The Mean Value Theorem for

Integrals

The average of set of 𝑛 numbers, 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … , 𝑦𝑛 is

𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛
𝑦=
𝑛

Can we give meaning to the

consept of the average of a
function 𝑓 over an interval 𝑎, 𝑏 ?
The Mean Value Theorem for
Integrals
Suppose we take a regular partition of 𝑎, 𝑏 ,
(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑃: 𝑎 = 𝑥0 < 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 < ⋯ < 𝑥𝑛−1 < 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏 with Δ𝑥 =
𝑛
The average of the interval 𝑛 values 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , … , 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 is
The Mean Value Theorem for
Integrals
Example 10
Find the average value of the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 on the
interval 0, 𝜋 .
Solution
The average value is

To evaluate this integral, we make the

substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , so that 𝑑𝑢 =
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 0 and when
𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑢 = 𝜋. Thus,
The Mean Value Theorem for
Integrals

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is often

expressed : if 𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏], then
there exist a 𝑐 in 𝑎, 𝑏 such that

Mean Value theorem for Integrals says that there is

some 𝑐 in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] such that the area of
the rectangle with height 𝑓(𝑐) and width 𝑏 − 𝑎 is
equal to the area under the curve.
The Mean Value Theorem for
Integrals
Example 11
Find all the values of 𝑐 that satisfy the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals for
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 on the interval −3,3 .
Solution
There could be two value of 𝑐 that satisfy the
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals. The average
value of the function is

Both − 3 and 3 are in

the interval −3,3 , so
To find value of 𝑐, we solve both value satisfy the
Mean Value Theorem for
Integrals
 Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

A region above the 𝒙-axis

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , and suppose that 𝑓 is
continuous and nonnegative on the interval
𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏

Determine a curve
in the 𝑥𝑦-plane !

Consider that region 𝑅 bounded by the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏, and

𝑦 = 0. We refer to 𝑅 as the region under 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏. Its
area 𝐴(𝑅) is given by
Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

Example 1
Find the area of the region 𝑅 under 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 2 between 𝑥 = −1 and
𝑥 = 2.
Solution
Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

A region below the 𝒙-axis

Area is a nonnegative number. If the graph of the 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is below the 𝑥-axis,
𝑏
then 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is a negative number and therefore cannot be an area. However,
𝑎
it is just the negative of the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 =
𝑏, and 𝑦 = 0.

If the graph of the 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is below

the 𝑥-axis

−
Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

Example 2
2
Find the area of the region 𝑅 bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 , the 𝑥-axis, 𝑥 = −2 and
𝑥 = 3. 3
Solution
Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

Example 3
Find the area of the region 𝑅 bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 , the segment
of the 𝑥-axis between , 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 2, and the line 𝑥 = 2.
Solution
Applications of Integral
REGION BETWEEN TWO CURVES

Consider curves
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
with 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥)
on 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏.
Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

Example 4
Find the area of the region between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
Solution
First, find where the two curves
intersect. In this case 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1
Then,

One job remaining is evaluate the

integral
Applications of Integral
THE AREA OF A PLANE REGION

Excercise 1
Evaluate an integral for the area of the indicated region !
Applications of Integral
VOLUMES OF SOLIDS

What is Volume?

In each case, the solid is generated by moving a

plane region (the base) through a distance ℎ in a Simple solid called
direction perpendicular to that region. right cylinders
The volume of the solid is defined to be the area
𝐴 of the base times the height ℎ
Applications of Integral
VOLUMES OF SOLIDS

Consider a solid with the property that cross sections perpendicular to a given
line have known area.
Suppose that the line is the 𝑥-axis and that area of the cross section at 𝑥 is
𝐴 𝑥 , 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. Partition the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 by inserting points 𝑎 = 𝑥0 < 𝑥1 <
𝑥2 < ⋯ < 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏. Then pass planes through these points perpendicular to the
𝑥-axis, thus slicing the solid intoo thin slabs (lempengan-lempengan).
Applications of Integral
VOLUMES OF SOLIDS

The volume 𝑉 of the solid should be given approximately by the Riemann sum

When we let the norm of the partition approach zero, we obtain a definite
integral
This integral is defined to be the volume of the solid.
Applications of Integral
SOLID OF REVOLUTION : METHOD OF DISKS

When a plane region, lying entirely on one side

of a fixed line in its plane, is revolved about
that line, it generates a solid of revolution. The
fixed line is called the axis of the
solid of revolution.
If the region inside a
right triangle is
revolved about one
of it legs, it generates
a conical solid
When a cyrcular re is
revolved about a line
in its plane that does
not intersect the
circle, it seeps out a
torus (doughnut)
If the region bounded
by a semicircle and
its diameter is
revolved about that
diameter, it sweeps
out a spherical solid
Applications of Integral
SOLID OF REVOLUTION : METHOD OF DISKS

Example 5
the volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the plane region 𝑅
bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥, the 𝑥-axis, and the line 𝑥 = 4 about the 𝑥-axis.
Solution

Recall that the volume of a circular cylinder is 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ, we approximate volume

Δ𝑉 of this disk with Δ𝑉 ≈ 𝜋 𝑥 2 Δ𝑥 and then integrate
Applications of Integral
SOLID OF REVOLUTION : METHOD OF WASHERS

Sometimes, slicing a solid of revolution result in disks with holes in the middle.
We call them washers
Applications of Integral
SOLID OF REVOLUTION : METHOD OF WASHERS

Example 6
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the
parabolas 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 about the 𝑥-axis.
Solution
The keyword are still
slice, approximate, integrate
Applications of Integral
SOLID OF REVOLUTION

Excercise 2
Find the volume of the solid generated when the indicated region is revolved
about the x-axis !