AIM: To study viewing commands (Select) and Execute queries using these

commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

SELECT Statement:
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database. The data returned is stored
in a result table, called the result-set.
Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Example:

LOAN:
- create table Loan(loan_number INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, amount INTEGER);
- INSERT INTO Loan VALUES(1001, 105321);
- INSERT INTO Loan VALUES(1057,100000);
- INSERT INTO Loan VALUES(1070, 87654);
- INSERT INTO Loan VALUES(1059, 287932);
- INSERT INTO Loan VALUES(1025,109065);
- Select * from Loan

CONCLUSION:
Viewing commands for table(like Select) have been learnt.
AIM: To study modifying commands(Update, Delete) and Execute queries using
these commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

UPDATE Statement:

The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.

Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example:

- UPDATE Payment SET payment_amount = 10879 where payment_number = 1;

-
- select * from Payment Order by payment_date;
The SQL DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

CONCLUSION:
Modifying commands for table(like Update, Delete) have been learnt.
AIM: To study aggregate functions (Count, Average, Sum, Min, Max) and Execute
queries using these commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

COUNT() , AVG() and SUM() Functions:

The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.

Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
- SELECT COUNT(amount) from Loan;

The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column.

Syntax:
SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:

- SELECT AVG(amount) from Loan;

The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.

Syntax:
SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:
- SELECT SUM(amount) from Loan;

MIN() and MAX() Functions:

The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.
Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
- select min(start_date) from Employee;

The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.

Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition; MAX()
 Example:
- select max(start_date) from Employee where dep_name = 'abc';

CONCLUSION:
Working with Aggregate functions (like Count, Average, Sum, Min, Max) have been
learnt.
AIM: To study grouping commands (Group by, Order by) and Execute queries using
these commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

GROUP BY:

The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX, MIN,
SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);

Example:

SELECT Branch_city, SUM(Assets) AS Assets FROM Branch GROUP BY Branch_city;

 ORDER BY:

The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order. The
ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in
descending order, use the DESC keyword.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Example:
- select * from Loan order by loan_number;

CONCLUSION:
Grouping Commands (like group by, order by) have been learn
AIM: To study commands involving data constraints (Where, Having, And, Or, Not,
Between) and Execute queries using these commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

WHERE Clause:

The WHERE clause is used to filter records. The WHERE clause is used to extract only
those records that fulfill a specified condition.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
- select * from Loan where loan_number = 1001;

HAVING Clause:

The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be
used with aggregate functions.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
 Example:
SELECT Branch_city, SUM(Assets) AS Assets FROM Branch GROUP BY Branch_city HAVING

AND, OR and NOT Operators:

The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators. The AND and OR
operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:

The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;

Example:

- select * from Employee where emp_name = 'Vibhu Sehra' and dep_name =

'abc';

The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
Example:

- select * from Payment where payment_number = 1 or payment_number = 2;

The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
Example:
- select * from Payment where not payment_amount>50000;

BETWEEN Operator:

The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates. The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are
included.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
 WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Example:
- select * from Employee where emp_id between 2 and 5;

CONCLUSION:
Commands involving data constraints (Where, Having, And, Or, Not, Between) have
been learnt
AIM: To study aliasing and renaming(View, As) and Execute queries using these
commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

CREATE VIEW:

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.

A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields
from one or more real tables in the database. You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and
JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the data were coming from one single
table.

Syntax:
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:
create view low_payment as select payment_date,payment_amount from Payment where
payment_amount < 30000;

CONCLUSION:
Aliasing and renaming commands (like View, As) have been learnt
 AIM: To study join commands and Execute their queries.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

JOINS:

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column
between them.

Different Types of SQL JOINs:

 (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the right table, and the matched
records from the left table
 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records when there is a match in either left or
right table

Example:
 - SELECT C.Customer_id, C.Customer_name, A.Balance FROM Customer C
INNER JOIN Account A ON C.Customer_id = A.Account_id;

- SELECT C.Customer_id, C.Customer_name, A.Balance FROM Customer C

LEFT JOIN Account A ON C.Customer_id = A.Account_id;

- SELECT A.Account_id, C.Customer_name, A.Balance FROM Customer C

RIGHT JOIN Account A ON C.Customer_id = A.Account_id;

- SELECT A.Account_id, C.Customer_name, A.Balance FROM Customer C

FULL OUTER JOIN Account A ON C.Customer_id = A.Account_id ORDER BY
A.Balance;
CONCLUSION: Various join commands have been learnt.
AIM: To study commands for Set Operations (Union, Intersection, Minus) and
Execute queries using these commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

ACCOUNT

EMPLOYEE

UNION Operator:

The UNION operator is used to combine the result-set of two or more SELECT statements.

 Each SELECT statement within UNION must have the same number of columns
 The columns must also have similar data types
 The columns in each SELECT statement must also be in the same order

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;

Example:
- select emp_name from employee union select account_name from Account;
INTERSECT Operator:

The INTERSECT operator is used to combine two SELECT statements, but returns rows only
from the first SELECT statement that are identical to a row in the second SELECT statement.
This means INTERSECT returns only common rows returned by the two SELECT statements.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
WHERE condition
INTERSECT
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2
WHERE condition
Example:
- select emp_name from employee INTERSECT select account_name from Account;

MINUS Operator:

The MINUS operator is used to return all rows in the first SELECT statement that are not
returned by the second SELECT statement. Each SELECT statement will define a dataset. The
MINUS operator will retrieve all records from the first dataset and then remove from the results
all records from the second dataset.

Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
WHERE condition
MINUS
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2
WHERE condition

Example:
- select emp_name from employee minus select account_name from Account;

CONCLUSION:
Set Operation Commands (Union, Intersection, Minus) have been learnt.
AIM: To study commands for String Functions (ASCII, Lower, Upper, Length,
Inticap, Translate, Substr) and Execute queries using these commands.

QUERIES AND OUTPUTS:

ASCII Function:
The ASCII function returns the decimal representation in the database character set of the first character
of char. Example: ASCII('b') =98

Syntax:
select ASCII(col_name) from Table_Name

Example:
- select ASCII(emp_name) from employee;

Lower Function:
The LOWER function returns a string with all lower case characters. Example: LOWER('ORADEV') =
'oradev'

Syntax:
select LOWER(col_name) from Table_Name
Example:
- select LOWER(account_name) from Account;
-

-
Upper Function:
Transform a string to all upper case characters. Example: UPPER('oradev') = 'ORADEV'

Syntax:
select upper(col_name) from Table_Name

Example:
- select

upper(account_name) from Account;

Length Function:
The LENGTH functions returns the length of char. LENGTH calculates length using characters as
defined by the input character set. Example: length('oradev.com') = 10

Syntax:
select length(col_name) from Table_Name
Example:
- select length(amount) from loan;
Inticap Function:
Transform String to init cap Example: INITCAP('ORADEV') = 'Oradev'

Syntax:
select initcap(col_name) from Table_Name

Example:
- select initcap(emp_name) from employee

Substr Function:
Returns a substring. For more information see Oracle substring

Syntax:
select substr(col_name,st_idx, end_idx) from Table_Name
Example:
- select substr(emp_name,0,4) from employee;

CONCLUSION:
Commands for String Functions (ASCII, Lower, Upper, Length, Inticap, Translate,
Substr) were learnt.