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Chapter 1- The Problem and its Background

1.1 Introduction

This study will focus on developing and innovating a new machine that can perform

the task more efficiently. The coconut dehusking machine peels off the husk to obtain

the fruit with the help of two rotating rollers having spikes along its axis. First, the

coconut will be placed into a hopper fed to the coconut dehusking machine with the

rollers driven at two different speeds with the help of gears which is powered by a

gasoline motor. Particularly, the rotational speed of these two rollers should be different

so that the coconut can be turned by means of this differential speed . Then, the spikes

will penetrate the coconut husk in which the rotation of rollers will peel the husk. The

husk which is peeled-off will be pulled downwards by the rollers and it will directly go to

a husk container. The dehusked coconut will be picked up by a mechanism controlled

by a lever. Lastly, by pulling the metal tube attached to the hopper, a new coconut will

go to the machine to be dehusk.

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1.2 Conceptual framework

Figure 1. Conceptual framework

In order for the Coconut Dehusking Machine to function and operate, the first step is

to feed the coconut into the hopper through the peeling roller spikes. In the peeling

process, the roller spikes will pull down the husk which will go through a husk container,

then the dehusked coconut will be picked up by a mechanism that is controlled by a

lever then by pulling the metal tube attached to the hopper, there will a new coconut to

be dehusk. The dehusked coconut container will serve as the storage for the finish

product.
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1.3 Statement of the Problem

Dehusking a coconut using the primitive way usually takes time and presents risk

and danger to the life of the farmers. These problems can be solved through innovating

and developing a machine that can help to dehusk coconuts by using rollers with

integrated spikes, powered by a gasoline motor to lessen human effort. This will

increase their productivity and profit by means of reduced production time.

1.1 Objectives of the Study

General Objective

To design and fabricate a Gasoline powered coconut dehusking machine for large-

scale coconut dehusking needs.

Specific Objective

To improve the number of dehusked coconuts per unit time.

To reduce human effort and manpower requirement.

1.2 Assumption of the Study

In designing and fabricating the machine, the following assumptions were

made:

In this study, it considers the availability of the materials in the local market.

Choosing the best and low-cost materials will help the project to obtain good quality and
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performance, thus, efficiencies used for machine members are based on standard

values.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study was conducted to benefit the following:

For students. This study will serve as a guide and reference to help them innovate

and develop more machines for the agricultural needs of the community.

For community: It will help the groups of large-scale coconut farms to ease their

work and to help them to be organized in producing coconut products.

For university: it will make more opportunities to create more ideas and knowledge

about agricultural needs.

For Researchers: The researchers can also gain significance in this study to

improve their skill, strategy, and knowledge in engaging research.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation

The focus of this study is to develop an equipment in coconut farming communities

using a machine that will help coconut farmers in reducing its production time, with less

human effort. However, when putting the coconut into the dehusking machine it should

be one at a time to avoid clogging.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods on how the data from experiment are

gathered and analyzed. It explains also how the Coconut dehusking machine was

fabricated.

3.1 Research Methodology

The researchers utilized the descriptive methodology in analyzing the results of

the project. Descriptive research primarily focuses on the characteristics, quality and

quantity by observing the data collected from the project. descriptive research may also

be characterized as a simple attempt to determine, describe or identify. Descriptive

research aimed at casting light on current issues or problems through a process of data

collection that enables them to describe the situation more completely. This project will

operate using a gasoline motor that will rotate two rollers oppositely to tear the coconut

husk from the coconut shell with the use of spikes to collect data.

3.2 Flow Process

The aim of this study was to fabricate a Gasoline Coconut Dehusking Machine to

mechanize the dehusking process to speed up production compared to the conventional

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Design
way. The design of the project was to use a gasoline motor ofelectric motor
instead of an
the Project
because some area in province has electricity shortage. The fabrication of the project is

Canvassing
divided into three parts; (1) The material of the roller is steel pipe, width is 600 mm. The
Materials
space between the spike is 100 mm. The roller is connected to the gasoline motor then
Design
it has a reducer in order for the other spike to limit the speed. The size of a spike is 50
Modificatio
n
mm height and 50 mm diameter. (2) After the coconut has peeled, the stopper that is

connected to the hopper should be pulled manually for the other coconut to fall. (3) The
Fabrication
excess coconut skin is going straight to the bin, then the coconut above the roller must

be removed manually. Mock

Testing
Figure 2. Methodology Diagram

Improveme
nt

In this study, the researchers designed a project to compromise

Final our local coconut
Testing
farmers to their job.

The researchers have canvassed for the best material needed to fabricate the

machine. For the design modification, the gasoline motor was used instead of the usual

electric motor. A hopper and lever were also installed to easily remove the dehusked

coconut and replace a new one. To fabricate this machine, it is required to follow all the

measurements and dimensions of the existing design and also use the best materials

that have been collated.

3.3 Conceptual Design

The design of the Coconut Dehusking Machine will be fabricated based on the

conceptual framework of the figure below.

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Figure 3. The Concept Design of Coconut Dehusking Machine

Figure 4. The Concept Design of Coconut Dehusking Machine

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3.4 Coconut Dehusking Machine Process

Coconut Dehusking Machine operates using gasoline engine. The coconut was

placed between two rolling cylinders connected via gears that rotates in opposite

directions. As the cylinder rotates, the spikes on the cylinder will penetrate the husk and

tear it away. The spikes provided are designed in such a way that it will not damage the

coconut shell.

Figure 5.The Mechanism

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Figure 6. Rollers

Figure 7. Spikes
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Figure 8. Frame
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3.5 Project Components

1. Gasoline motor – it is the main source of power to operate the entire machine.

2. Belt – this will transmit the mechanical power from the engine into the shafts and

rollers.

3. Pulley – it is attached into the engine shaft and holds the belt in place.

4. Gears – it is connected to the shaft to move the rollers in opposite directions.

5. Roller – these components is where the spikes will be attached.

6. Spike – it is the main part of the machine that will remove the coconut husk from

its shell.

7. Bearing – this will reduce the friction in the shafts.

8. Frame – this is where all the components of the machine is attached.

9. Shaft – it is used to transmit the power from the engine into the rollers.

10. Hopper – this will serve as the loading part of the machine, wherein the coconut

will be placed.
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3.6 Estimated Cost

Material Quantity Specifications Estimated Cost

Gasoline Motor 1 5.5 HP, Single Phase 4,500

V-Belt 1 15mmx20mm 250

Pulley 2 350

Gear 2 32 Teeth,50mm 3,200

48 Teeth,68mm

Roller 2 Schedule 40

66.6mm 3,240

76.2mm 2,200

Bearing 4 55 mm 2,800

Shaft 2 50 mm 1,800

Angle bar 4 pcs 2x2 4.5mm 1,660

Miscellaneous
( Welding rods, **** Bolts&Nuts-14mmx22mm 1,000
bolt and nuts, Welding rod -
etc.)

TOTAL 21,000

Table 1. Estimated Cost

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Chapter 4

Data and Results

This chapter presented the data and results of the design calculations and

elements sizing. The objective was to evaluate the capabilities of the design based on

digital modeling.

4.1 Design

The design of the coconut dehusking machine was developed to innovate a

machine that can help dehusk coconuts using rollers with integrated spikes powered by

a gasoline motor to lessen human effort. The function and operation of the coconut

dehusking machine, was to feed first the coconut into the hopper through the peeling

roller spikes. In the peeling process, roller spikes grip and tear the coconut husk then

the dehusked coconut will be picked by a lever, then by pulling the stopper attached to

the hopper, it will release another coconut and repeat the dehusking cycle.

4.2 Design Analysis

The husk is removed from the machine through the shear force exerted by the

roller spikes in the machine. In relation to that, the amount of shear load required to de-
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husk the coconuts have been determined. Both dry and mature coconuts with different

sizes can be dehusked using the equipment.

The shear yield strength of coconut fruit was determined using the equation,

τ y =0.577 σ y

Where:

τ y is the shear yield strength

N
σ y is the tensile yield strength = 175 for coconut fruit. (Odey,et.al,2019)
mm2

Solution:

τ y =0.577 σ y

N
τ y =( 0.557)(175 )
mm2

N
τ y =¿ 97.475 → equation1. for shear yield stregth of coconut
mm2

Determination of power required of the machine

The power, P required for the dehusking of one coconut by this machine was

determined as 5.5HP or 4.10KW. Standard service factor = 1.15. From the following

relation given below as:

A single phase motor with 2hp,

speed of 1500rpm and 230v is
used. Power will be transferred
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from the motor through

several power transmission
components designed to rotate
the de-
husking roller. Below is the
calculation for the mechanisms
showing all the calculation for
the theoretical design.
Design power = power to be transmitted × service factor

Where:

Power to be transmitted (P) = F x V

Where:

P is the power of the gasoline motor

V is the peripheral velocity of the belt

Computation for peripheral velocity of the belt

π (D A )( N A )
V=
60

solving for the peripheral velocity that the researchers have,

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π (D A )( N A )
V=
60

π (0.06 m)(6500 rpm)

V=
60

V = 20.42 m/s → equation 2. peripheral velocity

From the dimensions of standard V-belts according to ISO: 2494-1974,for

a belt transmitting less than 3.75 kW

Solution:

P=F×V

4.10 kW = (F) (20.42 m/s)

1000 N
F = 0.20078 kN ( )
1 kN

F = 200.78 N → equation3. force required ¿ dehusk a coconut

The force required to dehusk a coconut is 196.13 N. (IJET, 2018)

P=F×V

P = (196.13 N) (20.42)

1 kW
P = 4004.97 W ( )
1000W

P= 4.005 kW → equation 4 force produce by motor ¿ dehusk coconut

Therefore, the force produce by the gasoline motor is suitable to the required
force to dehusk a coconut.
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4.3 Calculations

Computation for dehusking the coconut per hour,

1 dehusk coconut 60 secs

NT=
20 secs ( 1 min )( 601 hour
min
)
N T is the number of coconut dehusk

180 dehusk coconut

NT=
1hr

The researchers assume that every 20 seconds our machine can dehusk 1 (one)

coconut

equation 11. computation for dehusking coconut per hour

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4.4 Comparison

Figure 10. comparison of different dehusking machine

In terms of output coconut our design project is behind 60 dehusked coconut per

hour. Because the other coconut dehusking machine is using bigger gasoline motor.
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Figure 11. comparison of different dehusking machine

In terms of output, the designed project can produce more dehusked coconut per

hour than the other motor with the lower power because the coconut dehusking

machine was using a bigger gasoline motor.

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Figure 12. comparison of human and dehusking machine

Based on the comparison between the traditional method and the mechanical

method, the machine can produce more dehusked coconut than the spear method and

it can consistently operate much longer hours.

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4.4 Costing

The costs per proposed quantity presented in the hereunder table was sourced
from a single commercial merchandiser named CHRISTIAN JAY AUTO SUPPLY. The
quotation was attached herewith.

MATERIALS/ SPECIFICATIONS

PARTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY PRICE

Angle Bar

2x2in, 4.5mm 4 pieces P1660.00

Pillow Block Bearing

55mm 4 pieces P2800.00

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MATERIALS/ SPECIFICATIONS

Shaft

50mm 2 pieces P1800.00

Gear 32 teeth

48 teeth 2 pieces P3200.00

Gasoline Motor

5.5 horsepower 1 piece P4500.00

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914.4 x 1828.8 1 piece P1500.00

mm

Galvanized Steel sheet

746mm 1 piece P250.00

V- Belt

50.8 mm 2 pieces P600.00

101.6 mm

Pulley

Sched. 40 P2207.00

76.2 mm 2 pieces
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Roller/Pipe 101.6 mm P3248.00

14mm x 1 ½” Per kilo P250.00

Bolts & Nuts

--- Per kilo P300.00

Welding rod

Table 2. Materials and Specifications

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Figure 13. quotation

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter provides the summary of the whole analysis on the design made in

the project, as well as the conclusion of the study. In addition, recommendations were

suggested for future researchers who will be interested in the project. Please be

informed that the results of this paper was purely based on theoretical analysis and

modeling.

5.1 Summary

The purpose of this study was to design a machine that will dehusk a coconut

effectively to lessen effort compared to the traditional method which requires a lot of

effort. The researchers applied their knowledge on machine design and machine shop

to fully develop a much convenient way of dehusking coconuts without the need of

significant human effort.

For the experimentation, it was not conducted considering the unavailability of

the actual prototype. Unfortunately, there would be no detailed comparison on the

efficiency of the machine from the traditional way of dehusking coconut. Based on

modelling the concept was proven and the equipment can therefore perform at par or

beyond expected against the traditional method.

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5.2 Conclusion

This way of dehusking a coconut by Gasoline motor can perform task easily with

less human effort. Therefore, the traditional way of dehusking a coconut is minimally

productive. With the development and innovation of this machine, it can perform the

task more efficiently. In addition, safety features, such as machine guards, will be

helpful to prevent any accidents and injuries to anyone near the unit.

5.3 Recommendation

The researchers recommend creating the said unit based on their design and

calculation. Also, adding an electric source such as electric motor to provide other

means of powering the unit will be beneficial. Additional fuel storage maybe added in

the design to compensate for desired operational hours based on motor fuel

consumption. Lastly, the researchers suggest to automate the loading and unloading of

the coconuts to the machine.