CLETO, Nefri Anne Ms.

Esther Dela Cruz, RN, MAN

CRUZ, Gail Dominique B.
CUNTAPAY, Regine O.
DELA CENA, Patricia Beatrice S.
BSN 303

Describe the community as people:

1. Using excel or appropriate software, create a population pyramid based on the table on
distribution of the population in Bgy. Salapan, San Juan. Interpret, analyze, and explain
at least two (2) appropriate DOH health programs.

Interpretation: The population pyramid above indicates that there are more males as opposed
to females in the barangay. Birth rates are evidently higher as opposed to death rates as the
graph is wider at the base. It can also be noted that the population pyramid is asymmetrical
indicating that there is a demographic difference between the male and female groups in the
different age groups as evidenced by the number of relatively young people that is mostly
composed of males. The age ranges of 0-4 and 10-14 years old make up most of the population
followed by the 5-9 and 35-39 years old.
Analysis: The adult sex ratio (ASR) has long been recognized as a key population-level
determinant of behaviour. Early work, across both human and non-human animals, showed the
importance of partner availability on the patterning of relationship outcomes. Furthermore, In the
global average for adolescents and young adults we see the result of both the male-bias in birth
ratios. But as we move through adulthood we see that this ratio becomes lower. In the
Philippines, there is a total number of 18,060,976 males and 17,331,781 females for the 0-14
age group; 10,680,325 males and 10,243,047 females for the 15-24 age group; 20,777,741
males and 20,027,153 females for the 25-54 age group; 3,116,485 males and 3,633,301
females for the 55-64 age group; and 2,155,840 males and 3,154,166 females for the 65 and
above age group (CIA World Factbook and Other Sources, 2020). The data shows that the 25-
24 age group has the highest distribution of population for both male and female as compared
to the data of barangay which shows that both 0-4 and 10-14 age groups have the highest
distribution of population for both sexes..
Health Implications: In order to determine the general differences of health status of people
based on gender, Matud (2017) argued that there are two steps to determine this: (1) sex health
differences between the mortality and morbidity of male and female, and (2) understanding the
patterns of diseases of each gender. Matud (2017) mentioned that there are reports that prove
the general differences between the health indicators of both male and female. These health
indicators are the age or life cycle period of the person as well as the country where the study
was fulfilled. Studies show that for younger men, some life-threatening health issues they
encounter include substance addiction, mental health issues, and heart diseases. Meanwhile,
women tend to have mild to severe headaches, mental health problems (i.e. anxiety disorder,
affective disorder), and other chronic diseases. Matud (2017) also highlighted the use of a self-
rated health survey which basically asks the overall health status of a person through a single
question. The results show that women have poorer self-rated health than men, but this still
varies depending on the psychosocial and demographic profile of the respondents.
Many male health risks can be traced back to behavior. In general, men engage in behaviors
that lead to higher rates of injury and disease. They also tend to eat less healthful diets. On the
other hand, while it is true that there are more males born annually, researchers, co-founders,
and directors of Our World in Data, Ritchi & Roser (2019) state that it has been known for a long
time that the mortality of boys is higher. As early as 1786 the physician, Dr Joseph Clarke, read
a paper to the Royal Society of London on his observations that “mortality of males exceeds that
of females in almost all stages of life, and particularly the earliest stages”. Moreover, WHO
(2019) affirms that newborn girls have a biological advantage in survival over newborn boys.
They have lesser vulnerability to perinatal conditions (including birth trauma, intrauterine
hypoxia and birth asphyxia, prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome and neonatal tetanus),
congenital anomalies, and such infectious diseases as intestinal infections and lower respiratory
infections.
With the information presented above, the two most suitable programs from the DOH that can
be applied in Brgy. Salapan, San Juan City are:

1. Expanded Program for Immunization for 0-4 years of age

○ EPI aims to reduce infant and child mortality due to vaccine-preventable
diseases. Vaccines are important to administer to induce immunity thereby
causing the recipient’s immune system to react to the vaccine that produces
antibodies to fight infection. Vaccinations also promote health and protect
 children from disease-causing agents. Infants and children at an early age of 0-4
years old need to be vaccinated since they belong to a vulnerable age group.

2. Garantisadong Pambata Program (Nutrition Program) for 10-14 years of age

○ Malnutrition continues to be a public health concern in the community. The most
common nutritional deficiencies are Vitamin A, Iron, and Iodine. To improve the
quality of life of these certain age groups, they need a better and appropriate
nutrition program to improve health and increase productivity. This program aims
to provide a comprehensive and integrated package of services, and
communication on health, nutrition, and environment to children available every
day at various settings, such as home, school, health facilities, and communities
by government and non-government organizations, private sectors, and civic
groups. Micronutrient supplementation is one of the interventions to address the
health and nutritional needs of children to improve their growth and survival.

2. Compute, interpret the data, analyze, and briefly explain its health implications.
a. Median Age
Median Age=[(n/2-cf)/f) x w]+Lm

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Age of Individuals

Surveyed in Barangay Salapan, San Juan City as of September 2010.

Age Frequency Percentage

0-4 20 11.90%

5-9 17 10.12%

10-14 20 11.90%

15-19 11 6.55%

20-24 13 7.74%

25-29 9 5.36%

30-34 15 8.93%
 35-39 17 10.12%

40-44 10 5.95%

45-49 8 4.76%

50-54 6 3.57%

55-59 9 5.36%

60-64 7 4.17%

65-69 1 0.60%

70-74 3 1.79%

75 and above 2 1.20%

TOTAL 168 100%

Table 2. Frequency and Cumulative Frequency Showing the Age of Individuals

Surveyed in Barangay Salapan, San Juan City as of September 2010.

Age Frequency Cumulative Frequency

0-4 20 20

5-9 17 37

10-14 20 57

15-19 11 68
 20-24 13 81

25-29 9 90

30-34 15 105

35-39 17 122

40-44 10 132

45-49 8 140

50-54 6 146

55-59 9 155

60-64 7 162

65-69 1 163

70-74 3 166

75 and above 2 168

i=5 n=168

Values: Solution:
(n/2) = 168/2 = 84
cf = 81 Md
f=9
w=5
Lm= (25+24)/2 = 24.5

Median Age = 26.17 or 26

 Interpretation: In Brgy. Salapan in San Juan City, half of the population are
younger than 26 years of age and the other half are older than 26 years of age.

Analysis: According to the statistical data provided by the Philippine Statistics

Authority in 2010, the nationwide median age was 23.4 years old. This is
comparatively lower than that of the population of Barangay Salapan in the same
time period. The median age of the barangay can be beneficial for its citizens
since this can mean that the population is relatively young and is able to work.

Health Implications: The majority of the population is in the working-age

bracket. Work and health have an important relationship with each other as work
affects health and health affect the person’s ability to work (Weil, 2017). A large
number of workers who are within the age bracket also implies that there will be
less of an increase with the number of individuals at work with minor and major
health problems that occur more frequently after 55 years of age (Converso et
al., 2017).

b. Dependency Ratio
Dependency Ratio = (Total number of population of 0-14 years old and 65
years old above)/(Total population of 15 to 64 years old) x 100

TOTAL DEPENDENCY RATIO

0-14 years old = 57
65+ = 6
0-14 years old and 65+ = 57 + 6 = 63
15-64 years old = 105
Dependency Ratio = 63/105 x100
Dependency Ratio = 60

FEMALE DEPENDENCY RATIO

0-14 years old = 25
65+ = 3
0-14 years old and 65+ = 25 + 3 = 28
15-64 years old = 50
Dependency Ratio = 28/50 x100
Dependency Ratio = 56

MALE DEPENDENCY RATIO

0-14 years old = 32
65+ = 3
0-14 years old and 65+ = 32 + 3 = 35
15-64 years old = 55
Dependency Ratio = 35/55 x100
Dependency Ratio = 63.6 or 64

Figure 1. Dependency Ratio of Barangay Salapan, San Juan City as of

September 2010.

Interpretation:
There are 60 economically dependent individuals for every 100 economically
productive individuals
There are 56 economically dependent females for every 100 economically
productive individuals.
There are 64 economically dependent males for every 100 economically
productive individuals.

Analysis: Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population) in the Philippines

was reported at 55.74% in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of
development indicators. The barangay’s dependency ratio is somewhat higher at
60%. Ritchie and Roser (2019) noted that a high dependency ratio means that
those of working age, and the overall economy, face a greater burden in
supporting the aging population. Simon et al. (2012) furthers this by stating that a
low dependency ratio is desirable as it indicates that there are proportionally
more adults of working age who can support the young and the elderly of the
population. With an dependency ratio of 60, however, it can be said that
Barangay Salapan is fully capable of supporting those who are economically
dependent due to the comparatively higher number of economically productive
individuals. The dependency ratio of the female population is markedly lower
than that of the males.
Health Implications: Dependency ratios can predict the health needs of a
barangay in such a way that if there are a fewer number of people who can
support schools, retirement/disability pensions, and other assistances to the
youngest and oldest members of a population. Since the community has a
dependency ratio of 60:100 in total, 56:100 for the females, and 64:100 in males,
productivity growth in the barangay will most likely increase (Pettinger, 2017).
c. Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio=(Number of males)/(Number of females) x 100
Males = 90
Females = 78
Sex Ratio = 90/78 x 100
Sex Ratio = 90/78 x 100
Sex Ratio = 115.38

Figure 2. Dependency Ratio of Barangay Salapan, San Juan City as of

September 2010.

Interpretation: There are 115 males for every 100 females.

Analysis: According to PSA (2018), the Philippines male to female ratio was at
level of 101.31 males per 100 females in 2015, down from 101.78 males per 100
females in 2010, this is a change of 0.46%. When there are more males, it is
more favorable to the economic status of the community. Steege & colleagues
(2018) claim that women are paid far less than their male counterparts and
undertake a significant portion of unpaid work. Unpaid or poorly paid positions
tend to attract women who may have more limited prospects to secure other paid
work. Steege & colleagues (2018) suggest that the reason for the gender
inequality in salary is the perpetuation that men are “breadwinners” and are
perceived as deserving of higher paid work.

Health Implications: More males are born annually according to WHO (2019)
but as populations grow older, there will be more females than males. This is
because men engage in behaviors that lead to higher rates of injury and disease
 as stated by Richi & Roser (2019). Many male health risks can be traced back to
behavior: In general, men engage in behaviors that lead to higher rates of injury
and disease. Moreover, Ritchi & Roser (2019) state that it has been known for a
long time that the mortality of boys is higher. This is because females have lesser
vulnerability to birth asphyxia, congenital anomalies, and perinatal conditions.

References:

Department of Health.(2014).Child Health. Retrieved from http://caro.doh.gov.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2014/09/child-health.pdf

Gender Disparities in Health and Mortality – Population Reference Bureau. (2007). PRB.
https://www.prb.org/genderdisparities/

Matud, M. (2017). Gender and Health. Retrieved 07 November 2020 from

https://www.intechopen.com/books/gender-differences-in-different-contexts/gender-and-health

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2012, August). The Age and Sex Structure of the Philippine
Population: (Facts from the 2010 Census) (No. 2012–066). https://psa.gov.ph/content/age-and-
sex-structure-philippine-population-facts-2010-census

CIA World Factbook and Other Sources (2020). Philippine People. Retrieved 07 November
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Converso, D., Sottimano, I., Guidetti, G., Loera, B., Cortini, M., & Viotti, S. (2018). Aging and
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Ritchie, H. & Roser, M. (2019, September 20). Age Structure. Our World in Data.
https://ourworldindata.org/age-structure

Rush University Medical Center. (n.d.). How Gender Affects Health. Retrieved October 20,
2020, from https://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/how-gender-affects-health

Schacht, R. & Smith, K. (2017). Causes and consequences of adult sex ratio imbalance in a
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Simon, C., Belyakov, A. O., & Feichtinger, G. (2012). Minimizing the dependency ratio in a
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82(3), 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2012.06.009
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