (F
j 1 j
)2
1 j1 ( uj0 )2
N-R Algorithm
1. Set tolerance = 0.001, k = 0, max_iter = 20, and initial estimate u = u0
2. Calculate residual R = f – P(u)
3. Calculate conv. If conv < tolerance, stop
4. If k > max_iter, stop with error message
5. Calculate Jacobian matrix KT
6. If the determinant of KT is zero, stop with error message
7. Calculate solution increment u
8. Update solution by u = u + u
9. Set k = k + 1
10. Go to Step 2
Example – N-R Method
d1 d2 3 1 6
P( d) 2 2
F d0 P(d0 )
d1 d2 9 5 26
P 1 1 0 0 3
KT R F P( d )
d 2d1 2d2 17
Iteration 1
1 0 0.625
0
d d d
3.625
0
R1 F P( d1 )
4.531
Example – N-R Method cont.
Iteration 2
2 1 1 0.092
d d d
3.092
1 1 d12 0 d12 0.089
0.184 6.184 2 0.568 2
d2 d2 0.089
3 2 0.003
2 0
d d d R3 F P(d3 )
3.003 0.016
Example – N-R Method cont.
8
1 4.531
4 2 0.016
0 3 0.0
0 1 2 3 4
KTi (di )
Solution P(d)
P
d
F
P
d
di+2 di dn di+1 d
When N-R Method Does Not Converge cont.
F FC C
B A
FB B D
Force
C D
A
E
E
Displacement
Modified N-R Method
Constructing Ki ( di ) and solving KTi di Riis expensive
T
Computational Costs (Let the matrix size be N x N)
L-U factorization ~ N3
Forward/backward substitution ~ N
Use L-U factorized KTi (di ) repeatedly
More iteration is required, but
each iteration is fast
More stable than N-R method
Hybrid N-R method
F P(d)
P Solution
d
di di+1 dn d
Example – Modified N-R Method
Solve the same problem using modified N-R method
d d2 3 1 6
P( d) 21 2
F d0 P(d0 )
d1 d2 9 5 26
P 1 1 3
KT R0 F P( d0 )
d 2d1 2d2 17
• Iteration 1
0.625 0
1 0 0
d d d R1 F P( d1 )
3.625 4.531
Example – Modified N-R Method cont.
Iteration 2
4
4 0.0204
5 0.0051
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 0.0013
Iteration 7 0.0003
Incremental Secant Method
Secant matrix
Instead of using tangent stiffness, approximate it using the solution from the previous
iteration
i i 1 ( di1 )T (Ri 1 Ri ) i
v R 1 R
( di )T Ri1
di 1
wi
( di1 )T (Ri 1 Ri )
Become unstable when the No. of iterations is increased
Incremental force method
Incremental Force Method
N-R method converges fast if the initial estimate is close to the solution
Solid mechanics: initial estimate = undeformed shape
• Convergence difficulty
occurs when the applied
load is large (deformation is large)
• IFM: apply loads in
increments. Use the
solution from the
previous increment
as an initial estimate
• Commercial programs
call it “Load Increment”
or “Time Increment” ‘ABAQUS’
Incremental Force Method cont.
• Force control: gradually increase applied forces and find equilibrium configuration
F F
P(u)
Fn
FC
P(u)
F3 FB
F2
F1 FA
u u
u1 u2 u3 un uA uB uC uD
Nonlinear Solution Steps
1. Initialization: d0 0; i 0
2. Residual Calculation Ri F P( di )
3. Convergence Check (If converged, stop)
4. Linearization KTi ( di )
Calculate tangent stiffness
5. Incremental Solution:
Solve KTi ( di )di Ri
6. State Determination
di1 di di
Update displacement and stress
i1 i i
7. Go To Step 2
Nonlinear Solution Steps cont.
•State determination
For a given displacement dk, determine current state (strain, stress, etc)
uk (x) N(x) dk k B dk k f(k )
Sometimes, stress cannot be determined using strain alone.
•Residual calculation
Discretization: dT B dW
W
T
s
NT t d NT fb dW ,
W d Vh
k
Residual: R NT t d NT fb dW BT k dW
s W W
Example – Linear Elastic Material
•Governing equation (Scalar equation)
u Nd
W ( u )T dW u T t d u T fb dW
s W
( u ) B d
•Collect d
dT B dW
W
T
s
NT t d NT fb dW
W
P(d) F
Residual R F P( d)
Linear elastic material F
D DB d KT
P(d)
KT W BT DB dW
d
Example – Nonlinear Bar
R F (d)A 1
B
L
1 1
120
100
80
Stress
1 2 F = 10kN 60
x 40
L = 1m 20
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Strain
Example – Nonlinear Bar cont.
•Newton-Raphson equation
1 k
2 k k
mAE cos d F A
L E
•Iteration 1
d1 d0 d0 0.025m
mAE 0 1 d1 / L 0.025
d F
L
1 E tan 1 (m1 ) 78.5MPa
•Iteration 2
Tangent stiffness
Use displacement
criterion
Displacement
Solution Strategies
Load Increment (substeps) 300
250 Loading
Linear analysis concerns max load
200
Force
100
50
Applied load is gradually increased
within a load step 0
-50
Follow load path, improve accuracy, Unloading
-100
and easy to converge 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Displacement
Convergence Iteration
Within a load increment, an iterative
F
method (e.g., NR method) is used to
Fa 5
find nonlinear solution
34
2
Bisection, linear search, stabilization, etc
1
u
Solution Strategies cont.
F FC C
B A
FB B D
Force
C D
A
E
E
Displacement
When nonlinear analysis does not converge
Mesh distortion
Most FE programs stop analysis when mesh is distorted too much
Initial good mesh may be distorted during a large deformation
Many FE programs provide remeshing capability, but it is still inaccurate or
inconvenient
It is best to make mesh in such a way that the mesh quality can be maintained
after deformation (need experience)
Initial mesh