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Hazardous Location Information
Hazardous Location Information
H A Z A R D O U S L O C AT I O N D ATA
the location is not considered a hazardous location. Such a The frequency of occurance determines the level of hazard for a
location is typified by a single family home with natural gas or location, the longer the material is present, the greater the risk.
propane as the energy source for heating. The gas could, and FREQUENCY OF
C L A S S, D I V I S I O N S Y S T E M ZONE SYSTEM
on extremely rare occasions does leak into the home, and an OCCURRENCE
explosion occurs. However the risk is so low (because of the Continuous Zone 0
C l a s s I , D i v. 1
safety systems built into the gas supply and heating equipment) Intermittent Periodically Zone 1
that such locations are not classified as a hazardous location. Abnormal Conditions C l a s s I , D i v. 2 Zone 2
Division 1
The abnormal conditions of occurrence, or lower risk areas,
Class I, Division 1 locations are those where the explosion haz-
Division 2 and Zone 2 are basically identical in the Zone and
ard exists under normal operating conditions. The area may be
Division system. However, in areas where a hazard is expected
hazardous all or most of the time, or it may only be hazardous
to occur during normal operation, Division 1 and Zone 1 and 0,
some of the time. Division 1 also includes locations where
the Zone system deals with highest risk areas Zone 0 separate-
breakdown or faulty operation of electrical equipment or
ly, and risk associated with the remaining location Zone 1, is
processes might release ignitible concentrations of flammable
considered lower. The Division system tends to be less specific
gases or vapors, and might also cause simultaneous failure of
in its consideration of Division 1. The Division system treats all
electrical equipment in such a way as to directly cause the elec-
areas where a hazard is expected to occur in normal operation
trical equipment to become a source of ignition. An example of
the same.
such a location might be an area where a flammable liquid is
stored under cryogenic conditions, and a leak of the extremely The following chart illustrates the differences between the
low temperature liquid directly onto electrical equipment could various Zones.
cause failure of the electrical equipment at the same time the
GRADE OF RELEASE ZONE FLAMMABLE MIXTURE PRESENT
vapors of the evaporating liquid are within the flammable range.
Continuous 0 1000 hours per year or more (10%)
Between 10 and 1000 hours per year
Primary 1
Division 2 or more ( 0.1% to 10% )
Division 1 Zone 0
Risk Risk
Zone 1
Division 2 Zone 2
Not Not
Classified Classified
The grouping is based on two major factors: the explosion CLASS I, ZONES 0, 1 AND 2,
pressure generated during an explosion; and the maximum gap G R O U P S I I C , I I B , A N D I I A , L O C AT I O N S
between ground flat mating metal surfaces that will prevent
propagation of an explosion through the gap to a flammable General
atmosphere of the same flammable material and concentration. This method of area classification follows the international
method of area classification as developed by the International
Group A Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and European Committee for
The highest explosion pressures of the materials grouped are Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) standards.
generated by acetylene, the only material in Group A. Thus,
This zone system of classification is currently only applicable to
explosionproof equipment designed for Group A must be very
locations with Class I gases and vapors. Like the subdivisions
strong to withstand the explosion anticipated, and must have a
under Class I locations of Divisions 1 and 2 and for the same
very small gap between joint surfaces. Explosionproof equip-
reasons, (area classification and equipment testing) hazardous
ment for Group A is the most difficult to design and there is less
locations are classified by zones instead of divisions.
explosionproof equipment listed for this group than for any
other group.
Zone 0
These are locations in which ignitible concentrations of flamma-
Group B
ble gases or vapors are present continuously or for long periods
Group B materials produce explosion pressures somewhat less
of time. Zone 0 represents the most dangerous part of the
than acetylene, and the design of explosionproof enclosures for
Division 1 classification.
this group is somewhat less rigorous than for Group A enclo-
sures. However, because of the very high explosion pressures There are situations where flammable liquids are stored in tanks
in both Groups A and B, and, in particular, the very small gap and the vapor space above the liquid is above the upper flam-
between mating surfaces needed to prevent propagation of an mable limit. If the vapor space is above the upper flammable
explosion, there are no explosionproof motors listed for use in limit most of the time, the space is not a Zone 0 location
either Group A or B locations. because the requirements are for "ignitible concentrations" of
flammable gases or vapors (concentrations within the flamma-
Group C ble range).
The chemical materials in Group C fall within the range between
Groups B and D in both the explosion pressures generated and Zone 1
the gap between mating surfaces of explosion proof equipment These locations are almost the same as Class I, Division 1 loca-
that will prevent an explosion. tions in the class, division system except they do not include
those locations defined as Class I, Zone 0, where ignitible con-
Group D centrations are present all or most of the time.
Group D is the most common group encountered in the field,
and there is more equipment available for this group than for Zone 2
any other group. These locations are the same as Class I, Division 2 locations in
the class, division system.
There is no consistent relationship between such properties
as ignition temperature, flash point, and flammable limits, and
CLASS I, GROUPS IIC, IIB, AND IIA
the Class I hazardous location group into which the various
General
materials fall.
In the international system of classification, Group I gas group-
ing is reserved for classification and equipment intended for use
in underground mines. For information on electrical equipment
in underground mines, see the Federal Register, regulations of
the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
INTRODUCTION
H A Z A R D O U S L O C AT I O N D ATA
iv
NORTH AMERICAN
IEC/CENELEC/US MAXIMUM General
T E M P. C O D E S U S
( N E C 5 0 5 ) T E M P. C O D E S T E M P E R AT U R E
(NEC-500) & CSA
Just as in Class I, Divisions 1 and 2, the subdivision of Class II
°C °F
into Divisions 1 and 2 identifies the likelihood that there will be
T1 T1 450 842
T2 T2 300 572 an explosion hazard.
T2A 280 536
T2B 260 500
T2C 230 446
T2D 215 419
T3 T3 200 392
T3A 180 356
T3B 165 329
T3C 160 320
T4 T4 135 275
T4A 120 248
T5 T5 100 212
T6 T6 85 185
v INTRODUCTION
H A Z A R D O U S L O C AT I O N D ATA
Oxygen Ignition
vii INTRODUCTION
H A Z A R D O U S L O C AT I O N D ATA
MOULDED/ENCAPSULATED TYPE "m" PROTECTION tors, which may store energy, from increasing the maximum
current permitted in the system. It is important to understand
This type of protection is one in which the parts than can ignite
that intrinsic safety is a "system approach" and that no single
an explosive atmosphere are enclosed in a resin (plastic) suffi-
device provides total protection.
ciently resistant to environmental influences in such a way that
this explosive atmosphere cannot be ignited by either sparking
NON-SPARKING TYPE "nA" PROTECTION
or heating, which may occur within the encapsulation.
This is protection suitable for use in Class I, Zone 2 or Division 2
INCREASED SAFETY TYPE "e" PROTECTION locations only. It is subdivided into three categories, "nA", "nC"
and "nR".
This protection system is for equipment that, under normal
operating conditions, does not produce ignition-capable arcs or A - Non-sparking equipment.
sparks or high temperatures. It provides special increased C - Sparking equipment in which the contacts are suitably
spacing between live parts and live parts of opposite polarity or protected other than by restricted breathing.
grounded metal parts, special insulating materials to reduce the R - Restricted breathing enclosure. This is similar to hermetically
likelihood of arc tracking, special terminals to reduce the likeli- sealed however it also includes other enclosures where the rate
hood of high temperatures or loose connections, and tempera- of leaking of a flammable into the enclosure is restricted.
ture control on heat producing equipment. It is widely used for Special leak tests are conducted on the enclosure.
protection of squirrel cage motors, terminal and connection
HERMETICALLY SEALED TYPE "nC" PROTECTION
boxes (junction boxes), and terminal boxes of flameproof equip-
ment where the arcing contacts are in a separate enclosure This protection technique is limited to Zone 2 or Division 2
connected to the increased safety enclosure by flameproof fit- locations only and works by eliminating the ignition source leg
tings. It is expected that both Underwriters Laboratories of the fire triangle. It defines "hermetically sealed" as a fusion
Incorporated and Factory Mutual Research Corporation, as well process such as soldering, brazing, welding, or the fusion of
as Canadian Standards Association, will be listing equipment glass to metal. So-called "hermetically sealed" relays that are
meeting these requirements for Class I, Zone 1 and Zone 2 sealed by use of gaskets are not included in this definition.
locations for which it is approved. Typical hermetically sealed devices are mercury-tube switches
and reed switches.
INTRINSIC SAFETY OR INTRINSICALLY SAFE TYPE
"ia", AND "ib" PROTECTION NON-INCENDIVE EQUIPMENT TYPE "nC"
PROTECTION
There are two versions of this protection method in the "Zone"
System, "ia" (2 fault) for Zone 0 and less dangerous locations, This is a method of protection of sparking contacts in Class I,
and "ib" (1 fault) for Zone 1 and 2 locations only. Additionally in Zone 2 or Division 2 locations. A non-incendive component is
the "Class, Division" System intrinsically safe equipment listed one having contacts for making or breaking an incendive circuit
for use in Class I, Division 1 locations for the same gas group, where the contact mechanism is constructed so that the com-
and with a suitable temperature rating is permitted in Class I, ponent is incapable of igniting the specified flammable gas or
Zone 0, 1 and 2 locations. There is no "i" marking for intrinsi- vapor-air mixture. The housing of a non-incendive component
cally safe equipment listed in the "Class, Division" System (2 is not intended to exclude the flammable atmosphere or contain
fault type only). an explosion.
Type 13 Enclosures
Type 13 Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to pro-
vide a degree of protection against dust, spraying of water, oil,
and noncorrosive coolant.
INTRODUCTION
H A Z A R D O U S L O C AT I O N D ATA
x
??
COMPARISON OF SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS OF ENCLOSURES FOR INDOOR NONHAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
PROVIDES A DEGREE OF PROTECTION TYPE OF ENCLOSURE
AGAINST THE FOLLOWING
E N V I R O N M E N TA L C O N D I T I O N S 1* 2* 4 4X 5 6 6P 12 12K 13
* These enclosures may be ventilated. However, Type 1 may not provide protection against small particles of falling dirt when ventilation is provided in the enclosure top.
** These fibers and flyings are nonhazardous materials and are not considered as Class III type ignitable fibers or combustible flyings. For Class III type ignitable
fibers or combustible flyings see the National Electrical Code®, Article 500.
* External operating mechanisms are not required to operate when the enclosure is ice covered.
** External operating mechanisms are operable when the enclosure is ice covered.
*** These enclosures may be ventilated.
Acetylene I X — — — — — — —
Hydrogen, manufactured gases I — X — — — — — —
Diethyl ether, ethylene, cyclopropane I — — X — — — — —
Gasoline, hexane, butane, naptha, propane, acetone
Toluene, isoprene I — — — X — — — —
Metal dusts II — — — — X — — —
Carbon black, coal dust, coke dust II — — — — — X — —
Flour, starch, grain dust II — — — — — — X —
Fibers, flyings * III — — — — — — X —
Methane with or without coal dust MSHA — — — — — — — X
* Due to the characteristics of the gas, vapor, or dust, a product suitable for one Class or Group may not be suitable for another Class or Group unless so
marked on the product.
** For Class III type ignitable fibers or combustible flyings refer to the National Electrical Code® Article 500.
*** For a complete listing of flammable liquids, gases, or vapors refer to NFPA 497 - 1997 (Recommended Practice for the Classification of Flammable Liquids,
Gases, or Vapors and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas and NFPA 325 - 1994 (Fire Hazard Properties of
Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids). Reference also NFPA 499 – 1997 Classifications of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations
for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas.
xi INTRODUCTION
H A Z A R D O U S L O C AT I O N D ATA
The IEC uses the term "Ingress Protection" to identify the envi- Code letters
ronmental protection of an enclosure. This is defined in IEC
Standard 529 and is referenced by the CEC ®. IP Codes are First Digit 0 to 6
comparable to NEMA Enclosure Types. contact and foreign body protection
The IP classification system designates, by means of a number,
Second Digit 0 to 8
the degree of protection provided by an enclosure and the elec-
water protection
trical equipment against physical contact, foreign bodies and
water ingress.
Additional letters A, B, C, O
The protection classes for electrical equipment in respect of: (optional)
I. Protection of persons against contact with live or moving
parts. (Physical contact protection) Supplementary letter H, M, S, W
II. Protection against ingress of solid foreign bodies. (Foreign (optional)
body protection)
III. Protection against ingress of water. (Water protection)
Structure and use of the IP Code: FIRST DIGIT FOREIGN BODY SECOND DIGIT
DIGIT PHYSICAL
I. If a code digit does not have to be given it should be replaced PROTECTION
PROTECTION WAT E R P R O T E C T I O N
with the letter "X".
0 Non-protected Non-protected Non-protected
II. Additional and/or supplementary letters may be omitted
1 Protection against Protected against Protected against water
without substitute letters. back of hand contact. solid objects greater dripping vertically.
III. If more than one supplementary letter is required, than 50 mm (1.97 in.).
alphabetical order should be followed. 2 Protection against Protected against Protected against vertically
finger contact. solid objects greater dripping water when tilted
The numbering system and degree of protection follows: than 12 mm (0.47 in.). up to 15‚ degrees.
3 Protection against Protected against solid Protected against spraying
The additional (optional) letter concerns protection of per-
contact from a wire objects greater the 2.5 water at an angle up to 60°
sons and refers to information about protection against or tools. mm (0.098 in.). degrees from the vertical.
access to dangerous parts by: 4 Protection against Protected against solid Protected from splashing
contact with a wire objects greater the 1.0 water from any direction.
I. Back of the hand letter A
or strip of thickness mm (0.039 in.).
II. Finger letter B greater than 1.0 mm
III. Tool letter C (0.039 in.).
IV. Wire letter O 5 Protection against Dust-protected pre- Protected against water jets
contact with a wire. vents ingress of dust in from any direction.
The supplemental (optional) letter concerns protection of the sufficient quantity to
interfere with operation
equipment and provides supplementary information specially for: of equipment.
I. High voltage equipment letter H 6 Protected against Dust-tight no dust Protected against heavy
II. Water-proofing during operation letter M contact with a wire. ingress. seas or powerful jets of
water and prevents ingress
III. Water-proofing during standstill letter S
sufficient to cause harm.
IV. Weather conditions letter W 7 Protected against the
effects of immersion
between a depth of 150 mm
to 1 meter.
8 Protected against submer-
sion, suitable for continuous
immersion in water under
conditions specified by the
manufacture.
The ATEX Directive relates to electrical and mechanical equip- • Technical requirements for equipment and protective systems
ment and includes items such as: where the risk arises from combustible dusts, gases, vapors
and mist are covered by the Essential Health and Safety
• All equipment and protective systems intended for use in Requirements.
potentially explosive atmospheres within the European Union
are covered and must have the CE marking along with specif- • There is more emphasis placed upon the continued compli-
ic type of explosion protection markings. ance of certified products. Conformity assessment addresses
both the design and production phases. There is an option to
• Explosive atmospheres caused by the presence of gas, adopt a quality systems approach to cover the production
vapors and mists. phase for some equipment. The quality system will be based
on the ISO 9000 series of standards but augmented for this
• Existing, previously certified products must be re-examined to purpose.
determine compliance with the new directives.
• The requirements for surveillance are addressed in more detail
• Mining (Group I) and surface (Group II) non-mining is and are not therefore open to differing interpretations of the
addressed. (Group I) applies to equipment intended for use in requirements.
underground parts of mines, and to those parts of surface
installations of such mines, likely to be endangered by All manufacturers of products covered by these new directives
firedamp and/or combustible dusts. (Group II) non-mining must prepare a declaration of conformity containing details
applies to equipment intended for use in other surface indus- about the product, its intended use and how it complies with
trial and offshore locations likely to be endangered by explo- the requirements. In most cases, this will entail the involvement
sive atmospheres. of a Notified Body in the Conformity Assessment Procedure.
PROTECTION METHODS
PERMITTED ZONE PERMITTED ZONE AT E X P E R M I T T E D
MME ET THHOODD OOF F PPRROOT TE ECCT TI OI ONN SYMBOL
(CENELEC/IEC) US (NEC 505) C AT E G O R Y
Enclosed Break nC 2 2 3
Non-Sparking nA 2 2 3
Energy Limitation nL 2 2 3
Restricted Breathing nR 2 2 3
ADDITIONAL MARKING
EEx ia IIC T4
European Standard Explosion Protection
Method of Protection
Gas Group
Temperature Rating
xv INTRODUCTION
C E R T I F I C AT I O N M A R K I N G S
Equipment certified by the various test authorities may require Classified products are different than listed products.
additional marking information such as the symbol or name of Products carrying this mark have been evaluated for
the test authority, certificate number, year of issue, etc. specific properties. Although UL has a Canadian
European countries issue certificates of conformity, and these mark, CSA has no equivalent certification process.
certificates will include special instructions on the installation,
including installation limitations. UL’s Component Recognition Service covers the
testing and evaluation of component products that
With the advent of free trade, the Standards Council of Canada
are incomplete or restricted in performance capabili-
and OSHA have accredited a number of nationally recognized
ties. These components will later be used in com-
testing laboratories (NRTL) to certify equipment to each others’
plete products or systems approved by UL. UL’s
National Standards.
Component Recognition Service covers compo-
nents, such as plastics, wire and printed wiring
USA Multiple agencies issue product standards
boards, that may be used in very specific, or a broad
• OSHA accredits testing agencies (Listing to
spectrum of end-products, or components such as
ANSI Standards)
motors or power supplies. These components are
• Specific, multiple or no marking may be accept-
not intended for separate installation in the field, they
able to, or required by regulatory agencies.
are intended for use as components of complete
• Self-certification by a manufacturer is permitted.
equipment submitted for investigation to UL.
Canada CSA is responsible for issuing all product standards.
• Standards Council of Canada accredits testing
agencies (Listing to CSA Standards) Factory Mutual Approval is essentially the same as
• Specific marking required for approval by regula- certified or listed. This means a product has been
tory agencies. fully investigated to a specific set of construction stan-
dards. In hazardous locations, Factory Mutual specifi-
CENELEC Issues Product Standards and Installation
cally approves Zone type products for the location.
Practices for EU Member Nations
• Testing permitted by multiple member country
agencies.
Certain manufacturers use the term "complies with"
• Specific marking required for approval by regula-
for selected products. In the U. S., companies are
tory agencies.
permitted to "self certify" products to a standard or
set of standards, which may or may not include
UNITED STATES - THE FOLLOWING “Complies ANSI standards. This means no third party testing
CERTIFICATION MARKS APPLY TO THE U.S. ONLY With” agency has actually investigated the product for
safety or performance. The installer and the authori-
If the CSA Mark appears with the "NRTL" qualifier ties having jurisdiction over the electrical installations
only, this indicates that the product is CSA certified for are simply accepting the word or reputation of the
the U. S. market to the applicable ANSI/UL standards. manufacturer. This practice is not acceptable in
Canada or EU countries.
This logo was introduced in 1999 to be consistent in
North America.
CANADA
CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION -
The CSA Mark may appear alone or with qualifiers.
Listed means the same as certified or approved.
This means a product has been fully investigated to
If the CSA Mark appears alone, it means that the
a specific set of construction standards. In haz-
product is CSA certified for the Canadian Market, to
ardous locations, Zone type products must be
the applicable Canadian standards.
specifically "Listed" for the location.
If the CSA Mark appears with qualifiers "NRTL/C", It
means that the product is CSA certified for the U. S.
and Canadian markets.
INTRODUCTION
C E R T I F I C AT I O N M A R K I N G S
xvi