LAB NUMBER 4

 TITLE
 Verification of NOR and NAND gates as a universal.
 OBJECTIVES
 To understand how to implement NOT, AND, and OR gate using NAND gates only.
 To understand how to implement NOT, AND, and OR gate using NOR gates only.
 INTRODUCTION
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any
other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In practice, this is advantageous
since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used
in all IC digital logic families. In fact, an AND gate is typically implemented as a NAND gate
followed by an inverter not the other way around Likewise, an OR gate is typically implemented
as a NOR gate followed by an inverter not the other way around.
 COMPONENTS
 Breadboard.
 Connecting wires OR leads.
 Digital trainer.
 LS7402.(for NOR Gate)
 LS7400. (for NAND Gate)
 PROCEDURE
Implementation of the NOT gate using the NOR gate

Implementation of the AND gate using the universal NOR gate

Implementation of the NOT gate using NAND gate

Implementation of the AND gate using NAND gate

 Implementation of the OR gate using NAND gate

Implementation of the NOR gate using NAND gate

Implementation of the NAND gate using NOR gate

 RESULTS/TRUTH TABLES
Implementation of the NOT gate using the NOR gate

Truth Table
Input A Output Q
0 1
1 0

Implementation of the AND gate using the universal NOR gate

Implementation of the NOT gate using NAND gate

Truth Table
Input A Output Q
0 1
1 0

Implementation of the AND gate using NAND gate

Implementation of the OR gate using NAND gate

Implementation of the NOR gate using NAND gate

 Implementation of the NAND gate using NOR gate

 CONCLUSIONS
In this lab we familiarite with the logic gates because these logics are used in many projects such
as a ON and OFF the lights. So these logics are widely used in the field of engineering such as
electronics that is the branch of electrical engineering.
 REFRENCE
 www.google.com
 www.Wikipedia.com