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Hydraulic Turbine-1
Hydraulic Turbine-1
Definition:
It’s a device that converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.
Runner:
It is a solid circular-disc. Buckets are fixed on the periphery of the disc. A shaft is
keyed to the runner at its centre.
Buckets:
Buckets are cup type hollow hemispherical structures, bolted on the periphery of
the runner. Jet strikes these buckets to rotate the runner. Their design plays a
vital role in deciding the efficiency of a turbine.
Nozzle and Spear:
Nozzle directs the flow of water to the buckets converting the high head of water
to high velocity. Spear is a conical part which regulates the flow of water striking
the buckets.
Casing:
Casing of an impulse turbine is a preventive shielding over the turbine. It prevents
the water from splashing and guides it to the spill way.
Pelton Wheel
Orthographic view of a bucket Velocity triangle of pelton wheel
Let
V1= Absolute velocity of water jet at inlet= Vw1
V2= Absolute velocity of water jet at outlet.
Vr1= Relative velocity of water jet at inlet.
Vr2= Absolute velocity of water jet at outlet.
u1= Linear velocity of bucket at inlet.
u2= Linear velocity of bucket at outlet.
α = Angle of jet striking the bucket= 0o
β= Angle of jet leaving the bucket
θ = Angle of tip at inlet = 0o
ɸ = Angle of tip at outlet.
Vf1= Velocity of flow at inlet.
Vf2= Velocity of flow at outlet.
Vw1= Whirl velocity at inlet.
Vw1= Whirl velocity at outlet.
A= Cross-sectional area of jet.
N= Speed of the wheel in r.p.m
D= Mean diameter of the wheel.
πDN
∴ u1 =
60
πDN
∴ u2 =
60
Work done per second per weight of water striking per second
ρAV1 (Vw1 +Vw2 )u
=
ρAV1 X g
(Vw1 +Vw2 )u
=
g
Hydraulic efficiency:
Velocity triangle
Let
V1 and V2 = Absolute velocity at inlet and outlet tip.
Vr1 and Vr2 = Relative velocity at inlet and outlet tip.
u1 and u2 = Velocity of vane at inlet and outlet tip.
Vf1 and Vf2 = Velocity of flow at inlet and outlet.
Vw1 and Vw2= Whirl velocity at inlet and outlet tip.
α1 and α2 = Angle of absolute velocity at inlet and outlet tip.
β1 and β2 = Angle of relative velocity at inlet and outlet tip.
r1 and r2 = Outer and inner radii of runner.
N= Revolution per minute.
ω= Angular velocity of the runner.
πD1N
u 1 = ωr 1 = (D1 = Outer diameter of the runner)
60
πD2N
u 2 = ωr 2 = (D2 = Inner diameter of the runner)
60
𝐕𝐰𝟏 𝐮𝟏 − 𝐕𝐰𝟐 𝐮𝟐
=
𝐠𝐇